Greek SECTION 4 Achievements

If YOU were there... What You Will Learn… >o^krhg^bg:ma^glaZl[^^gmZedbg`Z[hnmZiabehlhia^kZg] Main Ideas m^Z\a^kgZf^]Lh\kZm^l%lhrhn]^\b]^mh`hZg]l^^abf_hk 1. The Greeks made great contributions to the arts. rhnkl^e_'RhnÖg]abflbmmbg`ng]^kZmk^^%lnkkhng]^][rabl 2. The teachings of Socrates, lmn]^gml'ÊM^Z\af^Z[hnmeb_^%ËrhnlZr';nmbglm^Z]h_Zglp^kbg`% Plato, and Aristotle are the basis of modern philosophy. a^Zldlrhn%ÊPaZmbleb_^8ËRhnlmkn``e^mhk^ier'A^ZldlZghma^k 3. In science, the Greeks made jn^lmbhg%Zg]Zghma^k'B_a^Ílln\aZ`k^Zmm^Z\a^k%rhnphg]^k% key discoveries in math, medicine, and engineering. lahne]gÍma^aZo^Zeema^Zglp^kl8Bglm^Z]%Zeea^l^^flmhaZo^ Zk^jn^lmbhgl' The Big Idea What do you think of Socrates? Ancient Greeks made lasting contributions in the arts, philosophy, and science.

;NBE=BG@;:Athens in the 400s BC. The city was also Socrates, p. 281 home to some of the world’s greatest artists and writers. In fact, all Plato, p. 281 Aristotle, p. 281 over Greece men and women made great advances in the arts and reason, p. 281 sciences. Their work inspired people for centuries. Euclid, p. 282 Hippocrates, p. 282

Greek sculpture I]Z6gih is admired for its RECALL: Among the most notable realism, natural look, and details. In what four areas achievements of the ancient Use the graphic organizer online of the arts did Greeks were those they made to take notes on Greek achieve- ancient Greeks ments in the arts, philosophy, and make notable in the arts. These arts included science. achievements and sculpture, painting, architec- contributions? ture, and writings.

HiVijZhVcYEV^ci^c\h The ancient Greeks were mas- ter artists. Their paintings and statues have been admired for hundreds of years. Examples of these works are still displayed in museums around the world.

277

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S4.indd 277 6/15/10 1:53:24 PM Greek statues are so admired because scenes from myths or athletic competitions. EXPLAIN: the sculptors who made them tried to make Many of the scenes were created using only Why are Greek statues still admired them look perfect. They wanted their stat- two colors, black and red. Sometimes art- today? ues to show how beautiful people could be. ists used black glaze to paint scenes on red To improve their art, these sculptors care- vases. Other artists covered whole vases fully studied the human body, especially with glaze and then scraped parts away to how it looked when it was moving. Then, let the red background show through. using what they had learned, they carved stone and marble statues. As a result, many

Ma^\Zkobg`lhgma^p^lmlb]^ h_ma^IZkma^ghglahpZ\hg& History Close-up m^lm[^mp^^g:ma^gZZg]ma^ `h]Ihl^b]hgmh]^\b]^pah The Parthenon phne][^ahghk^]bgma^\bmr' The Parthenon was a beautiful temple to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. The temple, which stood on the Athenian acropolis, was built by Pericles and is still one of the most famous buildings in the world.

Hg\^Zr^Zk%ma^i^hie^h_:ma^gl a^e]Z`k^Zm_^lmboZebgahghkh_:ma^gZ' IZkmh_ma^_^lmboZebg\en]^]Z`k^Zm ikh\^llbhgmaZmphng]makhn`ama^\bmr'

278 CHAPTER 9

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S4.indd 278 5/4/10 10:29:56 AM RECALL: Why did the people of Athens build the Parthenon?

