Alternations in Murui: a Morphological Approach Amy Ruth Havlicek
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Chapter Ii the Types of Phrasal Verbs in Movie Snow White and the Huntsman by Rupert Sanders
33 CHAPTER II THE TYPES OF PHRASAL VERBS IN MOVIE SNOW WHITE AND THE HUNTSMAN BY RUPERT SANDERS In this chapter, the researcher will analyzed the types of phrasal verbs. It is to complete the first question in this research. The researcher had been categorizing the types of phrasal verbs and form that divided into verb and adverb, also sometimes prepositions. 2.1. Types of Phrasal Verbs in movie Snow White and the Huntsman According to Heaton (1985:103) considers that phrasal verbs are compound verbs that result from combining a verb with an adverb or a preposition, the resulting compound verb being idiomatic. Phrasal verb is one of important part of grammar that almost found in English language. Based on Andrea Rosalia in her book “A Holistic Approach to Phrasal Verb”, Phrasal verbs are considered to be a very important and frequently occurring feature of the English language. First of all, they are so common in every day conversation, and non-native speakers who wish to sound natural when speaking this language need to learn their grammar in order to know how to produce them correctly. Secondly, the habit of inventing phrasal verbs has been the source of great enrichment of the language (Andrea Rosalia, 2012:16). A grammarian such as Eduard, Vlad (1998:93) describes phrasal verbs as "combinations of a lexical verb and adverbial particle". It means that the verb if wants to be a phrasal verb always followed by particle. It can be one particle or two particles in one verb. If the case is like that, it called as multi word verbs. -
Ling 130 Notes: Predicate Logic and English Syntax
Ling 130 Notes: Predicate Logic and English Syntax Sophia A. Malamud February 15, 2011 1 Characteristic functions The characteristic function of a set: (1) Let A be a set. The, charA, the characteristic function of A, is the function F such that, for any x∈ A, F(x)=1, and for any x ∉ A, F(x)=0. Schönfinkelization: (2) U = {a,b,c} (3) The relation "fond of": Rfond-of = {<a,b>, <b,c>, <c,c>} (4) The characteristic function of Rfond-of (takes all combinations of two elements, gives 0/1): <a,a> →0 <a,b> →1 <a,c> →0 <b,a> →0 CharRfond-of = <b,b> →0 <b,c> →1 <c,a> →0 <c,b> →0 <c,c> →1 (5) Turning n-ary functions into multiple embedded 1-ary functions: Schönfinkelization. a → 0 left-to-right schönfinkelization a →b → 1 c → 0 a → 0 b →b → 0 c → 1 a → 0 c →b → 0 c → 1 EXERCISE 1: Given the following Universe, spell out the characteristic function of the set in (6) and schönfinkelize it left-to-right. 1 (6) U = {d, e} (7) R = { <d,d,d>, <d,e,d>, <e,d,d>, <e,e,e>, <e,e,d> } 2 Syntactic composition A formal language is a set of strings - finite sequences of minimal units (words/morphemes, for natural languages) - with meaning. The "machine" that generates those strings and their corresponding meanings is its grammar. A grammar must specify the following three components: • A lexicon which contains every minimal unit with meaning (= every word, for this course) and its grammatical category; • a syntax, that is, a set of rules that tells you how the minimal units combine to form longer units, how this longer units combine to form yet longer units, and so forth until we form full complex sentences; and • a semantics, which determines what semantic operation or function corresponds to each syntactic rule and combines the “atomic” word meanings to build the meaning of the complete sentence. -
The Morphology of Modern Western Abenaki
The Morphology of Modern Western Abenaki Jesse Beach ‘04 Honors Thesis Dartmouth College Program of Linguistics & Cognitive Science Primary Advisor: Prof. David Peterson Secondary Advisor: Prof. Lindsay Whaley May 17, 2004 Acknowledgements This project has commanded a considerable amount of my attention and time over the past year. The research has lead me not only into Algonquian linguistics, but has also introduced me to the world of Native American cultures. The history of the Abenaki people fascinated me as much as their language. I must extnd my fullest appreciate to my advisor David Peterson, who time and again proposed valuable reference suggestions and paths of analysis. The encouragement he offered was indispensable during the research and writing stages of this thesis. He also went meticulously through the initial drafts of this document offering poignant comments on content as well as style. My appreciation also goes to my secondary advisor Lindsay Whaley whose door is always open for a quick chat. His suggestions helped me broaden the focus of my research. Although I was ultimately unable to arrange the field research component of this thesis, the generosity of the Dean of Faculty’s Office and the Richter Memorial Trust Grant that I received from them assisted me in gaining a richer understanding of the current status of the Abenaki language. With the help of this grant, I was able to travel to Odanak, Quebec to meet the remaining speakers of Abenaki. From these conversations I was able to locate additional materials that aided me tremendously in my analysis. Many individuals have offered me assistance in one form or another throughout the unfolding of my research. -
Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: a Case Study from Koro
Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: A Case Study from Koro By Jessica Cleary-Kemp A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Associate Professor Lev D. Michael, Chair Assistant Professor Peter S. Jenks Professor William F. Hanks Summer 2015 © Copyright by Jessica Cleary-Kemp All Rights Reserved Abstract Serial Verb Constructions Revisited: A Case Study from Koro by Jessica Cleary-Kemp Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Associate Professor Lev D. Michael, Chair In this dissertation a methodology for identifying and analyzing serial verb constructions (SVCs) is developed, and its application is exemplified through an analysis of SVCs in Koro, an Oceanic language of Papua New Guinea. SVCs involve two main verbs that form a single predicate and share at least one of their arguments. In addition, they have shared values for tense, aspect, and mood, and they denote a single event. The unique syntactic and semantic properties of SVCs present a number of theoretical challenges, and thus they have invited great interest from syntacticians and typologists alike. But characterizing the nature of SVCs and making generalizations about the typology of serializing languages has proven difficult. There is still debate about both the surface properties of SVCs and their underlying syntactic structure. The current work addresses some of these issues by approaching serialization from two angles: the typological and the language-specific. On the typological front, it refines the definition of ‘SVC’ and develops a principled set of cross-linguistically applicable diagnostics. -
Chapter 1 Negation in a Cross-Linguistic Perspective
Chapter 1 Negation in a cross-linguistic perspective 0. Chapter summary This chapter introduces the empirical scope of our study on the expression and interpretation of negation in natural language. We start with some background notions on negation in logic and language, and continue with a discussion of more linguistic issues concerning negation at the syntax-semantics interface. We zoom in on cross- linguistic variation, both in a synchronic perspective (typology) and in a diachronic perspective (language change). Besides expressions of propositional negation, this book analyzes the form and interpretation of indefinites in the scope of negation. This raises the issue of negative polarity and its relation to negative concord. We present the main facts, criteria, and proposals developed in the literature on this topic. The chapter closes with an overview of the book. We use Optimality Theory to account for the syntax and semantics of negation in a cross-linguistic perspective. This theoretical framework is introduced in Chapter 2. 1 Negation in logic and language The main aim of this book is to provide an account of the patterns of negation we find in natural language. The expression and interpretation of negation in natural language has long fascinated philosophers, logicians, and linguists. Horn’s (1989) Natural history of negation opens with the following statement: “All human systems of communication contain a representation of negation. No animal communication system includes negative utterances, and consequently, none possesses a means for assigning truth value, for lying, for irony, or for coping with false or contradictory statements.” A bit further on the first page, Horn states: “Despite the simplicity of the one-place connective of propositional logic ( ¬p is true if and only if p is not true) and of the laws of inference in which it participate (e.g. -
Existential and Locative Predication in Some Eastern Oceanic Languages Claire Moyse-Faurie
Existential and locative predication in some eastern Oceanic languages Claire Moyse-Faurie To cite this version: Claire Moyse-Faurie. Existential and locative predication in some eastern Oceanic languages. Te Reo: Journal of the New Zealand Society, Linguistic Society of New Zealand, 2019, Special Issue in Honour of Frantisek Lichtenberk, 62 (1). hal-02868639 HAL Id: hal-02868639 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02868639 Submitted on 19 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Te Reo the Journal of the Linguistic Society of New Zealand Volume 62 Issue 1 (Special Issue): Issue in Honour of Frantisek Lichtenberk Research Article 2019 pp. 49–74 September 2019 Existential and locative predication in some eastern Oceanic languages Claire Moyse-Faurie Lacito-CNRS, France This paper is a peer-reviewed contribution from https://nzlingsoc.makeitso.nz/journal/current-issue ©Te Reo – The Journal of the Linguistic Society of New Zealand Guest Editors: Andreea S. Calude & Suzanne Kemmer Claire Moyse-Faurie 49 Existential and locative predication in some eastern Oceanic languages Claire Moyse-Faurie Abstract In many Oceanic languages a category of plain verbs expressing existence, and their negative counterparts, is found. -
Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Parts of Speech
PASSAMAQUODDY-MALISEET PARTS OF SPEECH ROBERT M LEAVTTT University of New Brunswick AND DAVID A. FRANCIS Pleasant Point Bilingual Program Thb paper explores ways of giving native names to the parts of speech in Passamaquoddy-Malbeet by identifying in each term the characteristics of a particular noun or verb type. A term may refer implicitly, for instance, to both the animacy and transitivity of a verb, or to the grammatical function of a noun. There has been much detailed analysb of Passamaquoddy- Malbeet as it b spoken today in Maine and New Brunswick. Lingubts and teachers have been working together to figure out how speakers make words, and what patterns can be found in the shape words take. Teachers especially see that new speak ers can learn to make use of these patterns; fluent speakers can use them to uncover the rich structure of the language. With out thb knowledge, teachers cannot plan a comprehensive native language instructional program. A catalogue of noun and verb paradigms keyed to descriptions of Passamaquoddy-Malbeet sentences is currently being com piled and will serve as a guide to the language. The paradigms are organized in a way that makes the hundreds of forms eas ily accessible. Both sections encourage users to compare similar words and to create categories of words that follow the same patterns. Any such guide must in turn be keyed to a dictionary 320 LEAVTTT AND FRANCIS that clearly displays the "principal parts" of each word (i.e., the different stems used in inflected forms). The guide and the dictio nary can then be used together to figure out how to say anything in Passamaquoddy-Malbeet—or at least make a good guess!— or how to translate anything from Passamaquoddy-Malbeet into English. -
The Relationship Between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs in English Language
NOTION NOTION Volume 01, Number 02, November 2019 p. 62-67 The Relationship between Transitive and Intransitive Verbs in English Language Teddy Fiktorius SMA Bina Mulia Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia [email protected] Article Info ABSTRACT Article History In the current research, the researcher employs descriptive method (library Article Received research) to elaborate on the relationship and differentiation between the 17th August 2019 English language transitive and intransitive verbs. The first parts explore the Article Reviewed theoretical framework of the relationship and differentiation equipped with 9th September 2019 various sentences samples. The next part discusses the implications for English Article Accepted language teachers in coping with some grammatical confusion. Finally, some 11 October 2019 solutions as well as recommendations are proposed. Keywords transitive verbs intransitive verbs grammatical confusion I. INTRODUCTION misleading sentences that lose its exact meaning. Verbs can be so tricky that even the best grammar Students, particularly the speakers of other languages, students might be often confounded by the difference often have difficulty determining which verbs require between transitive and intransitive verbs. The an object, and which do not. When students confuse confusion with the use of the transitive and transitive and intransitive verbs, the sentences they intransitive verbs can be resolved as a grammar point construct both orally and in written may be becomes clear with an understanding of objects. incomplete. When using a dictionary to look up verbs, we may This current paper is written to provide us with have been puzzled by the abbreviations vi (intransitive better insights into the difference of transitive and verb) and vt (transitive verb). -
Grammar in the Context of Language Learning
Richard Osborne In the Context of English Language Learning © 2019 Osborne Solutions All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Richard Osborne Director of Osborne Solutions Lieu dit La Malétie 24290 Saint-Léon-sur-Vézère France www.osbornesolutions.co [email protected] Feel like embedding your grammar explanations into communicative online activities? - ‘Ultra-Blended’ with online and offline video chat - Free ‘starter’ lesson templates - Training webinars and support community - Centralise your existing platforms and content Find out more at teacher-powered.com Front cover image copyright © 2019 Yucan Chen / Depositphotos.com Contents Introduction 6 Why use a Grammar book? 7 Tips 8 Chunking 8 Personalising 9 Learning 10 The internet 11 What is grammar? 12 Definition 12 Origins 12 Syntax 14 The English Sentence 14 The importance of Auxiliary Verbs 15 Would that it were… 16 Nouns 17 Plurality 17 Countability 18 Spelling and Pronunciation 19 Articles 20 Quantity 22 This, that, these and those 24 Verbs 25 To be or not to be 25 Irregular verbs 27 Phrasal verbs 28 Special cases 29 Modals 31 Adjectives 35 Comparison 35 Possession 36 Adverbs 37 Degree (very, quite, etc.) 38 Sentence 38 How often… -
