June 1, 2004 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H3549 University campus. The local fire- The SPEAKER pro tempore. In the and women who served our country fighters, who initially answered the opinion of the Chair, two-thirds of with honor and bravery. This past call, were later assisted by countless those present have voted in the affirm- weekend, we celebrated the commemo- others from fire stations throughout ative. ration of a monument to World War II the region. These units joined together Mrs. MILLER of Michigan. Mr. honoring all military veterans of the to defeat the blaze and fight the chal- Speaker, on that I demand the yeas war, citizens on the home front, the lenging wind, smoke, and heat condi- and nays. Nation at large, and the high moral tions. Their efforts prevented further The yeas and nays were ordered. purpose and idealism that motivated destruction and helped protect inno- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- our Nation’s call to arms. In my home cent lives from being lost. ant to clause 8 of rule XX and the State of Nevada, I had the honor of These firefighters were not alone Chair’s prior announcement, further spending Memorial Day at several that day, as public, private, and civic proceedings on this motion will be events honoring veterans, many of organizations worked as a seamless postponed. whom served during World War II. team preserving and protecting human f Among the most courageous of all lives, defending property, and pro- HONORING TUSKEGEE AIRMEN those who served our country was a viding food and comfort to all those af- AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION IN group of men who defied both fascism fected. All of these organizations met CREATING AN INTEGRATED abroad and racism at home while es- their community’s call to duty by pro- UNITED STATES AIR FORCE tablishing a record as one of the most viding brave and steadfast assistance successful fighting units in American to our community. They stand as a Mr. COLE. Mr. Speaker, I move to history. symbol to all who give of themselves in suspend the rules and agree to the con- The Tuskegee Airmen were a group an effort to better our Nation and up- current resolution (H. Con. Res. 417) of dedicated and determined young hold the finest traditions of the Com- honoring the Tuskegee Airmen and men who enlisted to become America’s monwealth of Virginia. their contribution in creating an inte- first African American airmen. These grated United States Air Force, the b 1430 airmen were trained at Tuskegee Army world’s foremost Air and Space Su- Airfield in Tuskegee, Alabama, begin- In closing, I am proud to recognize premacy Force. ning in 1941. Over the course of their and honor the firefighters, police, pub- The Clerk read as follows: service during World War II, the lic servants, civilians, and private busi- H. CON. RES. 417 Tuskegee Airmen distinguished them- nesses who responded to the dev- Whereas the United States is currently selves over the skies of Europe. astating fire in Richmond on March 26, combating terrorism around the world and is Airmen trained at Tuskegee received 2004, and commend them for their dedi- highly dependent on the global reach and cated service to the people of the Com- presence provided by the Air Force; two Presidential Unit citations for out- monwealth of Virginia and urge pas- Whereas these operations require the high- standing tactical air support and aerial sage of House Resolution 612. est skill and devotion to duty from all per- combat, and they established the in- sonnel involved; credible and unprecedented record of Mr. TOM DAVIS of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, I Whereas the Tuskegee Airmen proved that flying more than 200 bomber escort rise today in strong support of H. Res. 612, such skill and devotion, and not skin color, missions without the loss of a single which recognizes and honors the firefighters, are the determining factors in aviation; bomber to enemy aircraft. The out- police, public servants, civilians, and private Whereas the Tuskegee Airmen served hon- standing record of these men was ac- businesses who responded to the devastating orably in the Second World War struggle complished while fighting two wars, fire in Richmond, Virginia, on March 26, 2004. against global fascism; and On March 26, 2004, a destructive fire swept Whereas the example of the Tuskegee Air- one against military forces overseas through Virginia Commonwealth University men has encouraged millions of Americans and the other against racism both at and the Carver Community of Richmond, Vir- of every race to pursue careers in air and home and abroad. space technology: Now, therefore, be it Over the course of World War II, the ginia. The size of this blaze quickly grew out Resolved by the House of Representatives (the of control such that local Richmond firefighters Tuskegee Airmen returned home with Senate concurring), That it is the sense of some of our Nation’s highest military called for assistance from fire stations Congress that the United States Air Force throughout the region. The quick response should continue to honor and learn from the honors, including 150 Distinguished and valiant united effort of firefighters, police, example provided by the Tuskegee Airmen as Flying Crosses, 744 Air Medals, eight public servants, and civilians extinguished the it faces the challenges of the 21st century Purple Hearts, and 14 Bronze Stars. In blaze and averted further destruction of prop- and the war on terror. addition, these brave pilots destroyed erty. Additionally, public, private and civic or- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- more than 1,000 German aircraft. ganizations provided shelter, food and comfort ant to the rule, the gentleman from Many Americans became aware of to those affected by the fire. This is a further Oklahoma (Mr. COLE) and the gen- the accomplishments of the Tuskegee example of the amazing courage and perse- tleman from Arkansas (Mr. SNYDER) Airmen from the 1995 feature film star- verance required on a daily basis by fire and each will control 20 minutes. ring Lawrence Fishburn called ‘‘The rescue personnel across the country. These The Chair recognizes the gentleman Tuskegee Airmen.’’ My first personal citizens don the uniforms of service to protect from Oklahoma (Mr. COLE). experience with these fine men came and provide for our communities and for our GENERAL LEAVE through a former member of my staff, Nation. Mr. COLE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani- Traci Scott, now serving with the Pen- Mr. Speaker, this resolution honors the fire- mous consent that all Members may tagon in Baghdad, whose father served fighters, police, public servants and private have 5 legislative days within which to with the Airmen, Captain Jesse H. businesses who responded to this emergency revise and extend their remarks on H. Scott. After hearing his story, I wanted with swiftness and courage, working together Con. Res. 417. to do something special to honor this to protect the citizens of the Commonwealth of The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there brave and honored group of soldiers. Virginia. I urge all of my colleagues to support objection to the request of the gen- Captain Scott was an original mem- this important resolution. tleman from Oklahoma? ber of the Tuskegee Airmen. In fact, he Mrs. MILLER of Michigan. Mr. There was no objection. was so eager to join that he lied about Speaker, I urge adoption of H. Res. 612, Mr. COLE. Mr. Speaker, I yield such his age to get accepted. As he pro- as amended; and I yield back the bal- time as he may consume to the gen- gressed through flight training, Cap- ance of my time. tleman from Nevada (Mr. PORTER), the tain Scott learned he was color blind The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. author of this resolution. and went on to serve on the ground UPTON). The question is on the motion (Mr. PORTER asked and was given crew of General Ben Davis. Captain offered by the gentlewoman from permission to revise and extend his re- Scott passed away in the year 2000, and Michigan (Mrs. MILLER) that the House marks.) he is honored being buried in Arlington suspend the rules and agree to the reso- Mr. PORTER. Mr. Speaker, the sto- Cemetery. lution, H. Res. 612, as amended. ried history of our Nation’s Armed I am proud to offer a resolution in The question was taken. Forces was written by the great men honor of Captain Scott and honoring

VerDate May 21 2004 02:10 Jun 02, 2004 Jkt 029060 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\K01JN7.010 H01PT1 H3550 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE June 1, 2004 the Tuskegee Airmen for their con- man seeking a career in car engineer- Congress authorized the President to tributions to our Nation and the exam- ing at the Tuskegee Institute only to advance Lieutenant General Davis to ple they continue to offer us today. be drawn into the excitement of flight. the grade of General on the retired list I also had the opportunity to meet He became one of the few African of the United States Air Force. with Mr. George Sherman, another American pilot instructors in America That initial group of Tuskegee pilots former Tuskegee Airman, who now re- and taught numerous Tuskegee Airmen was assigned to the famous 99th Fight- sides in Las Vegas, Nevada. I was privi- of the 99th Fighter Wing how to fly. er Squadron, which was eventually de- leged to spend the morning with Mr. The 99th Fighter Squadron, led by the ployed on May 31, 1943, to fly P–40 Sherman and his son as he shared with late General Ben Davis, was originally Warhawks in combat missions in North me firsthand accounts of what it was sent to North Africa but moved to the Africa, Sicily, and throughout Italy. like to be a Tuskegee Airman. Mr. European continent and flew over Later Tuskegee graduates were as- Sherman’s memories and photos pro- Anzio in 1944. The 99th held the record signed to the 332nd Fighter Group and vided a small glimpse into the life of of 200 combat missions without losing a began overseas combat operations in these men and how their life was led. single bomber to enemy fire. Italy flying the P–40 and P–39 Mr. Sherman and his son now travel to The men and women who were part of Airacobra. various schools sharing the story of the the Tuskegee experience proved that Before the war ended, the Tuskegee Tuskegee Airmen and are also actively service, duty, and country were not program had graduated 992 pilots and involved in the Young Eagles program limited by the color of a person’s skin, 450 Tuskegee Airmen had flown over encouraging students to become more but that all Americans regardless of 15,000 combat sorties overseas. Ap- involved in aviation. race could succeed through hard work, proximately 150 men had been killed As a Tuskegee Airman, George Sher- dedication, and commitment. While over the course of the program, with 66 man gained a lifelong love of aviation, their training occurred under a seg- killed in action. The combat record of and today he continues to share that regated condition, their focus was on these segregated units was superb. love as he passes his knowledge and ex- the goal of all pilots regardless of race: They destroyed or damaged 136 enemy perience to new generations. avoidance of abrupt and surprising con- aircraft in air-to-air combat and an- I urge Members to join in recognizing tact