The Greeks took great care in designing most impressive of all ancient Greek build- their buildings, especially their temples. ings was the Parthenon (PAHR-thuh-nahn) ANALYZE: In your opinion, why is Rows of tall columns surrounded the tem- in Athens, pictured below. This temple to the Parthenon ples, making the temples look stately and Athena was built in the 400s BC on the considered the most inspiring. Greek designers were very careful Athenian acropolis. It was designed to be impressive of all ancient Greek buildings? when they measured these columns. They magnifi cent not only outside, but inside as knew that columns standing in a long row well. As you can see, the interior was deco- often looked as though they curved in the rated with carvings and columns. middle. To prevent this optical illusion, they made their columns bulge slightly CZl;dgbhd[Lg^i^c\ in the middle. As a result, Greek columns Sculpture, painting, and architecture were look perfectly straight. not the only Greek art forms. The Greeks Ancient Greek designers took such also excelled at writing. In fact, Greek IDENTIFY: care because they wanted their buildings writers created many new writing forms, What were two of the to refl ect the greatness of their cities. The including drama and history. many forms of writing created by the Greeks?

Bglb]^ma^IZkma^ghgpZlZ fZ`gb_b\^gmlmZmn^h_:ma^gZ[r ma^l\neimhkIab]bZl%pahffZgr i^hie^\hglb]^k^]ma^`k^Zm^lm l\neimhkbgZeeh_@k^^\^'

Ma^IZkma^ghgÍl-/\he& nfglZk^Zmri^\Zee^] =hkb\\henfgl'Ma^l^ lbfie^\henfglaZo^gh ]^\hkZmbhgZmma^mhi'

    Å  Why do you think people are bringing animals and goods with them to the temple?

279

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S4.indd 279 5/4/10 10:30:22 AM The Greeks created drama, or plays, as historians was Thucydides (thoo-SID-uh- ANALYZE: part of their religious ceremonies. Actors deez). His history of the Peloponnesian How has and singers performed scenes in honor of War was based in part on his experiences Thucydides shaped the the gods and heroes. These plays became a as an Athenian soldier. Even though he modern study  Å popular form of entertainment, especially was from Athens, Thucydides tried to be of history? 
  in Athens. neutral in his writing. He studied the war neutral In the 400s BC Athenian writers cre- and tried to fi gure out what had caused it. unbiased, not favoring either ated many of the greatest plays of the He may have hoped the Greeks could learn side in a conflict ancient world. Some writers produced trag- from their mistakes and avoid similar wars edies, which described the hardships faced in the future. Many later historians mod- by Greek heroes. Among the best tragedy eled their works after his. writers were Aeschylus (ES-kuh-luhs) and Sophocles (SAHF-uh-kleez). For example,  Å Summarizing What were Sophocles wrote about a Greek hero who some forms of art found in ancient Greece? mistakenly killed his own father. Other Greek dramatists focused on comedies, which made fun of people and ideas. One E]^adhde]n famous comedy writer was Aristophanes The ancient Greeks worshipped gods and (ar-uh-STAHF-uh-neez). He used his comedy goddesses whose actions explained many to make serious points about war, courts of of the mysteries of the world. But by law, and famous people. around 500 BC a few people had begun to The Greeks were also among the fi rst think about other explanations. We call people to write about history. They were these people philosophers. They believed interested in the lessons history could in the power of the human mind to think, teach. One of the greatest of the Greek explain, and understand life.

