Ancient Packet 2

Greek Mythology

Homer • The Greeks lacked ______, so they learned about the through spoken word • Greatest Greek story teller was a blind man named ______. The Iliad and the Odyssey

• Two ______composed by Homer about the Trojan War. • ______– Narrative poems that tell about heroic deeds. • The heroes of The Iliad are ______and ______. • The Odyssey is about a 10-year journey home of ______and his adventures along the way.

Greek Myths • Greeks developed a rich set of ______which means traditional stories about their gods • Greeks have a ______religion. This means they believed in ______gods • Myths explained changing of the ______and the mysteries of ______. • Greek gods/goddesses had many of the same qualities as humans: o ______o Jealousy o ______• Greek gods competed and ______with each other constantly. • Gods lived forever on Mt. ______

The Gods and Goddesses of • Mount Olympus o ______of the Gods o Originally thought to be a ______mountain o Finally came to be thought of as a ______mountain in the sky • Zeus o Supreme ______of the Gods o His weapon was the mighty ______o He falls in ______frequently and often acts on it (even though he is married • Hera o Zeus’ ______and Sister o Protector of ______and Married Women o Very ______of Zeus’ Numerous Lovers • Hades o Lord of the ______o Ruler of the Dead • Poseidon o Ruler of the ______and ______

• Demeter o Goddess of Corn and ______o Her ______Affect the Seasons • Aphrodite o Goddess of ______and Beauty o Wife of ______

All Zeus’ Children • Ares o God of ______o None of the other Gods like him much • Athena o Battle Maiden and Goddess of ______o While Adopted by Hera, she is the Daughter of Zeus Only (Sprang from his ______) • Hephaestus o God of ______and the Forge o He is the Only ______God o Husband of ______• Apollo o Twin Brother of ______o God of ______and Poetry o God of Light and ______o No False Words (Never Told a Lie) o His Oracle at ______was the Most Popular • Artemis o Twin Sister of ______o Goddess of the Moon and the ______o Lady of the ______Things • Persephone o Goddess of ______o She was kidnapped by ______o Later made the Queen of the ______o Spends half the year in Hades, half on ______• Hermes o ______of the Gods o Has ______on sandals and cap o Appears the ______often of all the gods. Persian War Persian War Part 1  The ______Fought against the ______o Persia was ruled by ______and ______o Greeks- Athenians, Spartans, ______What Caused the Persian War?  Persia controlled but Greeks were already living there.  In 499 BCE when Persian King Darius raised ______, the Ionian Greeks got mad and revolted o ______backed them up  Persians crushed the revolts Causes  Darius wanted ______on Athenians for helping so attacked ______. Major Battles  1. Battle at Eretria– City north of was burned by the Persians o Angered Athens asks ______for help  2. Battle of ______: and Athens work together o Persia- ______soldiers o Greeks- ______soldiers o ______battle formation gave the Greeks the victory o 6,400 Persians died o 192 Greeks died Pheidippides  Ran to Athens from Marathon = ______ Told them of the victory  ______after giving the news o This is why marathons are now 26 miles! Persian War Part 2  ______years later  ______, son of Darius vowed revenge.  Brought between 100,000-300,000 troops through a narrow mountain pass Battle at Thermopylae  3,300 Greeks led by the ______held them off at a ______pass in Thermopylae. o A ______told Persians of another way around o Many Greeks retreat but ______Spartans stood strong. o They all died Battle at Salamis  Athens is ______and fought at ______.  Athenians had a powerful ______ Greeks fought with new ships called ______.  Triremes punched ______in Persian ships and sink a third of the ships. Battle of Plataea  While Athens crushed the Persians at ______, Spartans were on the plain of Plataea and crushes the rest of the Persian army  ______retreats Battle Summary Battle Winner Ionia

Eretria

Marathon

Thermopylae

Salamis

Plataea

Effects of the Persian War  Greece victory creates a sense of ______.  Athens had control of what was left of Greece through leadership of the ______League.  ______League- an agreement that the remaining Greek ______would help each other

Name ______

The Persian Wars 499-479 B.C.

Directions. Use the Persian Wars map resource to create a map showing the course of the Persian Wars. Use the blank box in the bottom left to create a key for the map as you work.

