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The Class Appeal of Marcus Garvey's Propaganda and His Relationship with the Black American Left Through August 1920

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The Class Appeal of Marcus Garvey's Propaganda and His Relationship with the Black American Left Through August 1920 University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2015 The Class Appeal of Marcus Garvey's Propaganda and His Relationship with the Black American Left Through August 1920 Geoffrey Cravero University of Central Florida Part of the Public History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Cravero, Geoffrey, "The Class Appeal of Marcus Garvey's Propaganda and His Relationship with the Black American Left Through August 1920" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 65. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/65 THE CLASS APPEAL OF MARCUS GARVEY’S PROPAGANDA AND HIS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE BLACK AMERICAN LEFT THROUGH AUGUST 1920 by GEOFFREY V. CRAVERO B.A. University of Central Florida, 2003 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2015 Major Professor: Connie Lester © 2015 Geoffrey V. Cravero ii ABSTRACT This thesis examines the class appeal of Marcus Garvey’s propaganda and his relationship with the black American left through the end of his movement’s formative years to reveal aspects of his political thought that are not entirely represented in the historiography. Although several historians have addressed Garvey’s affiliation with the black American left there has not yet been a consummate study on the nature of that relationship. This study examines the class element of Garvey’s propaganda from his formative years through his radical phase, tracing the evolution of his ideas and attributing factors to those changes. Garvey influenced and was influenced by the labor movement and the class appeal of his propaganda was much stronger than historians have allowed. Garvey ultimately distanced himself and his program from the left for a number of reasons. The United States Justice Department’s campaign to infiltrate his organization and remove him at the height of the Red Scare caused him to distance his program from the left. Since Garvey was pragmatic, not ideologically driven, and economic theory was secondary to black autonomy in his philosophy, increased criticism from former associates in the black American left, coupled with his exclusion from African-American intelligentsia, impacted his decision to embrace an alternative program. During the final years of his radical phase Garvey’s ideas, program and relationships were impacted by a collision of the personal and political in his world. Understanding the complexity of Garvey’s evolving ideology, and looking at the causes for those changes, are crucial to the study of the movement and its impact. iii To my mother, Theresa Gerry, my father, Gary Cravero, my step-father, Scott Gerry and my brother, Jason Cravero, for their continued love and support. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express sincere thanks and gratitude to my committee chair, Dr. Connie Lester, for her commitment, support and advice. I also wish to express my thanks to the members of my thesis committee, Dr. Robert Cassanello and Dr. Ezekiel Walker. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Thesis ............................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Historiography .................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2: THE ROOTS OF GARVEYISM AND HIS FORMATIVE YEARS ................... 19 2.1 Printer’s Apprentice ....................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Printers Strike ................................................................................................................. 20 2.3 Garvey’s Watchmen ....................................................................................................... 21 2.4 National Club ................................................................................................................. 22 2.5 Joseph Robert Love ........................................................................................................ 23 2.6 Travel to Central America .............................................................................................. 24 2.7 Travel to London ............................................................................................................ 26 2.8 Duse Mohammed Ali ..................................................................................................... 27 2.9 Edward Blyden ............................................................................................................... 28 2.10 Bishop Henry McNeal Turner .................................................................................... 30 2.11 Booker T. Washington ................................................................................................ 31 2.12 Return to Jamaica and the Universal Negro Improvement Association ..................... 32 2.13 Jamaican Tuskegee ..................................................................................................... 34 2.14 The Class Appeal of Garvey’s Propaganda (June 1914 – March 1916) .................... 36 vi 2.15 Early Criticisms and Garvey’s Responses (August 1915 – March 1916) .................. 39 2.16 The Class Appeal of Garvey’s Propaganda during his First Year in the United States (March 1916 – April 1917) ....................................................................................................... 46 2.17 Early Criticisms and Garvey’s Responses during his First Year in the United States (March 1916 – April 1917) ....................................................................................................... 49 2.18 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 51 CHAPTER 3: GARVEY’S “RADICAL PHASE” AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR (APRIL 1917 – FEBRUARY 1919) ........................................................................................................... 54 3.1 Race Riots ...................................................................................................................... 56 3.2 Class Appeal of Garvey’s Propaganda (April 1917 – February 1919) .......................... 59 3.3 Critics and Enemies ........................................................................................................ 67 3.4 Split in the UNIA ........................................................................................................... 68 3.5 Editors of the Negro World ............................................................................................ 70 3.6 USA vs. UNIA ............................................................................................................... 71 3.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 4: THE END OF THE GARVEY MOVEMENT’S FORMATIVE YEARS (MARCH 1919 – AUGUST 1920) ............................................................................................... 83 4.1 Class Appeal of Garvey’s Propaganda ........................................................................... 84 4.2 A. Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen ........................................................................ 89 4.3 Hubert Harrison .............................................................................................................. 91 vii 4.4 W.A. Domingo ............................................................................................................... 92 4.5 William Bridges ............................................................................................................. 95 4.6 Libel Suits ...................................................................................................................... 97 4.7 Assassination Attempt .................................................................................................. 100 4.8 Personal Loss................................................................................................................ 102 4.9 USA vs. UNIA (April 1919 – August 1920) ................................................................ 104 4.10 Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World (August 1920) ............................... 117 4.11 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 125 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 128 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 132 5.1 Primary Sources ........................................................................................................... 132 5.1.1 Articles .................................................................................................................
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