412 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January '19 While society makes some provision for types goes without saying, for it is not What Is United States · Delegation ·to the very poor to be taken care of, if they necessary that these patients all be United Nations Doing To Bring Jordan require extended hospitalization and treated in general hospitals which are medical treatment, and while the very more costly to build, and it is self-evi­ to Terms as in Peace With Israel r rich are able to take care of themselves dent that we do not now have enough in such regard, the large majority of our facilities to give proper care. people does not appear to be protected Other approaches to the problem of EXTENSION OF REMARKS f.dequately from the high cost resulting long-term illness are contained in the OF from extended serious illness. 4 bills which I introduced 10 days ago, Many plar~s are in existence in this and more will be presented in bills which HON. EMANUEL CELLER country which seek to give protection I will introduce in the future on behalf OF against hospital and medical expenses. of the administration. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Last fall, and again starting the first of To assist in expanding of hospital fa­ last week, this committee has inquired cilities, clinical and diagnostic centers, Monday, January 18, 1954 into how extensive the protection af- and the like, I introduced bills which forded by this coverage may be. The would provide in one case for loans, and Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, noting committee likewise has had considered in the other for Government guaranty of the amazing swiftness with which the plans which are in existence abroad by private loans, made to associations of­ United Nations passed resolutions of con­ a survey conducted during the recess of fering prepaid health-service programs. demnation against Israel over the Kibya the Congress. To assist in stimulating voluntary incident, I seriously question its subse­ We are concerned with the cost of the health protection through prepaid health quent delay in instituting immediate protection given by these various plans, plans, I have introduced a bill which peace talks between Israel and Jordan. and more especially with whether this would permit an individual to deduct Such peace talks were urgently re­ protection extends to major or catas- up to $100 payments made to such plans quested by Israel under the terms of the trophic medical and hospital expenses. as expenses in the computation of his charter and article 12 of the Israeli­ We have been interested in the arrange- income tax, in addition 'to the medical Jordan armistice agreement. Can it be ments under these plans which have expense deductions now authorized by that the United Nations will admit ur­ been made with hospitals and physi- law. gency in the tense Israel-Jordan situa­ cians, the experience which has been Also to assist in stimulating a broader tion only when it is Israel who is to be gained under these plans, the difficulties coverage in the protection offered by called to task? which have been encountered, and sug- these voluntary prepaid health plans, I gestions arising from their operation. have filed a bill which would provide for Many weeks have passed since Israel Out of such study the committee has Government reinsurance of the risk as­ asked that direct talks be arranged with hoped to learn of ways and means by sumed by these plans arising from long, Jordan to discuss the question of peace. which voluntary protection can be im- costly treatment. Certainly this is a move toward reliev­ proved and broadened. These and other measures will be con- ing the present impasse. On January 11 There are numerous approaches which sidered by our committee in an effort to the Jordanian Ambassador, Abdul M. may be Llade to the problem of provid- reach some sort of solution of the prob­ Rafai, meeting with .Secretary of State ing protection against such major illness. Iem of catastrophic medical costs. Any Dulles, indicated that Jordan rejects any S·_ ,me of these approaches, of course, are solution obviously has with it attendant idea of a conference with Israel on peace alternatives. But so significant and far- requirements, such as adequate number talks. The duty of the Security Council, reaching is this problem that it is prob- of physicians and nurses, strengthening therefore, should be clear. First, it able that it must be attacked on several of our medical schools, extension of pre­ must demand a peace conference under fronts. ventive medical care, intensification and ·the armistice agreement. Second, One of these is contained in the bill coordination of medical research, and which I have introduced today, which the like. should Jordan refuse, a resolution of con­ has been drafted by the Department of In this field now, as in the past, the demnation would be in order. Third, if Health, Welfare, and Education, under physical and mental health of our pea­ Jordan continues its intransigent atti­ the leadership of its Secretary, Mrs. ple is a subject on which there is no tude, sanctions should be invoked. Oveta Culp Hobby, to meet part of the partisan division. From our committee The United Nations n:ust not evade its program advanced by the President in in the past, whether under Republican responsibility in seeking a peaceful solu­ ~i..: message today on health. ~ or Democratic leadership, there has come tion to this confiict. · Evasion would This has to do with the broadening in the past the Public Health Services bring a loss of confidence in the United of the Hospital Survey and Construction Act, the Hospital-Survey and Construe­ Nations as an instrument of peace. Act, so as to provide for the construction tion Act, the various acts which have What is the position of the United of facilities to take care of the chroni- created the different research centers on States delegation? It took the lead . in cally ill, either through special hospitals, heart, cancer, and other diseases that offering a resolution of condemnation supervised nursing and convalescent are now part of the National Institutes homes, or rehabilitation facilities for the of Health, and many others dealing with over the Kibya incident, without making disabled. In addition, provision is made health matters. Of these we are justly mention of provocation. Why is it so for construction of nonprofit diagnostic proud. silent now? I believe it is incumbent or treatment centers for ambulatory pa- The program just forwarded by the_ upon our delegation under Ambassador tients, so that greater help is given in President on health needs of the Nation, Lodge to demand immediately that. the getting at these diseases at their start. therefore, will receive every considera­ -Security Council act to bring Jordan to The importance of facilities of these tion at an early day. terms.

