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Tipología Del Género En Lenguas Indígenas De América Del Sur

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Tipología Del Género En Lenguas Indígenas De América Del Sur UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR TESIS DE DOCTORADO EN LETRAS Tipología del género en lenguas indígenas de América del Sur (T OMO 1) María Alejandra Regúnaga BAHIA BLANCA ARGENTINA 2011 2 PREFACIO Esta Tesis se presenta como parte de los requisitos para optar al grado Académico de Doctora en Letras de la Universidad Nacional del Sur y no ha sido presentada previamente para la obtención de otro título en esta Universidad u otra. La misma contiene los resultados obtenidos en investigaciones llevadas a cabo en el ámbito del Departamento de Humanidades durante el período comprendido entre el 15 de febrero de 2005 y el 26 de abril de 2011, bajo la dirección de la Dra. Ana Valentina Fernández Garay. María Alejandra Regúnaga UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR Secretaría General de Posgrado y Educación Continua La presente tesis ha sido aprobada el .…/.…/.….. , mereciendo la calificación de .......... (……………………) 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar, agradezco a mis padres, Susana y Aníbal, por su apoyo y su predisposición a colaborar ante cualquier necesidad. A mi directora, Ana Fernández Garay, por el constante estímulo, por su guía y colaboración en todas mis actividades de investigación. A Bernard Comrie y a Ángel Corbera Mori, por la oportunidad de realizar productivas estadías de investigación en el Departamento de Lingüística del Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology y en el Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem de la Universidade Estadual de Campinas. A los numerosos investigadores que colaboraron con la bibliografía específica y los trabajos de descripción lingüística utilizados en este análisis, particularmente a Joshua Birchall, Marisa Censabella, Mily Crevels, Paola Cúneo, Dioney Moreira Gomes, Pieter Muysken y John Kalespi. A mis amigos lingüistas, con quienes he compartido actividades académicas y no tanto, en especial a Beatriz Protti Christino, Patricia Dreidemie, Solange Gonçalves, Marcelo Jolkesky y Adriana Postigo. A mis profesoras y ahora colegas en la Universidad Nacional de La Pampa: Marta Alesso, Raquel Miranda y Sonia Suárez Cepeda. A profesores y compañeros con quienes compartí los años de formación de posgrado en la Universidad Nacional del Sur y en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Finalmente, a la Agencia de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, por la beca concedida en el marco del Proyecto de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (PICT) 2005 Nº 32455 “Lenguas indígenas de la Argentina: relaciones gramaticales y aspectos morfosintácticos de algunas lenguas patagónicas y chaqueñas”. 4 RESUMEN Esta investigación se centra en la categoría gramatical de género, uno de los posibles sistemas de clasificación nominal que se basa fundamentalmente en los criterios de animacidad y sexo y se caracteriza por presentar concordancia. El análisis de la manifestación y funcionamiento del género gramatical se realiza desde la perspectiva del funcionalismo tipológico sobre un corpus de catorce lenguas indígenas de América del Sur, cuyas ubicaciones se extienden desde Venezuela hasta el sur de Argentina. En la descripción y cotejo de los sistemas del género se contemplaron tres aspectos fundamentales: la motivación semántica de la asignación y su vínculo con la animacidad; los patrones de concordancia, principalmente dentro de la frase nominal; y la marcación de género en el sustantivo. En varias de las lenguas del corpus se detallaron esas facetas con respecto a otros sistemas de categorización nominal coexistentes con el de género: clases nominales y clasificadores. Al contrastar los sistemas de clasificación nominal de las diferentes lenguas se pudo comprobar que estos cumplen funciones de determinación; por otro lado, se hizo evidente la correlación que existe con la jerarquía de animacidad, así como las posibilidades de extensión metafórica/metonímica de las diferentes categorías de clasificación, hechos que demuestran que el estudio de la categorización nominal constituye una valiosa fuente de información acerca de la cosmovisión y las creencias culturales comprendidas en las lenguas. ABSTRACT This research focuses on the grammatical category of gender, one of the possible systems of noun classification. Gender is mainly based on the criteria of animacy and sex and is characterized by presenting an agreement system. The analysis of the expression and function of grammatical gender is performed from the perspective of typological functionalism on a corpus of fourteen indigenous languages located in South America, and ranging from Venezuela to Southern Argentina. In the description and collation of gender systems three fundamental aspects were considered: semantic motivation for assignment and its link with animacy; patterns of agreement, primarily within the noun phrase, and gender marking on the noun. In several of the languages of the corpus these aspects were detailed with respect to other systems of nominal categorization coexisting with gender: noun classes and classifiers. By contrasting the noun classification systems of different languages we could verify that they realize the function of noun determination; on the other hand, it became obvious the correlation gender systems have with the animacy hierarchy as well as their possibilities for metaphoric/metonymic extensions of different categories of classification. These facts demonstrate that the study of noun categorization is a valuable source of information about the worldview and cultural beliefs among the languages. 5 ÍNDICE TOMO 1 NOTAS PRELIMINARES ........................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCCIÓN 1. La categorización como procedimiento cognitivo................................................ 10 2. Clasificación ontológica y clasificación nominal ................................................. 14 3. El género gramatical en la historia de la lingüística ............................................ 19 4. Objetivos............................................................................................................... 27 5. Consideraciones metodológicas............................................................................ 29 5.1. La construcción de la muestra lingüística.......................................................... 29 5.2. El estudio de la categorización nominal desde la tipología lingüística................. 37 5.3. Acerca de las descripciones lingüísticas utilizadas............................................ 39 CAPÍTULO 1 Fundamentos teórico-metodológicos 1. El concepto de marcación ................................................................................... 48 1.1. El surgimiento del concepto: Trubetzkoy y Jakobson ..................................... 49 1.2. Los desarrollos del concepto de marcación en la tradición estructuralista...... 54 1.2.1. Greenberg: la tipología lingüística................................................................ 54 1.2.2. Andersen y Shapiro: la iconicidad ................................................................ 60 1.2.3. Givón: el funcionalismo................................................................................ 61 1.3. Críticas al concepto: Haspelmath .................................................................... 62 2. Tipología de los procedimientos de clasificación nominal................................. 70 2.1. Género, clase nominal y clasificadores: los estudios fundacionales de Dixon y Allan............................................................................................. 71 2.2. Correlaciones y parámetros: el aporte de Serzisko.......................................... 77 6 2.3. Los procedimientos basados en la concordancia: género y clase nominal según Corbett........................................................................... 80 2.4. La ampliación del corpus : Australia y América .............................................. 87 CAPÍTULO 2 Sistemas de género 1. Introducción .......................................................................................................... 108 2. Criterios de asignación de género ......................................................................... 110 2.1. Motivación en la asignación de los sustantivos ................................................. 111 2.1.1. Inanimados...................................................................................................... 111 2.1.2. Cuerpos celestes.............................................................................................. 116 2.1.3. Animados no humanos.................................................................................... 117 2.1.4. Humanos ......................................................................................................... 123 3. Patrones de concordancia...................................................................................... 127 3.1. Pronombres ........................................................................................................ 128 3.2. Artículos............................................................................................................. 131 3.3. Demostrativos .................................................................................................... 132 3.4. Numerales .......................................................................................................... 136 3.5. Adjetivos............................................................................................................ 139 3.6. Posesión ............................................................................................................
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