Constructions and Result: English Phrasal Verbs As Analysed in Construction Grammar
CONSTRUCTIONS AND RESULT: ENGLISH PHRASAL VERBS AS ANALYSED IN CONSTRUCTION GRAMMAR by ANNA L. OLSON A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Master of Arts in Linguistics, Analytical Stream We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard ............................................................................... Dr. Emma Pavey, PhD; Thesis Supervisor ................................................................................ Dr. Sean Allison, Ph.D.; Second Reader ................................................................................ Dr. David Weber, Ph.D.; External Examiner TRINITY WESTERN UNIVERSITY September 2013 © Anna L. Olson i Abstract This thesis explores the difference between separable and non-separable transitive English phrasal verbs, focusing on finding a reason for the non-separable verbs’ lack of compatibility with the word order alternation which is present with the separable phrasal verbs. The analysis is formed from a synthesis of ideas based on the work of Bolinger (1971) and Gorlach (2004). A simplified version of Cognitive Construction Grammar is used to analyse and categorize the phrasal verb constructions. The results indicate that separable and non-separable transitive English phrasal verbs are similar but different constructions with specific syntactic reasons for the incompatibility of the word order alternation with the non-separable verbs. ii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... -
A Verb Expresses Action Or a State of Being. Verbs Are Classified in 3 Ways
Verbs A verb expresses action or a state of being. Verbs are classified in 3 ways: As helping or main verbs As action or linking verbs As transitive or intransitive verbs 1. Main Verbs and Helping Verbs A helping verb may be separated from the main verb. A verb phrase consists of one main verb and one or more helping verbs. Examples I am reading Gulliver’s Travels. We should have been listening instead of talking. Did she paint the house? Commonly Used Helping Verbs Forms of BE A modal is an auxiliary am, is, are, was, were, verb that is used to be, being, been express an attitude toward the action or state of being of the Forms of HAVE main verb. have, having, has, had MODALS can, could, may, might, Forms of DO must, ought, shall, do, does, did should, will, would Not and the contraction of n’t are never part of a verb phrase Instead, they are adverbs telling to what extent. We did not hear you. We didn’t hear you. 2. Action Verbs and Linking Verbs An action verb expresses either physical or mental activity. A linking verb connects the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes the subject. Such a word group is called a subject complement. Commonly Used Linking Verbs Forms of Be be were shall have been should be being shall be will have been would be am will be can be could be is has been may be should have been are have been might be would have been was had been must be could have been Other Linking Verbs appear feel look seem sound taste become grow remain smell stay turn Depending on how these words are used in a sentence, they can be classified as linking or action verbs. -
Negation, Referentiality and Boundedness In
WECATfON, REFERENTLALm ANT) BOUNDEDNESS flV BRETON A CASE STUDY Dl MARKEDNESS ANI) ASYMMETRY Nathalie Simone rMarie Schapansky B.A. (French), %=on Fraser University 1990 M.A. (Linguistics), Simon Fraser university 1992 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIEiEMEN'I'S FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Linguistics @Nathalie Simone Marie Schapansky, 1996 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY November 1996 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. BibiiotMque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliogra~hicServices Branch des services bibiiographiques Your hie Vorre rbference Our hle Notre r6Orence The author has granted an k'auteur a accorde une licence irrevocable nsn-exclusive f icence irtct5vocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of perrnettant a la Bibliotheque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, prgttor, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa these in any form or format, making de quelque rnaniere et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette these a la disposition des personnes interessees. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriete du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui protege sa Neither the thesis nor substantial these. Ni la these ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent &re imprimes ou his/her permission.