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Late Medieval Hypocausts with Heat Storage in Estonia
Andres Tvauri LATE MEDIEVAL HYPO CAUSTS WITH HEAT STORAGE IN ESTONIA INTRODUCTION As often happens with archaeologists, the stimulus for writing this article was a discovery unexpectedly brought to light from under the ground. In autumn 2007, I had the opportunity to study a large medieval heat storage furnace (Figs. 1 and 2) constituting the central part of the hot air heating system, or hypo caust, of a former grooms’ building. It was unexpectedly unearthed in the course of construction work in the outer bailey of the medieval Order Castle of Viljandi.1 The furnace found in the Viljandi Castle was a nice but, in the context of Estonian medieval fi nds, rather ordinary discovery. In Old Livonia, roughly corresponding to the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia, hot air heating systems in which the core was a furnace fi lled with large stones, making it possible to store heat and rid oneself of the need to con- stantly heat the furnace or the fi replace, was used in the 13th to the 16th centuries before the introduction of Dutch tile stoves in castles, monas- teries and in residential and public buildings in towns. Starting in the 1930s, such furnaces, or their archaeologically studied remains, have been found in numerous medieval buildings in Estonia. The furnace found in Viljandi induced me to look for literature about hypo causts with heat storage. With the assistance of my colleague Erki Russow, the most thorough paper on medieval hot air heating systems ever written soon landed on my desk – a thesis published by the Ger- man researcher Klaus Bingenheimer in 1998, Die Luftheizungen des Mittelalters. -
List of Journals with Electronic Table of Contents in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe Section Between June and August 2015
Journal Table of Contents (Journal TOC) latest update – August 2015 List of journals with electronic table of contents in Central, Eastern and Southern Europe section between June and August 2015: 1) Cyprus Review vol. 26 no 2 2) East European Case Reporter of Constitutional Law vol. 21no 2 3) East European Politics vol. 31 no 1-2 4) East West Review of Labour Law and Social Policy vol. 19 no 2 5) Environmental Law Review of Eastern and Central Europe vol. 14 no 2 6) Europe Asia Studies vol. 67 no 1-5 7) European Politics and Society vol. 16 no 1-2 8) Journal of Balkan & Near Eastern Studies vol. 17 no 1-2 9) Journal of Baltic Studies vol. 46 no 1-2 10) Nationalities Papers vol. 43 no 1-4 11) Post-Communist Economies vol. 27 no 2 12) Post-Communist studies vol. 27 no 1 13) South European Society and Politics vol. 20 no 1-2 14) Southeast European and Black Sea Studies vol. 15 no 1 15) Sudosteuropa Mitteilungen vol. 55 no 2 Back to title list The Cyprus Review Volume 26 Number 2 Michalis N. Michael Creating a New Identity: From the Secular Turkish Cypriot to the Muslim Turk of Cyprus 15 Andrekos Varnava, Peter Clarke Accounting in Cyprus during Late Ottoman and Early British Rule, 1840-1918 33 Helge Jensehaugen The Northern Cypriot Dream — Turkish Immigration 1974-1980 57 Irene Dieronitou The Application of Discourse Ethics as an Approach in Revisiting Cultural Understandings in Cypriot History Education 85 Craig Webster, Ellada Hadjimanoli The Placement of Cypriot Embassies and Embassy Staff: Power, the EU, and Overseas Cypnots 105 Essay -
Tallinn Facts & Figures 09
TALLINN - HOME fOr BUSINESS TALLINN FACTS & FIGURES 09 rEPUBLIC Of ESTONIA 3 TALLINN 4 POPULATION 7 LABOUr MArKET 10 ECONOMY 12 BUSINESS ACTIVITIES 18 TOUrISM 22 fOrEIGN TrADE 25 HOUSING AND rEAL ESTATE 27 TrANSPOrT 29 COMMUNICATIONS 31 HEALTH CArE AND SOCIAL CArE 35 EDUCATION 36 CULTUrE 38 ENVIrONMENT 40 TALLINN’S BUDGET 41 Published by: Tallinn City Enterprise Board (www.investor.tallinn.ee) Design: Ecwador Advertising Photos: Toomas Volmer, Triin Abel, Karel Koplimets, Toomas Tuul, Meelis Lokk, Maido Juss, Arno Mikkor, Kärt Kübarsepp, Kaido Haagen, Harri rospu, Andreas Meichsner, Meeli Tulik, Laulasmaa resort, Arco Vara, Tallinn Airport, IB Genetics OÜ, Port of Tallinn Print: folger Art TALLINN - HOME fOr BUSINESS 03 REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA Area 45 