Primary Source

BOOK The Death of ÊMa^gkZblbg`ma^\nimhablebil%jnbm^ Socrates Lh\kZm^labfl^e_ k^Z]berZg]\a^^k_neera^]kZgdh__ma^ihb& ]h^lghmikhm^lm lhg':g]abma^kmhfhlmh_nlaZ][^^gZ[e^ In 399 BC Socrates was arrested Z`Zbglmabll^g& and charged with corrupting the m^g\^[nmpbeebg`er mh\hgmkhehnklhkkhp4[nmghppa^gp^lZp young people of Athens and ignoring ]kbgdlma^ihblhg' abf]kbgdbg`'''frhpgm^Zklp^k^_ehpbg` religious traditions. He was sentenced _Zlm4lhmaZmB\ho^k^]fr_Z\^Zg]p^im_Zlm4lhmaZmB\ho^k^]fr_Z\^Zg] ''' to die by drinking poison. Socrates Ma^lmn]^gmlZg] Lh\kZm^lZehg^k^mZbg^]abl\Zefg^ll3PaZm spent his last hours surrounded by _kb^g]lpahaZo^oblbm& blmabllmkZg`^hnm\kr8a^lZb]'''BaZo^ his students. One of them, Plato, later ^]Lh\kZm^l%bg\en]bg` described the event in detail. ma^gZkkZmhk%Zk^fn\a [^^gmhe]maZmZfZglahne]]b^bgi^Z\^' e^ll\ZefmaZga^bl' ;^jnb^mma^g%Zg]aZo^iZmb^g\^' ÈIeZmh%_khfË IaZ^]h

   Å  Å Å How does Socrates tell his students to act when they see him drink the poison?

280 CHAPTER 9

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S4.indd 280 5/4/10 10:30:50 AM IDENTIFY: Who were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle?

HdXgViZh
 Among the greatest of these thinkers was a man named HdXgViZh (SAHK-ruh-teez). He Euclid believed that people must never stop look- \',));< ing for knowledge. >n\eb]bl\hglb]^k^]hg^h_ma^ Socrates was a teacher as well as a phke]Íl`k^Zm^lmfZma^fZmb\bZgl' thinker. Today we call his type of teaching A^ebo^]Zg]mZn`ambg:e^qZg]kbZ% the Socratic method. Socrates taught by >`rim%Z`k^Zm\^gm^kh_e^Zkgbg`' >n\eb]pkhm^Z[hnmma^k^eZmbhg& asking questions. His questions were about labi[^mp^^gfZma^fZmb\l human qualities such as love and courage. Zg]hma^k_b^e]l%bg\en]bg` He would ask, “What is courage?” When ZlmkhghfrZg]fnlb\';nm people answered, he challenged their bmbl_hk`^hf^mkrmaZma^bl answers with more questions. [^lmdghpg'Bg_Z\m%ablphkdl Socrates wanted to make people think p^k^lhbg_en^gmbZemaZmma^[kZg\a RECALL: h_`^hf^mkrp^lmn]rbgl\ahheÉ and question their own beliefs. But he Why did people ma^lmn]rh__eZmlaZi^lZg]ebg^lÉ become angry made people angry, even frightened. They bl\Zee^]>n\eb]^Zg`^hf^mkr' with Socrates? accused him of questioning the author- ity of the gods. For these reasons, he was Drawing Conclusions Why do arrested and condemned to death. His you think a branch of geometry is friends and students watched him calmly named after Euclid? accept his death. He took the poison he was given, drank it, and died. people should not be greedy, but neither EaVid should they give away everything they EaVid (PLAYT-oh) was a student of Socrates. own. Instead, people should fi nd a balance Like Socrates, he was a teacher as well as between these two extremes. a philosopher. Plato created a school, the Aristotle believed that moderation EVALUATE: Academy, to which students, philosophers, was based on gZVhdc, or clear and ordered In your opinion, do you and scientists could come to discuss ideas. think that Aristotle’s thinking. He thought that people should idea that people Although Plato spent much of his time use reason to govern their lives. In other should live lives of running the Academy, he also wrote many words, people should think about their moderation is a good works. The most famous of these works way to live? Why or actions and how they will affect others. why not? was called The Republic. It describes Plato’s Aristotle also made great advances in idea of an ideal society. This society would the fi eld of logic, the process of making be based on justice and fairness to every- inferences. He argued that you could use one. To ensure this fairness, Plato argued, facts you knew to fi gure out new facts. For society should be run by philosophers. He example, if you know that Socrates lives in thought that only they could understand Athens and that Athens is in Greece, you what was best for everyone. can conclude that Socrates lives in Greece. Aristotle’s ideas about logic helped inspire 6g^hidiaZ many later Greek scientists. Perhaps the greatest Greek thinker was 6g^hidiaZ (ar-uh-STAH-tuhl), Plato’s student.  Å Generalizing What did He taught that people should live lives ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato, of moderation, or balance. For example, and Aristotle want to find out?