with Mother Earth. other 273 on the ground. They were the accomplishments of this unique Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to highly decorated with over 150 Distin- group of American heroes as our Na- support this resolution. guished Flying Crosses being awarded tion engages in combating terrorism Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of to African American pilots. around the world. We rely upon the my time. The most impressive achievement of global reach and the presence provided Mr. COLE. Mr. Speaker, I yield my- the 332nd Fighter Group was flying by our Air Force. Mr. Speaker, the ex- self such time as I may consume. over 200 bomber escort missions over ample set by the Tuskegee Airmen en- Mr. Speaker, it is a great honor for Central and Southern Europe without couraged millions of Americans of me to request consideration of H. Con. losing a single bomber to enemy air- every race to pursue careers in space Res. 417 because this resolution honors craft. This unprecedented record was and air technology. The Tuskegee Air- a remarkable group of African Ameri- not lost on enemy fighter pilots who men proved that skill and determina- cans who played a pivotal role in the often elected to avoid attacking bomb- tion, not skin color, are the deter- military history of our country. They er formations when they realized that mining factors in aviation. are not the only segregated unit to do the fighter escort was the Red Tail Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, I yield so, of course. The 54th Massachusetts fighters of the 332nd. myself such time as I may consume. during the Civil War, the 9th and 10th The challenges confronted by the Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of Buffalo Calvary, which were honored Tuskegee Airmen were not limited to House Concurrent Resolution 417, in- with the name Buffalo Soldiers by the wartime skies over Europe. Each of troduced by the gentleman from Ne- their native American adversaries in these men proudly met all challenges vada (Mr. PORTER). This resolution rec- the latter part of the 19th century, a with skill and determination when rac- ognizes and honors the Tuskegee Air- group which constructed Fort Sill in ism and bigotry had caused lesser men men for their contribution in World my own district and won lasting fame to harass them and to seek their fail- War II that led to the creation of an in- there. And of course more recently, the ure. There are a number of ways for tegrated United States Air Force. 761st Tank Battalion whose exploits men to display courage in their lives, The Tuskegee Airmen not only faced have been chronicled in a fine volume but seldom are men confronted with as the dangers of war but they did so in by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. many tests of courage as were the the face of prejudice and discrimina- But today, we are here to honor the Tuskegee Airmen; and very few men tion back home. Prior to 1940, African Tuskegee Airmen who with their pro- can claim as successful and enduring a Americans were denied the opportunity fessionalism, their skill, and courage legacy as they. to fly military aircraft. However, after not only made an important contribu- These combat pioneers distinguished pressure from civil rights organizations tion to fighting tyranny during the themselves throughout their service in and others, the Army Air Force began Second World War but also helped to war and peace and over time redefined a program to train African Americans forge the United States Air Force into America’s understanding of African as military pilots. The so-called the world’s dominant air and space Americans as warriors and leaders and ‘‘Tuskegee Experiment’’ began on July team. set the stage for the racially integrated 19, 1941, at the Tuskegee Institute in On July 19, 1941, the Army Air Force Air Force that achieved so much in the Alabama. The institute, founded by began a program in Alabama at the years to follow. Booker T. Washington in 1881, provided Tuskegee Institute to train African Mr. Speaker, I commend the gen- the primary flight training for the first Americans as military pilots. The pri- tleman from Nevada (Mr. PORTER) for fighter pilots and became the center of mary flight training was conducted by introducing this resolution. I feel very African American aviation during the Division of Aeronautics at the in- fortunate to have had the opportunity World War II. stitute founded by Booker T. Wash- to address the House on this issue and The Tuskegee Airmen included not ington, and the transition to combat recognize the contributions of only fighter pilots but also navigators, aircraft was conducted at nearby Tuskegee Airmen to America. bombardiers, maintenance and support Tuskegee Army Airfield. Mr. Speaker, I reserve the balance of personnel that provided support for the The first group of pilots completed my time. famed 99th Fighter Squadron and the training 9 months later in March 1942. Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 332nd Fighter Group. Among that vanguard group was then- minutes to the gentleman from Illinois I think of one of my constituents, Captain Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., a fu- (Mr. DAVIS), formerly from Arkansas. Mr. Milton Crenshaw from Arkansas, ture living legend in the Air Force who Mr. DAVIS of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, I who was one of the pilot instructors. In went on to become one of its greatest thank the gentleman from Nevada (Mr. 1939, he took a bus from Little Rock to leaders. In the National Defense Au- PORTER) for introducing this legisla- Tuskegee, a young, African American thorization Act for fiscal year 1999, the tion.

