1951, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 3049

·eXT EN S I 0 N S 0 F R EM ARKS

Protest Made of Failure To Cut Liquor just a few weeks away, wa-s enacted. Con­ of his belief. His ethical disposition of mind gress would be guilty of bad faith to dis• enabled him to remain above the level of Tax and Warning Given ·Against In­ regard this date. politics, and, for this reason, the source of Your ccmmittee has voted to continue the his support was widespread. Neither were creasing Moonshine Menace $10.50 rate permanently. Certainly, your his national sympathies so fanatic that he committee cannot disregard the encourage­ could not fit the aspiration of the Czecho­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS ment this high rate gives to bootleggers and slovakian people into the needs of Europe OF moonshiners and racketeers. in general. He was a great patriot but, above Moreoyer, the administration, in the face all, he was a great humanitarian. HON. EMANUEl. CELLER of the growing bootleg menace and attendant Thomas Masaryk's career is singuar be­ OF NEW YORK lawlessness, has not asked the Congress for cause he lived to see the happy conclusion adequate funds for proper enforcement of of his life-long struggle for an independent IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES our laws. At the present level of expendi­ Czechoslovakia. On October 28, 1918, Czech­ Wednesday, March 10, 1954 tures for the enforcement-which rate the oslovakia was born, with Thomas Masaryk fiscal 1955 budget does not propose to in­ as President. It was the culmination of his Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, the fol­ crease-the Government offers little protec­ work, not only as a patriot but as a demo­ lowing is the text of a letter I have ad­ tion to the public and to the legal industry. crat. By birth, by teaching and by convic­ dressed to the Honorable DANIEL A. REED, Millions of dollars of public revenues are lost tion he was a democrat, and it was as an chairman of the House Ways and Means through inadequate enforcement. expression of his democratic ideals that he Committee: Presently we are having a revival of the conceived of the first Czechoslovak Republic. MARCH 4, 1954. evils of prohibition. Assuredly, the Ways His struggle was not only against an alien Hon. DANIEL A. REED, and Means Committee does not wish t<> en­ oppressor, but against a despotic monarchy. Chairman, House Ways and Means courage these evils. Czechoslovakia was therefore founded a.s a Committee, House of Representatives, Unless your committee reconsiders and re­ democratic republic, and its whole develop­ Washington, D. C. duces the rate at least to $9 we will continue ment was in the western tradition of the DEAR MR. REED: The action of the Ways and to play into the hands of moonshiners and rights and dignities of man. Means Committee in refusing to reduce the hoodlums. Today, Masaryk's beloved Czechoslovakia distilled spirits excise tax from the present With cordial greetings, I am. is under the hands of dictatorial absolutism. excessive rate of $10.50 a gallon to $9 com• Sincerely yours, That degrading misery, which Masaryk felt pels me to write to you to point out certain EMANUEL CELLEB. only democracy could abolish, lies heavy on basic facts in our Government's handling of the land. Although the Soviet tyranny has the distilled spirits industry. The increase wiped out Thomas Masaryk's beloved demo­ of $1.50 was to have been temporary and only cratic republic, and has tried to oppress the for the recent emergency. Thomas Masaryk last vestiges of the timeless CZechoslovakian This industry is a legal industry; in fact, tradition of democracy, the spirit and the the only industry whose legality is specifi­ memory of the past remains. In this mem­ cally mentioned in the Constitution. For EXTENSION OF REMARKS ory, the people of Czechoslovakia have found the most part it is an industry financed by OF hope that their beloved republic will once the savings of many thousands of private again take its place among the countries of bond and stockholders. The Government HON. THOMAS A. BURKE the free world. In paying tribute to Thomas has an obligation for the stability of this OF OHIO Masaryk today, we keep alive that hope for industry and should express the same con­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES the people of Czechoslovakia and honor one cern as it does for any other segment of our of the great men of western democracy. Nation's economy. Wednesday, March 10, 1954 We must take cognizance of the growing Mr. BURKE. Mr. President, Sunday. bootleg problem fostered by these high taxes March 7, marked the anniversary of the which give rise to corruptive conditions in Postal Pay Raise our society and gnaw away at the sales of birth of Thomas Masaryk, which thou­ the legal distilled spirits industry. sands of Americans commemorated in Except in the most narrow sense-that is, honor of this great man who was the EXTENSION OF REMARKS medicinal use-whiskey is a luxury and it father of Czechoslovakian independence. OF should be taxed as a luxury and the industry I ask unanimous consent to have printed which produces it should be treated with the HON. FRANCIS E. DORN same consideration as that accorded other in the REcoRD the text of a message I luxury industries. have prepared, marking the anniversary OF NEW YORK Yet the Ways and Means Committee now of the birth of Thomas Masaryk. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES has voted drastic reductions to 10 percent There being no objection, the state­ in other luxury taxes but simultaneously ment was ordered to be printed in the Wednesday, March 10, 1954 has voted to continue the excessive rate of RECORD, as follows: Mr. DORN of New York. Mr. Speaker, 43 percent on legal spirits. It has done this under leave to extend my remarks, I in the face of a fiscal 1955 budget showing STATEMENT BY SENATOR BURKE that legal sales would greatly increase and Thomas Masaryk, father of Czechoslovak­ should like to include the following produce additional revenue under a $9 tax. ian independence, was a man whose vision statement I gave to the House Commit­ Furthermore, you have been quoted in the was equal to his courage, and whose beliefs tee on Post Offi.ce and Civil Service in press the last few days as saying that "there were never compromised for the sake of ex­ behalf of an increase in pay for the is no rhyme or reason" to a discriminatory pendiency. He was born in a little Slovak postal workers: system of taxes and that no article or service town of Hodonin, the son of a coachman and a cook on a Hapsburg domain. Al­ STATEMENT OF HON. FRANCIS E. DORN, OF NEW should be subjected to an ad valorem excise YORK, BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON tax in excess of 10 percent except as a pen­ though he was apprenticed to a blacksmith, his extraordinary capabilities led to his be­ POST OFFICE AND CIVIL SERVICE, MARCH 9. alty. It is obvious that the distilled spirits 1954 industry is being discriminated against, coming a university professor, first at Vienna when its rate is left at 43 percent. and later at Prague, and eventually to his Mr. Chairman, the postal employees of The liquor excise tax since the beginning position among the great statesmen of Brooklyn and elsewhere; especially in the of world War II has gone from *4 to $10.50 Europe. metropolitan communities, are urgently in a gallon, an advance of $6.50. These high If we were to single out the strongest drive need of a pay raise, and as one of their Rep­ taxes make legal liquor a rich man's luxury. forces in Thomas Masaryk's life, they would resentatives in the Congress, I urge you to The average consumer should not be com­ probably be truth and democracy. His de­ give favorable consideration to the legisla­ pelled to turn to a cheaper, untaxed illicit votion to truth often led him along the tion giving them $800 pay raise as provided product. more difficult, the more arduous path. He in H. R. 2344. The Congress in the past, recognizing that gained distinction as a scholar, but also made Since the last postal pay raise the cost of it was fixing too high a taxload on this in­ many enemies among fanatic nationalists rent, food, and other necessities has risen dustry, always set a cutoff date when the when he exposed some Czech folk songs as to the point where postal employees must excise tax would revert to the lower rate. skilled, 19th century forgery. seek outside employment in order to support When the larger revenue was required for Time and again as he saw his students their families. But what 1s worse, their defense, the excise tax was raised to $10.50. promoted ab<>ve him at Prague University, wives-mothers of small children-must also Again, a cutotr date, that of April 1. 