DOCSLIB.ORG

Friction Between Phonetics and Phonology the Status of Affricates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Friction Between Phonetics and Phonology the Status of Affricates Friction between Phonetics and Phonology The status of affricates Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 5775 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl ISBN: 978-94-6093-122-2 NUR 616 Copyright © 2013 by Janine Berns. All rights reserved. Friction between Phonetics and Phonology The status of affricates Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. mr. S.C.J.J. Kortmann, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 8 november 2013 om 10.30 uur precies door Janine Katharina Maria Berns geboren op 18 juni 1985 te Kerkrade Promotoren: Prof. dr. Haike Jacobs Prof. dr. Bernard Laks (Université Paris Ouest Nanterre la Défense) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. Anneke Neijt Prof. dr. Barbara Bullock (University of Texas) Prof. dr. Marie-Hélène Côté (University of Ottawa) Prof. dr. Frans Hinskens (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) Prof. dr. Jeroen van de Weijer (Shanghai International Studies University) “As a rule,” said Holmes, “the more bizarre a thing is the less mysterious it proves to be”. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, The Red-headed League. (1891) Acknowledgements I would like to dedicate the very first lines of this thesis to my two supervisors, Haike Jacobs and Bernard Laks. Haike, thank you for giving me the freedom to develop my own interests and insights, but also for being there with your enlightening comments when I felt lost or when I was complicating things too much. I hope we can spend our coffee breaks together for a long time! I am very grateful to my long-distance supervisor Bernard Laks for his detailed feedback, for not making me forget some classic references and for fruitful discussions in Paris. I also wish to express my gratitude to the members of my reading committee for their critical and useful comments. It goes without saying that I am extremely thankful to the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) for awarding me a Toptalent grant (project no. 021.002.0250), providing the funding for this PhD project. Without the help of many people, this thesis would never have been the one that it has now become. I am of course the only person to blame for the errors you may come across. I would like to thank the members of the Centre for Language Studies (CLS) of the Radboud University for their help on various points. I am indebted to Joop Kerkhoff for some phonetic advice and for designing PRAAT scripts. I owe a big thank you to the LiTS colleagues (old and new style) for their helpful feedback, and I particularly want to thank Erwin Komen, with whom I have been co-organizing the LiTS talks, for the enjoyable collaboration. Un très grand merci to the members of the PFC project for helping me solve practical issues, for their useful comments on my presentations at various stages of my project, but foremost for creating such a stimulating environment. I absolutely enjoyed working in the department of Romance languages. Thanks to all colleagues for their support and for showing interest in what I was doing. Robbie van Gerwen helped me judge puzzling French recordings, and I am grateful to Dominique Nouveau for useful discussions on present-day phenomena in her mother tongue. The fifth floor of the Erasmus building would never have been so nice without having Marc Smeets and Isabelle Thibaudeau around. Thanks for everything, “dudes”! I will also never forget the recurring Acknowledgements - viii discussions on phonology and literature (and their potential interface) with Franc Schuerewegen. Without my fellow PhD buddies, writing this thesis would definitely have been less fun. Inge Alferink, Eva D’hondt and Rosanne Hebing, thank you for sharing numerous meals, drinks and what not: in short, thanks for so many moments discussing serious and less serious business. I guess it is best not to elaborate on staples, weird German vocabulary, attics or mutated fairy tale characters. Last, but certainly not least, I wish to thank a number of people who are not directly related to daily-university-life. I would like to thank my parents for their support, but also for always letting me keep my feet on the ground and for making me remember that there is more to life than this thesis. Dorine, thank you for helping me check frequency counts on Sunday afternoons. Lieke, thanks for correcting my English. Luc, I am eternally grateful for recovering this thesis from my damaged USB stick. And the very last thank you goes to my friends: I am very happy to be surrounded by such a bunch of nice people! Table of Contents Acknowledgements vii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................1 1.2 The phonetics of affricates ............................................................................. 2 1.3 One or two phonemes?................................................................................... 5 1.4 The phonological structure of affricates ....................................................... 8 1.5 Research questions and methodology ........................................................... 9 1.6 Outline of the thesis ....................................................................................... 13 PART I: BACKGROUND Chapter 2. The phonological debate 17 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Affricates: stops with a release feature ........................................................... 