227 km2 Climate Average temperature in July +16.7° C (2008) Average temperature in February -4° C (2009) Population 1,340,341 (1 January 2009) Time zone GMT +2 in winter GMT +3 in summer Language Estonian Currency Estonian kroon (EEK) 1 EEK = 100 cents 1 EUR = 15.6466 EEK As of May 1, 2004, Estonia is a European Union member state. As of March 29, 2004, Estonia is a full member of NATO. As of December 21, 2007, Estonia belongs to the Schengen Area. 04 TALLINN Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, is located in Northern Europe in the northeast part of the Baltic Sea Region, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. A favourable geographic location has helped Tallinn develop into a port city, as well as an industrial and commercial centre. Tallinn, a well-known Hanseatic town, received its township rights in 1248. -
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Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2016, 3/4 (157/158), 477–511 Historical consciousness, personal life experiences and the orientation of Estonian foreign policy toward the West, 1988–1991 Kaarel Piirimäe and Pertti Grönholm ABSTRACT The years 1988 to 1991 were a critical juncture in the history of Estonia. Crucial steps were taken during this time to assure that Estonian foreign policy would not be directed toward the East but primarily toward the integration with the West. In times of uncertainty and institutional flux, strong individuals with ideational power matter the most. This article examines the influence of For- eign Minister Lennart Meri’s and Prime Minister Edgar Savisaar’s experienc- es and historical consciousness on their visions of Estonia’s future position in international affairs. Life stories help understand differences in their horizons of expectation, and their choices in conducting Estonian diplomacy. Keywords: historical imagination, critical junctures, foreign policy analysis, So- viet Union, Baltic states, Lennart Meri Much has been written about the Baltic states’ success in breaking away from Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and their decisive “return to the West”1 via radical economic, social and politi- Research for this article was supported by the “Reimagining Futures in the European North at the End of the Cold War” project which was financed by the Academy of Finland. Funding was also obtained from the “Estonia, the Baltic states and the Collapse of the Soviet Union: New Perspectives on the End of the Cold War” project, financed by the Estonian Research Council, and the “Myths, Cultural Tools and Functions – Historical Narratives in Constructing and Consolidating National Identity in 20th and 21st Century Estonia” project, which was financed by the Turku Institute for Advanced Studies (TIAS, University of Turku). -
Ex Injuria Jus Non Oritur
Ex injuria jus non oritur Periaatteet ja käytäntö Viron tasavallan palauttamisessa Veikko Johannes Jarmala Helsingin yliopisto Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Poliittinen historia Pro gradu -tutkielma toukokuu 2017 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Politiikan ja talouden tutkimuksen laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Veikko Jarmala Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Ex injuria jus non oritur – Periaatteet ja käytäntö Viron tasavallan palauttamisessa Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Poliittinen historia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages pro gradu-tutkielma toukokuu 2017 136 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Oikeudellinen jatkuvuus (vir. õiguslik järjepidevus) on Viron tasavallan valtioidentiteetin perusta. Vuodesta 1944 lähtien pakolaisyhteisö oli haaveillut Viron vapauttamisesta ja tasavallan palauttamisesta. Se piti yllä pakolaistoiminnassaan oikeudellista jatkuvuutta, vaikkakin sen määrittelyprosessi ei ollut lainkaan sovinnollista pakolaisuuden alkuvuosina. Ulko-Viro ja koti-Viro olivat etäällä toisistaan aina 1980-luvun loppuun asti, jolloin Neuvostoliiton uudistuspolitiikka avasi mahdollisuuden yhteydenpitoon. Perestroika nosti ensin vaatimukset Eestin SNT:n suuremmasta itsehallinnosta, jota alkoi ajaa perestroikan tueksi perustettu Viron kansanrintama johtajanaan Edgar Savisaar. IME-ohjelman (Isemajandav Eesti) tuli pelastaa neuvosto-Eesti, mutta kansanrintaman vastustajaksi perustettu Interliike -