1. Shade territory of the Greek city-states green. Add this information to the key. 2. Shade territory of the Persian Empire purple. Add this information to the key. 3. Label the following city-states: Athens and Sparta. 4. Draw the route of the 1st Persian Invasion in orange. In the key, appropriately shade and label one of the arrows “1st Persian Invasion 490 B.C.” 5. Draw the route of the 2nd Persian invasion in green. In the key, appropriately shade and label one of the arrows “2nd Persian Invasion 480 B.C.” 6. Place a star on the map, and label it, for the following battles: Thermopylae, Marathon, Salamis. Herodotus: The Histories: Xerxes at the Hellespont (mid 5th Century BCE)

Whereas many Middle Eastern peoples welcomed the advent of the Persian Empire, the Greeks viewed their own victories over the the Persians as making possible the very continuance of their civilization. The army of Darius was defeated at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE and that of Xerxes I at Salamis in 486 BCE. The Greeks considered their poleis many of them as infinitely superior to the absolute monarchy of Persia. Europeans have traditionally maintained that if these battles had not been won, history would have been utterly changed, with Europe falling under the sway of Eastern despotism. Whether or not this theory is true can never be known; but the theory itself helped to shape centuries of European hostility to and contempt for the nations of the Middle East. Part of that contempt is expressed in the following story, in which the great Xerxes is depicted by the Greek historian Herodotus as a superstitious fool and a bloodthirsty . His massive army is preparing to cross the narrow strait (the Hellespont, now in Turkey) which separated Asia from Europe.

What incidents described below depict Xerxes as superstitious? As tyrannical?

They then began to build bridges across the Hellespont from Abydos to that headland between Sestus and Madytus, the Phoenicians building one of ropes made from flax, and the Egyptians building a second one out of papyrus. From Abydos to the opposite shore it is a distance of almost two-thirds of a mile. But no sooner had the strait been bridged than a great storm came on and cut apart and scattered all their work.

Xerxes flew into a rage at this, and he commanded that the Hellespont be struck with three hundred strokes of the whip and that a pair of foot-chains be thrown into the sea. It’s even been said that he sent off a rank of branders1 along with the rest to the Hellespont! He also commanded the scourgers to speak outlandish and arrogant words: “You hateful water, our master lays his judgement on you thus, for you have unjustly punished him even though he’s done you no wrong! Xerxes the king will pass over you, whether you wish it or not! It is fitting that no man offer you sacrifices2,for you’re a muddy and salty river!” In these ways he commanded that the sea be punished and also that the heads be severed from all those who directed the bridging of the Hellespont.

And this scourging was done by those appointed to this graceless honor, and other builders were chosen. The bridging was done in the following way: fifty-oared ships and triremes were set side by side, about three hundred and sixty to form the Euxinian bridge, and about three hundred and fourteen to form the other bridge, all of them at right angles to the Pontus and parallel to the Hellespont, thus taking off some of the tension from the ropes. Once the ships were alongside one another, they released huge anchors, both from the end near the Pontus because of the winds blowing from that sea, and on the other end towards the west and the Aegean because of the western and southern winds. A passage was left in the opening of the fifty-oared ships and triremes in order that, if he wished to go into or out of the

1 Men with hot branding irons. 2 Bodies of water were routinely treated as gods, and offered sacrifices. Pontus, he could pass through in a small ship. Having done all this, they stretched ropes from the land and twisted them with wooden pulleys, and they did not keep each separate, but assigned two flaxen cables and four papyrus cables for each bridge. Each type of cable was thick and comely, but the report goes that the flaxen cables were heavier, a single yard weighing over 100 pounds3. When the sea was bridged, wooden timbers equal to the breadth of the floating ships were felled and were laid on the stretched cables, and laying them alongside one another they tied them fast. Having done this, they put down brushwood, laying it on the timbers, and they put down earth on top of the brushwood, stamping it down and building a fence on the earth on each side in order that the beasts of burden and the horses would not be frightened by the sea flowing beneath them.

When they had built the bridges, the work around Athos, and the dikes around the mouths of the canals, these built because of the sea breaking on the shore which would silt up the mouths of the canals, and these canals being reported as completely finished, the army then and there prepared to winter and, when spring came, was ready and set forth to Abydos from . When they had started to set forth, the sun eclipsed itself and was not to be seen in its place in the heavens, even though the sky was unclouded and as clear as can be, so that the day turned to night. When Xerxes perceived this he became anxious, and he asked the Magians to clarify what this omen meant. These said that the god, Pythian Apollo, was foreshowing to the Greeks the eclipse of their city, for the sun was a prophet to the Greeks, as the moon was to them. Hearing that, Xerxes’ mood became exceedingly sunny and he continued the march.

