DOCSLIB.ORG

Between Prometheism and Realpolitik. Poland and Soviet Ukraine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Between Prometheism and Realpolitik. Poland and Soviet Ukraine BETWEEN PROMETHEISM AND REALPOLITIK JAGI ELLON IAN STUDIES IN HISTORY Editor in chief Jan Jacek Bruski Vol. 9 Jan Jacek Bruski BETWEEN PROMETHEISM AND REALPOLITIK POLAND AND SOVIET UKRAINE, 1921-1926 Translated by Teresa Bałuk-Ulewiczowa Jagiellonian University Press SERIES COVER DESIGN Jan Jacek Bruski COVER DESIGN Agnieszka Winciorek Front cover: An encounter by men of the Border Defence Corps with a Soviet patrol at the Polish-Soviet border. Undated (the 1920s). Courtesy of the National Digital Archives (Narodo- we Archiwum Cyfrowe), Warsaw. ASSISTANT EDITOR Teresa Bałuk-Ulewiczowa Th e paper edition of this book was fi nanced by the Jagiellonian University in Krakow – Facul- ty of History. Th e translation and the digital version were funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland within the National Programme for the De- velopment of the Humanities. © Copyright by Jan Jacek Bruski & Jagiellonian University Press First Edition, Kraków 2017 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electro- nic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaft er invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 978-83-233-4188-8 doi:10.4467/K9584.35/e/16.16.5659 ISBN 978-83-233-9584-3 (e-book) ISSN 2299-758X www.wuj.pl Jagiellonian University Press Editorial Offi ces: Michałowskiego 9/2, 31-126 Krakow Phone: +48 12 663 23 80, +48 12 663 23 82, Fax: +48 12 663 23 83 Distribution: Phone: +48 12 631 01 97, Fax: +48 12 631 01 98 Cell Phone: + 48 506 006 674, e-mail: [email protected] Bank: PEKAO SA, IBAN PL 80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 bruski_2.indd 4 2017-07-05 08:26:06 For fi ve splendid women: my mother, my wife, and my daughters bruski_2.indd 5 2017-06-20 10:03:58 bruski_2.indd 6 2017-06-20 10:03:58 Contents List of abbreviations ........................................................................... 9 Introduction ........................................................................................ 13 Acknowledgements ............................................................................. 27 Chapter One. Antecedents ................................................................. 29 In the fi re and fury of revolution: Ukraine between Piłsudski’s Poland and Bolshevik Russia ........................................... 29 Th e Riga interlude ..................................................................................... 36 Chapter Two. Th e context ................................................................... 47 In the Second Polish Republic: Ukrainians as a minority .................... 47 Soviet Ukraine: its status and structures of dependency on Moscow ... 59 A lasting peace, or just a ceasefi re? Th e main phases in Polish-Soviet relations .................................................................... 65 Chapter Th ree. Warsaw’s eyes and ears: Th e Polish diplomatic and intelligence services in Soviet Ukraine ................................ 79 Diplomatic and consular outposts .......................................................... 79 Polish intelligence operations in Ukraine .............................................. 97 Chapter Four. Prometheism or …? In search of a key to Ukraine .... 119 Th e last Polish attempts to play the UNR card ...................................... 119 In the period of the Genoa Conference: Dreams of Polish economic expansion ............................................................................ 129 Poland and the emancipation of “Rakovskii’s Ukraine” ....................... 142 7 bruski_2.indd 7 2017-06-20 10:03:58 On behalf of “Polish assets” in Ukraine .................................................. 152 Poland and the Ukrainian korenizatsiia ................................................. 165 Th e Promethean “secret front” ................................................................ 183 Chapter Five. Prometheism in reverse: Ukrainian irredentism and Polish-Soviet relations .......................................................... 189 Before March 1923: Th e fi rst trial of strength ........................................ 189 Turning “a Ukrainian Piedmont into a Ukrainian irredenta:” Developments following the Conference of Ambassadors’ decision of 15th March 1923 ............................................................... 205 Petrushevych and others: Th e Bolsheviks and the Galician émigrés ................................................................................................... 209 Operation Tiutiun ..................................................................................... 219 In defence of the minorities: Th e Soviet Union’s 1924 diplomatic off ensive ................................................................................................ 227 Th e rise and fall of “active intelligence” .................................................. 237 Building bridgeheads: Soviet Ukraine and the Western Ukrainian political scene ....................................................................................... 253 Chapter Six. A reshuffl e: Th e coup of May 1926 and a new momentum to Poland’s “Ukrainian policy” ............................... 267 Th e long shadow of Piłsudski: Soviet reactions to the coup d’état of May 1926 .......................................................................................... 