17 2.2.1 Affricates as strident stops ............................................................. 17 2.2.2 Affricates as stops with a delayed release ..................................... 18 2.3 Affricates: combinations of a plosive and a fricative ..................................... 18 2.3.1 Multi-column complex segments .................................................. 19 2.3.2 Contour segments .......................................................................... 21 2.3.3 Complex segments ......................................................................... 23 2.3.4 Aperture theory ............................................................................. 27 2.3.5 Headedness among continuancy features ..................................... 29 2.3.6 One or two nodes? ......................................................................... 31 2.4 Affricates: simplex underlying stops .............................................................. 33 2.4.1 The nonavailability of [+continuant] ............................................ 33 2.4.2 The return of the strident stop ...................................................... 35 2.4.3 Affricates do not exist .................................................................... 39 2.5 The contour segment revisited ....................................................................... 44 2.6 Agreement and disagreement ......................................................................... 45 2.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 46 Table of contents - x PART II: TYPOLOGY Chapter 3. Affricates in segment inventories 51 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 51 3.2 Preliminaries: typology and sampling ............................................................ 52 3.3 UPSID ............................................................................................................... 54 3.4 From 1 to 24: the distribution of affricates in UPSID ................................... 56 3.5 Place of articulation ........................................................................................ 64 3.6 Voiceless vs. voiced ......................................................................................... 68 3.7 Sibilant vs. non-sibilant .................................................................................. 72 3.7.1 Frequencies of occurrence ............................................................. 72 3.7.2 One or two sibilants ....................................................................... 73 3.7.3 More than two sibilants ................................................................. 76 3.7.4 Contrastive parameters .................................................................. 79 3.7.5 Affricates and sibilant typology .................................................... 82 3.8 Segmental attributes ........................................................................................ 85 3.9 Singleton vs. geminate .................................................................................... 92 3.10 Feature Economy and Maximal Dispersion ................................................. 96 3.11 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 99 Chapter 4. Theoretical implications of typological patterns 101 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 101 4.2 Validity of existing arguments ........................................................................ 101 4.2.1 Place of articulation ....................................................................... 101 4.2.2 Segmental modification ................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introducing Phonology
    Introducing Phonology Designed for students with only a basic knowledge of linguistics, this leading textbook provides a clear and practical introduction to phonology, the study of sound patterns in language. It teaches in a step-by-step fashion the logical techniques of phonological analysis and the fundamental theories that underpin it. This thoroughly revised and updated edition teaches students how to analyze phonological data, how to think critically about data, how to formulate rules and hypotheses, and how to test them. New to this edition: • Improved examples, over 60 exercises, and 14 new problem sets from a wide variety of languages encourage students to practice their own analysis of phonological processes and patterns • A new and updated reference list of phonetic symbols and an updated transcription system, making data more accessible to students • Additional online material includes pedagogical suggestions and password-protected answer keys for instructors david odden is Professor Emeritus in Linguistics at Ohio State University. Cambridge Introductions to Language and Linguistics This new textbook series provides students and their teachers with accessible introductions to the major subjects encountered within the study of language and linguistics. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, each book is written and designed for ease of use in the classroom or seminar, and is ideal for adoption on a modular course as the core recommended textbook. Each book offers the ideal introductory material for each subject, presenting students with an overview of the main topics encountered in their course, and features a glossary of useful terms, chapter previews and summaries, suggestions for further reading, and helpful exercises.