Tallinn City Guidebook
www.infinitewalks.com Click icon to follow 11 top things to do in Tallinn, Estonia Published Date : August 24, 2020 Categories : Estonia Estonia, a small country in Northern Europe borders the Baltic Sea, Russia, and Latvia. Estonia’s capital Tallinn is quite famous for it’s well preserved medieval old town and it’s cathedrals. There are many things to do in Tallinn and the city is similar to any other European city. Tallinn was in my itinerary as a part of four country cruise trip (Stockholm — Tallinn — St. Petersburg — Helsinki — Stockholm). Pm2am were the organizers and it was their inaugural cruise trip too. 11 things to do in Tallinn 1. Free walking tour To know any European city, take a walking tour, especially in the old town. The tour guide gives a brief overview of the history, architecture, how the city was affected during war times, and many more insights. They show you places that even google maps can’t locate. Tallinn offers many free walking tours like the one from traveller, freetour. You just need to be on time at the meeting point and they take care of the rest. I also did a free walking tour in Warsaw and Belgrade. www.infinitewalks.com Click icon to follow The tour typically lasts 2 – 2.5 hours depending on your group size. Don’t forget to tip the guide at the end. Travel Tip: Do the tour on your first day and ask the guide for the best local food, things to do in the city, nightlife. It allows you to plan the vacation more efficiently. -
Estonia Economy Briefing: Wrapping the Year Up: in Search for a Productive Economic Reform E-MAP Foundation MTÜ
ISSN: 2560-1601 Vol. 35, No. 2 (EE) December 2020 Estonia economy briefing: Wrapping the year up: in search for a productive economic reform E-MAP Foundation MTÜ 1052 Budapest Petőfi Sándor utca 11. +36 1 5858 690 Kiadó: Kína-KKE Intézet Nonprofit Kft. [email protected] Szerkesztésért felelős személy: CHen Xin Kiadásért felelős személy: Huang Ping china-cee.eu 2017/01 Wrapping the year up: in search for a productive economic reform When your country’s economy is reasonably small but, to an extent, diverse, even a major crisis would not seem to be too problematic. Another story is when the pandemic substitutes ‘a major crisis’ – then there may be a dual problem of analysing the present and forecasting the future. In one of his main interviews (if not the main one), which was supposed to be wrapping the difficult year up, Estonian Prime Minister Jüri Ratas was into memorable metaphors when it would come to pure politics, but distinctly shy when a question was on economics1. During 2020, in political terms, the country was getting involved into discussing way more intra- political scandals than it would have been necessary to test the ‘health’ of a democracy. As for the process of running the economy, apart from borrowing more to survive the pandemic, the only major economic reform that the current governmental coalition managed to ‘squeeze’ through the ‘hurdles’ of the Riigikogu’s passing and the presidential approval was the so-called second pillar pension reform. The idea of the Government was to respond to a particular societal call that was, in a way, ‘inspired’ by Pro Patria and some other proponents of the prospective reform. -
List of Prime Ministers of Estonia
SNo Name Took office Left office Political party 1 Konstantin Päts 24-02 1918 26-11 1918 Rural League 2 Konstantin Päts 26-11 1918 08-05 1919 Rural League 3 Otto August Strandman 08-05 1919 18-11 1919 Estonian Labour Party 4 Jaan Tõnisson 18-11 1919 28-07 1920 Estonian People's Party 5 Ado Birk 28-07 1920 30-07 1920 Estonian People's Party 6 Jaan Tõnisson 30-07 1920 26-10 1920 Estonian People's Party 7 Ants Piip 26-10 1920 25-01 1921 Estonian Labour Party 8 Konstantin Päts 25-01 1921 21-11 1922 Farmers' Assemblies 9 Juhan Kukk 21-11 1922 02-08 1923 Estonian Labour Party 10 Konstantin Päts 02-08 1923 26-03 1924 Farmers' Assemblies 11 Friedrich Karl Akel 26-03 1924 16-12 1924 Christian People's Party 12 Jüri Jaakson 16-12 1924 15-12 1925 Estonian People's Party 13 Jaan Teemant 15-12 1925 23-07 1926 Farmers' Assemblies 14 Jaan Teemant 23-07 