267 In search of an eff ective defence strategy: New assumptions for Poland’s Eastern policy ................................................................. 275 Th e Piłsudskiites and a return to the Ukrainian question ................... 279 Th e UNR centre and the revitalisation of its activities prior to Piłsudski’s coup ................................................................................ 283 Echoes of the gunshots on Rue Racine: Th e death of Petliura and its consequences ........................................................................... 286 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 295 Notes .................................................................................................... 301 Bibliography ........................................................................................ 393 Index of Persons ................................................................................. 419 bruski_2.indd 8 2017-06-20 10:03:58 List of abbreviations Archival abbreviations AAN Archiwum Akt Nowych w Warszawie (Central Archives of Modern Re- cords, Warsaw) AIuT Arkhiv Iurka Tiutiunnyka (kopiia fondu z Derzhavnoho haluzevoho arkhi- vu Sluzby zovnishn’oї rozvidky Ukraїny) (Th e Tiutiunnyk Archive [copies, originally at the State Branch Archive of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine]) AJA Archiwum Jewhena Archypenki (Papers of Ievhen Arkhypenko) AL Ambasada RP w Londynie (Polish Embassy in London) AM Ambasada RP w Moskwie (Polish Embassy in Moscow) AM-AQ Ambasada RP w Moskwie, Akta Quayle’a (Polish Embassy in Moscow, the Quayle Records) AMW Attaché Wojskowy przy Ambasadzie RP w Moskwie (Military Attaché at the Polish Embassy in Moscow) AP Ambasada RP w Paryżu (Polish Embassy in Paris) APAN Archiwum Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Warszawie (Archive of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw) ARK Akta Romana Knolla (Papers of Roman Knoll) ark. arkush (page) AUKU Arkhiv Ukraїns’koho katolyts’koho universytetu u Rymi (Ukrainian Catho lic University Archives, Rome) AUZUNR Arkhiv Uriadu ZUNR (Papers of the ZUNR Government) AWM Attaché Wojskowy przy Ambasadzie RP w Moskwie (Military Attaché at the Polish Embassy in Moscow) BN Biblioteka Narodowa w Warszawie, Oddział Mikroform (Microforms De- partment at the National Library, Warsaw) BN PAU i PAN Biblioteka Naukowa Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności i Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie (Library of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków) 9 bruski_2.indd 9 2017-06-20 10:03:58 BUW Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Dział Rękopisów (Manuscript Department at the University of Warsaw Library) d. delo (folder) DBFP Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939 DHASBU Derzhavnyi haluzevyi arkhiv Sluzhby bezpeky Ukraïny, m. Kyїv (State Branch Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv) DiM Polska Akademia Nauk and Akademia Nauk ZSRR. Dokumenty i materiały do historii stosunków polsko-radzieckich. Vol. 3–5. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza, 1964–1966. DK Diariusz Michała Stanisława Kossakowskiego (Diary of Michał Stanisław Kossakowski) DVP Soviet Union. Ministerstvo inostrannykh del SSSR. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. 3–8. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo politicheskoi lit- eratury, 1959–1963. f. fond (collection) IuT Verstiuk,Vladyslav F., Vitalii V. Skal’s’kyi, and Iaroslav M. Faizulin, eds. Iurii Tiutiunnyk: vid “Dviiky” do GPU: Dokumenty i materialy. Kyiv: Dukh i Litera, 2011. k. karta (page) KGCh Konsulat Generalny RP w Charkowie (Polish Consulate General in Kharkiv) KWKA Kolekcja Wojskowej Komisji Archiwalnej (Military Archival Commission’s Collection) l. list (page) MAO Mikrofi lmy z akt obcych (Microfi lms from foreign archives) mf. mikrofi lm (microfi lm) MSZ Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych (Ministry of Foreign Aff airs) NA Národní archiv v Praze (National Archive, Prague) O II SG Oddział II Sztabu Generalnego/Głównego (Second Department of the General/Main Staff ) ONG-KOP Jabłonowski, Marek, Włodzimierz Janowski, Bogusław Polak,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Baltic Republics
    FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1994 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Mikko Viitasalo, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Antti Numminen, General Headquarters Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 6 THE BALTIC REPUBLICS A Strategic Survey Erkki Nordberg National Defence College Helsinki 1992 ISBN 951-25-0709-9 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1994: National Defence College All rights reserved Painatuskeskus Oy Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1994 Preface Until the end of the First World War, the Baltic region was understood as a geographical area comprising the coastal strip of the Baltic Sea from the Gulf of Danzig to the Gulf of Finland. In the years between the two World Wars the concept became more political in nature: after Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania obtained their independence in 1918 the region gradually became understood as the geographical entity made up of these three republics. Although the Baltic region is geographically fairly homogeneous, each of the newly restored republics possesses unique geographical and strategic features.