THE GREEK WORLD 281

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S4.indd 281 5/4/10 10:31:39 AM HX^ZcXZ The greatest Greek doctor was EXPLAIN: =^eedXgViZh (hip-AHK-ruh-teez). He want- What did Aristotle’s works inspired many Greek sci- Hippocrates ed to fi gure out what caused diseases so entists. They began to look closely at the contribute to MA>BFI:coin-operated machines. an named Hypatia (hy-PAY-shuh) taught about mathematics and astronomy.  Å Summarizing What advances did Greek scientists make in medicine? BZY^X^cZVcY:c\^cZZg^c\ Not all Greek scientists studied numbers. Some studied other areas of science, such NFF:KR:G=L IK>OB>P Through their as medicine and engineering. art, philosophy, and science, the Greeks Greek doctors studied the human body have greatly infl uenced Western civiliza- to understand how it worked. In trying tion. In the next chapter, you will learn to cure diseases and keep people healthy, about another group that has helped Greek doctors made many discoveries. shape the Western world—the Romans.

Section 4 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ

Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking Greek Contributions 4. Summarizing Add a 1. a. Identify What two types of drama Arts did the Greeks invent? box to the bottom of Philosophy b. Explain Why did Greek columns bulge in the your note-taking chart. Science middle? Use it to summarize c. Elaborate How did studying the human body Greek contributions help Greek artists make their statues look real? in the arts, philosophy, Summary 2. Describe How did Socrates teach? What is this and science. method of teaching called? 3. a. Identify In what fi elds did Hippocrates and FOCUS ON WRITING Euclid make their greatest achievements? b. Make Inferences Why do some people call 5. Taking Notes about Artists and Thinkers Add the Greece the birthplace of the Western world? artists and thinkers from this section to your chart. Because these people were not military leaders, all of your notes will go in the third column of your chart.

282 CHAPTER 9

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S4.indd 282 5/4/10 10:31:58 AM B IOGRAPHY

KEY FACTS Greek Philosophers— How did Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle influence history?

Socrates mZn`am What would the world be like if no one believed IeZmh'

in the importance of knowledge and truth? Plato mZn`am :kblmhme^' L]ZcY^Yi]Zna^kZ4 the 400s and 300s BC Aristotle mZn`am L]ZgZY^Yi]Zna^kZ4 Athens :e^qZg]^kma^@k^Zm% paha^ei^]lik^Z] L]ViY^Yi]ZnYd4 They thought. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle thought @k^^db]^Zlmakhn`a about the world and searched for knowledge, wisdom, and truth. Between fn\ah_ma^phke]' them they created the Socratic method of learning, the fi rst political science book, and a method of scientifi c reasoning.

L]nVgZi]Zn^bedgiVci4 In most of the ancient world, strong fi ghters won all the glory. But in Athens, great thinkers and wise men were honored. People listened to them and followed their advice. Even today, people admire the ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Their teachings are at the root of modern philosophy and science.

Making Inferences Do you think these philosophers would have been as influential if they had lived in a different city? Why or why not?

VIDEO This drawing shows how The Death of one artist imagined Plato a Philosopher (left), Aristotle (center), and Socrates (right) to look.

