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Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran
Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran Willem F.H. Adelaar 1. Introduction1 Among the indigenous languages of the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and northern Argentina, Quechuan and Aymaran have traditionally occupied a dominant position. Both Quechuan and Aymaran are language families of several million speakers each. Quechuan consists of a conglomerate of geo- graphically defined varieties, traditionally referred to as Quechua “dialects”, not- withstanding the fact that mutual intelligibility is often lacking. Present-day Ayma- ran consists of two distinct languages that are not normally referred to as “dialects”. The absence of a demonstrable genetic relationship between the Quechuan and Aymaran language families, accompanied by a lack of recognizable external gen- etic connections, suggests a long period of independent development, which may hark back to a period of incipient subsistence agriculture roughly dated between 8000 and 5000 BP (Torero 2002: 123–124), long before the Andean civilization at- tained its highest stages of complexity. Quechuan and Aymaran feature a great amount of detailed structural, phono- logical and lexical similarities and thus exemplify one of the most intriguing and intense cases of language contact to be found in the entire world. Often treated as a product of long-term convergence, the similarities between the Quechuan and Ay- maran families can best be understood as the result of an intense period of social and cultural intertwinement, which must have pre-dated the stage of the proto-lan- guages and was in turn followed by a protracted process of incidental and locally confined diffusion. -
Descriptive and Comparative Research on South American Indian Languages
Historical overview: Descriptive and comparative research on South American Indian languages Willem F. H. Adelaar 1. Introduction The extreme language diversity that was characteristic for South America must have been a challenge to native groups throughout the subcontinent, struggling to maintain commercial and political relations with each other. Due to the absence of phonetically based writing systems in pre-European times there is hardly any documentation about the way cross-linguistic communication was achieved. How- ever, the outlines of a conscious linguistic policy can be assumed from the Incas’ success in imposing their language upon a millenary multilingual society. Second- language learning, often by users of typologically widely different languages, must have been an everyday concern to the subjects of the Inca empire. Sixteenth-cen- tury chroniclers often report in a matter-of-fact way on the ease and rapidity with which native Americans mastered the language of their conquerors, be it Quechua, Spanish or any other language. Apart from such cases of political necessity, there are indications that language played an essential role in many South American native societies and that it could be manipulated and modified in a deliberate way. The use of stylistic speech levels among the Cuna (Sherzer 1983) and of ceremo- nial discourse among the Mbyá (Cadogan 1959; Clastres 1974), the Shuar (Gnerre 1986) and the Trio (Carlin 2004), the appreciation of rhetorical skill as a requisite for leadership among the Mapuche, the distinction of female and masculine speech among the Karajá (Rodrigues 2004) and the Chiquitano (Galeote 1993), the associ- ation of language choice and family lineage among the peoples of the Vaupés region (Sorensen 1967; Aikhenvald 2002), and the association of language choice and professional occupation in highland Bolivia (Howard 1995) appear to indicate an awareness of linguistic functionality not limited to daily communication alone. -
Revista Brasileira De Estudos Do Contato Linguístico Editores Gabriel Antunes De Araujo (Univ
PAPIA Revista Brasileira de Estudos do Contato Linguístico Editores Gabriel Antunes de Araujo (Univ. de São Paulo, Brasil) Ana Lívia Agostinho (Univ. Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil) Conselho Editorial Alan Baxter (Univ. Fed. da Bahia, Brasil) Alain Kihm (Université de Paris 7/CNRS, France) Angela Bartens (Univ. of Helsinki, Finland) Armin Schwegler (Univ. of California, Irvine, USA) Dante Lucchesi (Univ. Federal Fluminense, Brasil) Gabriel Antunes de Araujo (Univ. de São Paulo, Brasil) Heliana Mello (Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil) Hildo Honório do Couto (Universidade de Brasília, Brasil) Isabella Mozzillo (Univ. Federal de Pelotas, Brasil) J. Clancy Clements (Indiana Univ. Bloomington, USA) Jean-Louis Rougé (Univ. d’Orléans, France) John M. Lipski (The Pennsylvania State Univ., USA) Klaus Zimmermann (Univ. Bremen, Deutschland) M. Chérif Mbodj (Univ. Cheikh Anta Diop, Senegal) Márcia Santos D. de Oliveira (Univ. de São Paulo, Brasil) Marta Dijkho (Instituto Lingwistiko Antiano, Curaçao) Mathias Perl (Univ. Mainz, Deutschland) Nicholas Faraclas (Univ. de Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico) Philippe Maurer (Univ. of Zurich, Swiss) Pierre Guisan (Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil) Tjerk Hagemeijer (Univ. de Lisboa, Portugal) e-ISSN 2316-2767 PAPIA Revista Brasileira de Estudos do Contato Linguístico Volume 27(2), 2017 revistas.ch.usp.br/papia [email protected] Copyright © 2017 dos autores e de PAPIA. A revista PAPIA é indexada nas seguintes bases: LATINDEX (http://www.latindex.unam.mx) DOAJ (http://www.doaj.org) Universidade de São Paulo -
A Grammar of Aguaruna