    [Show full text]
  • HANDBOOK of AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 153 to Have with the Last of the Chemakum "Chiefs", Q'naxem, Has an Excellent Command of the Enghsh Language
    DEMO : Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark QUILEUTE BY MANUEL J. ANDRADE . CONTENTS. PAGES PREFACE 151 PHONOLOGY 154 1. Consonants 155 2. Vowels 157 3. The syllable 159 4. Duration 160 5. Accent 162 6. Phonetic structure 171 7. Phonetic processes 174 MORPHOLOGY 177 1 Initial morphemes 180 (a) Formal bases 180 (b) Reduplication and infixation 186 2. Postpositive morphemes 191 (a) Pronouns 203 (b) Modes 206 (c) Objective relations 218 (d) The passive voice 243 3. Free morphemes 245 (a) Demonstratives 246 (b) Other free morphemes 252 4. The word 254 (a) Parts of speech 255 (b) The structure of the verb 258 (c) Tense and aspect 263 (d) The signs of subordination 268 (e) The structure of composite nouns 269 5. The sentence 271 (a) Coordination 272 (b) Subordination 274 (c) Word order 278 SPECIMEN TEXT AND ANALYSIS 279 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 290 PREFACE. Quileute is spoken at present by 180 individuals at the mouth of the Quileute river, on the northwestern coast of the state of Washington. About 15 miles further south, at the mouth of the Hoh river, there survive a few members of the Hoh tribe, whose speech, according to several Quileute informants, differs only slightly from theirs. Quileute has always been affihated with Chemakum, the language once spoken in the same state near Port Townsend. The writer had the opportunity of working for a few hours with the last survivor of the Chemakum tribe, Luise Webster. A study of the material collected previously by Professor Boas^, together with the scanty data recorded on this occasion, confirms the close relationship which has been claimed for these two languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Phonological Domains Within Blackfoot Towards a Family-Wide Comparison
    Phonological domains within Blackfoot Towards a family-wide comparison Natalie Weber 52nd algonquian conference yale university October 23, 2020 Outline 1. Background 2. Two phonological domains in Blackfoot verbs 3. Preverbs are not a separate phonological domain 4. Parametric variation 2 / 59 Background 3 / 59 Consonant inventory Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal Stops p pː t tː k kː ʔ <’> Assibilants ts tːs ks Pre-assibilants ˢt ˢtː Fricatives s sː x <h> Nasals m mː n nː Glides w j <y> (w) Long consonants written with doubled letters. (Derrick and Weber n.d.; Weber 2020) 4 / 59 Predictable mid vowels? (Frantz 2017) Many [ɛː] and [ɔː] arise from coalescence across boundaries ◦ /a+i/ ! [ɛː] ◦ /a+o/ ! [ɔː] Vowel inventory front central back high i iː o oː mid ɛː <ai> ɔː <ao> low a aː (Derrick and Weber n.d.; Weber 2020) 5 / 59 Vowel inventory front central back high i iː o oː mid ɛː <ai> ɔː <ao> low a aː Predictable mid vowels? (Frantz 2017) Many [ɛː] and [ɔː] arise from coalescence across boundaries ◦ /a+i/ ! [ɛː] ◦ ! /a+o/ [ɔː] (Derrick and Weber n.d.; Weber 2020) 5 / 59 Contrastive mid vowels Some [ɛː] and [ɔː] are morpheme-internal, in overlapping environments with other long vowels JɔːníːtK JaːníːtK aoníít aaníít [ao–n/i–i]–t–Ø [aan–ii]–t–Ø [hole–by.needle/ti–ti1]–2sg.imp–imp [say–ai]–2sg.imp–imp ‘pierce it!’ ‘say (s.t.)!’ (Weber 2020) 6 / 59 Syntax within the stem Intransitive (bi-morphemic) vs. syntactically transitive (trimorphemic). Transitive V is object agreement (Quinn 2006; Rhodes 1994) p [ root –v0 –V0 ] Stem type Gloss ikinn –ssi AI ‘he is warm’ ikinn –ii II ‘it is warm’ itap –ip/i –thm TA ‘take him there’ itap –ip/ht –oo TI ‘take it there’ itap –ip/ht –aki AI(+O) ‘take (s.t.) there’ (Déchaine and Weber 2015, 2018; Weber 2020) 7 / 59 Syntax within the verbal complex Template p [ person–(preverb)*– [ –(med)–v–V ] –I0–C0 ] CP vP root vP CP ◦ Minimal verbal complex: stem plus suffixes (I0,C0).