283

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S4.indd 283 5/20/10 8:25:54 PM HdX^VaHijY^ZhH`^aah

6cVanh^h 8g^i^XVaI]^c`^c\ :Xdcdb^Xh wh06as_c10skl021a HijYn 4th pass 10/07/04

Interpreting Charts and Tables

Understand the Skill Sparta’s Government, c. 450 BC Charts present information visually to make it Ephors Kings easier to understand. Different kinds of charts have s&IVEADULTMALECITIZENS sTWOHEREDITARYRULERS different purposes. Organizational charts can show s%LECTEDTOONE YEARTERMS s#OMMANDEDARMIES relationships among the parts of something. Flow- s0RESIDEDOVERs0RESIDEDOVER!SSEMBLY!SSEMBLY s3ERVEDASHIGHPRIESTS charts show steps in a process or cause-and-effect AND#OUNCIL s3ERVEDASJUDGESINMINOR s2AN3PARTASDAILYAFFAIRS CASES relationships. Classifi cation charts group information so it can be easily compared. Tables are a type of classifi cation chart that organize information into Assembly rows and columns for easy comparison. The ability s!LLMALECITIZENSAGEANDABOVEs!LLMALECITIZENSAGEANDABOVE to interpret charts helps you to analyze information s0ASSEDORREJECTEDPROPOSALSMADEBY#OUNCILs0ASSEDORREJECTEDPROPOSALSMADEBY#OUNCIL and understand relationships. s#OULDNOTPROPOSEACTIONSONITSOWN s%LECTEDEPHORS Learn the Skill

Use these basic steps to interpret a chart: Council of Elders sMALECITIZENSOVERAGE Identify the type of chart and read its title in & s%LECTEDFORLIFEBYCITIZENS order to understand its purpose and subject. s0ROPOSEDACTIONSTO!SSEMBLYs0ROPOSEDACTIONSTO!SSEMBLY ' Note the parts of the chart. Read the headings s3ERVEDASJUDGESINIMPORTANTCASES of rows and columns to determine the categories and types of information. Note any other labels that accompany the information presented in Practice and Apply the Skill the chart. Look for any lines that connect its parts. What do they tell you? Apply the strategies given to interpret the chart ( Study the chart’s details. Look for relationships above and answer the following questions. in the information it presents. If it is a classifi ca- 1. What type of chart is this and what is its tion chart, analyze and compare all content in purpose? the rows and columns. In fl owcharts and organi- 2. In what ways were the ephors and the Assembly zational charts, read all labels and other infor- connected? mation. Follow and analyze directional arrows 3. How did the roles of the Assembly and the or lines. Council of Elders differ? 4. What position in Spartan government had no direct relationship with the Assembly?

284 CHAPTER 9

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09SSS.indd 284 5/4/10 10:41:10 AM History’s Impact S video series CHAPTER Review the video to answer the focus question: 9 Chapter Review How have ancient Greek theories influenced American civilization? Visual Use the visual summary below to help you review Summary the main ideas of the chapter.

LiZkmZZg]:ma^gl_hn`am LiZkmZg\nemnk^\^gm^k^]hg :e^qZg]^kma^@k^Zm[nbem Ma^Zg\b^gm@k^^dlfZ]^ mh`^ma^kmh]^_^ZmI^klbZbg ma^fbebmZkr%pabe^:ma^gbZg Zan`^^fibk^Zg]lik^Z] eZlmbg`\hgmkb[nmbhglmh ma^I^klbZgPZkl' \nemnk^^fiaZlbs^]`ho^kg& @k^^d\nemnk^' Zk\abm^\mnk^%iabehlhiar%l\b& f^gmZg]ma^Zkml' ^g\^%Zg]fZgrhma^k_b^e]l' WHAS?CVISA