petulant impatience, our lack of per­ 0 Lord, is the greatness and the power SENATE spective. As now, closing our ears to the and the glory and the majesty and the strife of tongues, we pause in the silence · victory forever. Amen. TUESDAY, JANUARY 19, 1954 of this dedicated moment, may we listen, not to what the hour with all its din and TO~] adv~ses , me lle wjsh,_es pis income between a maximum of 66% and a duce for appropriate reference a bill to name added as_a coswrisor of the bill. minimum of 33 Ya percent. · _prohibit the payment of compensation or I am pleased to have him.do so. . .. EXTENsioN AND IMPROVEMENT GRANTs Government retirement benefits to-offi-

. Mr. President, for t)le jnforniation of r 'Th.e 'formula for determining each state's .cers or employees, or former officers or the Senate and -the public, I wish to say allotment for extension and improvement employees, of t)le Government_who have ' that the Senator from Connecticut [Mr.. purposes wouid be . based on relative · State refused on the- ground of self-incrimina­ ·PuRTELL] has been appointed chairman populations with a minimum allotment of tion to give testimony before a ·congres­ of the Subcommittee on Health of the $5,000. From its allotment, a State could ~ sionai committee. I do so bec_ause during Senate Committee on Labor and Public recebe, over a 6-year period, varying pro- the congressional recess President Eisen- . · to portions -of the cost of approved projects · Welf are ·and I ·have ask e d h 1m pro- (included in its approved State plan) for ex- bower very rightfull;y ann~unced that it ceed as rapidly as possible in the sehed- tension and improvement of its rehabilita- . would be the executive policy from then uling of hearings and consideration- of tion· services to the disabled-75 percent of . on to-remo~e su~marily from the Fed­ this proposed _-legislation. _· . -the cost for the first 2 years, 50 percent for · .eral p~yro~l a~y employee who refuses to I have had prepared a summary state- the next 2, and-25 percent for the last 2. -testify before any congressional commit- ment of the contents of the bill which · - sPECIAL PROJECT GRANTs tee on the ground of self-incrimination I have just introduced. I request unani- These grants would be made on a project based on _the fifth amendment -to the mous consent that this statement .be in- basis to states and to public and nonprofit _Constitution. corporated in the body of the RECORD agencies or organizations. They. would be Shortly thereafter a di~tinguished law­ as a part of my remarks. available for paying part of the cost of carry- yer of my State, Mr. John Murphy, of The VICE PRESIDENT. The bill will ing out special projects which hold unique Sioux Falls, s. :r:>ak., called to my atten­ -be received and appropriately referred, ·promise of contributing to the solution of · tion the fact that such a policy would and without objection. the summary will rehabilitation problems common to an or leave congressional committees in the be printed in the RECORD. . several States, or of meeting rehabilitation unenviable position of paying rather lib- The bill

1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 423 MONTGOMERY, W. VA., January 16, 1954. LOGAN, W. VA., January 15, 1954. Federal Power Commission in granting a Hon. H. M. KILGORE, HARLEY KILGORE, Senate Office Building, United States Senate: license to the New York State Power Washington, D. C.: At last meeting of our local union it was Authority to construct the power facili­ Officers and members wish to protest to St. voted that telegram be sent to you and re­ ties in conjunction with the Province of Lawrence Seaway legislation now before the quest made you vote against the St. Law­ Ontario is, therefore, most welcome. I Senate. U. M. W. of A. finds this legislation rence Seaway project. trust that in the present litigation this just as objectionable under Republican JAMES I. BROWN, action will be upheld and an undertaking sponsorship as under Democrats. You are President, Local Uni on 6712, UMWA, of such direct and vital benefit to the urged to exert all possible influence in de­ Yolyn, W. Va. feating passage of this legislation. power consumers of the Northeast thus EMERY McCoY, LoGAN, W. VA., January 14, 1954. will be permitted to move ahead without President, Local Union 7113, D istri ct Hon. HARLEY M. KILGORE, cost to the Federal Government. 11, U. M. W. of A. Uni ted States Senator , The pending bill provides for the crea­ Senate Office Buildi ng: tion of "St. Lawrence Seaway Devel­ BLUEFIELD, W. VA., January 16, 1954. Local Union 5921, UMWA , urges you to use opment Corporation" as an instrumen­ Hon. HARLEY M. KILGORE, your power and infiuence to defeat proposal tality of the United States. Financing Senate Building, Washington, D. C.: pending before the Senate of the St. Law­ is to be accomplished through the sale We, the members of Local Union No. 6036, rence Seaway. We feel it will be detrimental McComas, W. Va., go on record against the to the coal miners of this Nation. of the Corporation's obligations to the St. Lawrence Seaway project bill. Request WILLiS CRUM, United States Treasury, but this method you vote against same. President. of financing in n'o way lessens the ulti­ L. R. SHREWSBURY, ERMET MARESKE, mate burden on United States taxpayers. President. Secretary. Borrowing from the United States Treas­ H. M. KENNETT, ury by a Government corporation adds Recording Secretary. MONTGOMERY, W.VA., January 14, 1954. to our budgetary expenditures, and a Hon. HARLEY M. KILGORE, corporate obligation of this nature is as LoGAN, W.VA., January 16, 1954. Senate Office Building, Hon. HARLEY M. KILGORE, Washington, D. C.: much a part of the public debt as is a United States Senator, The officers and members of local union direct obligation of the Government Senate Office Building, 677 wish to protest to St. Lawrence Seaway itself. Washington, D . C. legislation now before Senate. U. M. W. of A. The cost to the United States under DEAR SIR: We, the members and officers of finds this legislation just as objectionable Senate bill 2150, as estimated in the bill, Local Union 6512, located at Ethel, W. Va., under Republican sponsorship as under Dem­ would be $105 million, which is far below have voted by majority against the St. Law­ ocrats. You are urged to exert all possible earlier estimates. Presumably this re­ rence Seaway, as we feel it is detrimental infiuence in defeating passage of this legis­ to the United Mine Workers of America. lation. duction would be brought about through FRANK ROBINETT, R. B. AYERS, limiting the initial construction work President. President, Local Union 677, District and placing a greater share of the cost DANIEL PRINCE, 17, U. M. W. of A. on the power project. Apparently the Recording Secretary. proponents of the seaway expect that LoGAN, W.VA., January 14, 1954. future construction work, which may be LoGAN, W. VA., January 17, 1954. Hon. HARLEY M. KILGORE, required, will be taken care of by means Senator HARLEY M. KILGORE, United States Senator, Washington, D. C.: Senate Office Building: of subsequent legislation with subse­ Local Union 8572, UMWA, urges you to use We urge you to use your power and in­ quent appropriations. your power and influence against the bill fluence to defeat the proposal now pending The allocation of these costs is of ma­ now pending before the Senate on the St. before the Senate of the St. Lawrence Sea­ jor concern to the power consumers of Lawrence Seaway. We feel this will be harm­ way because we feel it would be detrimental New York and New England. The cost ful to the coal miners of the country. to the coal miners of this Nation and the estimates submitted in connection with TOM CLAYTON, workers depending on the coal industry. the pending legislation appear to omit President. MELVIN TRIOLO. SILAS HUTCHINSON, JERRY STIDHAM. the construction costs for navigation fa- Secretary. . cilities, which are of importance to both Mr. IVES. Mr. President- navigation and power. LoGAN, W. VA., January 16, 1954. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The sen­ Thus, at the hearings on the seaway Hon. HARLEY M. KILGORE, ior Senator from New York is recognized. Mr. IVES. Mr. President, I shall speak proposal held during the last session of United States Senator: the Congress, one authority pointed out Local Union 5958, UMWA, urges you to use exclusively on the question which is im­ your power and influence to defeat the St. mediately before the Senate. that- Lawrence Seaway proposal now pending. We Because my remarks will be compara­ The practical effect of this method of cost feel this will be detrimental to all coal tively brief, I shall decline to yield until allocation is to charge to navigation facil• miners. ities costs less than they actually are, and JAM!'S P. WORKMAN, their conclusion for any questioning or to charge to power facilities costs greater President. for any other purpose pertaining to than they actually are. So far as can be THOMAS VANNESS, them. At their conclusion I shall be determined from examining the figures of Secretary. pleased to yield for questions or for any the Army engineers, it appears that all of suggestions in regard to them. the cost for the construction of joint-use LOGAN, W. VA., January 15, 1954. Mr. President, after study and analy­ facilities has been omitted in calculations Hon. HARLEY M. KILGORE, sis of the latest proposal of the propo­ of navigation costs and apparently charged United States Senator, to the cost of construction for power. Senate Office Building, nents of the St. Lawrence Seaway proj­ If such a shifting of costs from navigation Washington, D. C.: ect, as embodied in Senate bill 2150, I to power become effective, the consumers of Local Union 5956, UMWA, urges you to use fail to discover that it offers a striking power in New York and New England will your power and influence to defeat the St. departure from previous proposals which in effect, be carrying part of the cost of navi­ Lawrence Seaway proposal now pending. We I have strongly opposed. The objections gation facilities and will thus be paying for feel this will be detrimental to all coal min. to this project, which have been ad­ a part of the transportation cost for the ers of this Nation. vanced previously, still remain compel­ shippers and receivers of freight located in LOWE CHAFIN, ling. In fact, the plan contained in Sen­ the Great Lakes region. Such a shifting of President. costs is thus a subsidy to navigation-in this CLEARANCE WITHROS, ate bill 2150 provokes still other serious case, not a subsidy directly by Government, Secretary. questions. but · a subsidy by the consumers of power As is generally known, I have always in one section of the country. (Statement COALWOOD, W. VA., January 15, 1954. been opposed to the seaway proposal of Leverett S. Lyon, chief executive officer of Hon. HARLEY M. KILGORE, At the same time I have strongly sup­ the Chicago Association of Industry and United States Senate: ported the development of the power re­ Commerce, hearings before the subcommit• We vigorously protest the St. Lawrence sources of the St. Lawrence River and tee of the Senate Committee on Foreign Re­ Seaway legislation and strongly urge your lations ( 83d Cong., 1st sess.) , on Senate bill vote in opposition thereto. have maintained steadfastly that it 589 and amendments thereto, pp. 306, 307.) FRED WOOTEN, would be not only possible but practi­ Recording Secretary, Loeal Union cable to proceed independently with the The proponents of this seaway project

60267 UMWA. hydroelectric project. The action of the keep telling us that this is the last 424 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 19 chance the United States will have to that on balance a project which would We must face these geographic facts, "get in" as a party to the undertaking. seriously harm one section of the coun­ and the fact that Canada is going to If we do not jump aboard the seaway try, even though presumably benefiting build the seaway entirely on her own, bandwagon now, we are told, we shall another section, can be regarded auto­ entirely in Canadian territory, if we do be neglectful of our responsibility to­ matically as a benefit to the whole not provide through Senate bill 2150 for ward our good neighbor to the north, country? our participation in the project. Our and we shall forfeit completely any op­ As my second observation, I point to friends to the north have passed the portunity to have a "say" in the con­ the fact that, if this seaway proposal is necessary legislation and made provi­ struction and operation of the seaway approved by the Congress and the Presi­ sions for obtaining the needed funds to if Canada may finally build and operate dent, such action will require inevitably make this an all-Canadian seaway. The it on her own. an increase in the national debt. I am last big hurdle to such a project was I do not subscribe to this kind of spe­ wondering-just wondering-how many cleared when the Federal Power Com­ cious warning. In the first place, I am Senators, who may vote in favor of this mission granted a license to the Power inclined to believe that Canada would St. Lawrence seaway project bill, will Authority of the State of New York to prefer to do the job herself and alone; vote also in favor of an increase in the build, in cooperation with an agency of certainly she stands in no need of finan­ national debt limit when that matter the Province of Ontario, hydroelectric cial assistance from us. In the second may come before us for our approval or installations in the St. Lawrence River. place, the minority interest which would rejection. It is unthinkable that this great through­ be our part of the bargain under the Mr. POTTER. Mr. President-­ way into the very center of our country terms of the pending bill would scarcely The PRESIDING OFFICER laints about the And it is equally able to locate and However, our whole relationship with give-away programs which are breaking construct the 27-foot canal so as to make Canada has been based, at least until our backs, and we have been told that it it an all-Canadian waterway, with the now, upon a different basis. Is has been is shameful the way the rest of the world exception of the joint arrangements as on the basis of friendly, considerate, picks our pockets. to power generation and use which have negotiated treatment. It should con­ Here we have a case in which a friend­ already been agreed to by both countries, tinue that way. There is nothing to ly nation offers to pay the bill, and we and are not involved in this legislation. indicate that we intend to exert any say, "Oh, no, we won't have it. We have Not only can the Canadians build the force. got to put money into it ourselves." It canal on their side of the boundary, they The point I am trying to make is that is ridiculous. The Senator from Louisi­ are of the opinion that it can be built in all the talk about national security and ana has heard such complaints made that way more cheaply and more satis­ the necessity of having control is not a endlessly for the past 8 years, ever since factorily than if the United States built significant argument on the pending bill. the end of World War II. This is the a portion of the canal on the American The whole point is, if it is a desirable first time when one of our friends has side of the International Rapids section. improvement from the economic stand­ said, "Don't you bother. We know how '!'his point was clearly brought out by point and the development of industry hard up you are. We will pay for it." the Honorable Lionel Chevrier, Canadian and commerce in a great area, and if it We say, "No, we won't stand for any Minister of Transport, in a debate in the were not going to be built anyway, we such thing. We will pay for it." Canadian House of Commons. In re­ would have a real argument on the ques­ I have indicated that the Canadians sponse to question, Mr. Chevrier stated tions: Is it proper? Is it right? Is it themselves cannot afford to be un­ explicitly that the information of his feasible? Is it economically sound? friendly. I wish to read one more item Government was "that it would be as Those arguments have been removed, be­ on that point. It is a special dispatch cheap, if not cheaper, to build a canal on cause Canada will build it anyway. to the New York Herald Tribune from the Canadian side of the boundary." Mr. LONG. Mr. President, will the Ottawa, datelined January 7, and pub­ Again, there is no reason to doubt the Senator from Arkansas yield further? lished in the Herald Tribune of January correctness of the information, any more Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield further. 