VerDate May 21 2004 02:10 Jun 02, 2004 Jkt 029060 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\K01JN7.013 H01PT1 June 1, 2004 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H3551 It just happens that yesterday I spent While World War II was being fought But it did more than that. Over the part of the morning with several to provide human dignity and freedom course of his lifetime, it transformed former, and one is never a former to millions of people there on the Euro- his views, it widened his horizons. He Tuskegee Airman, with several pean continent, here at home there often talked about the United States Tuskegee Airmen as we gathered, as we were millions of people prevented on a Air Force or the Army Air Corps and do every Memorial Day, at the Oak- daily basis from exercising full freedom later the Air Force to me as I grew up. wood Cemetery in Chicago, to pay trib- and full equality. I actually grew up when he was still a ute to veterans and especially to our The Tuskegee Airmen were the first member of that. And he reflected on former mayor, Harold Washington. Of to break that cycle in the military and the tremendous lesson it had taught course, we got wet in the rain because to emerge as highly qualified pilots in him about humanity, about the won- these guys would never quit until they the United States. They proved that derful diversity of America and about accomplished what they set out to do. race does not matter, they proved that the equality of all men in combat and All African Americans that I know where you come from does not matter, all men under the law. take great pride in Tuskegee Institute, and it does not matter whether anyone He often cited, frankly, the Tuskegee the institution founded by Booker else thinks you are capable. The only Airmen as people who had begun the Washington; but they take even great- thing that matters is that you devote transformation of the South, had er pride in the exploits of this group of yourself to your talents and let history begun the transformation of race in airmen who learned to fly, many of take it from there, and that is just this country and had contributed whom had no idea as they were grow- what happened. As a matter of fact, the mightily. ing up that they would get an oppor- Tuskegee Airmen, in escorting bombers So it is a particular honor again to tunity to sail like a bird across the on to the European continent, never recognize these people, who were not sky. lost a bomber that they were escorting; only so brave in defending their coun- and they were sought after by the b 1445 try and so skilled in combat that they bomber pilots because of their tremen- I have been fortunate to interact were recognized by their enemy but dous record and tremendous skill. who taught us Americans a far greater with the Dodo Chapter, and one of my The Tuskegee Airmen led the way in most prized possessions is a jacket that lesson than we could expect any group opening doors for people from all races of men to do, who reminded us again of they gave me one year that I still have, and all walks of life to follow their because every year we also honor Afri- the unfulfilled ideals of our country dreams of aviation and military serv- and moved us toward the ultimate real- can American women who pioneered in ice. Of course, I am very pleased that it aviation. I am also fortunate because ization of those ideals. was our own Missourian, Harry S. Tru- Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, I yield every year I have a picnic and parade man, who integrated the Armed Forces for kids to go back to school, and the myself such time as I may consume. in 1948 after this very positive effort by Mr. Speaker, I urge the House to sup- Tuskegee Airmen always fly a forma- the Tuskegee Airmen during the Sec- port this resolution that recognizes not tion across the site of our picnic. So I ond World War. only the contributions of the Tuskegee say thanks to them on a very personal As highly skilled pilots, the Airmen to World War II but also how basis. Tuskegee Airmen made great contribu- My good friend Roy Chappell was they helped transform America. tions to the fields of military air as Mr. SPRATT. Mr. Speaker, I rise in favor of president of the Dodo Chapter for a well as space technology. The Nation number of years; Mr. Rufus Hunt is H. Con. Res. 417, the Tuskegee Airmen Rec- owes these men a debt of gratitude for ognition Resolution. Books and movies both their historian; and, yes, they have cre- having the courage to stand up for ated and provide a great legacy; and document the historic achievements of the something in which they believed and Tuskegee Airmen. Today, I urge my col- they teach young African American for forcing the rest of the Nation to leagues to pass this resolution confirming the children how to fly. look past its prejudices and truly ap- renown of these World War II heroes. Despite I have been able to send a large num- preciate the skills and loyalty with racial segregation and discrimination, the ber of youngsters, and they take them, which they served our Nation. I am Tuskegee Airmen lived up to the words of and they used to use Meigs Field until honored to stand here today and sup- General MacArthur, years before he spoke it was closed, and now they use the air- port this important resolution. port in Gary, Indiana, and they take As a matter of fact, Mr. Speaker, on them: ‘‘Yours is the profession of arms, the these young inner-city children for two occasions I had the honor of being will to win, the sure knowledge that in war their first ride in an airplane. So I sa- with Tuskegee Airmen. The first was a there is no substitute for victory . . . the very lute their past exploits, but I also com- dinner where I was the Speaker at an obsession of your public service must be duty, mend them for what they are doing event at then Richards Gebaur Air honor, country.’’ today to continue this great legacy and Force Base south of Kansas City, where The Tuskegee Airmen were dedicated this great tradition. Tuskegee Airmen from all across the young men who became America’s first Afri- Mr. COLE. Mr. Speaker, I reserve the country were honored; and another can-American airmen, defying the many peo- balance of my time. time at Ramstein Air Force Base, ple who thought they lacked the intelligence, Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, I yield where a leader of that group was hon- skill, courage, and patriotism to fly. Training such time as he may consume to the ored at a luncheon. So it is with great for the first aviation class began in July 1941 gentleman from Missouri (Mr. SKEL- pride that I am here to speak in favor and ended 9 months later in May 1942 with TON). of this resolution. the successful graduation of five of the 13 Mr. SKELTON. Mr. Speaker, I thank Mr. COLE. Mr. Speaker, I yield my- original cadets. From 1942 until 1946, the the gentleman from Arkansas (Mr. self such time as I may consume. Tuskegee Experiment produced nearly 1,000 SNYDER) for yielding me time. Mr. Speaker, I would like to offer a pilots, with 450 serving overseas in the 99th Mr. Speaker, today I am pleased to personal observation that was actually Fighter Squadron and the 332nd Fighter support this resolution honoring the provoked by the gentleman from Mis- Group. The 332nd flew 1,578 missions which Tuskegee Airmen and their valuable souri. involved nearly 16,000 sorties and accumu- contribution to the United States of My father was a member of the lated 111 kills (plus one destroyer sunk using America. United States Army Air Force. He a plane’s machine gun). During the Second World War, the joined in 1940. He grew up in a time and The feats of the Tuskegee Airmen weren’t Army Air Force, as it was then known, in a place where segregation was a very limited to its aviators. For every mission flown, and now, of course, known as the common thing, and not only common there were scores of men and women who United States Air Force, played a vital in the culture, but legal, recognized by performed ground-support duty as aircraft and role in achieving allied victory, par- law, enforced by law, and he thought engine mechanics, armament specialists, radio ticularly in Europe. With their supe- joining the United States Army Air repairmen, parachute riggers, control tower rior aviation skills and with courage in Corps was a way out and a way up for operators, military policemen, and administra- the face of danger, the men who flew him, and it certainly was, given his tive clerks. Their achievements represented a for the Army Air Force demonstrated background and given his station in true team effort. The unit was highly deco- the true meaning of honor. life. rated, earning 150 Distinguished Flying

VerDate May 21 2004 02:10 Jun 02, 2004 Jkt 029060 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 9920 E:\CR\FM\K01JN7.015 H01PT1 H3552 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE June 1, 2004 Crosses, 744 Air Medals, 8 Purple Hearts and Field, he was sent to nearby Tuskegee Army branch of America’s fighting forces, the Army 14 Bronze Stars. But their most important Air Field for completion of flight training and Air Corps. When they earned their wings they achievement was never losing a single bomb- for transition to combat type aircraft. The first engaged in one of the advanced air forces in er to enemy aircraft—the only escort unit to classes of Tuskegee airmen were trained to the world, the Luftwaffe. And in doing so, they earn that record. be fighter pilots for the famous 99th Fighter and we emerged victorious. The impact of the Tuskegee Airmen was felt Squadron, slated for combat duty in North Afri- Being privileged to represent a good part of well beyond the skies of Europe and North Af- ca. Additional pilots were assigned to the 332d the City of Detroit, I am proud to say Detroit rica. Their actions spearheaded and influ- Fighter Group which flew combat along with hosts the National Museum of the Tuskegee enced social changes back home, and re- the 99th Squadron from bases in Italy. Airmen. Among the Tuskegee alumni was our sulted in the integration of our Armed Forces. In Sept. 1943, a twin-engine training pro- own former Mayor of Detroit, Coleman Young. In 1948, President Harry Truman enacted Ex- gram was begun at Tuskegee to provide It was in Detroit that the Tuskegee Airmen, In- ecutive Order Number 9981 which directed bomber pilots. However, World War II ended corporated was founded. This organization ex- equality of treatment and opportunity in all of before these men were able to get into com- ists to motivate and inspire young Americans the United States Armed Services. This order bat. By the end of the war, 992 men had grad- to pursue careers in aviation, aerospace, the not only led to the end of racial segregation in uated from pilot training at Tuskegee. 