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A Descriptive Study of Segmental and Selected Suprasegmental Features of Hindko Dialect Spoken in Tanawal, Hazara

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A Descriptive Study of Segmental and Selected Suprasegmental Features of Hindko Dialect Spoken in Tanawal, Hazara A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF SEGMENTAL AND SELECTED SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES OF HINDKO DIALECT SPOKEN IN TANAWAL, HAZARA Researcher: Supervisor: Muhammad Nawaz Dr. Ayaz Afsar Reg. No. 09-FLL/PHDENG/S-08 Department of English Faculty of Languages and Literature INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD 2014 A Descriptive Study of Segmental and Selected Suprasegmental Features of Hindko Dialect Spoken in Tanawal, Hazara Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, at the Department of English, Faculty of Languages and Literature, International Islamic University, Islamabad Muhammad Nawaz Reg.No.09-FLL/PHDENG/S-08 Department of English Language and Literature International Islamic University, Islamabad 2014 ii Copyright ©2014 All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author. iii Dedicated to my parents iv DECLARATION I, Muhammad Nawaz, Registration No. 09-FLL/PHDENG/S-08, student of PhD in English Linguistics at International Islamic University Islamabad, do hereby declare that during the period of this study, I was not registered in any other course. The material used in the thesis entitled “A Descriptive Study of Segmental and Selected Suprasegmental Features of Hindko Dialect Spoken in Tanawal, Hazara” has not been submitted by me wholly or in part for any other academic award or qualification and shall not be submitted by me in future for obtaining any degree from this or any other university. I confirm that this thesis is the original work of the researcher except where otherwise acknowledged in the dissertation. I also understand that if evidence of plagiarism is found in my thesis/dissertation at any stage, even after the award of a degree, the work may be cancelled and the degree revoked. (Muhammad Nawaz) v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am thankful to Almighty Allah who enabled me to get done this lengthy project. Darood o Salam upon the last prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) whose life has been a continuous source of inspiration for me in seeking knowledge. Research is never a hard job when one gets good teachers, friends and supporters. I am truly grateful to all of them who guided, supported, motivated and helped me, one way or the other, during the period of my study. In particular, I owe many thanks to my supervisor Dr Ayaz Afsar for being so delightfully sane. My formal and informal meetings with him remained invaluable experience during this project. He proposed me the research area during the course work and helped me find out what I want to do in this PhD thesis. His precious ideas, suggestions and criticism were fresh in my mind at every step of the study. This made my thesis what it is now. I am thankful to my teachers, Dr Munawar Iqbal Gondal, Dr Raja Nasim Akhater, Dr Ahsan ur Rehman, Dr Safeer Awan and Dr Nadeem Haider Bukhari who taught the course work, guided in doing the research and helped in academic matters. My profound gratitude goes to my school teachers Alamzeb, Roshan Khan, Muhammad Irshad, Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Yousaf Shah for their sincere efforts and motivation to study. I would also like to thank my college teachers, Muhammad Iqbal, Khalid Butt, Muhammad Fayyaz and Muhammad Afzal for their guidance. I would also like to thank Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) for giving me scholarship for PhD and providing me an opportunity to visit School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London (UK) for six months research programme under IRSIP. vi During my stay at SOAS, many people helped me, but especially, I am grateful to Dr Monik Charette (my research supervisor at SOAS) who guided me in phonological analysis of my data, Dr Sophie Salffner who helped me in using the Praat software, Dr Candide Simard for her guidance in acoustic phonetics, (HOD) Dr Lutz Marten for his unfaltering support in academic matters, and Bernard J Howard for his technical support in the lab. I am also indebted to my cousin Muhammad Akram who really helped me during six months stay at London and provided unflagging support to my life outside academia. My indebtedness also goes to Muhammad Zia-ud-Din, General Secretary, Gandhara Hindko Borad (GHB), Dr Zahoor Ahmad Awan (Late) Ex. Chairman GHB, Dr Elahi Buksh Akthar Awan (Late) and Ejaz Ahmad Qureshi, Chairman GHB, who sincerely helped me during this project and wanted me to do PhD in the area of phonetics and phonology. My sincere gratitude goes to my family members including Abdul Rashid, Wazir Muhammad, Ali Asghar, Zaheen Khan, Rashid Shamim, Amjad Shamim and my father Fazal ur Rehaman who always prayed for my success. I am highly thankful to my late mother (May Allah rest her soul in peace) for her love, sacrifices, encouragement and special prayers; I miss her every time. I owe many thanks to my friend Muhammad Riaz Ashraf and his family for their financial and moral support. Thanks to my friend Muhammad Rashid Hafeez who guided me at the initial stages of my research. I am most grateful to the people of Tanawal (Area of Banna) who left their domestic and farming works and gave me time for recording the data. Thanks to my nephew Usama Asghar for his patience and assistance during the data recording. I am also thankful to those Tanoli respondents who ran away for not recording the data in order to save their precious time. vii Thanks to Umar Zaman Tanoli for his life-long motivation for my higher education. I would also like to thank my close friends and class-fellows who were there for me when I needed them; thank you Dr Muhammad Kamal Khan, Dr Abdul Qadir Khan, Shaukat Hussain, Muhammad Ashfaq, Muslim Khan (Late), Akhtar Aziz, Dr Malik Naseer Hussain, Tasaddaq Hussain, Khalid Mahmood, Abid Qureshi, Ajeeb-ul-Amin, Aleem Shakir, Muhammad Tanveer Zia and Muhammad Shahzad. Last but not the least, my sincere gratitude goes to my daughters, the little kid Muhammad Zohaib Nawaz, and my wife who were the actual sufferers of this lengthy project. They always prayed for my success and patiently put up with my problems, took care and consistently supported me at all the stages of this work. We weathered the storm together! viii Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... ix Abbreviations and Symbols ........................................................................................................ xvi List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... xviii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ xxii CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Geographical setting of Hindko speaking areas and Tanawal region .............................. 1 1.2 Population of Hindko speakers ......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Dialects of Hindko ............................................................................................................ 4 1.4 History of Hindko ............................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Present status of Hindko ................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Objectives of the study ..................................................................................................... 9 1.7 Research questions ........................................................................................................... 9 1.8 Significance of the study .................................................................................................. 9 1.9 Fieldwork ........................................................................................................................ 10 1.10 Organization of the study ............................................................................................... 10 1.11 Chapter summary............................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................ 13 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................ 1 3 2.1 Previous research on Hindko .......................................................................................... 13 2.2 Phonetics of language ..................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Consonants ..................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1 Oral stop sounds .......................................................................................................... 19 2.3.2 Nasal stop sounds ........................................................................................................ 20 2.3.3 Fricative sounds
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