8. It indicates what I believe to be the than there is to doubt the expressed in­ Mr. LONG. Is the Senator from Ar­ true state of Canada's feelings about the tentions of the Canadians, or their abil­ kansas familiar with the fact that the matter. It reads: ity to do what they have said they are Canadian Government's idea of the Canada's position on the seaway remains ready to do-build a 27-foot waterway ~roject is not so much in terms of an unchanged : It is determined to get on with through the St. Lawrence. ocean-going seaway as it is the concept the project, and while it publicly would wel­ Perhaps it may be said, as it has been that it would be a seaway built to stand­ come participation by the United St ates if said, that we must build part of the wa­ ards of Great Lakes navigation and with that d idn't delay construction, most m em­ terway so as to share in its control. Mr. the ports in Canada, particularly the bers of the Government here hope privately port of Montreal, being transshipping the United States stays out. They prefer Chevrier touched on this in an address an all-Canadian seaway, both in the con­ in Washington on April 30, 1953, when ports? struction and operation phases. he said: . Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator means It is said that Canada may not always up to the present time that has been the I believe that to be quite true, and I be a friendly nation. I cannot conceive of concept. Is that correct? believe there are good reasons for it. So our two countries living on other than Mr. LONG. That is the way Canada the question of accommodating our friendly terms, nor of Canada becoming pow­ would use the proposed project. Their friends in Canada is completely un­ erful enough to be able to afford to be un­ own ministers have stated that at least realistic. friendly. 75 percent of the cargo would be trans­ We all rejoice in the long history of I submit that that is the answer. All ported to Montreal, or a similar port in friendship between our two nations, and the talk about national security and the Canada, and there placed aboard deep­ like Mr. Chevrier, I see no reason to an­ possibility of Canada being an enemy is draft vessels to sail the high seas. ticipate any break in that happy rela­ complete nonsense. She cannot afford Mr. FULBRIGHT. I believe that tion. Nor do I see any reason to antici­ to be unfriendly, as her own people would be true certainly in the initial pate that Canada has, or ever will have, admit. It is inconceivable that Canada stage. When I said a moment ago that any intention of acting contrary to her at any time will achieve the strength to I believe the project would eventually obligations under the treaties of 1871 afford to be unfriendly to this country. cost more than $105 million, I was basing and 1909. I believe that is one of the reasons the statement on the logical assumption In the 1871 treaty it is provided that why we should be very careful in our that in due time there would arise the the navigation of the St. Lawrence treatment of Canada's feelings. In re­ plea for a deeper channel to accommo­ "from, to, and into the sea, shall for­ cent weeks we have said and done a few date larger ships that can sail any­ ever remain free and open for the pur­ things which I believe have been untact­ where, and therefore instead of a 27- poses of commerce to the citizens of the ful, to say the least. In this case, inas­ foot channel it would be necessary to United States." That freedom and much as the Canadians desire to build build a 35-foot channel, which would cost equality of navigation rights has now the seaway themselves, and I believe pre­ an additional $105 million. been in effect, under this treaty, for fer to build it themselves, those consid- Mr. LONG. Mr. President, will the more than 80 unbroken years. Does erations ought to have some significance Senator yield further? anyone think that we should be con­ in our discussion of the subject. Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. cerned lest Canada seek to escape her Mr. LONG. Mr. President, will the Mr. LONG. If the project were to be obligations in this .regard, and restrict Senator from Arkansas yield? used as the Canadian ministers them­ our rights? The very thought is absurd. The PRESIDING OFFICER dor; wheat will be sntpped from the Mid­ -vote against it. dle West; from Detroit cargoes of auto­ no thought anywhere that it should be mobiles will be shipped through the otherwise. Mr. WILEY. Mr. President, will the But let us suppose that Canada and Senator from Arkansas yield for a ques­ canal. There is set forth in the book the United States should someday be on tion? which the Senator now has before him terms of enmity, and that the treaties of Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. a schedule of earnings. 1871 and 1909 should no longer be in Mr. WILEY. . I take it, in view of the I ap-preciate fully the acumen mani­ force. Would the mere matter of par­ Senator's statement, that he is against fested in the Senator's argument. ticipation in the construction of a few the Long amendment, because that Whether Canada builds it or we build miles of canal in a waterway 1,000 miles amendment would call for ari appropria­ it, does the Senator think it is a good long serve to give the United states any tion each year, inst'ead of financing the thing? control beyond that it now exercises? project by a bond issue such as is con­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I think it will be Of course not. templated in the original measure. a good thing, for that matter. I would There is no thought anywhere that Mr. FULBRIGHT. Since I am against not oppose it on the merits. In the past anything which the United States might this bill, that is true. I do not see any I have opposed it largely on the ground do, or might not do, in the International particular merit in that. I think we that it was brought forward in a period Rapids section would give the United shall ultimately, if we pass the bill, stand of high inflation and of war. As a pub­ States any additional rights whatever in responsible not only for the $105 million, lic-works proposition alone, I think it the remaining 9()- percent of the St. Law­ .but for untold and unestimated amounts would be justified. But that is not in­ rence. Passage of Senate bill2150 would to deepen the channels and improve the volved in this program. It is going to give us no such rights. Acceptance by project, from now on. · be built, and why must we put our money 'Canada of our participation under Sen­ ~ Mr. WILEY. To that I cannot agree, into it if we do not need to do so? That ate bill2150 would give us no such rights. but I should like t'o have a definite an:­ is why all the arguments about people Expenditure of a hundred million Ameri-­ swer as to whether the Senator is for or in New Orleans_, Boston, Baltimore, and can dollars, or more, under the provisions _against the Long amendment. other cities. being selfish about the mat~ of Senate bill 2150 would give us no such Mr. FULBRIGHT. I have it under ter are quite irrelevant because everyone rights. For the plain fact is, and the consideration. I cannot tell the Sena­ agrees that the project is going to be plain fact will remain, that the St:Law,­ tor at the moment exactly what I shall built and will have whatever effect may rence through 90 percent of its length do about it. result on New Orleans or any other port. is a Canadian river, and not an inter­ Mr. WILEY. I should like to compli- How can we in.tluence its effect. on New national stream at all. Of course, it is ment the distinguished Senator from Orleans if it is constructed with Cana­ not necessary to try to establish navi­ Arkansas. He has made a good .argu­ dian money as opposed to .American gation rights in these Canadian waters ment out of nothing, because I may say money? When the Canadians say they on any such basis. The rights are well that the answers which I read into the are going to build it, why- do -we insist C-28 434 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD- SENATE January 19 on putting $105,000,000 into it to start It is a measure which will lead to the taining. I notice in the report of the it off? If it is later decided that it opening of vast areas in the Middle West. committee this statement: should be 35 feet deep, we must go along. Certainly it will help to benefit the entire The following table shows several appro­ The argument has no bearing upon my country. priations for rivers and harbors in excess State or