Reviewing Vocabulary, Comprehension and Terms, and People Critical Thinking Choose one word from each word pair to correctly com- SECTION 1 (Pages 260–265) plete each sentence below. 9. a. Identify Who were Cyrus the Great, Darius I, 1. A ruler named ______created the Persian and Xerxes I? Empire. (Cyrus the Great/Xerxes I) b. Analyze How did the Greeks use strategy to 2. A ______was a group of soldiers that stood defeat a larger fighting force? in a square to fight. (cavalry/phalanx) c. Elaborate What were some factors that led to 3. ______built the largest empire the world the success of the Persian Empire? had ever seen. (Alexander the Great/Aristotle) SECTION 2 (Pages 266–271) 4. The ______War(s) pitted two city-states against each other. (Persian/Peloponnesian) 10. a. Describe What was life like for Spartan women? for Athenian women? 5. The philosopher ______taught people by asking them questions. (Darius/Socrates) b. Compare and Contrast How was the educa- tion of Spartan boys different from the educa- 6. The greatest medical scholar of ancient Greece tion of Athenian boys? What did the education was ______. (Philip II/Hippocrates) of both groups have in common? 7. Aristotle taught the importance of ______in c. Evaluate Do you agree or disagree with this his writings. (reason/alliance) statement: “The Athenians brought the Pelo- 8. ______was a great mathematician. ponnesian War on themselves.” Defend your (Plato/Euclid) argument.

THE GREEK WORLD 285

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09SR.indd 285 5/4/10 10:38:45 AM SECTION 3 (Pages 272–276) Reading Skills 11. a. Describe How did Philip II improve the 18. Comparing and Contrasting Historical Facts phalanx? Complete the chart below to compare and b. Analyze How did the cultures that Alexander contrast two powerful leaders you studied in conquered change after his death? this chapter, Cyrus the Great and Alexander c. Predict How might history have been differ- the Great. ent if Alexander had not died so young? List two characteristics that Cyrus and Alexander SECTION 4 (Pages 277–282) shared. 12. a. Identify What is the Parthenon? For which Z' XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX goddess was it built? [' XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX b. Compare What did Socrates, Plato, and Aris- Compare totle have in common? c. E v a l u a t e Why do you think Greek accom- How did Cyrus’s and Alexander’s backgrounds plishments in the arts and sciences are still differ? admired today?

Reviewing Themes What happened to their empires after they died? 13. Politics Why did the Persians and the Greeks react differently to the end of the Persian Wars?

14. Politics How were the government and the Contrast ^' XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX _' XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX army related in Sparta? 15. Society and Culture How were the roles of women different in Athens and Sparta? FOCUS ON WRITING

19. Writing Your Poem Look back over your notes Using the Internet from this chapter. Ask yourself which of the 16. Activity: Writing a Dialogue While rulers such accomplishments you noted are the most sig- as Alexander and Cyrus fought to gain land, nificant. Do you admire people for their ideas? thinkers like Socrates may have questioned their their might? their leadership? their brilliance? methods. Through your online book, write a Choose one person whose accomplishments dialogue between Socrates and a student on you admire. Look back through the chapter for whether it was right to invade another country. more details about the person’s accomplish- Socrates should ask at least 10 questions to his ments. Then write a poem in praise of your cho- student. sen figure. Your poem should be five lines long. The first line should identify the subject of the poem. The next three lines should note his or her accomplishments, and the last line should Social Studies Skills sum up why he or she is respected. 17. Interpreting Charts and Tables Create a chart in your notebook that identifies key Greek achieve- ments in architecture, art, writing, philosophy, and science. Complete the chart with details from this chapter.

286 CHAPTER 9

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09RT.indd 286 5/19/10 11:29:55 AM CHAPTER 9 Standardized Test Practice

DIRECTIONS: Read each question and write the  All of the following were Greek philoso- letter of the best response. phers except  A Aristotle. B Plato. The freedom which we enjoy in our govern- C Socrates. ment extends also to our ordinary life . . . Fur- D Zoroaster. ther, we provide plenty of means for the mind to refresh itself from business. We celebrate  Hellenistic culture developed as a result of games and sacrifi ces all the year round . . . the activities of which person? Where our rivals from their very cradles by a A Darius I painful discipline seek after manliness . . . we B Philip II live exactly as we please and yet are just as C Cyrus the Great ready to encounter every legitimate danger. D Alexander the Great