    [Show full text]
  • Generate PDF of This Page
    Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/news/4412,It-was-good-to-fight-for-Poland.html 2021-09-25, 16:52 12.08.2020 “It was good to fight for Poland!” We encourage you to read an article written by President of the IPN Jarosław Szarek, Ph.D. for the "Rzeczpospolita" newspaper. “We have the whole world against us” wrote Stanisław Posner in a report for Józef Piłsudski, submitted end of June 1920, after travelling through Western European countries. During his several-week expedition, he visited a few capital cities and returned with observations free of any hope, on the day preceding the breakout of decisive battles in the east. Posner highlighted that even those who had been siding with Poland, such as French President Alexandre Millerand, assuring of his support for Warsaw in the conflict with the Czechs ,“is siding with them and, in other matters, will always submit to the opinion of England, because he depends on her as a creditor. What can I say about the others? The issue of compensation, the issue of Gdańsk, the issue of the plebiscites – are worse than ever.” The following weeks confirmed these observations. Even among recent sympathisers of Poland’s cause there was no shortage of those observing with indifference our battle with Bolshevism, interested, at most, in taking as much as they could for themselves. The year 1920 did not just mean the struggle with Bolshevism, but also a clash with the indifference and reluctance from the West. Hence the assistance we received from those willing to help us at this dramatic time was even more valuable.
    [Show full text]
  • Poland – Germany – History
    Poland – Germany – History Issue: 18 /2020 26’02’21 The Polish-French Alliance of 1921 By Prof. dr hab. Stanisław Żerko Concluded in February 1921, Poland’s alliance treaty with France, which was intended to afford the former an additional level of protection against German aggression, was the centerpiece of Poland’s foreign policy during the Interwar Period. However, from Poland’s viewpoint, the alliance had all along been fraught with significant shortcomings. With the passage of time, it lost some of its significance as Paris increasingly disregarded Warsaw’s interests. This trend was epitomized by the Locarno conference of 1925, which marked the beginning of the Franco-German rapprochement. By 1933-1934, Poland began to revise its foreign policy with an eye to turning the alliance into a partnership. This effort turned out to be unsuccessful. It was not until the diplomatic crisis of 1939 that the treaty was strengthened and complemented with an Anglo-Polish alliance, which nevertheless failed to avert the German attack on Poland. Despite both France and Great Britain having declared war against the Reich on September 3, 1939, neither provided their Polish ally with due assistance. However, French support was the main factor for an outcome that was generally favorable to Poland, which was to redraw its border with Germany during the Paris peace conference in 1919. It seems that the terms imposed on the Reich in the Treaty of Versailles were all that Poland could ever have hoped to achieve given the balance of power at the time. One should bear in mind that France made a significant contribution to organizing and arming the Polish Army, especially when the Republic of Poland came under threat from Soviet Russia in the summer of 1920.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi and the Kozaks in the Rusin Struggle for Independence from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1648--1649
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-1967 The role of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi and the Kozaks in the Rusin struggle for independence from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1648--1649. Andrew B. Pernal University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Pernal, Andrew B., "The role of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi and the Kozaks in the Rusin struggle for independence from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1648--1649." (1967). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6490. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6490 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. THE ROLE OF BOHDAN KHMELNYTSKYI AND OF THE KOZAKS IN THE RUSIN STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE FROM THE POLISH-LI'THUANIAN COMMONWEALTH: 1648-1649 by A ‘n d r e w B. Pernal, B. A. A Thesis Submitted to the Department of History of the University of Windsor in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Faculty of Graduate Studies 1967 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • AUTOREFERAT Polska Wersja Językowa