upon New Orleans or Norfork Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator from of $105 million. The amounts listed in the or any other port because the seaway is New York is arguing about the merits of table were expenditures by the Federal Gov­ going to be built. Whatever may be said the project. I am not arguing the merits. ernment on a toll-free basis, as contrasted here has nothing to do with it. It is with those in S. 2150 which will be borne No one disputes for a moment that the by the users of the seaway. quite irrelevant to this proposal. It is project will be built. That is why I have purely a question of whether we are compared it with the Arkansas River de­ I notice as th~ second item: going to put money into it or whether velopment. If Canada would agree to Arkansas: Arkansas River and tributaries, Canada is going to put money into it. do some of the work on the Arkansas, I Arkansas and Oklahoma: total estimated Mr. WILEY. I wondered whether the guarantee that I would accept it; I Federal cost, $686,370,000. Senator agreed with his own associates. would not object. I do not know whether or not it is Mr. FULBRIGHT. Certainly I b-elieve If the Senator from New York were worth while to spend $686 million in that there is a question whether it would be saying that the St. Lawrence project region. I believe it is. I believe that a good investment, because this canal would not be built without an appropria­ to build up any part of the United States would be operating only little over half tion of $105 million by the United States, means increased prosperity to every a year. I believe we should consider the that would be an argument. But there part of the country. We are not quib­ overall situation including the effect of is no question that Canada will build the bling about that. The Senator from Ar­ the seaway on the railroads. I may say waterway herself. kansas is willing to spend $686 million that I can see that point of view, because Mr. LEHMAN. No; I have not the on the Arkansas River and its tribu­ I have no interest In any railroads in slightest doubt of the merit of the un­ taries, why deny the relatively small the community; but what will this proj­ dertaking. I am convinced it is meri­ expenditure for the seaway? ect do to the railroads, which must be torious. Mr. FULBRIGHT. I am not denying ready to handle all the traffic during the Mr. FULBRIGHT. That is not in an expenditure for the seaway. The winter months, and then be practically question here. Senator keep:> getting off the track. The idle in the summertime. I think we Mr. LEHMAN. No; the waterway will Senator will have the seaway. If we must consider where the railroads come be built. I believe it would be to the could make a trade with Canada by in to the picture. I know the Govern­ very great advantage of the United saying, "We will give you $105 million ment has done a great deal to help rail­ States to be a full partner with Canada if we can persuade you to come up with roads that have been in trouble. We in the undertaking, and not to allow $105 million for the Arkansas," we would authorize increases in their rates about ourselves to be a reluctant brother of all be satisfied. every other week, it seems to me, and Canada, by not going along with her in The difficulty is that the Senator from have done so for years, because they get the construction of the seaway. New York keeps getting off the subject, into difficulties for one reason or an- , Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator again by trying to make it appear that we other. But I do not think there is any are trying w deny him something. I point in my going into that situation. comes back to the real point I am mak­ ing: It is a question of pride and con­ am not arguing to deny the Senator The only question is, If the canal is to ceit on the part of the United States. the seaway. be built, should we put our money into That is all there is to it. I agree that it Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will the it? is harder, politicaily,-to spend that much Senator yield for another question? Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will money to satisfy pride and conceit. Mr. FULBRIGHT. I will yield for an­ the Senator yield? Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will other question, but before doing so I Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. the Senator further yield? wish to make one comment. Mr. LEHMAN. I did not hear the en­ I insist that when Senators begin to tire speech of the Senator from Arkan­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. talk about appropriations for the Ar­ sas, but I did understand him to say that Mr. LEHMAN. I deny that it is a kansas River, such appropriations must Canada, although willing to accept the question of pride. I claim it is a ques­ be judged on whether the project is a United States as a partner, is not tion of self-interest--of vital self-in­ cood one or is not. anxious to have us as a partner; that, terest. We have before us for consider­ But no one questions that the St. Law­ as a matter of fact, Canada would much ation a great project, which will open rence Seaway will be built. The Sen­ prefer to undertake the project alone, up a large area of our country. It is &. ator is going to have it. It will do all without having the United States join project which will add to the defense and the things the Senator says it will do, them in this undertaking. It seems to security of the continent. about opening up this and that. But me that that is pretty significant. If We have an opportunity to play a real that is not the question. The question that statement is accurate, there must and very important part in the develop­ simply is, Who is going to pay for it? be a reason why Canada is anxious to ment of the project. Yet we are saying It was to my surprise that I heard that construct this project all by itself but I to Canada, for whom I have the greatest Canada has said she will pay for it. I am not convinced that the Senator from re3pect, affection, and regard, "You take never dreamed she would. It is hard to Arkansas was well informed in the it and do what you want with it. We convince me that she will. Yet the statement which he read. are not going to claim any position in Senator from Wisconsin has assured and Mr. FULBRIGHT. Did the Senator the matter. We are not making claim guaranteed me that she will. Everyone from New York hear what I read? to having any voice in the administra­ else says she will. So how is the Sena­ Mr. LEHMAN. Yes, I did. The en­ tion of the seaway. We are not going to tor from New York injured? tire amount involved in the project pro­ claim any voice in the setting of tolls. Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will the posed in the bill is $105 million. We We will not claim any voice in the build­ Senator yield for a question? believe the project will be self-sustain­ ing of defenses for the security of the Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield for a ques­ ing, a project that will be self-sustaining continent." tion. as are the great power development proj­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Merely for the Mr. LEHMAN. Does the Senator from ects in the northwestern area of our sake of saving a hundred million dollars. Arkansas deny that if we permit Canada country, and far more self-sustaining Mr. LEHMAN. No; not a hundred to build the waterway without partici­ than, at least, some other projects, for million dollars. The Senator from Ar­ pation by the United States, the United instance, for the widening and flood con­ kansas may be very humorous at the States will have no voice whatsoever trol of the Arkansas River and similar expense of the Senator from New York, with regard to the administration of the projects. but I do not think he is at all convinc­ canal, with regard to the tolls on the The United Stat~s has a great stake ing. We are not admitting that we are canal, with regard to steps that must be in the St. Lawrence Seaway. It is to the throwing away $105 million. We do not taken for the defense of this Continent advantage of the United States to be a acknowledge that we shall be throwing and the added security of the country? partner with Canada in this develop­ away $105 million, or even $5 million. Mr. FULBRIGHT. I hesitate to labor ment. It is a great defense measure. we