As he marched out the army, Pythias the Lydian, dreading the heavenly omen and encouraged by the gifts given to him by Xerxes, came up to Xerxes and said, “Master, I wish to ask a favor of you, which would be a small favor for you to render, but would be a great favor for me to receive.” Xerxes, thinking that he knew everything Pythias could ask for, answered that he would grant the favor and asked him to proclaim what it was he wished. “Master, it happens that I have five sons, and they are all bound to soldier for you against the Greeks. I pray you, king, that you have pity on one who has reached my age and that you set free one of my sons, even the oldest, from your army, so that he may provide for me and my possessions. Take the other four with you, and may you return having accomplished all you intended.”

Xerxes flew into a horrible rage and replied, “You villainous man, you have the effrontery, seeing me marching with my army against the Greeks, with my sons and brothers and relatives and friends, to remind me of your son, you, my slave, who should rather come with me with your entire household, including your wife! You may now be certain of this, that since the spirit lives in a man’s ears, hearing good words it fills the body with delight, when it hears the opposite it swells up. When you at one time performed well and promised more, you had no reason to boast that you outperformed your king in benefits; and now that you have turned most shameless, you shall receive less than what you deserve. You and four of your sons are saved because of your hospitality; but one of your sons, the one you most desire to hold your arms around, will lose his life!” Having answered thus, he commanded those charged to accomplish this to find the eldest of Pythias’s sons and cut him in half, and having cut him in two to set one half of his corpse on the right side of the road and the other on the left side, and between these the army moved forth.

3 Literally: “18 1/2 inches weighing about 57 3/4 pounds.” Analyzing Primary Sources: The Age of

In 431 B.C., Pericles, a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars, gave a funeral oration honoring soldiers who died in battle. His speech sheds light on how Athenians viewed their society.

“The freedom which we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life. There, far from exercising a jealous surveillance over each other, we do not feel called upon to be angry with our neighbor for doing what he likes … But all this ease in our private relations does not make us lawless as citizens. Against this fear is our chief safeguard, teaching us to obey the magistrates and the laws, particularly such as regard the protection of the injured …

“Further, we provide plenty of means for the mind to refresh itself from business. We celebrate games and sacrifices all the year round, and the elegance of our private establishments forms a daily source of pleasure … while the magnitude of our city draws the produce of the world into our harbor, so that to the Athenian the fruits of other countries are as familiar a luxury as those of his own.

“If we turn to our military policy, there also we differ from our antagonists. We throw open our city to the world, and never by alien acts exclude foreigners from any opportunity of learning or observing, although the eyes of an enemy may occasionally profit by our liberality; trusting less in system and policy than to the native spirit of our citizens; while in education, where our rivals from their very cradles by a painful discipline seek after manliness, at Athens we live exactly as we please, and yet are just as ready to encounter every legitimate danger …

“It is true that we are called a , for the administration is in the hands of the many and not the few. But while the law secures equal justice to all alike in their private disputes, the claim of excellence is also recognized; and when a citizen is in any way distinguished, he is preferred to the public service, not as a matter of privilege, but as the reward of merit. Neither is poverty a bar, but a man may benefit his country whatever be the obscurity of his condition …

“We are lovers of the beautiful, yet with economy, and we cultivate the mind without loss of manliness. Wealth we employ not for talk and ostentation [show], but when there is a real use for it. To avow poverty with us is no disgrace; the true disgrace is in doing nothing to avoid it. An Athenian citizen does not neglect the state because he takes care of his own household; and even those of us who are engaged in business have a very fair idea of politics. We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs not as a harmless but as a useless character.”

Archidamus II was a king of Sparta who reigned 476-427 B.C. in the years preceding the , and was a contemporary of Pericles.

“We are both warlike and wise, and it is our sense of order that makes us so. We are warlike, because self-control contains honor as a chief constituent, and honor bravery. And we are wise, because we are educated with too little learning to despise the laws, and with too severe a self-control t disobey them, and are brought up not to be too knowing in useless matters …

“In practice we always base our preparations against an enemy on the assumption that his plans are good; indeed, it is right to rest our hopes not on a belief of his blunders, but on the soundness of our provisions. Nor ought we to believe that there is much difference between man and man, but to think that the superiority lies with him who is reared in the severest school. “These practices, then, which our ancestors have delivered to us, and by whose maintenance we have always profited, must not be given up.”