450 of military and to become active participants in the military; it was also a long step towards ra- these men were sent overseas for combat as- civic affairs. We in Detroit have a close affinity cial integration in the United States. signment. Approximately 150 lost their lives with the Tuskegee Airmen, and I thank the I proudly salute the Tuskegee Airmen and while in training or on combat flights. More leadership for allowing this resolution to be ask my colleagues to support this resolution. men were trained at Tuskegee for aircrew and scheduled for today. Ms. JACKSON-LEE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, ground crew duties—flight engineers, gunners, Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, I rise to ac- I rise to support this important resolution and mechanics, and armorers. knowledge the Tuskegee Airmen, African- to send a word of thanks to Mr. PORTER of Ne- Mr. Speaker, as we move forward in the American pioneers for their courageous serv- vada as well as to the Members of the House international fight against terrorism, the spirit ice to our country and lasting legacy of valor Committee on Armed Services for having and tenacity of the Tuskegee Airmen must in- and military excellence. I strongly support H. passed it. At a time when we must deal with spire us to fight terror together as a team. The Con. Res. 417 in honoring the Tuskegee Air- a human rights crisis potentially perpetrated by team must be comprised of all of our inter- men and their contribution in creating an inte- our own military, it is admirable that we now national neighbors. I support this resolution grated United States Air Force, the world’s highlight a positive example of respect for and am honored to share these words. foremost Air and Space Supremacy Force. human rights and civil rights in our Armed Ms. KILPATRICK. Mr. Speaker, I welcome The service that the Tuskegee Airmen per- Forces. the opportunity to speak in support of this res- formed during World War II for our country In conjunction with the ‘‘Wings Over Hous- olution honoring the Tuskegee Airmen. It is was extraordinary. In a time of racial turmoil ton Air Show’’ (WOHA) that took place in only fitting after coming off a Memorial Day they dedicated their lives and served this Houston during this past fall school semester, weekend where we celebrated and remem- country to their fullest capability. They simulta- five members of the famed Tuskegee Airmen bered those who served our country in World neously defied the odds and limitations set visited middle and high school students at War II that we pay tribute to the contributions both abroad and at home. These men over- M.O. Campbell Educational Center in Hous- the Tuskegee Airmen made to the Allied vic- came what were seemingly insurmountable ton’s Aldine Independent School District. Lt. tory. They did more than just help win the war. obstacles at the time and are regarded as American military pioneers. Col. Lee Archer, Lt. Col. Charles McGee, Dr. The Tuskegee Airmen had a major impact on The Tuskegee Airmen epitomize the Amer- Roscoe C. Brown, Jr., Lt. Col. Herbert ‘‘Gene’’ the U.S. armed services, in general, and our ican dream. History shows that blacks had Carter and George Watson, Sr. visited with air force in particular. been trying to gain entrance into the Army Air Leadership Officer Training Corps (LOTC) and The men of Tuskegee overcame prejudice, Corps since World War I. By the end of World racism and bigotry in order to serve their Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps War II the Tuskegee Airmen had received 95 country. In many quarters, they were not want- (JROTC) students to talk about their roles as Distinguished Flying Crosses, 744 Air Medals ed. Tuskegee trainees were expelled from the pilots and ground support personnel during and Clusters, a Legion of Merit, completed flight-training program for the slightest rea- World War II and how their presence in the 1,578 missions and 15,553 sorties, and grad- armed forces helped to break down racial bar- sons, but they would not be denied the oppor- uated 993 pilots. They had gone from being riers for those who came after them. I am tunity to do their duty for their country. They barred from the Air Corps to being regarded proud to also acknowledge my father-in-law were determined to overcome tremendous ob- as one of the most successful units in Amer- Philip Lee, a committed and dedicated stacles because they had to exceed standards ican history. The Tuskegee Airmen were Tuskegee Airman, his service contributed to established for regular recruits. From them, called upon by our country and willingly ac- the finest servicing their country well in time of more was expected, and to the benefit of our cepted the challenge. They proved that skill war. country, more was given. The Tuskegee pilots and dedication were the determining factors of One of the things that stood out was a who survived a rigorous training program were success, not race or skin color. question that Lt. Col. Charles McGee posed an elite and highly motivated group. The Tuskegee Airmen continue to serve as before leaving the students: The Tuskegee Airmen were organized in role models for members of the armed forces Think about this, you are going to be re- 1941 when plans were approved to establish throughout the world. Many of their combat sponsible for what happens in this country a segregated air unit, the 99th Pursuit Squad- records are unmatched today and their sac- for the next 15 or so years . . . What will you ron, and base it near Tuskegee, Alabama. rifices must never be forgotten. These coura- contribute to it? They provided close air support and bomber geous men embody the spirit of America and I highlighted this question because it is very escort missions and saw action in Italy, the are an integral part of our nation’s history. It applicable to the current situation that