    [Show full text]
  • Using 'North Wind and the Sun' Texts to Sample Phoneme Inventories
    Blowing in the wind: Using ‘North Wind and the Sun’ texts to sample phoneme inventories Louise Baird ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University [email protected] Nicholas Evans ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University [email protected] Simon J. Greenhill ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University & Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History [email protected] Language documentation faces a persistent and pervasive problem: How much material is enough to represent a language fully? How much text would we need to sample the full phoneme inventory of a language? In the phonetic/phonemic domain, what proportion of the phoneme inventory can we expect to sample in a text of a given length? Answering these questions in a quantifiable way is tricky, but asking them is necessary. The cumulative col- lection of Illustrative Texts published in the Illustration series in this journal over more than four decades (mostly renditions of the ‘North Wind and the Sun’) gives us an ideal dataset for pursuing these questions. Here we investigate a tractable subset of the above questions, namely: What proportion of a language’s phoneme inventory do these texts enable us to recover, in the minimal sense of having at least one allophone of each phoneme? We find that, even with this low bar, only three languages (Modern Greek, Shipibo and the Treger dialect of Breton) attest all phonemes in these texts.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 a Theoretical Synopsis of Evolutionary Phonology
    A Theoretical Synopsis of Evolutionary Phonology Juliette Blevins Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 1. AN OVERVIEW OF EVOLUTIONARY PHONOLOGY 1.1 EXPLAINING SOUND PATTERNS. Phonology is the study of sound patterns of the world’s languages. In all spoken languages, we find sound patterns characterizing the composition of words and phrases. These patterns include overall properties of contrastive sound inventories (e.g. vowel inventories, consonant inventories, tone inventories), as well as patterns determining the distribution of sounds or contrastive features of sounds (stress, tone, length, voicing, place of articulation, etc.), and their variable realization in different contexts (alternations). A speaker's implicit knowledge of these patterns is often evident in their extension to novel items and in experiments probing phonological well-formedness. This implicit knowledge - its content, formalization, and representation, - is the central focus of modern theoretical phonology, including generative phonology and many of its derivatives (natural phonology, government phonology, dependency phonology, optimality theory). However, just as important as speaker's implicit knowledge of sound patterns are explanations for the distribution of sound patterns across attested spoken languages. Some sound patterns, are extremely common, while others are rare. Some examples of recurrent sound patterns involving segment/feature inventories, distribution, and alternations are listed in (1). The sound patterns in (1i,iii,iv,v,viii) are exceptionless across the world's attested spoken languages, while those in (1ii, vi, vii, ix-xii) are recurrent and frequent. Exceptionlesss patterns like (1i) are sometimes regarded as 'linguistic universals' (1i), while common patterns like (1ii) are often viewed as 'universal tendencies'. (1) Some recurrent sound patterns in the world's languages1 Inventories i.
    [Show full text]
  • Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas
    Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas edited by Andrea L. Berez, Jean Mulder, and Daisy Rosenblum Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 2 Published as a sPecial Publication of language documentation & conservation language documentation & conservation Department of Linguistics, UHM Moore Hall 569 1890 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822 USA http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc university of hawai‘i Press 2840 Kolowalu Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822-1888 USA © All texts and images are copyright to the respective authors. 2010 All chapters are licensed under Creative Commons Licenses Cover design by Cameron Chrichton Cover photograph of salmon drying racks near Lime Village, Alaska, by Andrea L. Berez Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data ISBN 978-0-8248-3530-9 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4463 Contents Foreword iii Marianne Mithun Contributors v Acknowledgments viii 1. Introduction: The Boasian tradition and contemporary practice 1 in linguistic fieldwork in the Americas Daisy Rosenblum and Andrea L. Berez 2. Sociopragmatic influences on the development and use of the 9 discourse marker vet in Ixil Maya Jule Gómez de García, Melissa Axelrod, and María Luz García 3. Classifying clitics in Sm’algyax: 33 Approaching theory from the field Jean Mulder and Holly Sellers 4. Noun class and number in Kiowa-Tanoan: Comparative-historical 57 research and respecting speakers’ rights in fieldwork Logan Sutton 5. The story of *o in the Cariban family 91 Spike Gildea, B.J. Hoff, and Sérgio Meira 6. Multiple functions, multiple techniques: 125 The role of methodology in a study of Zapotec determiners Donna Fenton 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Grapheme-To-Phoneme Transcription in Hungarian
    International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Applications vol. 7, no. 1, 2016, pp. 161–173 Received 08/02/2016, accepted 07/03/2016, final 20/06/2016 ISSN 0976-0962, http://ijcla.bahripublications.com Grapheme-to-Phoneme Transcription in Hungarian ATTILA NOVÁK1 AND BORBÁLA SIKLÓSI2 1 MTA-PPKE Hungarian Language Technology Research Group, Hungary 2 Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Hungary ABSTRACT A crucial component of text-to-speech systems is the one respon- sible for the transcription of the written text to its phonemic rep- resentation. although the complexity of the relation between the written and spoken form of languages varies, most languages have their regular and irregular phonological set of rules. In this paper, we present a system for the phonemic transcription of Hungarian. Beside the implementation of rules describing default letter-to-phoneme correspondences and morphophonological al- ternations, the tool incorporates the knowledge of a Hungarian morphological analyzer in order to be able to detect compound and other morpheme boundaries, and it contains a rich lexicon of entries with irregular pronunciation. It is shown that the system performs well even on texts containing a high number of foreign names. 1 INTRODUCTION In the research reported about in this study, our goal was to imple- ment a system that can automatically transform written Hungarian to its phonemic representation. The original intent of the system This is a pre-print version of the paper, before proper formatting and copyediting by the editorial staff. 162 ATTILA NOVÁK AND BORBÁLA SIKLÓSI was to transcribe a database of Hungarian geographic terms. How- ever, due to certain design decisions, our system proved to perform well also on texts containing a high ratio of foreign names and suf- fixed forms.