1. According to Pericles, how was excellence rewarded in Athens? 2. According to the passage, what qualities of Athenian life does Pericles mention? How do these contrast with those that Archidamus points out for Sparta? 3. According to Archidamus, what kind of person do Spartans consider superior? 4. Which of these qualities do you think Americans admire? Give examples. 5. From his speech and what you have learned about Sparta, which kind of learning do you think King Archidamus would consider “useless matter”? Would an Athenian agree? 6. Why do you think a funeral speech might be a questionable source on which to base an understanding of Athenian values and society? Last Stand of the 300

1. Who was the Persian leader at the time of the battle of Thermopylae?

2. How large was the Persian army that invaded Greece?

3. Describe the world in the time before the battle. What empire dominated the known world? Describe the relations between the Greek city-states before the Persian invasion.

4. What Spartan leader became a legend during the battle?

5. Describe Spartan society. What was the primary focus of Sparta? How did it treat women and children?

6. Describe the Spartan training program. What kinds of steps were taken to prepare Spartan boys and later men to make them skilled warriors?

7. What were the two reasons Sparta chose to join the war against the Persians?

8. Describe the Persian Empire. What motivated the Persians to invade Greece?

9. Describe a Greek hoplite warrior. What kind of weapons and armor did a Greek warrior bring into battle?

10. Why did Greek warriors have an advantage over their Persian counterparts at Thermopylae?

11. What was the role of the Athenian navy during the battle? Who was the leader?

12. What does the birth and status of Themistocles say about Athenian society?

13. How did Themistocles convince Athens to invest in a larger navy?

14. Describe a trireme.

15. How was a naval battle won in the ancient world?

16. Why did the Spartans have the advantage when fighting became close quartered or hand-to-hand?

17. Why did the Greeks begin to retreat before the third day of the battle?

18. The 300 Spartans were not alone on the final day. What other group of Greek warriors are mostly forgotten by history?

19. Did the Spartans know they faced certain death on the final day? Why?

20. Describe the last day of fighting between the Spartans and the Persians.

21. How many Persians died at the battle of Thermopylae?

22. What happened to Athens after the battle?

23. How did the Greeks avenge the destruction of Athens?

24. Why was Thermopylae the first step in the creation of a more unified Greek nation?

25. How does the battle of Thermopylae still influence today’s world? Explain.

Greek Life After the Persian War Two Leagues Created • Greeks do not want to be caught off guard again; create ______• Athens creates the ______League o Main city- ______, many other allies • Spartan creates the ______League o Main city- ______and few other allies

The Delian League • ______becomes the leader of Athens o He was honest and fair • Skillful ______and inspiring speaker • Had popular support for ______years • A wise and able statesman who led Athens through its ______o Takes funds from Delian League to rebuild ______• Creates a new empire that is stronger and that flourishes o ______and architecture advance o ______and learning o ______and sculpting • Three Goals for Greece o 1. Strengthen ______o 2. Hold and ______the empire o 3. Glorify ______1. Strengthen Democracy • Introduced ______– a form of government where the citizens rule directly and not through representatives. • Pericles extended democracy so that most adult males had an ______2. Strengthen Athenian Empire • Strengthened Athens’ ______o It was the most powerful navy in the Mediterranean • Athens’ strong navy ensured the ______of its empire 3. Glorify Athens • Pericles rebuilt Athens after the destruction of the ______• Built the ______using marble, gold and ivory.