A Grammar of Aguaruna Simon E. Overall M.A. (Hons) A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Research Centre for Linguistic Typology La Trobe University Bundoora, Victoria, 3086 Australia December 2007 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................. XVI STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ........................................................................................................... XVI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................................XVII CONVENTIONS FOLLOWED.............................................................................................................. XVIII ABBREVIATIONS USED............................................................................................................................XX MAP ............................................................................................................................................................XXII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1 1.1 LINGUISTIC PROFILE .........................................................................................................................1 1.1.1 Autodenomination .......................................................................................................................2 -
Alternations in Murui: a Morphological Approach Amy Ruth Havlicek
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2017 Alternations In Murui: A Morphological Approach Amy Ruth Havlicek Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Havlicek, Amy Ruth, "Alternations In Murui: A Morphological Approach" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 2229. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2229 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ALTERNATIONS IN MURUI: A MORPHOLOGICAL APPROACH by Amy Havlicek Bachelor of Arts, Covenant College, 2009 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Grand Forks, North Dakota December 2017 © 2017 Amy Havlicek ii This thesis, submitted by Amy Havlicek in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. Stephen A. Marlett, Chair ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. John M. Clifton ___________________________________________________________________ -
AN ANALYSIS of INTONATION PATTERNS in ECUADORIAN CUENCANO SPANISH: a SP Tobi DESCRIPTION
AN ANALYSIS OF INTONATION PATTERNS IN ECUADORIAN CUENCANO SPANISH: A SP_ToBI DESCRIPTION A Thesis submitted to the College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Linguistics and Religious Studies University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Alex Portocarrero Alex Portocarrero, November, 2019. All Rights Reserved PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. DISCLAIMER The thesis was exclusively created to meet the thesis requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at the University of Saskatchewan. Reference in this thesis to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the University of Saskatchewan. -
Typological and Social Constraints on Language Contact
TYPOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS ON LANGUAGE CONTACT AMERINDIAN LANGUAGES IN CONTACT WITH SPANISH VOLUME I Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Janskerkhof 13 fax: +31 30 253 6406 3512 BL Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustrations: The Building of the Babel Tower by Pieter Bruegel (1563); Guaraní Indians by Ulrico Schmidl (1599, plates 6 and 11); Columbus’s Second Voyage, Anonymous (1584). ISBN 978-90-78328-62-9 NUR 616 Copyright © 2008: Jorge Gómez Rendón. All rights reserved. Typological and social constraints on language contact Amerindian languages in contact with Spanish VOLUME I ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel der Universiteit op donderdag 2 oktober 2008, te 12.00 uur door Jorge Arsenio Gómez Rendón Quito, Ecuador Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. Dr. P.C. Hengeveld Copromotor: Dr. D. Bakker Overige leden: Prof. Dr. P. Muysken Prof. Dr. T. H. Stolz Prof. Dr. W. Dietrich Prof. Dr. M. A. Woidich Dr. U. Ansaldo Dr. E. Hekking Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen Universiteit van Amsterdam Para mis padres, Arsenio y Edith vii CONTENTS Volume I INTRODUCTION 1 PART I. THE THEORY 5 1 Taking a stand 7 1.1 On language and theories 8 1.2 The structure of this book 8 2 Views on language contact 11 2.1 What is language contact? 12 2.2 Communities -
Exploring Linguistic Diversity in South America
UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Exploring Linguistic Diversity in South America A Case Study of the Tropical Andes and the Peruvian Amazon Kirsi Kauppinen Master’s Thesis General Linguistics University of Helsinki May 2018 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Tekijä – Författare – Author Kirsi Kauppinen Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Exploring Linguistic Diversity in South America: A Case Study of the Tropical Andes and the Peruvian Amazon Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Yleinen kielitiede Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2018 68 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkielman aiheena on kielellisen diversiteetin tutkiminen Etelä-Amerikassa. Tavoitteena on selvittää, miten kielellisiä eroavaisuuksia voidaan mitata, ja miten näitä eroja voidaan selittää. Tarkoituksena on myös kuvata diversiteetin vaihtelua diakronisesti Etelä-Amerikassa ja ehdottaa syitä diversiteetin muutoksille. Yhtäältä tutkielma on siis kvantitatiivinen, mutta toisaalta myös kvalitatiivinen. Tavoitteena on lisäksi vastata seuraaviin kysymyksiin: Missä määrin olemassaolevat sukulaisuussuhteet vaikuttavat kielten välisiin eroihin? Voivatko maantieteelliset ja sosioekonomiset tekijät selittää kielellisiä eroavaisuuksia kielten välillä? Tutkielmassa esitetään myös hypoteesi, jonka mukaan kielten elinympäristö ja kielelliset eroavaisuudet korreloivat keskenään. Tutkielman teoreettisena taustana toimii kielellisen diversiteetin -
Tipología Del Género En Lenguas Indígenas De América Del Sur