believe the project will be self-sus- this point before the Senate, because I CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE 435 covered it in detail, I think, in discussing Mr: LEHMAN. They were very ob- ­ sin [Mr. WrLEY] assumed a moment ago ·the question of treaty rights. Our treaty jectionable, and I am as critical of them that the entire river comprised the rights are quite clear as to tolls. Can­ as is the Senator from Arkansas. How­ boundary, when they were talking about ada cannot impose on us charges differ­ ever, that is not what we are consider­ Canada's possible intimidation of this ent from those she herself must pay. ing at this time. I am not for a moment country, for no valid reason. If we As the Senator knows, under the afraid that this country is going to do enter into this project, this country will treaty no tolls at all are charged. But anything of an unfriendly nature with have no control over the great portion further than that, further than the regard to Canada. I am not afraid that of the river that is not a boundary. legal rights, the Senator well knows, Canada is ever going to do anything un­ Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. Is it not from the quotation of a statement by friendly to this country. We have lived logical to assume that, the first thing Mr. Chevrier, that Canada cannot af- together in complete harmony for 150 we know, American equipment will be ·ford to be unfriendly to the United ·years. There is not a blockhouse or a taken and American boys will be called States. Canada is a country having a pillbox or a warship on the St. Lawrence from their homes 3.nd stationed along population smaller than that of the State River or on the Great Lakes. I am not the whole stretch of the seaway? which the Senator from New York in afraid of that possibility. Mr. FULBRIGHT. I think that sug­ part represents. I believe Canada's However, I have never known of an gestion is quite irrelevant, as are a good population is at present less than the instance, in the entire history of mod­ many of the other points made. There population of the State of New York. ern times, in which any country has will­ is only one real question, and that is The idea that Canada would take an ingly surrendered its rights on a river whether we should insist on putting this ~mtagonistic attitude and would tell us which is a boundary line between it and country's money into the project. I see where to get off is ridiculous. another country, no matter how friend­ no advantage in doing that except as a The entire reason why I think Canada ly that country might be-a river that is little salve to our wounded pride when would rather build the seaway them­ a great navigational highway, that car­ we think of another country doing some­ selves is in accord with the item I read ries at the present time, and will carry thing without our a f: sistance. a · moment ago. I believe they would in the future, scores of millions of tons Mr. LONG. Will the Senator yield? rather do it themselves so as to have, at of freight, and is a means of entry into Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield for a ques­ least, some freedom of action of their this country-! have never known of any tion. own, and not prejudice their action as country's being willing to do that, and I Mr. LONG. A question was asked was indicated recently in a statement cannot conceive that this country is will­ about the self-liquidating features of the to the effect that their Secretary of State ingly going to surrender its rights, rights proposed canal. Does the Senator know may be a Communist, and in our talking which it has always had and rights which of a successful toll canal on the entire to them about Gouzenko. · I pray to God it will always have, in con­ North American Continent or in the But small as Canada is in population, nection with the St. Lawrence River. ·entire Western Hemisphere between and thus relatively weak, I can see where Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. Will the North and South America? she would have a little pride and would Senator from Arkansas yield? Mr. FULBRIGHT. No; I do not know be delighted to act unilaterally in con­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield the floor, if of any, but the aspect that makes me nection with the St. Lawrence Seaway, the Senator desires that. very skeptical about the St. Lawrence because Canada happens to be efficient Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. I should project being self-liquidating is the fact in the operation of her Government, and like to have the Senator's comment on a that it will be used only a little more is a prosperous nation. She can afford thought which for the first time has than 6 months of the year. If there to act independently, and I can well come into the debate today, namely, should be such a canal as the Senator understand why she would be willing to that this country should contribute to from Louisiana inquires about, I am sure do so. If·we insist on intervening and this project so that it can take part in it would not be frozen up half the time. bossing and pushing them around, we the financing of the works, not only the works we are going to build with $105 Mr. LONG. Will the Senator yield can do it. If we insist on taking over further? · the canal, we can ·do it. But we are not million, but along the whole stretch of going to do that so long as we have any the St. Lawrence from Lake Erie to the Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. sense at all. sea. Has there been any estimate of Mr. LONG. There is another point at The Senator does not believe for a mo­ ·what part of the seaway this country will issue. One of the reasons given to jus­ ment that Canada is going to charge be asked to take care of, and, if this tify the self-liquidating argument was American shippers exorbitant fees. If country is asked to take care of it, what that vast cargoes of iron ore would be the fees get out of line in comparison it would cost the American taxpayers? moved over the seaway. A second argu­ with present charges o:ri ·the railroads, Mr. FULBRIGHT. I do not know of ment was that there would be a com­ American shippers will not use the canal. any estimate. This country has no right petitive rate established. For example, The shippers do not have to use the to do anything about that. That is fully on page 83 of the House hearings figures canal, as the Senator knows. In order within the control of Canada. The were set forth to show that in shipping to attract the traffic the Senator men­ pending bill gives us no right in that re­ iron ore to Pittsburgh by way of Balti­ tioned a moment ago, Canada is going gard. more, going by sea to Baltimore and from to keep the fees within reason. Canada Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. I have Baltimore to Pittsburgh by rail, the cost is not going to cut its own throat and heard two Senators say this afternoon by water would be $4.78. On the other drive traffic away. That is not a ques­ that we should spend $105 million so hand, it was set forth that by using the tion at all. There are many questions that we could open up the Treasury for seaway it would be possible to reduce the involved, but I do not believe that the the defense, not of the international sec­ cost to Pittsburgh to $4.15. By going Senator in his heart feels that Canada tion, but of the whole seaway. How can through the St. Lawrence route there is going to- start pushing us around. this country underwrite an undertaking would be a saving of.63 cents, of which 50 The sole question involved comes down of that kind unless it knows something cents would be erased by the toll, leaving to that of our own pride and conceit, about it? a net saving of 13 cents to transport the and the feeling that this country is so Mr. FULBRIGHT. I think there is iron ore to Pittsburgh. rich and big that we cannot afford to let much misapprehension and misunder­ Senators know that the railroads anything be done without using Ameri­ standing about the whole matter, which would reduce their rates to retain their can money. I am perfectly willing to I have seen indicated in the newspapers business in the face of such competition trust Canada to treat us right. and otherwise, namely, that the St. Law­ as that. All Senators know as well as I Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will rence River is an international boundary. do that when a waterway is constructed the Senator yield? That is the impression which has been railroads make enormous reductions in Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. left. Actually, the river is a boundary their rates. Sometimes they reduce Mr. LEHMAN. I fully agree with the for only a very small portion of its their rates as much as 50 percent in or­ statements of the Senator from Arkansas length. Canada is quite free to do as she der to retain business they might other­ regarding some of the recent comments · pleases in the portion not so Involved. wise lose. such reduced rates are called about our neighbor . to the north. Canada will have freedom o{ action. I water-compelled rates, because they re­ Mr.