1954. be never questioned the price of truth or seek employment. This is detrimental to the 3050 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOUSE March 10 postal service, as well as to the family life same proposal in a referendum. There­ so determined, 74.5 percent of them said of the postal workers. fore, 37 States have already expressed Employment in the post office has always "No" time and time again. The dilatory been considered a career-a desirable ca­ their opposition to the measure. The tactics of the United Nations kept this reer-which would provide sufficient return President's suggestion would not have decision kicking around for weeks and to enable the employees to raise· their fami­ much of a chance. Only one State has weeks. The Communists were permitted lies properly and in decent surroundings, and Qdopted the 18-year-old voting age to go before these prisoners and do all to give their children a good education. It limit, namely, Georgia, and there it has the coaxing they wanted, but in the end is important that it continue to be a desira­ proved to be a poor example. Teen­ they still said ''No," that they preferred ble career in order that it attract the same agers usually vote along family lines. Formosa, and that is where they are now. high qualit y of personnel that is now in the postal service. ·They vote like rna and pa. They register We have never advertised this victory in There has been a high turnover in postal and cast a "novelty" vote when they propaganda-or· at least not enough. employees -due in considerable part to inade­ reach ·the age of 18, and then lose in­ The Chinese papers made much of the quate pay. This decreases the efficiency of terest in subsequent elections. During fact that 21 American soldiers refused the Department, and increases the cost of the primaries, the teen-agers' excite­ to return to the United States. The postal service. New men must be trained ment in the election rises to a fever reason for their action was not that they in order that they may take their places next believed in communism, but were afraid to the seasoned workers, and this is costly. pitch, to the detriment and disregard of I cannot urge you gentlemen too strongly their studies. Though the 18-year-old to come back, as they felt they had be­ to support a sizeable pay increase and I can can vote in Georgia, he is not permitted trayed their buddies while all were tell you that in my section of the country to make a contract, buy a car, cow or prisoners. They were afraid of their they need at least an $800 increase. mule, inherit property, or transact busi­ buddies. In order to avoid the violent ness without a guardian. He cannot and inhuman punishment meted out to serve on a jury, hold office, buy liquor, our prisoners who refused to say what or marry without the consent of his par­ the Cotnmunists wanted them to say, ·constitutional Amendment Introduced ·ents. These activities are for the age they signed statements against the in­ - Providing That No Citizen Under 21 of maturity. terests of the United States. We have Fixing the age of 21 as the age of ma­ one such case under inquiry now, but May Have the Right To Vote turity, is the result of the accumulated -when it is . known what punishment wisdom of the centuries. It has been .awaited them, it is no wonder that some EXTENSION OF REMARKS tested through the ages. The teen-ager of the weaker ones played with the Com­ OF is not sufficiently mature because he has ·munists. This meant that they made not as yet had to face life's major prob­ the condition of their buddies more ter­ HON. EMANUEL CELLER lems and complexities. The teen-ager rible, but some men cannot stand tor­ OF NEW YORK is likely to take the extreme point of ture for long: Instead of coming home ' IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES view. He does not know how to compro­ and confessing the reason they gave false Wednesday, March 10, 1954 mise, and the essence gf politics is com­ information, relying on the fairness of promise. In the United States, we have the .American people to understand their Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, President so many groups with conflicting inter­ action, they took an opposite course, and Eisenhower, in his state of the Union ests, both of a national and sectional na­ elected to stay with the Communists. message, recommended that the voting ture, .that compromise is an essential to Even though these 21 have stayed, it is no age be lowered to 18. The PresiC:ent has our unity. It is the dictators with their comparison to the 14,000 Communist never given us his reasons for this pro­ ·absolute doctrines who have abused the .soldiers who refused to go back to China posal except to state that "if one is old extremism of youth, and put it to and North Korea. This is a complete enough to :fight, one is old enough to their own advantage. Hitler, Mussolini, demonstration that those behind the Iron vote." But voting is as different from Stalin all gave the teen-agers the right Curtain want liberty and not slavery. fighting as chalk is from cheese, and it to vote and herded them all into line. · Millions of Russians and Chinese would is, therefore, most important to examine · Since the President has put a search­ do as these soldiers have done if they had the meaning of this glib slogan. light on the subject of lowering the vot­ a chance. If a person is too old to :fight, is he ing age, I feel that a positive stand must No iron-heeled dictatorship in all the too old to vote? Does the President be taken against it, by imbedding in the world's history has lasted for long, and mean that if a person votes, he must Constitution, the provision that no one we should screw up our courage here in also fight? And does the President mean who has not reached the age of 21-that this country and not permit the Russian that girls must also fight? Many young is the age of maturity-can be given the scare to unbalanca our judgment. How men are unable to fight because they are right to vote. I am, therefore, this day well we can withstand anything they physically unqualified to do so. Could introducing a bill to provide that no have to offer depends upon how united it be that these men who cannot fight citizen of the United States shall have we are here at home. Strip the Soviets cannot vote? the right to vote in any political election of the aid of their friends right here '\Vhzn the draft age was lowered from or primary unless such citizen shall have among us, and there need be no fear of a 21 to 18 years of age, the generals told reached the age of 21. country that keeps her own people under us that this was a necessary move be­ a despotic and autocratic rule. When cause young men under 21 were more intrigue, secret police, and the firing easily molded into good soldiers than squad are the only means of perpetuat­ were their elders who had grown to ma­ Do the People Voluntarily Approve of the ing such a regime the people thus ruled turity. Young men under 21 are more by force and fear will break away at the pliable and more amenable to indoctri­ Soviet Regime? first opportunity. nation. They