1926 04-03 1927 Farmers' Assemblies 15 Jaan Teemant 04-03 1927 09-12 1927 Farmers' Assemblies 16 Jaan Tõnisson 09-12 1927 04-121928 Estonian People's Party 17 August Rei 04-121928 09-07 1929 Estonian Socialist Workers' Party 18 Otto August Strandman 09-07 1929 12-02 1931 Estonian Labour Party 19 Konstantin Päts 12-02 1931 19-02 1932 Farmers' Assemblies 20 Jaan Teemant 19-02 1932 19-07 1932 Farmers' Assemblies 21 Karl August Einbund 19-07 1932 01-11 1932 Union of Settlers and Smallholders 22 Konstantin Päts 01-11 1932 18-05 1933 Union of Settlers and Smallholders 23 Jaan Tõnisson 18-05 1933 21-10 1933 National Centre Party 24 Konstantin Päts 21-10 1933 24-01 1934 Non-party 25 Konstantin Päts 24-01 1934 -
Annual Report of the Chancello
Dear reader, In accordance with section 4 of the Chancellor of Justice Act, the Chancellor has to submit an annual report of his activities to the Riigikogu. The present overview of the conformity of legislation of general application with the Constitution and the laws covers the period from 1 June until 31 December 2004, and the outline of activities concerning the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of persons, the period from 1 January until 31 December 2004. The overview contains summaries of the main cases that were settled as well as generalisations of the legal problems and difficulties, together with proposals on how to improve the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms and how to raise the quality of law making. The readers will also be able to familiarise themselves with the organisation of work in the Office of the Chancellor of Justice. According to the Constitution, the Chancellor of Justice is an independent constitutional institution. Such a status enables him to assess problems objectively and to protect people effectively from arbitrary measures of the state authority. One tool for fulfilling this task is the opportunity that the Chancellor of Justice has to submit to the Riigikogu his conclusions and considerations regarding shortcomings in legislation, in order to contribute to strengthening the principles of democracy and the rule of law. I am grateful to the members of the Riigikogu and its committees, in particular the Constitutional Committee, the Legal Affairs Committee and the Social Affairs Committee, for having been open to mutual, trustful and effective cooperation, which will hopefully continue just as fruitfully in the future. -
Voyager of the Seas® - 2022 Europe Adventures
Voyager of the Seas® - 2022 Europe Adventures Get your clients ready to dive deep into Europe in Summer 2022. They can explore iconic destinations onboard the new Odyssey of the Seas S M. Fall in love with the Med's greatest hits and discover its hidden gems onboard Voyager of the Seas® ITINERARY SAIL DATE PORT OF CALL 9-Night Best of Western April 15, 2022 Barcelona, Spain • Cartagena, Spain • Gibraltar, Europe United Kingdom • Cruising • Lisbon, Portugal • Cruising (2 nights) • Amsterdam, Netherlands Cruising • Copenhagen, Denmark 7-Night Best of Northern April 24, 2022 Copenhagen, Denmark • Oslo, Norway Europe August 28, 2022 (Overnight) • Kristiansand, Norway • Cruising • Skagen, Denmark • Gothenburg, Sweden • Copenhagen, Denmark 7-Night Scandinavia & May 1, 8, 15, 22, 2022 Copenhagen, Denmark • Cruising • Stockholm, Russia Sweden • Tallinn, Estonia • St. Petersburg, Russia • Helsinki, Finland • Cruising • Copenhagen, Denmark 7-Night Scandinavia & May 29, 2022 Copenhagen, Denmark • Cruising • Stockholm, Russia Sweden • Helsinki, Finland • St. Petersburg, Russia • Tallinn, Estonia • Copenhagen, Denmark 10-Night Scandinavia & June 5, 2022 Copenhagen, Denmark • Cruising • Stockholm, Russia Sweden • Tallinn, Estonia • St. Petersburg, Russia (Overnight) • Helsinki, Finland • Riga, Latvia • Visby, Sweden • Cruising • Copenhagen, Denmark Book your Europe adventures today! Features vary by ship. All itineraries are subject to change without notice. ©2020 Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. Ships’ registry: The Bahamas. 20074963 • 11/24/2020 ITINERARY SAIL DATE PORT OF CALL 11-Night Scandinavia & June 15, 2022 Copenhagen, Denmark • Ronne, Bornholm, Russia Denmark • Cruising • Tallinn, Estonia • St. Petersburg, Russia (Overnight) • Helsinki, Finland • Visby, Sweden • Riga, Latvia • Cruising (2-Nights) • Copenhagen, Denmark 7-Night Scandinavia & July 3, 2022 Stockholm, Sweden• Cruising • St. -