    ZAŁĄCZNIK NR 2 Dr Jolanta Szablicka-Żak Zakład Historii Edukacji Instytut Pedagogiki Wydział Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych Uniwersytet Wrocławski AUTOREFERAT polska wersja językowa 1. Imię i nazwisko: Jolanta Szablicka – Żak 2. Posiadane dyplomy, stopnie naukowe/artystyczne z podaniem nazwy, miejsca i roku ich uzyskania oraz tytuł rozprawy doktorskiej: 1995 - Stopień doktora nauk humanistycznych w zakresie pedagogiki - historia wychowania nadany Uchwałą Rady Wydziału Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego 21.06.1995 roku. Tytuł rozprawy doktorskiej: Problemy szkolnictwa i oświaty w pracach Sejmu Ustawodawczego (1919-1922). Promotor: Profesor dr Mirosława Chamcówna, Uniwersytet Wrocławski ; Recenzenci: Prof. dr hab. Jan Hellwig Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, prof. dr hab. Bolesław Potyrała, Uniwersytet Wrocławski. 1976 - Stopień magistra pedagogiki, uzyskany na Wydziale Filozoficzno- Historycznym Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. 1996 - Świadectwo Szkoły Praw Człowieka przy Fundacji Helsińskiej w Warszawie : Prawa człowieka w zakresie prawa krajowego i międzynarodowego (Nr 261) uprawniające do prowadzenia wykładów akademickich. 3. Informacje o dotychczasowym zatrudnieniu w jednostkach naukowych: 1 Od 1985 roku jestem zatrudniona na stanowisku asystenta, następnie starszego asystenta, a od 1996 roku na stanowisku adiunkta w Zakładzie Historii Edukacji w Instytucie Pedagogiki Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. Poza tym byłam okresowo zatrudniona w ramach umowy cywilno-prawnej w Dolnośląskiej Szkole Wyższej, gdzie
    [Show full text]
  • Warsaw in Short
    WarsaW TourisT informaTion ph. (+48 22) 94 31, 474 11 42 Tourist information offices: Museums royal route 39 Krakowskie PrzedmieÊcie Street Warsaw Central railway station Shops 54 Jerozolimskie Avenue – Main Hall Warsaw frederic Chopin airport Events 1 ˚wirki i Wigury Street – Arrival Hall Terminal 2 old Town market square Hotels 19, 21/21a Old Town Market Square (opening previewed for the second half of 2008) Praga District Restaurants 30 Okrzei Street Warsaw Editor: Tourist Routes Warsaw Tourist Office Translation: English Language Consultancy Zygmunt Nowak-Soliƒski Practical Information Cartographic Design: Tomasz Nowacki, Warsaw Uniwersity Cartographic Cathedral Photos: archives of Warsaw Tourist Office, Promotion Department of the City of Warsaw, Warsaw museums, W. Hansen, W. Kryƒski, A. Ksià˝ek, K. Naperty, W. Panów, Z. Panów, A. Witkowska, A. Czarnecka, P. Czernecki, P. Dudek, E. Gampel, P. Jab∏oƒski, K. Janiak, Warsaw A. Karpowicz, P. Multan, B. Skierkowski, P. Szaniawski Edition XVI, Warszawa, August 2008 Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport Free copy 1. ˚wirki i Wigury St., 00-906 Warszawa Airport Information, ph. (+48 22) 650 42 20 isBn: 83-89403-03-X www.lotnisko-chopina.pl, www.chopin-airport.pl Contents TourisT informaTion 2 PraCTiCal informaTion 4 fall in love wiTh warsaw 18 warsaw’s hisTory 21 rouTe no 1: 24 The Royal Route: Krakowskie PrzedmieÊcie Street – Nowy Âwiat Street – Royal ¸azienki modern warsaw 65 Park-Palace Complex – Wilanów Park-Palace Complex warsaw neighborhood 66 rouTe no 2: 36 CulTural AttraCTions 74 The Old
    [Show full text]
  • Mbs Has to Be Dealt with for Khashoggi Murder: US Senator