Greek Philosophy • Philosophy focused on ______• The Greeks believed that the human ______could solve any problem with ______• Philosophy laid the foundations of ______and ______The Philosophers • ______- 1st philosopher o Known for the Socratic ______• ______- student of Socrates o Known for “______” • ______- last of the philosophers o Tutored ______of Macedon o Studied the ______o creates ______

The Peloponnesian War – 2 Sides 1. Delian League: Athens and other small city states that supported democracy 2. Peloponnesian League: Sparta and other city states that supported an oligarchy. Causes • After the Persian War ______was building for years. • Athens had ______and others resented them. • Controlled the Delian League

The Peloponnesian War • Civil war between Sparta and Athens o Fought between Delian and Peloponnesian Leagues • Sparta declares war in ______• Athens tries to battle at ______, but won’t work • Sparta traps Athens on the ______o Holds them ______• Two events led to a loss for Athens o ______hit inside the Athens walls o Sneak attack of soldiers is destroyed; Athens ______

Effects of the War • Ended the reign of Athenian ______• Weakens ______of Greece • Leaves feelings of ______• Athens is burned and destroyed • ______replaced good citizenship o People lost faith in ______• Leaves Athens open to attack from ______Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies. rks my tw the brave in CLASS the need

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After the Peloponnesian War • Athens and Sparta are both ______• ______is located to the north, and sees Greece falling apart • ______of Macedon sees a golden opportunity to expand his empire o Greeks are disorganized and easily fall apart

Alexander the Great • After Phillip’s death in ______, his son Alexander rises to power • Alexander expands the empire to cover from ______, to , and the outskirts of ______. • As he expands the empire, he expands the ______influence of Greece

Why “the Great” • In ______years, Alexander of Macedonia created the ______empire in the world up to that time • Alexander spread Greek culture, ensuring cultural ______and the survival of the qualities of classical Greece

Alexander’s Origins • Born in ______, Macedonia • Tutored by the Greek philosopher, ______• His father, Philip, was king of Macedonia, and had conquered the Greek city states during his ____-year reign

Alexander Rules • Philip was murdered in ______by an assassin…maybe hired by his wife, ______… • So Alexander was only ______when he became king of Macedonia

Securing his Father’s Empire • Alexander squelched rebellions in the northern regions to the ______• In the process of reconquering the Greek city states, his forces destroyed ______, massacring all, including women and children

Expanding the Empire • Alexander’s forces of over ______crossed at the ______- into Asia, where he declared that the whole of Asia would be won by the ______

The Gordian Knot • The Gordian Knot: the legend behind the ancient knot was that the man who could ______was destined to rule the entire world. • Alexander simply ______the knot with his ______and unraveled it.

Defeating Darius of Persia 1. Alexander’s forced dispatched the ______army, losing only ______men (legend) 2. Again, Alexander was victorious, and ______was forced to flee, abandoning is ______, ______and children to Alexander o Major cities in Asia Minor and along the ______coast surrendered to Alexander o Alexander proceeded to ______, where he established the city of Alexandria and was made ______3. Yet again, Alexander’s forces defeated Darius, this time in ______… • Alexander was proclaimed king of Persia and Darius’s royal city and palace were ______to the ground… • Again, Darius fled… Alexander pursued… • When Darius was found murdered by his ______, Alexander ______the ______and gave Darius a royal funeral

Alexander’s Divinity • While in Egypt, Alexander had visited the temple of ______• The oracle proclaimed that Alexander was the ______of Amon-Ra and destined to rule the world • ______arose with his Greek soldiers as he adopted Persian dress & demanded to be recognized as a god

The Limits of Expansion • In the spring of ______, Alexander and his army marched into ______• As he conquered regions he allowed rulers to continue to ______in his name Bucephalus o In India, Alexander’s ______was killed… o He mourned his loss and named a ______in his honor • At the Indus, the Macedonians ______and refused to go any farther • The forces travelled down the ______and began the arduous journey back to Mesopotamia • His best friend, ______, died of a fever; to console himself, Alexander led a ferocious ______campaign and went on a ______

Securing a legacy • Alexander made ______the capital of his Empire • He married one of ______daughters and “______” 10,000 of his soldiers to take Persian wives • He died the following year at ______before he could produce an heir and his kingdom was divided among ______of his generals