are not likely to exercise This is the only country on earth that critical judgment in matters demanding unqualifiedly holds that government instant obedience. Instant and unques­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF exists for the people. Many countries tioning obedience may be most desirable from soldiers in the battlefield, but in HON. USHER L. BURDICK hold to the opposite doctrine that the in­ a voter such obedience would be most dividual exists for the government, and undesirable. Self-interested groups and OF NORTH DAKOTA that doctrine is nothing more nor less corrupt politicia:r.s would find such obe­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES than the doctrine of slavery. dience a fertile playground. Wednesday, March 10, 1954 The Government of China is the same ruthless dictatorship, more to be feared The President must undoubtedly have Mr. BURDICK. Mr. Speaker, do the been ill-advised. His proposal requires than Russia, yet there are many Ameri­ people of a Communist country support cans who believe we should sit down at a constitutional amendment, and I be­ the government voluntarily? I have re­ lieve he is unaware of the action taken the council table with Red China and peatedly said that they do not. Here is come to a peaceful solution for perma­ by the individual States on this issue. more proof of it. Of the Chinese pris­ In the past 3 legislatures, 35 States have nent peace, knowing that Red China oners of war we had in Korea and were holds that all people exist for their gov­ rejected the proposal that the voting age willing to turn over to the Chinese Com­ be reduced, and 2 States rejected the ernment, and that no government should munist Government if they, themselves, exist for the people. Those doctrines will 19$4 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 3051 not mix. It will always remain oil and and · .other military aid . to -individual son and the· contributions of the Scan­ water, no matter how many attempts Arab States. We expressed the fear that dinavians. are made to make one common ingre­ such proposals may undermine rather Many years ago, when as a young lad dient of the mixture. than strengthen our defenses in this I visited Lincoln Park in Chicago, I re­ I think the one-worlders realize that area. Furthermore, we pointed out the member standing in awe before an in­ the theory of government adopted by Arab States show no desire to make peace spiring exhibit. Perhaps many of you us-that a government exists for the with Israel, and there is every reason to have gazed with equal pride and admi­ people-cannot be a social partner with fear, in view of mounting tension in the ration at the faithful replica of Leif a government that holds that the peo­ Middle East recently that our arms may Erickson's ship. For many years it has ple exist- for· the government; and re ... be used, not to defend the Middle East occupied a commanding site where thou­ alizing this, they are determined to against communism, but for a renewal of sands of visitors have been afforded an change our Government to fit the pat­ warfare against Israel and even against opportunity to see a Viking ship at close tern of a world government which they some of our NATO allies who have in­ hand. ·Standing there on . a specially are contriving to build. How else can terests in this region. The guns we give constructed platform, amist the secur­ it be explained why such assaults have to the Arabs may be used not to advance rity of the neighboring buildings and been and are now being made on the the security of the area, not to promotE;} trees, it causes one to marvel at its ability Constitution of the United States? Why peace and security, but to attack our own to challenge, without quarter, the furious is it necessary to rewrite the provisions essential interests. At this time there is onslaught of the North Atlantic, par­ in the Constitution pertaining to free no dependable assurance ·to the con­ ticularly during a dark and fearsome speech, a free press, and free religion? trary. passage. Beginning over a thousand Why is it necessary to establish a world . We also sought from the Secretary re­ years ago, the Norsemen proved to the court of law and justice, and make citi­ assurance that the administration would world that 1;hey were capable and accom­ zens of the United States amenable to maintain a firm position in the current plished sailors. Yet these hardy and the courts of the world government? discussions in. the Security Council de­ able mariners, who discovered so much Why do the advocates of world govern­ signed to bring an end to the illegal and sailed so far, were without many of ment want to take citizens of this coun­ Egyptian blockade of the Suez Canal and the modern navigational aids such as try out of the United States for trial? that the United States would take the maps, charts, compasses, and other basic Why do they seek to have them tried position that whatever resolution is equipment. by United Nations laws, and deny them adopted on this subject by the Security Modern historians and researchers the protection of the Constitution and Council should be implemented and en­ continue their diligent search through laws of the United States? forced. old documents seeking new data, and . It all appears plainly enough that our We expressed the above views and.con- sometimes give voice to controversial theory of government-where govern­ tinue to maintain them. . statements. But the fine details of ment exists for the people-must be Those in attendance at the meeting agreement or disagreement are of little 'changed to acoord with their theory that referred to above-and joining together importance to us, to the admirers, and the people exist for the government. in the above statement-were Senators to the descendants of those brave and PAUL H. DOUGLAS, of Illinois; IRVING M. wondrous people. We have ample evi­ IVES, of New York; HERBERT H. LEHMAN, dence that they did actually reach our of New York; and Representatives shores in about the year 1000. Author­ Group of Congressmen Oppose Arms to EMANUEL CELLER, of New York; ALBERT ities are generally agreed that Leif W. CRETELLA, Of Connecticut; ISIDORE Erickson preceded other Europeans to Arab States DOLLINGER, of New York; SIDNEY A. FINE, the North American Continent. A num­ of New York; SAMUEL N. FRIEDEL, of ber of subsequent voyages resulted in the EXTENSION OF REMARKS Maryland; LoUIS B. HELLER, of New establishment of a settlement, even OJ' York; LESTER HOLTZMAN, of New York; though it survived but a few years. In­ CHARLES R. HOWELL, of New Jersey; scriptions, remains, and manuscripts HON. EMANUEL CELLER JACOB K. JAVITS, of New York; RoBERT W. have been discovered proving these basic OF NEW YORK KEAN, Of New Jersey; KENNETH B. KEAT­ facts and conclusions to be true. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ING, of New York; EDNA F. KELLY, of New Matthias Thordarson in the Vinland York; EUGENE J. KEOGH, of New York; Voyages, 1930, stated that- Wednesday, March 10, 1954 . ARTHUR G. KLEIN, of New York; ALBERT The story of his (Leif Erickson's) discov­ Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, last week P. MORANO, Of Connecticut; ABRAHAM J. ery and that of his countrymen in America following up a letter which we addressed MULTER, of New York; HAROLD C. OSTER­ is especially known from a collection of vari­ to the Secretary of State on February TAG, Of New York; HUGH SCOTT, Of Penn­ ous sagas made some six centuries ago by Hauk Erlendsson, an Icelandic lawman. This 8 expressing our grave concern over cur­ sylvania; and HORACE SEELY-BROWN, JR .., work is known as Hauksbok (Hauk's Book); rent and incipient developments in our of Connecticut. one of the important portions of it is the Government's program for the Near Saga of Eric tl_le Red. It derives its name East, we met with Under Secretary of from Eric, Leif's father, and there one finds State Walter Bedell Smith and Assistant the clearest and most reliable accounts of Secretary of State for Near Eastern Af­ Leif Erickson and the Scandinavians . Vinland. The original manuscript of Hauk's fairs Henry A. Byroade at the Capitol for Book is in the Arna-Magnaean collection in a full dress exchange of views about the Copenhagen; and there is another vellum EXTENSION OF REMARKS manuscript of the Eric saga in the same situation in that area. OF All of us strongly favor a continuation collection. of economic-aid programs to all the HON. LESTER JOHNSON When making the voyage upon which countries of the Near East, including OF WISCONSIN he discovered America, it appears that the Arab States who so greatly need eco­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Leif was seeking a new route between nomic aid. We surely believe that the Norway and a previously established set­ best way to strengthen this entire region Wednesday, March 10, 1954 tlement in Greenland. The accounts in­ against Communist subversion is to con­ Mr. JOHNSON of Wisconsin. Mr. dicate that his ship was overtaken by a tinue our efforts to raise the depressed Speaker, I introduced House Joint Reso­ violent storm and tossed about on the living standards of the Arab people. lution 372 on February 9, 1954, request­ ocean for a long time and came upon Most of all they need more bread and ing the President to proclaim October lands that he had no knowledge of be­ more land, not more guns. They are in 9 as Leif Erickson Day. This resolution fore. Although estimates of the location no position otherwise to fortify the free was introduced at the request of the of the precise. landing vary from New world's security in the Near East. Leif Erickson Memorial Association of Brunswick to Maryland, it seems prob­ We expressed our concern over pub­ America, Inc. October 9 has been sim­ able that New England was the locality lished reports that our Government is ilarly designated by statute in a number described in the ancient writings. proposing to use the military aid appro­ of States including illinois, Minnesota, The expeditions and achievements of priated for the Near East under the Mu­ South Dakota, and Wisconsin. At this the early Norsemen in tbeir voyages to tual Security Act in part to give arms time I would like to discuss Leif Erick- Iceland, Greenland, and America. form c-19~ 3052 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 10 perhaps the most dramatic and interest­ in 1781, he was elected President of the cussion of Carl Sandburg alone. His ing account of travel and discovery in United States in Congress assembled. fame rests most solidly, perhaps, upon the entire history of man. Although this position was not compa­ his monumental achievement-the Pul­ The Vikings also traveled in other di­ rable to that of President of the United itzer prize-winning biography of Abra­ rections. Beginning in the ninth cen­ States as subsequently established under ham Lincoln, the Prairie Years and the tury, they had reached and become mas­ the Constitution, it was nevertheless an War Years. Of equal fame and interest ters of Ireland, England, Scotland, and office of high honor. are his Chicago Poems, Cornhuskers, Normandy in France. The Encyclo­ The first and one of the most distin­ Smoke and Steel, Rootabaga Stories, and pedia Britannica reports that while some guished Norwegian-Americans to serve the American Song Bag. Vikings were conquering in the west, in Congress was Knute Nelson, an emi­ Ole Edvart Rolvaag achieved nation­ others were founding Garoariki in Rus­ grant from Voss, near Bergen in Nor­ al as well as international fame with sia, and another group continued press­ way. He had filled in the meantime the his Giants in the Earth. Desiring to ing farther south until they reached role of Governor of Minnesota. Since preserve his cultural heritage, he had Constantinople. This encyclopedia also 1883, when Knute Nelson first entered written this masterpiece in Norwegian. explains that a chieftain named Ulfljot Congress, about three dozen Americans It was first published in Norway then had returned from Iceland to Norway of Norwegian descent have served in the translated into English and brought out in the lOth century to study political House of Representatives, about a dozen by Harper & Bros. In the same year, forms and procedures because Iceland in the Senate. Nearly two dozen men of 1927, it became a Book-of-the-Month needed a central government. As a Norwegian descent have occupied gov­ Club selection. result, the first Parliament of Iceland ernorships. Among them have been Denmark has made noteworthy con­ met in session at what was later called Floyd Olson, Elmer Benson, Edward J. tributions in the field of literature Thingvellir in 930 A. D. Thye, and John Erickson. Leola Berg­ through her native sons. A few of them It may be of interest to note that mann, in Americans From Norway, con­ should be mentioned. Kristian Oster­ Ferdinand, a son and biographer of tinues to discuss many more famous lead­ gaard published From Forest and Prai­ Christopher Columbus, describes a voy­ ers who held office as governor, Member rie, Pioneers, and Valley Dwellers. Carl age that Columbus made to Iceland in of Congress, justice, or mayor. Hansen wrote Children of the Prairie 1476-77. Although research is still con­ One of the early Swedes elected to the and Nisqually. Frederik L. Grundtvig tinuing to determine how much Colum­ Congress was John Lind, of Minnesota. achieved popularity through the Song­ bus may have learned about Vinlanci­ He was born in Sweden in 1854. Lind book for the Danish People. America-while in Iceland, there is little served 3 terms in the House as a Re­ Among many more names that deserve doubt that he profited from the sailing publican, 1 as a Democrat, and still man­ attention I must include a small selec­ experience and adventure. aged to serve as Governor of Minnesota. tion: Martha Ostenso's Wild Geese, Gud­ What Leif Erickson had so nobly and In the fields of education and sociol­ run Thorne-Thomsen's East o' the Sun heroically begun, Scandinavians of later ogy, we may again note the significant and West o' the Moon, Neil Harmon generations have continued. American contributions of our Scandinavian fore­ Swanson's The Judas Tree, The Phantom· life has been enriched in many ways. bears and colleagues. I am able to men­ Emperor and The First Rebel, and Gosta Eminent contributions in both Europe tion but a few of those who actually Larsson's Our Daily Bread and Ships in and America have been made in such merit inclusion in our present listing. the River. . . fields, for example, as commerce and in­ The Norwegians had estRblished two In journalism we note there has been dustry, science, medicine, literature, and colleges to enrich the stream of Ameri­ a Norwegian press in the United States statesmanship. While it would not be can life. Luther College started in De­ since 1847. Among the outstanding men possible to cover even the highlights of corah, Iowa, in 1862, and St. Olaf Col­ have been the late Governor of Minne­ these many and varied activities, per­ lege in Northfield, Minn. Many depart­ sota, John A. Johnson, who had also been haps it may be of interest to describe a ment heads and other officials of Nor­ editor of the St. Peter Herald; Everett few typical instances that demonstrate wegian ancestry have served in the State Norlander, managing editor of the Chi­ how American culture or development universities and other schools of the cago Daily News, whom the New York have been advanced. Middle West. Times called the dean of American news­ In one of the Chronicles of America Probably the most distinguished presi­ paper publisher; and Neil Harmon Swan­ series-volume 35-Samuel P. Orth dent of a major American university of son, the previously mentioned author, stated that- Swedish derivation was the late George who has been, since 1941, executive edi­ They made of the Northwest a new Scandi­ Norlin, of the University of Colorado. tor of the Baltimore Sun papers. Wil­ navia, larger and far more prosperous than The first Norwegian to achieve a similar liam T. Evjue is doing an excellent job that which Gustavus Adolphus had planned position was Edward Olsen, who ad­ as editor of the Madison Capital-Times. 