    [Show full text]
  • 507 the Effect of Lingua Franca (Persian) on Minority Languages
    ISSN 2039‐2117 Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 3 (2) May 2012 The Effect of Lingua Franca (Persian) on Minority Languages (Kurdish) Mahnaz Saiedi Payman Rezvani Department of English language, Tabriz branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz,Iran Doi:10.5901/mjss.2012.v3n2.507 Abstract The present study aims to consider the effect of lingua franca a sample of which is Persian upon minority languages as Kurdish which is spoken in a place where both Azari and Kurd-ish people have to communicate but by means of a third language (Persian) .the lexicon ,syntactical and phonological features of Kurdish in the local areas based on gathered data have been studied. The data gathered by questionnaire and recorded sounds along with in-terview with the local people, in particular literate ones who had the greatest exposure to the third language (lingua franca). The researcher could find significant changes which were traced to the impact of Persian as lingua franca in the region. This research is an innovation in its own kind and helps those who follow lingua franca and language changes and try to find any relations of which with linguistic purposes as well as language teaching. Keywords: lingua franca, Persian, Kurdish, phonology, lexicon 1. Introduction The present study aims to consider the linguistic influence of official standard Persian (as lingua franca) on non-official languages, Kurdish and Turkish, across the Western Azerbai-jan province. Kurdish is a branch of the Indo-European language family having more than 25 million native speakers the majority of whom reside in the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Allomorphy in Gilaki
    Allomorphy in Gilaki: an Optimality Theoretic approach Gregory Antono JAL401, University of Toronto Allomorphy appears to be a common occurrence in Gilaki, where there are stem changes as a result of affixation or verbal inflection, and various forms for certain affixes. Through an analysis based on the Optimality Theory (OT) framework (Prince and Smolensky 2004), this study seeks to examine the phonological constraints and constraint ranking involved in Gilaki allomorphy, focusing on the phonologically-conditioned allomorphs of the plural morpheme -ʃɑn and the negative affix –nV-. The plural morpheme -ʃɑn can surface as several forms like -ɑn and –jɑn: (1) tup-ɔ-ʃanə (2) tup-ɑn ball-ɔ-PL ball-PL balls balls (3) kor-ɑn (4) putʃɑ-jɑn girl-PL cat-PL girls cats The negative bound morpheme, –nV-, surfaces with varying vowels, such as nɔ-, nɪ-, or neɪ-. (5) nɔ-dʊvas-əm/ (6) mo nɪʃkæstʌm NEG.run.1SG 1.SG break.NEG did not run I did not break (7) mo neɪmijaɾʌm/ (8) nɔ-ʃɔn-ɔm/ 1.S NEG.die.1SG NEG.go.1SG I did not die not go An Optimality Theoretic approach to allomorphy has been taken by many, such as Rubach and Booij (2001) on Polish iotation, Anderson on phonologically conditioned allomorphy in Surmiran (2008), and Udammadu (2017) on the Igbo language. For this study, translation tasks are carried out with the Gilaki consultant to elicit more plural and negation data, using various simple storyboards that contain singular and plural subjects (animals), as well as dialogue that would elicit the negation affix. The focus of this elicitation is to observe how the affixes vary depending on the stem.
