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Ancient Greece Packet 2 Ancient Greece Packet 2 Greek Mythology Homer • The Greeks lacked ___________________________, so they learned about the Trojan war through spoken word • Greatest Greek story teller was a blind man named _____________________________. The Iliad and the Odyssey • Two ______________________________________________ composed by Homer about the Trojan War. • ______________________________ – Narrative poems that tell about heroic deeds. • The heroes of The Iliad are ___________________________ and _________________________________. • The Odyssey is about a 10-year journey home of _______________________________ and his adventures along the way. Greek Myths • Greeks developed a rich set of __________________________ which means traditional stories about their gods • Greeks have a _____________________________________ religion. This means they believed in ___________ gods • Myths explained changing of the ____________________________________ and the mysteries of ___________________. • Greek gods/goddesses had many of the same qualities as humans: o ________________________ o Jealousy o ________________________ • Greek gods competed and _________________________________ with each other constantly. • Gods lived forever on Mt. _________________________________ The Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Greece • Mount Olympus o ________________________ of the Gods o Originally thought to be a _______________ mountain o Finally came to be thought of as a _____________________________________ mountain in the sky • Zeus o Supreme ______________________ of the Gods o His weapon was the mighty ________________________________________ o He falls in ___________________________ frequently and often acts on it (even though he is married • Hera o Zeus’ ______________________ and Sister o Protector of ______________________________ and Married Women o Very _____________________________________ of Zeus’ Numerous Lovers • Hades o Lord of the ________________________________ o Ruler of the Dead • Poseidon o Ruler of the __________ and ___________________________________ • Demeter o Goddess of Corn and ______________________________________ o Her _________________________ Affect the Seasons • Aphrodite o Goddess of _________________________ and Beauty o Wife of _____________________________ All Zeus’ Children • Ares o God of _______________________ o None of the other Gods like him much • Athena o Battle Maiden and Goddess of _____________________________ o While Adopted by Hera, she is the Daughter of Zeus Only (Sprang from his ____________________) • Hephaestus o God of _____________________ and the Forge o He is the Only __________________ God o Husband of _______________________ • Apollo o Twin Brother of _______________________ o God of ___________________ and Poetry o God of Light and ____________________ o No False Words (Never Told a Lie) o His Oracle at ________________________ was the Most Popular • Artemis o Twin Sister of ______________________ o Goddess of the Moon and the ___________________________ o Lady of the __________________ Things • Persephone o Goddess of __________________________ o She was kidnapped by _____________________ o Later made the Queen of the __________________________________ o Spends half the year in Hades, half on ___________________________ • Hermes o ______________________________ of the Gods o Has ___________________________ on sandals and cap o Appears the ________________________ often of all the gods. Persian War Persian War Part 1 The ________________ Fought against the ________________ o Persia was ruled by ________________ and ________________ o Greeks- Athenians, Spartans, ________________ What Caused the Persian War? Persia controlled Ionia but Greeks were already living there. In 499 BCE when Persian King Darius raised ________________, the Ionian Greeks got mad and revolted o ________________ backed them up Persians crushed the revolts Causes Darius wanted ________________ on Athenians for helping so attacked ____________________________. Major Battles 1. Battle at Eretria– City north of Athens was burned by the Persians o Angered Athens asks ________________ for help 2. Battle of ________________: Sparta and Athens work together o Persia- ________________ soldiers o Greeks- ________________ soldiers o ________________ battle formation gave the Greeks the victory o 6,400 Persians died o 192 Greeks died Pheidippides Ran to Athens from Marathon = ________________ Told them of the victory ________________ after giving the news o This is why marathons are now 26 miles! Persian War Part 2 ________________years later ________________, son of Darius vowed revenge. Brought between 100,000-300,000 troops through a narrow mountain pass Battle at Thermopylae 3,300 Greeks led by the ________________held them off at a ________________pass in Thermopylae. o A ________________told Persians of another way around o Many Greeks retreat but _______________ Spartans stood strong. o They all died Battle at Salamis Athens is ________________and fought at ________________. Athenians had a powerful ________________ Greeks fought with new ships called ________________. Triremes punched ________________in Persian ships and sink a third of the ships. Battle of Plataea While Athens crushed the Persians at ________________, Spartans were on the plain of Plataea and crushes the rest of the Persian army ________________retreats Battle Summary Battle Winner Ionia Eretria Marathon Thermopylae Salamis Plataea Effects of the Persian War Greece victory creates a sense of ________________. Athens had control of what was left of Greece through leadership of the ________________League. ________________League- an agreement that the remaining Greek _____________________ would help each other Name ___________________________ The Persian Wars 499-479 B.C. Directions. Use the Persian Wars map resource to create a map showing the course of the Persian Wars. Use the blank box in the bottom left to create a key for the map as you work. 1. Shade territory of the Greek city-states green. Add this information to the key. 2. Shade territory of the Persian Empire purple. Add this information to the key. 3. Label the following city-states: Athens and Sparta. 4. Draw the route of the 1st Persian Invasion in orange. In the key, appropriately shade and label one of the arrows “1st Persian Invasion 490 B.C.” 5. Draw the route of the 2nd Persian invasion in green. In the key, appropriately shade and label one of the arrows “2nd Persian Invasion 480 B.C.” 6. Place a star on the map, and label it, for the following battles: Thermopylae, Marathon, Salamis. Herodotus: The Histories: Xerxes at the Hellespont (mid 5th Century BCE) Whereas many Middle Eastern peoples welcomed the advent of the Persian Empire, the Greeks viewed their own victories over the the Persians as making possible the very continuance of their civilization. The army of Darius was defeated at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE and that of Xerxes I at Salamis in 486 BCE. The Greeks considered their poleis many of them democracies as infinitely superior to the absolute monarchy of Persia. Europeans have traditionally maintained that if these battles had not been won, history would have been utterly changed, with Europe falling under the sway of Eastern despotism. Whether or not this theory is true can never be known; but the theory itself helped to shape centuries of European hostility to and contempt for the nations of the Middle East. Part of that contempt is expressed in the following story, in which the great Xerxes is depicted by the Greek historian Herodotus as a superstitious fool and a bloodthirsty tyrant. His massive army is preparing to cross the narrow strait (the Hellespont, now in Turkey) which separated Asia from Europe. What incidents described below depict Xerxes as superstitious? As tyrannical? They then began to build bridges across the Hellespont from Abydos to that headland between Sestus and Madytus, the Phoenicians building one of ropes made from flax, and the Egyptians building a second one out of papyrus. From Abydos to the opposite shore it is a distance of almost two-thirds of a mile. But no sooner had the strait been bridged than a great storm came on and cut apart and scattered all their work. Xerxes flew into a rage at this, and he commanded that the Hellespont be struck with three hundred strokes of the whip and that a pair of foot-chains be thrown into the sea. It’s even been said that he sent off a rank of branders1 along with the rest to the Hellespont! He also commanded the scourgers to speak outlandish and arrogant words: “You hateful water, our master lays his judgement on you thus, for you have unjustly punished him even though he’s done you no wrong! Xerxes the king will pass over you, whether you wish it or not! It is fitting that no man offer you sacrifices2,for you’re a muddy and salty river!” In these ways he commanded that the sea be punished and also that the heads be severed from all those who directed the bridging of the Hellespont. And this scourging was done by those appointed to this graceless honor, and other builders were chosen. The bridging was done in the following way: fifty-oared ships and triremes were set side by side, about three hundred and sixty to form the Euxinian bridge, and about three hundred and fourteen to form the other bridge, all of them at right angles to the Pontus and parallel to the Hellespont, thus taking off some of the tension from the ropes. Once the ships were alongside one another, they released
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