1n colonial days for his colony in Delaware. vanced from a professorship of Greek to Eric Sevareid is well-known with the One can travel today 300 miles at a stretch be president of the University of South Columbia Broadcasting System. across the prairies of the Dakotas or the fields of Minnesota without leaving land that Dakota. Other Norwegians also suc­ Among the other professions in which 1s owned by Scandanavians. They abound cessful as university administrators were we take just pride for consistently high also in Wisconsin, northern Illinois, eastern Aven Nelson, of the University of Wyo­ achievements is that of engineering and Nebraska, Kansas, and nothern Michigan. ming, and John A. Widtsoe, of the Uni­ its related industrial phases. William Latterly the lands of Oregon and Washing­ versity of Utah. Another descendant of S. Knudsen, who had been an appren­ ton are luring them by the thousands, while the 19th century Swedish immigrants tice mechanic in his brother's bicycle throughout the remaining West there are was Elam Jonathan Anderson, former shop in Copenhagen, became the presi­ scattered many prosperous farms cultivated head of Linfield College, in Oregon, who, dent of General Motors Corp. in 1937. by representatives of this hardy race. at his death in 1944, was president of the During World War II he was appointed Noteworthy achievements of· Scandi­ University of Redlands, Calif. Ernest War Department Production Director navian peoples are well known, and many 0. Melby was president of the University with the rank of lieutenant general. have been described by Adolph B. Ben­ of Montana, Bryn Hovde was head of the This was unprecedented in the history son and Naboth Hedin in Americans New School for Social Research, while of the United States; no other civilian From Sweden-1950. Leola Nelson Berg­ Frederick Hovde became president of has ever entered the Army with a rank mann reports similar achievements in Purdue University in 1946. The famous as high as lieutenant general. Our fa­ her volume entitled "Americans From Springfield plan, which originated as a mous engineer and inventor, the Swed­ Norway"-1950. Several publications special program in the teaching of mu­ ish-born John Ericsson, played a highly also describe accomt:'lishments of the tual racial and religious tolerance among significant role for the Union forces in Danes, as for example Johannes Knud­ varied ethnic groups, was devised in the the War Between the States. It was his sen and Enok Mortensen have done in Springfield, Mass., school system under design that resulted in the Monitor, the the Danish-American Immigrant-1950. Dr. John E. Granrud, the superintend­ iron-clad vessel which saved the day for In America's political scene, one of ent. the North as far as sea power was con­ the early men was John Hanson-1721- Literature and journalism have also cerned. .83-a revolutionary leader, related to been generously enriched by the partici­ While dealing with important partie!.. the Swedish royal family. After the pation of Scandinavian contributors. pants whose work profoundly influenced Articles of Confederation were ratified My entire time could be devoted to a dis- the Civil War, we call attention to Adm. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 3053 oJohn Adolph Dahlgren, an accomplished fiuence of the common man deserves been doing good work in getting employ­ designer of ordnance, after whom the acknowledgement. Samuel P. Orth, who ment for these Indians; but it is a huge well-known Fort Dahlgren was named. was mentioned previously, states tbat i~ undertaking and it will take at least 20 Americans from Norway have built tun­ is the consensus of opinion among com­ years more to bring the younger Indians nels and bridges, skyscrapers and fac­ petent observers that these northern up, through education and training, to tories, and transportation systems from peoples have been the most useful of where they can make a living for them­ coast to coast. Gunvald Aus and Kort the recent great additions to the Ameri­ selves. The old Indians are helpless, Berle built the Woolworth Building in can race. but in spite of this situation, which every New York, the Supreme Court Building And so we may well be proud of Lei! agent of the Indian Bureau must know, in Washington, among mt:..ny others. Ole Erickson and of the varied achievements and which Congress must know, it is Singstad constructed the Holland, Lin· and contributions of the Americans from difficult to obtain public funds enough coin, and Queens midtown tunnels in Scandinavia. to permit these Indians to exist on even New York. Olaf Hoff was responsible for a substandard plane of living. the Detroit and Harlem River tunnels. Right now it is up to Congress to A General Electric Co. engineer, C. W. undo what the Government has done Larson, submitted the successful designs The Turtle Mountain Indians of North for the past 70 years. The older Indians for the electric locomotives used to tow Dakota must be fed and clothed, and the younger ships through the Panama Canal. Asso­ ones trained and fitted to earn their ciated with the same company was Oscar EXTENSION OF REMARKS livings. That is the obligation of this Junggren, a native of Sweden, and the OF Government; for the Government, itself, firm's chief designer of electric power insisted on making these Indians its plants. HON. USHER L. BURDICK wards. The Government insisted on be­ The most prominent of all Swedish OF NORTH DAKOTA ing their guardian, and I now insist that engineers in America is unquestionably IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES this guardian perform its duty under the Ernst Fredrick Werner Alexanderson, law. In the case of white children, a former chief engineer of the General Wednesday, March 10, 1954 guardian who acted toward them as the Electric Co. and a pioneer in wireless tel­ Mr. BURDICK. Mr. Speaker, if there Government has toward the Indians, ephoning, broadcasting, and television. ever was an Indian tribe in the United would have been locked up long ago for He holds over 300 United States pat­ States which Government management failure, almost criminal failure, to care ents. American industrial progress owes has brought to the verge of starvation for its helpless wards. a large debt to the precision gages of the and complete ruin, it is the Turtle Moun­ Johansson type manufactured by Erik tain Indians of North Dakota. This Aldeborgh who had been a colleague of tribe is a mixture of Chippewa Indians, Johansson in Sweden. Cree Indians, and French. AHacks Made Upon Secretary of Agricul­ Scandinavians have practiced medi­ When the Government took charge, ture Ezra Taft Benson cine, contributed to professional jour­ these Indians from time immemorial nals, published noteworthy titles, or had owned all the land from the Red have made valuable contributions to re­ River of the North westward for 200 EXTENSION OF REMARKS _search techniques for over 300 years. miles, and extending from Canada 80 OF One of the early barber-surgeons who miles south. They cultivated the soil HON. DOUGLAS R. STRINGFELLOW sailed from Gothenburg in 1649 for where it was fit for gardens and corn OF UTAH America was Timon Stidden. The father patches. Game was abundant, and there of surgery in America was Dr. William was no want among them. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES W. Keen, born in Philadelphia in 1837. The first thing the Government did Wednesday, March 10, 1954 He was subsequently president of the was to propose a treaty under which Mr. STRINGFELLOW. Mr. Speaker, American Surgical Association and the these Indians were to give up this huge I would like to comment at this time Congress of American Physicians and and valuable tract of agricultural land, upon the recent critical attacks upon Surgeons. Dr. Adolph Gundersen was which the United States was to purchase Secretary of Agriculture Ezra Taft Ben­ one of a well-known Norwegian-Ameri­ for 10 cents an acre, and most of which son for calling to the attention of Mr. can family of surgeons. Together with is now worth $50 per acre. The regular Charles Loring, Chairman of the Emer­ Dr. Christian Christensen he established chiefs of the tribe refused to sign such a gency Board, Railway Labor Act, the fact a clinic which later became a medical treaty, and the Government sent men to that the American farmer and general center and still continues to expand. the reservation who appointed chiefs public would be seriously injured by a Dr. Gundersen's later appointment to the who would do their bidding, o}?tained the prolonged strike of railroad workers or board of regents of the University of signatures of these spurious chiefs, and by an increase in raih·oad operating costs Wisconsin provided him with an active so the fertile land was taken. The prin­ large enough to justify another general role in planning the university medical cipal chief, Little Shell, was bypassed in increase in freight rates. school and hospital. One of the most the Government sleight-of-hand per­ During both 1952 and 1953 farmers distinguished cancer research specialists formance, never approved the treaty, have been caught in a price-cost .has been Dr. Ludvig Hektoen, a Nor­ but by its dextrous maneuvers the Gov­ squeeze-that is, high cost and low price. wegian, of Chicago. At various times ernment took the land in spite of this One of the historical high costs farmers he has been director of the John Mc­ chief. have always been confronted with is that Cormick Institute of Infectious Diseases, Today those Indians number about of high freight rates. Are freight rates head of the department of pathology at 9,000 and, if they were all there, would high today? What are they compared the University of Chicago, president of be cooped up on two of the poorest town­ the Chicago Tumor Institute, and chair­ ships of land in North Dakota, which is to Canada's for instance? Senator man of the medical section of the Na­ all that is left of their reservation. The YoUNG gave us the answer on the Senate tional Research Council. In the field of Turtle Mountains are rocky, covered fioor on February 23, 1954: dentistry Dr. Alfred Owre's name will be with scrub timber, and the grass, what Freight rates on grain 1n western Canada. long remembered. ·are set by statute at 3 percent less than there is of it, is slough grass which has they were 1n 1897. These extremely low Due to the limitation of time at my very little feed value. The result is that transportation rates are provided by Parlia­ disposal and not the lack of accomplish­ now these Indians, especially the older ment as one part of their farm program. As ments, I can only confirm our corre­ ones, are hungry and ill-clothed. There a. result it costs the Canadian farmer at sponding achievements in other fields of is nothing they can do with this rocky Coutts, Alberta, only 8% cents per bushel human endeavor. Illustrious names and land, and· the Government now seeks to to move his oats to Port Arthur. His neigh· events could easily be recalled in the turn them loose and make them full citi­ bor across the border a.t Sweetgrass, Mont., fields of religion, astronomy, business, zens, when even the most stupid must )las to pay freight of 24% cents a. bushel to and finance. know that they cannot survive by their move his oats to Duluth. - In the course of my discussion I have own-efforts. Now would not Secretary Benson be dwelt at length on the exploits of the ~ The North Dakota Indian Commission, - a poor Secretary of Agriculture if he was illustrious, but the equally important in- under the direction of John Hart, has not concerned about any governmental 3054 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 10 action, which, at a time like this, would 'freight rates before long as they have we are by treaty a member nation· of the increase the costs of marketing farm done and been granted 11 increases since United. Nations, this failure to recognize products? The Department of Agricul­ 1945. . the right to own private property as a ture was created to administer to the Why is the secretary concerned? human right contains far-reaching and needs of American farmers and to rep­ Why the letter to Mr. Loring? Because, dangerous implications. It will remain, resent their just interests. If this is not in the interests of the American farmer, of course, for the experts on constitu­ the case, why did the Congress in the whose general welfare is his legal con­ tional law and the courts to eventually Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 au­ cern and responsibility, he felt it his duty determine the extent to which we will be thorize and direct the Secretary of to urge the emergency board to find a bound by such a covenant which does not Agriculture to- solution which will not give any justifi­ include this most important right which (a) :dake complaint to the Interstate cation for another increase in agricul­ is one of the fundamental guaranties Commerce Commission with respect to ture freight rates. The secretary's in our Constitution. rates, charges, tariffs, and practices re­ reasons: In going back to the Declaration of lating to the transportation of farm First. Since February 1951 farm prices Independence, we find these most sig­ products, and to prosecute the same be­ have dropped 19.5 percent. nificant words: fore the Commission. Second. Net farm income fell from We hold these truths to be self-evident (b) Coopera-:;e with and assist cooper­ $14.6 billion in 1951 to $13.5 billion in that all men are created equal, that they ative associations of farmers making 1953. This decline from 1951 to 1953 are endowed, by their Creator, with certain complaint to the Interstate Commerce equals 14.4 percent. unalienable rights, that among these are life, Commission with respect to rates, Third. The worsening of the farm sit­ liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That charges, tariffs, and practices relating uation cannot be laid to a drop in con­ to secure these rights, governments are insti­ to the transportation of farm products. sumer demand. Retail food prices, for tuted among men. Not only that, but the same act pro­ example, are 14.4 percent higher than On the basis of these words of the vided, that if any rate, charge, tariff, or they were 3 years ago. Declaration of Independence, we set up practice complained of is one affecting Fourth. One of the main causes of our own Government under the written the public interest, the Commission, the drop in farm prices and farm income Constitution and all of the signers of the upon application by the Secretary, shall is the continued increase in marketing Declaration of Independence and of the make him a party to the proceeding. costs, of which railroad freight rates are Constitution recognized property rights You will recall that it was this one an important part. They are now 10 the same as they recognized human single factor-high freight rates-more percent higher than in 1951. rights. The history of the times of our than any other which gave rise to the Quite to the contrary, I would be Founding Fathers shows unequivocally Grange movement of the late 19th cen­ shocked if the Secretary of Agriculture that before they would sign the Consti­ tury and the establishment of the Inter­ did not use every means at his disposal tution they insisted that the first 10 state Commerce Commission itself. Act­ to protect the interests of American amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, ing under the authority of the Agricul­ farmers. This Secretary Benson has be added to the Constitution. Based on tural Adjustment Act of 1938, the Solici­ done