    [Show full text]
  • A Corpus Phonetic Study of Contemporary Persian Vowels in Casual Speech
    University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 25 Issue 1 Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Penn Article 15 Linguistics Conference 2-27-2019 A Corpus Phonetic Study of Contemporary Persian Vowels in Casual Speech Taylor Jones University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl Recommended Citation Jones, Taylor (2019) "A Corpus Phonetic Study of Contemporary Persian Vowels in Casual Speech," University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: Vol. 25 : Iss. 1 , Article 15. Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol25/iss1/15 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol25/iss1/15 For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Corpus Phonetic Study of Contemporary Persian Vowels in Casual Speech Abstract Contemporary Iranian Persian is described as having a six vowel system; however, there is currently very little work that characterizes the exact nature of these vowels. Previous works posit substantially different vowel spaces, and conflicting accounts of the extent ot which historical length distinctions are still relevant in Persian -- these distinctions then affect phonological theorizing, especially with regards to vocalic assimilation (sometimes referred to as "vowel harmony"). This study uses a corpus of over 60 hours of casual telephone speech among 104 speakers to describe the vowels of Persian. It is demonstrated that historical length distinctions no longer obtain, that previous descriptions of the vowel space of Persian are no longer necessarily accurate, and that the low back vowel may no longer be a steady state vowel for all speakers nor as low or as rounded as previously described.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Morphology in Generative Phonology, Autosegmental Phonology and Prosodic Morphology
    Chapter 20: The role of morphology in Generative Phonology, Autosegmental Phonology and Prosodic Morphology 1 Introduction The role of morphology in the rule-based phonology of the 1970’s and 1980’s, from classic GENERATIVE PHONOLOGY (Chomsky and Halle 1968) through AUTOSEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY (e.g., Goldsmith 1976) and PROSODIC MORPHOLOGY (e.g., McCarthy & Prince 1999, Steriade 1988), is that it produces the inputs on which phonology operates. Classic Generative, Autosegmental, and Prosodic Morphology approaches to phonology differ in the nature of the phonological rules and representations they posit, but converge in one key assumption: all implicitly or explicitly assume an item-based morphological approach to word formation, in which root and affix morphemes exist as lexical entries with underlying phonological representations. The morphological component of grammar selects the morphemes whose underlying phonological representations constitute the inputs on which phonological rules operate. On this view of morphology, the phonologist is assigned the task of identifying a set of general rules for a given language that operate correctly on the inputs provided by the morphology of that language to produce grammatical outputs. This assignment is challenging for a variety of reasons, sketched below; as a group, these reasons helped prompt the evolution from classic Generative Phonology to its Autosegmental and Prosodic descendants, and have since led to even more dramatic modifications in the way that morphology and phonology interact (see Chapter XXX). First, not all phonological rules apply uniformly across all morphological contexts. For example, Turkish palatal vowel harmony requires suffix vowels to agree with the preceding stem vowels (paşa ‘pasha’, paşa-lar ‘pasha-PL’; meze ‘appetizer’, meze-ler ‘appetizer-PL’) but does not apply within roots (elma ‘apple’, anne ‘mother’).
    [Show full text]
  • Assibilation Or Analogy?: Reconsideration of Korean Noun Stem-Endings*
    Assibilation or analogy?: Reconsideration of Korean noun stem-endings* Ponghyung Lee (Daejeon University) This paper discusses two approaches to the nominal stem-endings in Korean inflection including loanwords: one is the assibilation approach, represented by H. Kim (2001) and the other is the analogy approach, represented by Albright (2002 et sequel) and Y. Kang (2003b). I contend that the assibilation approach is deficient in handling its underapplication to the non-nominal categories such as verb. More specifically, the assibilation approach is unable to clearly explain why spirantization (s-assibilation) applies neither to derivative nouns nor to non-nominal items in its entirety. By contrast, the analogy approach is able to overcome difficulties involved with the assibilation position. What is crucial to the analogy approach is that the nominal bases end with t rather than s. Evidence of t-ending bases is garnered from the base selection criteria, disparities between t-ending and s-ending inputs in loanwords. Unconventionally, I dare to contend that normative rules via orthography intervene as part of paradigm extension, alongside semantic conditioning and token/type frequency. Keywords: inflection, assibilation, analogy, base, affrication, spirantization, paradigm extension, orthography, token/type frequency 1. Introduction When it comes to Korean nominal inflection, two observations have captivated our attention. First, multiple-paradigms arise, as explored in previous literature (K. Ko 1989, Kenstowicz 1996, Y. Kang 2003b, Albright 2008 and many others).1 (1) Multiple-paradigms of /pʰatʰ/ ‘red bean’ unmarked nom2 acc dat/loc a. pʰat pʰaʧʰ-i pʰatʰ-ɨl pʰatʰ-e b. pʰat pʰaʧʰ-i pʰaʧʰ-ɨl pʰatʰ-e c.
    [Show full text]