    BUSINESS | Page 1 SPORT | Page 8 Imam, Hafeez steer Pakistan to Synergistic opportunities victory over prevail between Qatar and South Africa Canada, says Doha Bank CEO published in QATAR since 1978 SUNDAY Vol. XXXIX No. 11069 January 20, 2019 Jumada I 14, 1440 AH GULF TIMES www. gulf-times.com 2 Riyals Warm welcome for rally champion In brief More Al Furjan stores QATAR | Offi cial scheduled to open soon Amir to attend Arab summit in Beirut today QNA The motivation behind this project His Highness the Amir Sheikh Tamim Doha is the estimated increase in popula- bin Hamad al-Thani will attend tion within the city of Doha and its the Arab Economic and Social surroundings. The retail mix has been Development Summit to be held he Qatar Development Bank devised to cater to the most important today in Beirut at the invitation of (QDB) announced yesterday that needs. Lebanese President General Michel Tthe construction of the second QDB will not raise rental rates for Aoun. An off icial delegation is batch of outlets for Al Furjan Markets 2 commercial outlets included in Phase accompanying the Amir. project has begun. 2 of its Al Furjan Markets project, al- The new markets will be located in Khalifa had said earlier. QATAR | Diplomacy areas such as Ain Khalid, Luaib, Bani He said the existing rents at Al Furjan Hajer, Al Aziziya, Al Gharafa, Muaither, Markets across the country are pegged Amir and Mali president Al Shamal and Al Wakrah. at QR6,000 per month. hold phone conversation The fi rst batch of Al Furjan Markets His Highness the Amir Sheikh Tamim was located in Umm Al Qarn and Al The markets will provide all bin Hamad al-Thani yesterday held Khor among other areas.
    [Show full text]
  • August Zaleski Papers, 1919-1981
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2s2002bg No online items Register of the August Zaleski Papers, 1919-1981 Processed by Michael Jakobson; machine-readable finding aid created by Xiuzhi Zhou Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] © 1998 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Register of the August Zaleski 80163 1 Papers, 1919-1981 Register of the August Zaleski Papers, 1919-1981 Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California Contact Information Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] Processed by: Michael Jakobson Date Completed: 1989 Encoded by: Xiuzhi Zhou © 1998 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: August Zaleski Papers, Date (inclusive): 1919-1981 Collection Number: 80163 Creator: Zaleski, August, 1883-1972 Collection Size: 29 manuscript boxes, 1 oversize box, 1 envelope (13 linear feet) Repository: Hoover Institution Archives Stanford, California 94305-6010 Abstract: Correspondence, dispatches, memoranda, and reports, relating to interwar Polish diplomacy, conditions in Poland and diplomacy regarding Poland during World War II, and postwar Polish emigre life. Physical Location: Hoover Institution Archives Language: Polish. Access Collection is open for research. The Hoover Institution Archives only allows access to copies of audiovisual items. To listen to sound recordings or to view videos or films during your visit, please contact the Archives at least two working days before your arrival. We will then advise you of the accessibility of the material you wish to see or hear. Please note that not all audiovisual material is immediately accessible.
    [Show full text]
  • Janusz Jędrzejewicz
    2 Zbigniew Osi ński Janusz J ędrzejewicz – piłsudczyk i reformator edukacji (1885 – 1951) Wydanie drugie, poprawione i uzupełnione. Lublin 2008 Wydanie pierwsze ukazało si ę w 2007 r. nakładem Wydawnictwa UMCS w Lublinie. ISBN 978-83-227-2704-1 Recenzent dr hab. Zenon Jasi ński Spis tre ści SPIS TRE ŚCI ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 WST ĘP................................................................................................................................................................... 6 ROZDZIAŁ I: DZIECI ŃSTWO I MŁODO ŚĆ 1885 – 1914........................................................................... 16 OKRES UKRAI ŃSKI 1885 – 1904 ........................................................................................................................ 16 STUDIA WY śSZE I PIERWSZA PRACA 1904 – 1914.............................................................................................. 25 ROZDZIAŁ II: W OKOPACH PIERWSZEJ WOJNY ŚWIATOWEJ 1914 – 1918................................... 34 W POLSKIEJ ORGANIZACJI WOJSKOWEJ I W LEGIONACH 1914 – 1916.............................................................. 34 W KONSPIRACJI W WARSZAWIE 1916 – 1918.................................................................................................... 43 ROZDZIAŁ III: PIERWSZE LATA NIEPODLEGŁEJ POLSKI 1918 – 1926 ........................................... 60 śOŁNIERZ WOJSKA POLSKIEGO 1918 – 1923