we face Mediterranean, North Africa, and the bombing is only appropriate that servicemen of such in Abu Ghraib. We must be accountable for of Berlin. valor be acknowledged. the way we treat our brothers as well as our In World War II, the Tuskegee Airmen com- Ms. MAJETTE. Mr. Speaker, as we stand foreign neighbors. The human rights element piled a record of shooting down 111 enemy here on the heels of Memorial Day, a time for of the civil rights struggle for African Ameri- aircraft and destroyed another 150 aircraft on honoring those who have fought and died to cans can be used to guide our actions today the ground. They destroyed transport rail- preserve our freedom, I rise to add my voice in Iraq and every day. Because of the fortitude roads, sank a Germany destroyer and 40 to the growing chorus of those singing the and commitment shown by the Tuskegee Air- other boats and barges. Some 450 pilots flew praises of the Tuskegee Airmen. men, our Armed Forces have the talent and combat missions. They flew 200 bomber es- When the brave men and women of our skill that allow us to sleep at night knowing cort missions against some of the most heav- armed services swear their enlistment oath, that we are in the most capable hands. ily defended targets in Hitler’s Germany and they pledge to defend the Constitution against A program began on July 19, 1941 in Ala- never lost a bomber to the German Luftwaffe. enemies both foreign and domestic. And al- bama to train black Americans as military pi- They played a vital role in defending our though the Tuskegee Airmen won many a bat- lots. Flight training was conducted by the Divi- country against the Axis powers and just as tle in the skies over North Africa and Europe, sion of Aeronautics of Tuskegee Institute, the importantly played a major part in breaking it is their triumph over oppression at home that famed school of learning founded by Booker down racial barriers in the military and Amer- counts as their greatest victory. T. Washington in 1881. Once a cadet com- ican society as a whole. They served in the From their inception at the Tuskegee Army pleted primary training at Tuskegee’s Moton most technically advanced and sophisticated Air Field in the summer of 1941, to their first

VerDate May 21 2004 03:24 Jun 02, 2004 Jkt 029060 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 4634 Sfmt 9920 E:\CR\FM\A01JN7.015 H01PT1 June 1, 2004 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H3553 combat in North Africa in 1943, to President Whereas American troops suffered over again answering the same call to duty Truman’s desegregation order in 1948, the 6,500 casualties on D-Day; and as the men of D-Day. While the places Tuskegee Airmen battled racism and hatred at Whereas the people of the United States and enemies have changed, the objec- should honor the valor and sacrifices of their tive has not. They fight today to pro- every turn. fellow countrymen, both living and dead, They represented their country when we who fought that day for liberty and the tect America and to restore freedom needed them most, and, despite all hardships, cause of freedom in Europe: Now, therefore, and human dignity to millions. they did so with class, professionalism, and be it Mr. Speaker, I urge my colleagues to excellence, earning distinction among the Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep- support this resolution. It truly is a Army Air Corps’ most decorated pilots. resentatives of the United States of America in recognition and celebration of the The Tuskegee Airmen served with pride and Congress assembled, That Congress— brave deeds by bold men who earned a honor, and returned home to find that the free- (1) recognizes the 60th anniversary of the rightful place in American history over doms they had fought so hard to preserve Allied landing at Normandy during World 60 years ago in the landing zones, War II; and were not extended to them. Instead of being beaches and battlefields of Normandy. (2) requests the President to issue a procla- But as we celebrate their achieve- welcomed as the heroes they were, they faced mation calling on the people of the United intense segregation in the very land many of States to observe the anniversary with ap- ments, let us not forget that bold brave them gave their lives to protect. Still, they held propriate ceremonies and programs to honor men and women continue to serve this their heads high and continued to struggle for the sacrifices of their fellow countrymen to Nation admirably around the world. justice and equality, this time not in a far-of liberate Europe. Mr. Speaker, I ask for a ‘‘yes’’ vote as a fitting honor for today’s heroes. nation, but from their homes in rural Alabama. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, I yield Mr. Speaker, we are all beneficiaries of the ant to the rule, the gentleman from myself such time as I may consume. work of these brave men both at home and Kansas (Mr. RYUN) and the gentleman Mr. Speaker, I rise in support of Sen- abroad, and I am privileged to count several of from Arkansas (Mr. SNYDER) each will ate Joint Resolution 28, introduced by control 20 minutes. them among my constituents. Senator BEN NIGHTHORSE CAMPBELL, Mr. SNYDER. Mr. Speaker, I yield The Chair recognizes the gentleman and commend my colleague, the gen- back the balance of my time. from Kansas (Mr. RYUN). tleman from New Jersey (Mr. SMITH), Mr. COLE. Mr. Speaker, I yield back GENERAL LEAVE the chairman of the Committee on Vet- the balance of my time. Mr. RYUN of Kansas. Mr. Speaker, I erans Affairs, for introducing an