repeatedly the last year, with speed the principle that "to secure these rights, tor's office of the Department cf Agricul­ and effectiveness. He is to be com­ governments are instituted among men," ture is continually engaged in freight mended, not censored, for supplying this the Founding Fathers laid out in the rate hearings before the Interstate Com­ inf.ormation to the emergency board. fifth amendment to the Constitution merce Commission and maintains a staff definite words as to the protection of of 3 or 4 attorneys who devote the major private property. In article V of the portion of their time to such matters. Constitution, they said, ''nor shall any Clearly, the charge that the Secre­ The United Nations and Private Property person be deprived of life, liberty, or tary's action "involved an intervention Rights property, without due process of law; in a field in which Mr. Benson is any .. nor shall private property be taken for thing but an expert" cannot be substan­ public use without just compensation." tiated. The Secretary's legal staff has EX'IENSION OF REMARKS The Constitution plainly states that been engaged in just such activity for OF private property was to be regarded as many years. This letter of the Secre­ HON. TIMOTHY P. SHEEHAN a right the same as life or liberty and laid out the necessary protection of such tary's to Mr. Loring, therefore, merely OF ILLINOIS represents a normal extension of the property. Some time ago, the National Secretary's concern for the American IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Association of Real Estate Boards wrote farmers' welfare, of which high freight Wednesday, March 10, 1954 to Mr. Warren Austin, who was then rates are not a part. Mr. SHEEHAN. Mr. Speaker, last our United States representative to the By no stretch of the imagination does week the United Nations Human Rights United Nations, about the proposed the Secretary's action represent, as his Commission made a very important deci­ United Nations covenant on human critics have charged, "an attempt to in­ sion, the gravity of which the American rights, which did not recognize the right terfere with the judicial processes." people are not cognizant. to own private property as a human The Research and Marketing Act of Since the Eisenhower Republican ad­ right, but which stated that it was the 1946 directed and authorized the Sec­ ministration took over, our Ambassador obligation of the governments becom­ retary of Agriculture to assist in obtain­ to the United Nations, Mr. Henry Cabot ing parties to the covenant to guarantee ing equitable and reasonable transpor­ Lodge, Jr., has insisted that in the con­ adequate housing to their citizens as a tation rates and services and adequate sideration of the human-rights cove­ matter of political right. I have been transportation facilities for agricultural nants, the United Nations should include informed that no reply was ever received products and farm supplies by making an article recognizing the right to own from Mr. Warren Austin on this matter. complaint or petition to the Interstate private property. During the latter part Subsequently, on February 1, 1954, I Commerce Commission, the Maritime of February, the Commission held a wrote to Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., calling Commission, the Civil Aeronautics week's debate on this subject which is his attention to this matter in the letter Board, or other Federal or State trans­ of such great interest to the United set forth below: portation regulatory body with respect States. However, on March 3, by a vote DEAR AMBASSADOR: It is my understanding to rates, charges, tari1!s, practices, and of 12 to 2, the Commission decided to that there is pending in the United Nations services. adjourn, thus postponing indefinitely the a Covenant of Human Rights, which cove­ Now we all know that wage increases inclusion of an article recognizing the nant is intended to be presented to the are passed along to the consumer in the right to own private property. United Nations for ratification. It has been brought to my attention that under this form of higher prices for the product This means that our request that the proposed covenant, the right to own proper­ sold or service rendered. In this case, rights of private property be recognized ty is not being considered a human right, higher wages mean that the freight car­ is denied and that the right to own prop­ and the language o! the covenant would rier will be petitioning the Interstate erty is to be looked upon not as a private obligate the government that became a par­ Commerce Commission for higher right but as a political right. Insofar as ty to the covenant to guarantee adequate 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -...... HOUSE 3055 housing to its citizens as a matter of po- of the covenant are still the subject of-in­ include herewith · the following state­ litical right. . dividual discussions, preparatory to ment which I submitted to the House Would you be good enough ·to inform ~e being agreed upon and presented to the of the proposed language of this Covenant Committee on Post Office and Civil Serv­ of Human Rights· covering the problem- of United Nations General Assembly. ice regarding H. R. 2344: - housing, and your opinion as to how this According to the Department of State Mr. Chairman and members of the com­ proposed covenant . will affect the United bulletin of June 25, 1951, it was stated mittee, I appreciate this opportunity to place States if adopted. that the Commission on Human Rights before you my support of H. R. 2344. The Very truly yours. had adopted article 23, providing that length of time since the last pay increase, "states parties to the covenant recog­ the rise in the cost of living, and other Ambassador Lodge immediately re­ related factors emphasize the need for an plied, and his letter of February 8 is as nize the right of everyone to adequate increase in the pay of postal workers and the follows: housing.'' The United Nations Human importance of -making that increase now. Rights Commission, by their action in MY DEAR MR. SHEEHAN: In reply to your Decision as to just what increase should recent letter let me say that the present turning down the United States proposal be granted requires both expert knowledge drafts of the Covenants on Human Rights, as that an article be included in the cove­ and_painstaking study of the mass of evi­ you suggest in your letter of February 1, 1954, nant recognizing the right of everyone to dence which the committee has heard and do not contain any mention of the right to own private property, indicates that will hear. Since I am not an expert in the own property. These drafts were written in there is little chance that the United Na­ field and have not had a chance to study the previous years long before I became the evidence, I can not give advice in detail. tions will recognize private property I am sure the members of this committee United States representative and, of course, rights as we know them under our I have no responsibility for them whatsoever and its staff are experts, that they will give and, in fact, 1 strongly condemn the omission United States Constitution. fair and conscientious consideration to the to which you refer. It is needless to comment on the social­ facts and that they will reach a just decision. As a matter of fact, in order to correct this, istic implications of this covenant, be­ . Postal employees generally, and I can speak on January 6, 1954, I officially informed the cause property would then be a political particularly of those employees who live in United Nations of the United States position right and not a private right, and the the 15th District of New York which I have that "the right to own property is important taking over by the state of property of the honor to represent, are a hard-working, and that an article recognizing this right loyal group. They deserve pay treatment any kind