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL SUR TESIS DE DOCTORADO EN LETRAS Tipología del género en lenguas indígenas de América del Sur (T OMO 2) María Alejandra Regúnaga BAHIA BLANCA ARGENTINA 2011 ÍNDICE TOMO 2 CAPÍTULO 4 Sistemas de género y clasificadores 1. Introducción .......................................................................................................... 214 2. Criterios de asignación en los sistemas de categorización.................................... 215 2.1. Motivación en la asignación de género .............................................................. 217 2.1.1. Inanimados ...................................................................................................... 218 2.1.2. Cuerpos celestes .............................................................................................. 219 2.1.3. Animados no humanos.................................................................................... 221 2.1.4. Humanos.......................................................................................................... 224 2.2. Asignación de clasificadores.............................................................................. 227 3. Clasificación nominal y concordancia .................................................................. 230 3.1. Pronombres......................................................................................................... 231 3.2. Artículos............................................................................................................. 237 3.3. Demostrativos.................................................................................................... -
The Phonetics and Phonology of Bora Tone
University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2014 The honetP ics And Phonology Of Bora Tone Amy Beth Roe Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Roe, Amy Beth, "The honeP tics And Phonology Of Bora Tone" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 1703. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1703 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF BORA TONE by Amy Roe Bachelor of Arts, University of Minnesota Duluth, 2006 Bachelor of Applied Arts, University of Minnesota Duluth, 2006 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2014 © 2014 Amy Roe ii This thesis, submitted by Amy Roe in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. ___________________________________________________________________ Keith L. Snider ___________________________________________________________________ John M. Clifton ___________________________________________________________________ Gene W. DuBois This thesis is being submitted by the appointed advisory committee as having met all of the requirements of the School of Graduate Studies at the University of North Dakota and is hereby approved. -
The Case of Muruiñoz from Northwest Amazonia
DOI: 10.26346/1120-2726-171 Language contact and change: The case of Muruiñoz from northwest Amazonia Katarzyna I. Wojtylak University of Regensburg, Germany <[email protected]> This study shows the evidence of bi-directional transfer resulting from bilingual- ism, but with analysis of the effect of Spanish on Murui, a Witotoan language spo- ken by about 1,000 people in the Colombian and Peruvian regions of northwest Amazonia. The current sociolinguistic situation of the Murui is characterized by a rapidly progressing language shift towards Spanish. The language shift is an obvi- ous consequence of the process of cultural interaction with the dominant cultures of Colombia and Peru over the course of the last centuries. Today, with many tradi- tional norms and values lost, young children are brought up solely in Spanish and the knowledge of the language of their parents and grandparents is quite limited. Only some of them acquire the language through interaction later in their life, usu- ally as young teens and young adults. Murui elders frequently complain that the speech of younger generations is ‘impoverished’ and ‘incorrect’. This paper is a first attempt at a comparison between the features of ‘traditional’ Murui language (as spoken by the elders) and ‘innovative’ Murui (as spoken by the younger people). It identifies contact-induced change on phonological, morphological, and lexical level under the impact of Spanish. Special attention is given to negation, possession, and markers of comparative constructions, as well as Murui lexicon. Keywords: Amazonian languages, Witotoan languages, Murui language, Spanish, language loss, borrowing, structural changes. 1. -
Comparative Constructions in Murui (Witotoan, Northwest Amazonia)
Comparative Constructions in Murui (Witotoan, Northwest Amazonia) Katarzyna I. Wojtylak Language and Culture Research Centre, James Cook University This paper focuses on the forms and functions of various comparative constructions found in Murui, a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia (Colombia, Peru). It analyses different types of comparative construction, their forms, and semantics. This includes a set of special markers that express comparison, as well as those forms that are used in equative and similative constructions. 1. Introduction Murui (also called Bue, Huitoto, or Witoto) is spoken by about 2000 people that inhabit the areas along the banks of the Cara-Paraná River in Colombia, and Ampiyacu and Napo Rivers in Peru (OIMA, 2008) (see Map 1).1 Map 1. Location of the Witoto-speaking groups in Northwest Amazonia (author’s map) 1Information on Murui was obtained during an immersion fieldwork of 12 months on the Cara-Paraná River in Colombia, conducted between July 2013 and April 2016 to collect data for the reference grammar of Murui (Wojtylak 2017). The corpus was assembled from recordings of narrative teXts (that deal with the group’s everyday activities, mythology, past memories, etc.) and spontaneous language production (following methods of the Basic Linguistic Theory approach, DiXon 2010a-b, 2012). It includes over 700 pages of analysed and glossed teXts, as well as over 1200 pages of field notes. Thanks to the Murui people for their patience and to the participants of the workshop ‘Comparative and Superlative Constructions: Typology and Diachrony’ (Amsterdam, 16-17 June 2015), as well as AleXandra Aikhenvald and Yvonne Treis for their helpful comments on the material.