    [Show full text]
  • Polish Battles and Campaigns in 13Th–19Th Centuries
    POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 POLISH BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS IN 13TH–19TH CENTURIES WOJSKOWE CENTRUM EDUKACJI OBYWATELSKIEJ IM. PŁK. DYPL. MARIANA PORWITA 2016 Scientific editors: Ph. D. Grzegorz Jasiński, Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Reviewers: Ph. D. hab. Marek Dutkiewicz, Ph. D. hab. Halina Łach Scientific Council: Prof. Piotr Matusak – chairman Prof. Tadeusz Panecki – vice-chairman Prof. Adam Dobroński Ph. D. Janusz Gmitruk Prof. Danuta Kisielewicz Prof. Antoni Komorowski Col. Prof. Dariusz S. Kozerawski Prof. Mirosław Nagielski Prof. Zbigniew Pilarczyk Ph. D. hab. Dariusz Radziwiłłowicz Prof. Waldemar Rezmer Ph. D. hab. Aleksandra Skrabacz Prof. Wojciech Włodarkiewicz Prof. Lech Wyszczelski Sketch maps: Jan Rutkowski Design and layout: Janusz Świnarski Front cover: Battle against Theutonic Knights, XVI century drawing from Marcin Bielski’s Kronika Polski Translation: Summalinguæ © Copyright by Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita, 2016 © Copyright by Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości, 2016 ISBN 978-83-65409-12-6 Publisher: Wojskowe Centrum Edukacji Obywatelskiej im. płk. dypl. Mariana Porwita Stowarzyszenie Historyków Wojskowości Contents 7 Introduction Karol Olejnik 9 The Mongol Invasion of Poland in 1241 and the battle of Legnica Karol Olejnik 17 ‘The Great War’ of 1409–1410 and the Battle of Grunwald Zbigniew Grabowski 29 The Battle of Ukmergė, the 1st of September 1435 Marek Plewczyński 41 The
    [Show full text]
  • W Drodze Do Wolnej Polski Kawalerowie Krzyża I Medalu
    W drodze do wolnej Polski! Kawalerowie Krzyża i Medalu Niepodległości II Rzeczypospolitej W drodze do wolnej Polski! Kawalerowie Krzyża i Medalu Niepodległości II Rzeczypospolitej ROZPORZĄDZENIE PREZYDENTA RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ z dnia 29 października 1930 r. o Krzyżu i Medalu Niepodległości. Na podstawie art. 44 ust. 5 Konstytucji postanawiam co następuje: Art. 1. Ustanawia się „Krzyż Niepodległości” i „Medal Niepodległości” celem odznaczenia osób, które zasłużyły się czynnie dla niepodległości Ojczyzny w okresie przed wojną światową lub podczas jej trwania, oraz w okresie walk orężnych polskich w latach 1918–1921, z wyjątkiem wojny polsko-rosyjskiej na obszarze Polski. […]. Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Ignacy Mościcki Krzyż Niepodległości z Mieczami – awers i rewers Krzyż Niepodległości – awers i rewers Medal Niepodległości – awers i rewers Zbiory Roberta Mączyńskiego (Warszawa) Zbiory Roberta Mączyńskiego (Warszawa) Zbiory Roberta Mączyńskiego (Warszawa) Autorzy Realizacja: (scenariusz, tekst, wybór ilustracji, opracowanie): Agencja Kreatywna Błażej Olbromski tel. 508 100 923 Wystawa przygotowana przez: Projekt fi nansowany ze środków Kancelarii Prezesa Stowarzyszenie „Wspólnota Polska” Rady Ministrów w ramach zadania publicznego Ryszard Rybka Projekt graficzny: Warszawa 2020 r. dotyczącego pomocy Polonii i Polakom za granicą. Robert P. Stachowicz 1 W drodze do wolnej Polski! Kawalerowie Krzyża i Medalu Niepodległości II Rzeczypospolitej Ustanowienie odznaczenia Krzyż i Medal Niepodległości Ustanowienie tego odznaczenie miało na cele uhonorowanie
    [Show full text]
  • Richter Revised
    University of Birmingham 'A mass which you could form into whatever you wanted' Richter, Klaus License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Richter, K 2017, 'A mass which you could form into whatever you wanted': Refugees and state building in Lithuania and Courland, 1914–21. in Europe on the move: Refugees in the era of the Great War. Cultural History of Modern War. Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Checked for eligibility: 03/05/2019 General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.
    [Show full text]