The information in this passage suggests that the person who wrote it probably Connecting with Past Learnings lived in S Cyrus the Great and Alexander the Great A Athens. both built huge empires. What other leader B Persia. that you have studied in this course also C Sparta. created an empire? D Troy. A Moses B Shi Huangdi 5 The Athenians’ main rivals were from C Confucius A Sparta. D Hatshepsut B Rome. C Macedonia.  In this chapter you have read about many great philosophers and thinkers. Which of D Persia. the following people you have studied was not a philosopher or thinker?  Which people were the chief enemies of the Greeks in the 400s BC? A Socrates B Ramses the Great A the Romans C Confucius B the Persians D Siddhartha Gautama C the Egyptians D the Macedonians

THE GREEK WORLD 287

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09SR.indd 287 5/4/10 10:39:04 AM Foundations of Unit 4 Western Ideas A Social Studies Assignment Collect information and write an informative report on a Report topic related to the Hebrews he purpose of a social studies report is to share infor- or the ancient Greeks. Tmation. Often, this information comes from research. You begin your research by asking questions about a subject.

TIP Narrowing a Topic 1. Prewrite Broad: Sparta Choosing a Subject Less Broad: Women and Girls in You could ask many questions about the unit you have just studied. Sparta Focus Question: What was life like for s7HYWAS2UTHANIMPORTANTPERSONINTHEHISTORYOFTHE*EWISHRELIGION women and girls in Sparta? s7HATWASTHEROLEOFMYTHOLOGYINTHELIVESOFTHEANCIENT'REEKS s7HATWERETHEMOSTIMPORTANTACCOMPLISHMENTSOF!LEXANDERTHE'REAT

Jot down some topics that interested you. Then, brainstorm a list of ques- tions about one or more of these topics. Make sure your questions are nar- row and focused. Choose the question that seems most interesting.

Finding Historical Information Use at least three sources besides your textbook to find information on your topic. Good sources include N books, maps, magazines, newspapers N television programs, movies, videos N Internet sites, CD-ROMs, DVDs Keep track of your sources of information by writing them in a note- book or on cards. Give each source a number as shown below.

Littleton, C. Scott. 1 Lindemans, Micha F. 3 “Mythology.” World Book “Greek Mythology: Encyclopedia. 2000. Persephone.” Encyclopedia Mythica. 27 April 2004. Hamilton, Edith. 2 http://www.pantheon.org. Mythology. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1998.

287 WW1 UNIT 0

6-8_SNLAESE485805_U04WW.indd 1 5/19/10 11:39:04 AM Taking Notes Take notes on important facts and details from your sources. Histori- cal writing needs to be accurate. Carefully record all names, dates, and other information from sources. Copy any direct quotation word for word and enclose the words in quotation marks. Along with each note, include the number of its source and its page number.

Stating the Big Idea of Your Report TIP Statement or Question You can easily turn your original question into the big idea for your Your big idea statement can be a report. If your question changes a bit as you do your research, rewrite statement of the point you want to it before turning it into a statement. The big idea of a report is often, make in your paper. but not always, stated in the first paragraph. The ancient Greeks used Organizing Your Ideas and Information mythology to explain nature. Sort your notes into topics and subtopics. Put them in an order that is It can also be a question, similar to logical, that will make sense to your reader. We often use one of these your original research question. ways to organize information: N placing events and details in the order they happened How did the ancient Greeks use mythology to explain N grouping causes with their effects their lives? N grouping information by category, usually in the order of least to most important Here is a partial outline for a paper on Greek mythology. TIP Big Idea: The ancient Greeks told myths to explain the world. Making the Most of Your I. Purpose of mythology in ancient Greece Outline If you write each of your topics and subtopics as a complete A. Greeks’ questions about the world around them sentence, you can use those B. Greeks’ use of myths for answers sentences to create your first draft. II. Myths about everyday events in the Greeks’ lives A. The myth of Hestia, goddess of the home B. The myth of Hephaestus, god of crafts and fire III. Myths about the natural world of the Greeks A. The myth of Apollo, god of the sun B. The myth of Persephone, goddess of the seasons

2. Write It is good to write a first draft fairly quickly, but it’s also helpful to organize it as you go. Use the following framework as a guide. A Writer’s Framework

Introduction Body Conclusion N Start with a quotation or interesting N Present your information under at N Restate your main idea, using slightly historical detail. least three main ideas. different words. N State the big idea of your report. N Write at least one paragraph for N Close with a general comment about N Provide any historical background each of these main ideas. your topic or tell how the historical readers need in order to understand N Add supporting details, facts, or information in your report relates to your big idea. examples to each paragraph. later historical events.