iden- The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. ask unanimous consent that all Mem- tical bill in the House, H.J. Res. 93. UPTON). The question is on the motion bers may have 5 legislative days within Mr. Speaker, this resolution recog- offered by the gentleman from Okla- which to revise and extend their re- nizes the 60th anniversary of one of the homa (Mr. COLE) that the House sus- marks on S.J. Res. 28. most important and critical military pend the rules and agree to the concur- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there operations of World War II, the Allied rent resolution, H. Con. Res. 417. objection to the request of the gen- landing at Normandy on June 6, 1944. The question was taken. tleman from Kansas? This past Saturday, we honored The SPEAKER pro tempore. In the There was no objection. World War II veterans with the official opinion of the Chair, two-thirds of Mr. RYUN of Kansas. Mr. Speaker, I dedication of the first National Memo- those present have voted in the affirm- yield myself such time as I may con- rial that honors all those who served in ative. sume. the Second World War. This memorial Mr. COLE. Mr. Speaker, on that I de- Mr. Speaker, 60 years ago this is a tribute to the band of brothers who mand the yeas and nays. month, on June 6, 1944, Allied airborne fought to restore freedom and liberty The yeas and nays were ordered. and seaborne forces invaded Normandy, for all across the world. The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- France, at the start of Operation Over- The turning point in the fight to lib- ant to clause 8 of rule XX and the lord. On that first day, more than erate Europe from the Nazis during Chair’s prior announcement, further 150,000 Allied military personnel came World War II was the successful Allied proceedings on this motion will be ashore and over 6,500 American troops invasion of France on June 6, 1944. postponed. became casualties. While officially named Operation Over- f Leading the overall Allied effort in lord, ‘‘D-Day’’ will forever be known as RECOGNIZING 60TH ANNIVERSARY what he would describe as a ‘‘Crusade the day the Allied forces stormed the OF ALLIED LANDING AT NOR- in Europe’’ was a Kansas native, Gen- beaches of Normandy that fateful MANDY DURING WORLD WAR II eral Dwight D. Eisenhower. Among the morning. As the Supreme Commander, General Mr. RYUN of Kansas. Mr. Speaker, I first wave of soldiers on June 6 to storm ashore into the devastating fires Dwight D. Eisenhower led the largest, move to suspend the rules and pass the most aggressive air, land and sea cam- Senate joint resolution (S.J. Res. 28) of the German defenses were soldiers of the 1st Infantry Division, a proud paign ever undertaken during World recognizing the 60th anniversary of the War II. On that day, the forces of lib- Army unit with long-standing ties to Allied landing at Normandy during erty stared down the evils of fascism. Fort Riley, Kansas, which I am privi- World War II. Five thousand naval vessels, including leged to represent. The Clerk read as follows: 3,000 landing crafts, carried 153,000 Al- By the end of the ‘‘Crusade in Eu- S.J. RES. 28 lied forces across the channel to hit the rope,’’ the 1st Division, also known as Whereas June 6, 2004, marks the 60th anni- beaches of Normandy. versary of D-Day, the first day of the Allied the Big Red One, had suffered more While Gold, Juno Sword and Utah landing at Normandy during World War II by than 21,000 casualties among the nearly were taken by our allies and American American, British, and Canadian troops; 44,000 men who had served in its ranks. forces with relatively minor opposi- Whereas the D-Day landing, known as Op- Sixteen of its soldiers were awarded tion, for American forces that fought eration Overlord, was the most extensive the Medal of Honor. The division’s amphibious operation ever to occur, involv- on the sands at Omaha, D-Day will for- motto exemplified its service: ‘‘No mis- ever live in their minds and hearts. ing on the first day of the operation 5,000 sion too difficult, no sacrifice too naval vessels, more than 11,000 sorties by Al- The landing at Omaha truly captured lied aircraft, and 153,000 members of the Al- great. Duty first.’’ the bravery, determination and for- lied Expeditionary Force; Mr. Speaker, this resolution properly titude of the American soldier. Many of Whereas the bravery and sacrifices of the honors the valor and sacrifices of our them never reached the shores of Allied troops at 5 separate Normandy beach- fellow countrymen who 60 years ago Omaha, heavily fortified and defended es and numerous paratrooper and glider answered the call to duty and fought to by the Germans. Nearly 2,500 were landing zones began what Allied Supreme restore freedom and human dignity to killed or wounded in the attack. Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower called a millions of people. As the sun set on June 6, 1944, over ‘‘Crusade in Europe’’ to end Nazi tyranny This resolution should also remind 6,000 soldiers gave their lives that ex- and restore freedom and human dignity to millions of people; us, Mr. Speaker, that today many tens traordinary day. Their sacrifices and Whereas that great assault by sea and air of thousands of American military men those of all who fought that day al- marked the beginning of the end of Hitler’s and women are fighting a global war on lowed over 100,000 men and 10,000 vehi- ambition for world domination; terrorism. In the process, they are cles to come ashore that evening, the

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