would then become the right which is fair to all ranks and which reflects should accordingly be included in this cove­ of the state, and the protection implicit nant" (on economic, social, and cultural the generous appreciation of the ·public and rights). It will undoubtedly be considered in our Constitution of due process of the Government for the good work they do at the next session of the Commission open­ law might be done away with. I feel and the loyalty they show. The talks I have that as far as the United States is con.:. had with the men and women in the postal ing February 23. The proposal reads as fol­ service and the evidence they have shown lows: cerned it will be up to the Supreme Court "The states parties to this covenant under­ me in support of their requests make me to decide whether or not the United Na­ feel they have a strong case. I hope it will take to .respect the right of everyone to own tions Covenant, if adopted, will affect impress the committee in that same way. property alone as well as in association with the internal laws of the United States. others. "This right shall be subject to the laws of From recent and past decisions and from the country in which the property owned is the Court's interpretations of treaties sit u ated. being the supreme law of the land, I per­ Case No.2 "Expropriation may not take place except sonally feel that we are in danger if this in cases of public necessity or utility in cir­ Covenant on Human Rights be adopted, cumstances defined by law and subject to until such time ·as the Supreme Court EXTENSION OF REMARKS fair compensation." makes its final decision on the rights to OF An article including housing appears in the own private property under the United draft Covenant on Economic, Social and Cul­ Nations treaty agreement. HON. EMANUEL CELLER tural Rights- It reads: OF NEW YORK "The states parties to the covenant recog­ In the United states, there are an es­ nize the right of everyone to adequate food, timated 40 million owners of private IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES clothing and housing~· (art. II) . homes, not counting the owners of land Wednesday, March 10, 195.4 The President announced in 1953 that the tracts, both agricultural and commer­ United States would not sign or ratify either cial, which ownership could be seriously Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, here is of the covenants. In reiterating this posi­ another case of undue hardship which tion to the Commission on Human Rights jeopardized by this Covenant on Human last year, _the United States representative Rights if officially adopted by the United highlights the need for drastic revision presented a new program which would en­ Nations. of the McCarran-Walter Act. This is courage progress in the promotion of human It is imperative that the American one of many discussed in the recent book rights among the various nations of the world people be alerted to the inherent dangers by J. Campbell Bruce, called the Golden without imposing treaty obligations upon of the socialistic proposals which are Door, the Irony of Our Immigration them. We anticipate that this new program contained in the draft of the interna­ Policy: · will receive consideration at the forthcoming Prof. Lawrence Schwartz, one of the session. tional Covenant on Human Rights. By being denied the right to own private world's. most n·oted abstract mathemati­ Sincerely yours, cians, and a professor at the University of HENRY CABOT LoDGE, Jr. property, men's rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness would be en­ Nancy, France, was invited to deliver a Mr. Speaker, to the credit of the Re­ dangered in that without private prop­ paper at the International Mathematical publican Party, Mr. Lodge set out un­ erty the people would be dependent upon Congress at Harvard University. He equivocally the announced position of the state because of their lack of a re­ spent many weary months awaiting his President Eisenhower and the Repub­ serve of private property. visa, which was finally granted to him. lican administration when he stated the However, he was permitted to appear of­ President would not sign or ratify either ficially at no other university in tliis of the covenants. The United States country, either to hear any lectures or to presented a new program which would Postal Pay Increases give any. If he wished to travel about, encourage progress in the promotion of he was permitted to do so, only if he gave human rights among the various nations EXTENSION OF REMARKS written notification of each change of of the world without imposing treaty ob­ OF address to immigration authorities. ligations upon them. The noted professor delivered his paper It· is to be noted that the draft of the HON. JOHN H. RAY at Harvard University. Then, disheart­ United Nations Covenants on Human OF NEW YORK ened by the extreme restrictions on his Rights is still in the tentative stage and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES mo:vements, returned immediately to has not been voted upon in its entirety by Prance. the General Assembly or by any of the Wednesday, March 10, 1954 How unfortunate, indeed, to give so United Nations Commissions concerned Mr. RAY. Mr. Speaker, under leave shallow a welcome to an esteemed man with it. At present the various article~ to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I of learning~ 3056 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE March 1i.

AgricultUre Is in Rel~tively Good 'Shape or more for 10 out of the past 12 months. with the problems Secretary Benson was · Corn sold through hogs, as three-fourths upon taking omce. is, is bringing about $2.50 per bushel or The average prices for all farm prod­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS 139 percent of parity. Wheat if sold ucts is now 92 percent of parity. It is . through hogs will bring near 100 percent not too dimcult for capable farmers to OF of parity. Soybeans are now selling at pick up the other 8 percent, by produc­ 100 percent of parity; a year ago when ing what the market wants, producing · HON. DOUGLAS R. STRINGFELLOW Secretary Benson took omce they were high-quality products, and timing sales OF UTAH selling at 96 percent of parity; eggs sell­ to get better prices. It is time some of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing at 101 percent of parity a year ago the politicians ~eeking votes realized are now selling at 104 percent of parity. that Government can no more guarantee Wednesday, March 10, 1954 The price decline, almost 2 years in inemcient farmers a living than it can Mr. STRINGFELLOW. Mr. Speaker, progress when Secretary Benson took assume the debts of the 4 out of 5 new to hear some of the politicians speak it omce, has now been checked. The parity businesses that fail every year. sounds as if agriculture and the farmers ratio had gone down from 113 to 94 per­ It is time we realized that the agri­ cent in January 1953 with 10 percent cultural problems of this country will not were on the brink of disaster. Nothing of this drop coming in 1952 with Secre­ be solved primarily by the Government, could be further from the truth. Farm­ tary Brannan at the helm, or more ap­ but by teamwork on the part of farmers, ers frequently get 100 percent of parity, propriately apparently without either a businessmen, and Government. All of thousands are getting such prices now helm or a charted course. During 1953 the 161 million citizens of the United and will continue to get their fair share the ratio went down only 4 percent and States must be constructively served if of the national income. For example, now is back within 2 percent of where farmers are to be most prosperous. No hog prices are about 120 percent of parity it stood a year ago. Not a bad record narrow, selfish, or shortsighted farm pro­ and have averaged 100 percent of parity at all for a new Secretary confronted gram will meet the test.

passed a bill