THE GREEK WORLD 287 WW2

6-8_SNLAESE485805_U04WW.indd 2 5/11/10 9:06:30 AM Studying a Model Here is a model of a social studies report. Study it to see how one stu- dent developed a social studies paper. The first and the concluding paragraphs are shown in full. The paragraphs in the body of the paper are summarized.

The ancient Greeks faced many mysteries in their lives. INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH How and why did people fall in love? What made rain fall Attention grabber and crops grow? What are the planets and stars, and where did they come from? Through the myths they told about their heroes, gods, and goddesses, the Greeks answered these questions. They used mythology to explain all things, Statement of Big Idea from everyday events to forces of nature to the creation of the universe.

The first body paragraph opens with a statement about how the Body Paragraphs Greeks used myths to explain their daily lives. Then two examples of those kinds of myths are given. The student summarizes myths about Aphrodite, goddess of love, and Hephaestus, god of crafts and fire.

In the next paragraph, the student shows how the Greeks used myths to explain the natural world. The example of such a story is Perse- phone and her relationship to the seasons.

The last paragraph in the body contains the student’s final point, which is about creation myths. The two examples given for these myths are stories about Helios, god of the sun, and Artemis, goddess of the moon.

The Greeks had a huge number of myths. They needed CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH that many to explain all of the things that they did and saw. First two sentences Besides explaining things, myths also gave the Greeks a restate the thesis feeling of power. By praying and sacrificing to the gods, they believed they could affect the world around them. All Last three sentences make a general comment about the people want to have some control over their lives, and their topic, Greek myths. mythology gave the Greeks that feeling of control.

Notice that each paragraph is organized in the same way as the entire paper. Each paragraph expresses a main idea and includes informa- tion to support that main idea. One big difference is that not every paragraph requires a conclusion. Only the last paragraph needs to end with a concluding statement.

287 WW3 UNIT 0

6-8_SNLAESE485805_U04WW.indd 3 5/11/10 9:06:41 AM 3. Evaluate and Revise It is important to evaluate your first draft before you begin to revise it. Follow the steps below to evaluate and revise your draft.

Evaluating and Revising an Informative Report

1. Does the introduction grab the readers’ interest and state the big idea of your report? 2. Does the body of your report have at least three paragraphs that develop your big idea? Is the main idea in each paragraph clearly stated? 3. Have you included enough information to support each of your main ideas? Are all facts, details, and examples accurate? Are all of them clearly related to the main ideas they support? 4. Is the report clearly organized? Does it use chronological order, order of importance, or cause and effect? 5. Does the conclusion restate the big idea of your report? Does it end with a general comment about your topic? 6. Have you included at least three sources in your bibliography? Have you included all the sources you used and not any you did not use?

4. Proofread and Publish Proofreading To correct your report before sharing it, check the following: N the spelling and capitalization of all proper names for specific people, places, things, and events N punctuation marks around any direct quotation TIP Bibliography N punctuation and capitalization in your bibliography N Underline the titles of all books, television programs, and Web Publishing sites. Choose one or more of these ideas to share your report. N N Create a map to accompany your report. Use a specific color to Use quotation marks around titles highlight places and routes that are important in your report. of articles and stories. N File a copy of your report in your school’s library for other stu- dents’ reference. Include illustrations to go with the report. N If your school has a Web site, you might post your report there. See if you can link to other sources on your topic.

Practice and Apply Use the steps and strategies outlined in this workshop to research and write an informative report.

THE GREEK WORLD 287 WW4

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