Collections Security Issues at the National Library of Estonia
Collections security issues at the National Library of Estonia Kaire Lass Keeper of collections 06.09.2019 www.rahvusraamatukogu.ee We store knowledge to share it with you! 100 years of collecting, preserving and providing public access to the national heritage Piret Lotman. Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu 1918-2018 / National Library of Estonia 1918-2018. Tallinn, Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu, 2018 2 www.rahvusraamatukogu.ee Background (1) • 21.12.1918 State Library was founded • In the first decades, the premises were located in Toompea Castle • From 18.07.1919 it received legal deposit copies of Estonian literature • In 1935 was founded archival collection • By the end of 1930`s the basic collection consisted more than 50 000 volumes Toompea Castle, mid- 19 th century. Album von Reval und Umgegend www.rahvusraamatukogu.ee 3 Background (2) • 1944 – 1988 the library wore the name State Library of the Estonian SSR • 1947 – 1993 the main building of the State Library was in the former Estonian Knighthood House in Toompea • In 1954 the rare books collection was established • 14.10.1988 State Library was renamed National Library of Estonia • In 1989 the National Library of Estonia regained its status as a parliamentary library 4 www.rahvusraamatukogu.ee Background (3) • 11.09.1993 the new building of the NLE was opened - 43 451 m 2 area - 34 storages (12 000 m 2) - 11 reading rooms (2018) - 561 seats for users (2018) - 3,2 million physical items (2018) - 500 000 digital items (2018) - over 47 000 registered users (2018) - more than 169 000 library visits (2018) Photo: Teet Malsroos 5 www.rahvusraamatukogu.ee Openness and free access to the services Before Now 6 www.rahvusraamatukogu.ee Collections management The structure of physical collections (2018 – total 3 248 068 units): No NAME DESCRIPTION AMOUNT I PRESERVATION COLLECTIONS Archival Collection One copy of each edition issued in Estonia (incl. -
View Adventure of the Seas 2021 European Sailings
Adventure of the Seas® Get ready to dive deeper into Old World adventures in Summer 2021. Rediscover the Med’s greatest hits onboard Harmony of the Seas® , sailing from Barcelona and Rome, or on returning favorites Vision® and Rhapsody of the Seas® . Head north for unforgettable sights in the Baltics and the British Isles onboard Jewel of the Seas® . Choose from fjord filled thrills in Norway to Mediterranean marvels and everywhere in between onboard Anthem of the Seas® , sailing from Southampton —all open to book now. ITINERARY SAIL DATE PORT OF CALL 18-Night Galveston to April 21, 2021 Galveston, Texas • Cruising (9 Nights) • Gran Canaria, Copenhagen Canary Islands • Cruising • Lisbon, Portugal • Cruising (2 Nights) • Paris (Le Havre), France • Rotterdam, Netherlands • Cruising • Copenhagen, Denmark 7-Night Scandinavia & May 16, 2021 Copenhagen, Denmark • Cruising • Stockholm, Sweden Russia • Tallinn, Estonia • St. Petersburg, Russia • Cruising (2 Nights) • Copenhagen, Denmark 8-Night Scandinavia & May 30, 2021 Copenhagen, Denmark • Cruising • Stockholm, Sweden Russia • Tallinn, Estonia • St. Petersburg, Russia • Helsinki, Finland • Cruising (2 Nights) • Copenhagen, Denmark 10-Night Scandinavia & June 7, 2021 Copenhagen, Denmark • Cruising • Riga, Latvia • Russia Tallinn, Estonia • St. Petersburg, Russia (Overnight) • Helsinki, Finland • Stockholm, Sweden • Cruising • Copenhagen, Denmark (Overnight) 10-Night Ultimate June 17, 2021 Copenhagen, Denmark • Berlin (Warnemunde), Scandinavia Adventure Germany • Cruising • Helsinki, Finland • St. Petersburg, Russia (Overnight) • Tallinn, Estonia • For deployment information and marketing resources, visit LoyalToYouAlways.com/Deployment Features vary by ship. All itineraries are subject to change without notice. ©2019 Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. Ships’ registry: The Bahamas. ITINERARY SAIL DATE PORT OF CALL Visby, Sweden • Riga, Latvia • Stockholm, Sweden (Overnight) 7-Night Scandinavia & June 27, 2021 Stockholm, Sweden • Cruising • St.