The mystery of Alexander’s death • Alexander died of a ______at 33… but why? • Plutarch reports that he was plagued by several bad “______” • Some others from the time claimed Alexander was ______during the ______Greek Contributions to Western Civilization Drama • Aeschylus and – Great play writers of TRAGEDY • – Great play writer of COMEDY Poetry • Homer: The great blind story teller of Greece o His stories later were written in two epics: ▪ Iliad ▪ Odyssey History • ______– Greek historian who is known as the “______” o He wrote Histories which was about the conflict between ______and Greece • ______– A Greek historian who wrote History of the ______. o He wrote about the conflict between Athens and Sparta • ______– He is known as the Greatest Greek Sculptor o He designed the ______(the temple of the Goddess Athena) o Sculpted the huge Statue of ______at Olympus Architecture • ______Column o Very Plain and simple o Has no base • ______Column o Capital has scrolls o Has a base o More decorative • ______Column o The most decorative o Roofs are flat Science • ______o Founded a school of ______o Rejected that sickness comes from the ______o Careful ______of symptoms ▪ ______▪ ______o “______” healing ▪ ______▪ ______▪ Curative powers of nature o The ______Oath • ______o Greek mathematician – Geometry o War machines and other devices o Theory of ______- “Eureka!” o Law of the lever o ______screw

Mathematics • ______– the father of geometry • ______o The universe could only be understood thru numbers. o Sun, moon, and earth revolved around a central ______. o Each planet produces a ______! o Famous for the Pythagorean ______: ______Philosophers • ______o Critic of the Sophists o Encouraged students to ______o Left no writings – ______o Dialectic method ▪ Conversational ▪ Based upon reason and logic o Popular among the youth o a “gadfly” in Athens o Placed on trial for impiety and corrupting the youth o Was executed in 399 – drank ______o Socrates’ dialectic method was a departure from earlier philosophers. o Earlier philosophers were interested in the ______of the universe and basic elements. o Socrates’ approach was more rigorous and was the forerunner of ______. • ______o Preserved and perpetuated the work of Socrates o Most important source of info on ______o Founded the ______o Wrote ______▪ Universal Forms was a recurring theme ▪ The ______– most important dialogue o “Those things which are beautiful are also difficult” • ______o Most famous student of ______o Most famous teacher of ______o Developed ______as a field of study o Devised a complex system of classification ▪ Used in ______o Views on Government ▪ 3 Good Governments: • ______• ______• ______▪ 3 Bad Governments: • ______• ______• ______o “All things in ______” o “Man is by nature a ______animal” Politics (Athens) • Draco – Introduced ______• Solon – Outlawed “______” in Athens • Cleisthenes – Introduced the idea of ______PEOPLE OF GREECE

Use the book and your phone to figure out who these famous Ancient Greeks were are their major contributions

Sophocles - ______

Aeschylus - ______

Herodotus - ______

Euclid - ______

Pythagoras - ______

Archimedes - ______

Hippocrates - ______

Homer- ______

Leonidas - ______

Phidias - ______

Xerxes - ______

Aristotle - ______

Plato - ______

Socrates - ______

Philip II - ______

A the G - ______

Pericles- ______GREECE VOCAB – Chapter 5 sections 1-3

Myths Homer Dorians Epics Mycenaeans Trojan War

Persian Wars Helot *Democracy Polis *Aristocracy

*Monarchy Tyrant *Oligarchy Phalanx classical art *Direct Democracy

Aristotle Socrates Comedy Plato Philosophers Tragedy

Peloponnesian War

1. Government were citizens rule directly and not through representation is known as______

2. A ______is a serious drama about themes of love, hate, war and betrayal.

3. The ______were fought between Greece and Persia. Includes the 300 of Sparta.

4. ______is a philosopher that questioned the nature of the world.

5. The greatest work of the philosopher ______is The Republic.

6. Great thinkers of ancient Greece were known as ______.

7. The philosopher ______believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice,.

8. A ______is a play that contains scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor.

9. Sparta declares war against Athens is the ______.

10. Greek sculptors capture the grace of the human body in what is known as ______.

11. Peasants of ancient Greece were known as______.

12. In a ______the people rule the government.

13. If you lived in a city in Greece it was known as a ______.

14. A ______is a government ruled by a few.

15. Kings rule in a ______.

16. Blind poet ______wrote the Odyssey and the Iliad.

17. Conducting business in Ancient Greece would usually take place upon the ______, a fortified hilltop.

18. Sparta and Athens used a ______when fighting. It became the most powerful fighting force around.

19. Since I am a noble I am allowed to rule in a ______.

20. Poems that celebrate heroic deeds and known as ______.

21. ______were very powerful individuals who gained control of the government.

22. Traditional stories passed down through time about their gods are known as ______.

23. The ______moved into war torn Greece. No written works during this time. Dark age of Greece.

24. Greece tries to expand their empire to the during the ______.

25. The ______settled in Greece around 2000 BCE.