- FULBRIGHT. They were very think the Senator from New York . [Mr. sult from water transportation competi­ objectionable. LEHMAN] and the Senator from Wiscon- tion. .436 CONGRESSIONAL . RECORD- SEN: ATE January 19 Consideration has not been given to will use it.'' But what honesty is there certainly would not be in the interest of the fact that the railroads would reduce in such an attitude? Canada and the our security. Neither woul<;l it be in the their rates because of the water competi­ United States today are working to­ interest of a sound economy or of a tion, which means that much of the ton­ gether for the security of the North strong nation, to force an uneconomic nage which it is anticipated will move American Continent. Toward that enq, means of transportation to be used. Mr. over the projected seaway will not ma­ canada and the United States are coop­ President, I am sorry that some persons terialize. erating in many projects, including the arid some groups, including the eastern Mr. FULBRIGHT. I agree with the construction of airports. The United railroads, take such a short-sighted view Senator that it is doubtful whether it States is cooperating with Canada in the of this situation. Most of the railroads would be of financial benefit. There is construction of bridges and the develop­ go along with the St. Lawrence Seaway only one way by which to assure that it ment of aviation facilities along our project. Only a few of the eastern rail­ would not cost us anything, and that is borders and in the planning of interna­ roads take such an unspeakably un.­ to withdraw the bill. tional highways. We must cooperate sound attitude toward our national de­ Mr. AIKEN. Will the Senator yield? with Canada in every way, including velopment and the furtherance of our Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield to the Sen­ construction of the great st. Lawrence national security. ator from Vermont. Seaway, because that is for our mutual Let us consider for a moment the op­ Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, I have security-not for Canadian security position of the New England railroads to spoken so much on the subject of the St. alone, not for the security of the the St. Lawrence seaway. I do not know Lawrence Seaway during the past 10 or United States alone. how stupid they think the Members of 12 years that I doubt that anything I Mr. President, we have cooperated Congress may be; but I know that repre­ might say now would add anything to with Canada in the construction of radar sentatives of the New England railroads what I have already stated heretofore. installations all the way from the 45th have communicated with certain Mem­ Mr. WILEY. Will the Senator from parallel, which passes through my state bers of Congress from the New England Vermont yield? of Vermont, almost to the Arctic Ocean. States, to the effect that if they succeed Mr. AIKEN. I yield. We must continue to cooperate with in blocking the St. Lawrence Seaway, it Mr. WILEY. Did the Senator hear the Canada. will be possible to have Labrador ore last remark of the Senator from Ar­ I am very sorry that some of the come to Boston, and then be transported kansas? groups opposed to the St. Lawrence sea­ on their railroads to the steel plants of Mr. AIKEN. No. I did not. way-the construction of which, as has the Midwest. Mr. WILEY. I would like to ask a been said, is inevitable, regardless of who Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will question, because it simply shows that constructs it-have taken the position the Senator from Vermont yield to me? the Senator from Arkansas is not think­ they have. We might say that today the Mr. AIKEN. I yield. ing the problem through. The Sena­ opposition emanates from the ports of Mr. FULBRIGHT. Does the Senator tor from Arkansas says that the only Boston, New York, Baltimore, and New from Vermont question the statement way the St. Lawrence project will not Orleans. We may add to them certain which has been made, namely, that the cost this country any money is by not railroad interests who have been in­ St. Lawrence Seaway will be conducted, joining with the Canadians. I should veigled into that position by the rail­ regardless of whether the pending bill is like to ask who is going to pay the freight roads and the investment houses located passed? on the major portion of the traffic which in eastern cities. Mr. AIKEN. I agree. will pass through the canal? Is it Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will the Mr. FULBRIGHT. Does the Senator United States shipping? Senator from Vermont yield to me? from Vermont agree that the St. Law­ Mr. AIKEN. In answer to the ques­ The PRESIDING OFFICER

a 27-foot channel, although, as a Sen~ sin, that this matter probably has much positions in our Defense Department ator, you had authority to strike out the to do with weakening my opposition to have come before committees of the figure '27' and insert the figure '35,' and his bill. It is the question of na tiona! Senate and subjected themselves to the then to take action to increase the defense. most searching cross-examination. They amount of money provided." I am no swivel-chair general, and I made a very good case against the entire so, Mr. President, it is apparent that am no "Quartermaster Corps rest" project, on the ground that it would be this subject is going to be before Con­ corporal. I served for several years in completely indefensible. On the other gress for quite a while. I remember a the Army as a private, as a corporal, as a hand, the persons upon whom the Sena­ fellow who was in jail in my hometown. sergeant, and as a "shavetail.'' I served tor relies do not come before the com­ The jail was in the middle of the court­ both overseas and in the United States. mittee. They write letters. They did house square. As I went by, he saw me; But I do not pretend to be, and I do not not give me the opportunity to cross­ he knew me. I said to him, "What are set myself up as being, an authority in examine them. you in there for?" the field of national security and na­ Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. Nash appeared He told me. tional defense. I do not pretend to be officially and testified officially before the I asked him, "For how long?" a scholarly lawyer, but I do say that if committee, as recorded in the hearings. He replied, "From now on." [Laugh­ the average citizen wishes to know some­ Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. Mr. Nash ter.] thing about the law he had better go to is the only one who did so. Many others So, Mr. President, this subject will be a lawyer. If one develops logoes on the did not come before the committee. In with us from now on, for quite a long bogoes, the heebie-jeebies, housemaid's years past persons who have held the time. Certainly, we do not go back on knee, or water on a kidney, he goes to a most responsible positions in our De­ these projects when once they are doctor. When I wish to know some­ fense Establishment have come before undertaken. thing about national defense, there is committees of the Senate and have told So should we support with our voices only one place to go. I go to men who us that this project would be completely and our votes a proposal for a 27-foot are expert and skilled in that field, and indefensible. Indeed, the man who was channel, or should we think seriously of who can speak with a degree of author­ in charge of knocking out the Eder Dam what it will cost to build a 36-foot chan­ ity. and the Mohn Dam in Germany was one nel, either now or in the future? This is a question which bothers me of those men. He was a very eminent Mr. President, I do not give the Senate somewhat. man in the air branch of our defense. the answer to that question. I simply Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. Mr. Presi­ He said that if one lock in the proposed ask what we want to do about that mat­ dent, will the Senator yield? canal were to be knocked out-which ter now, because, I think, it is important. Mr. DIRKSEN. I yield. could be easily done if the enemy felt Then there is the question of control. Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. What does that it was hurting him in any way­ I think it has been thoroughly over­ the Senator do when there is equally traffic in both directions would be tied emphasized in one case, and under­ good authority on both sides of the ques­ up. Ships in the lakes could not get emphasized in another. I do not believe tion? out, and ships outside could not get in. there is actually any control we might Mr. DIRKSEN. Let us consider that Moreover, the admiral who was in lose. One cannot lose control he does question for a moment. Probably the charge of our submarine defense testified not have. As you know, Mr. President, best authority I know, and the man who that the Gulf of the St. Lawrence is a 1,070 miles of this waterway and the would necessarily speak with authority, haven for enemy submarines. He said Weiland Canal and the outlet are under would be Mr. Nash, of the Defense De­ that there was a great deal of submarine the jurisdiction and sovereignty of partment. He appeared before the com­ activity in the Gulf of the St. Lawrence. Canada. I have not seen in the bill or in mittee of the Senator from Wisconsin and, indeed, that the number of kills in the hearings or in the discussion any­ [Mr. WILEY], and his testimony will be that area, considering the number of thing to indicate that we could get con­ found on page 528 of the hearings. He is ships traversing that waterway, was very trol by dredging for 64 miles and deep­ Assistant Secretary of Defense for Na­ great. ening a channel to the extent of 46 miles tional Security Affairs. It is fair to as­ I say that we must give some credence in the International Rapids section. sume that Mr. Nash must have consulted to the statements of such men. No one Nothing like that is before us. So the with many experts and authorities in the doubts that the problem is perplexing. whole element of control is over­ Department of Defense with respect to I do not believe that we can assume that emphasized. the security attributes of this program. all the expert authority is on one side. r If there be any doubt on that score, They believe that it is, not necessarily Mr. DIRKSEN. There is an answer then let us examine the provisions of indispensable, but conducive to the de­ to my good friend from Maryland, if he section 12 which relate to tolls and fense of the country. will indulge me as I comment. I re­ charges, because there the Development Mr. Nash makes manifest a number of member the lines which Shakespeare Corporation is directed to negotiate for reasons. One in particular is that our wrote long ago, to the effect that the measurement rules, tolls, and charges; first line of defense, of course, is the devil can cite Scripture to his purpose. and then the following is set forth: homefront, and that to make the home­ So I suppose anyone can find people In the event that such negotiations shall front sound and effective in time of con­ with varying degrees of authority to be not result in agreement, the Corporation is flict we must have material. So the de­ in his corner, on one side of a proposition authorized and directed to establish unilat­ fense experts are obviously looking to­ or on the other. However, if 100 per­ erally such rules of measurement and rates ward deposits of ore in Labrador which sons came from the Defense Depart­ of charges or tolls for the use of the works could be brought down to the United under its administration. ment, they would not be more persuasive States, and which could be pretty well than one person by the name Nash, the Mr. President, the word "unilaterally" defended and shielded, as distinguished Assistant Secretary, who appeared be­ is a wonderful word. I like such poly .. from ore which might come out of the fore the committee. He is clothed with syllabic words that trip up my tongue. mountain in Venezuela which was authority to speak for the Defense Es­ [Laughter.] opened last week. So we have a defense tablishment. He was instructed, di­ However, unilaterally simply means a factor in that situation. One would have rected, and indoctrinated as to the de­ one-sided deal or arrangement. and a right to assume that those experts fense aspects of the question. He re­ nothing else. speak with authority on the subject. I lated the story. As a matt~r of fact, he Let us see what would happen. If we am always reluctant to place myself in probably simplified the testimony by so did not obtain such an agreement, of the position of quarreling with those who doing, course we would have to proceed on our ought to know very much more about a 'Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. Rather own, but only for so much as comes subject than I do. than having a man who had been briefed under our jurisdiction and control. Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. Mr. Presi­ and indoctrinated come before the com­ That is the important thing to note, and dent, will the Senator yield? mittee, why did we not have the man who I think it should be made abundantly Mr. DIRKSEN. I yield. made the first judgment appear. Why clear. Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. The Sen­ was not the head of the Defense Estab­ Now I come to a matter which gives me ator speaks of the persons who hold lishment called? Why was not the man concern, Mr. President. I wish to say those positions as of today. However, who would be charged with the defense to my friend, the Senator from Wiscon- in the past men who have held very high of these works summoned to testify? 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 443 Why does the Defense Establishment the railroads, and others, including an with which I thought I could rebut and send to the committee an Assistant Sec­ admiral, got together and testified on be- refute his conclusions. retary, who probably, up to the time he half of the railroads. There is no ques- Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. Mr. Pres- entered the Defense Department, had tion about that. The record so shows. ident, will the Senator yield? nothing whatever to do with defense? But if we look into the record we find Mr. DIRKSEN. I yield. Mr. DIRKSEN. I presume that Mr. that Mr. Patterson and.other Secretaries Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. Let me Nash could testify as competently and have testified that this project is needed say to the distinguished Senator from as fully as could Mr. Wilson if he were in . the national defense. Illinois that I do not relish disagreeing brought before the committee. The distinguished Senator from Illi- with the President of the United States Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. All he nois did not limit the discussion entirely on the pending proposal. I have the could do was to parrot what someone to the question of bombardment. He greatest respect for his ability to judge had told him as a fact. Why did not spoke of the imperative need of opening the value of projects. the men who make the final decisions the waterway so that ore could be However, the simple question I have come here and testify? brought to the Middle West, to Chicago, asked of the Senator from Illinois is Mr. DIRKSEN. The answer is very Pittsburgh, and other industrial centers, this: If we follow a pattern for the simple, of ceurse. When all is said and in peacetime, in preparation for defense, building of our defense establishments, done, our security policy is finally as well as in tim~ of war. why do we forsake that pattern now? shaped by the National Security Council. Mr. BUTLER of Maryland. Mr. Presi- If this waterway is to be an adjunct The National Security Council has ex­ dent, will the Senator from Illinois yield? to defense, and if it possesses the de- pressed the hope that there will be fa­ The PRESIDING OFFICER United States of a short sec- . tJle iron ore, without which some Mem­ States markets. It is true the United tion of a .very l.ong seaway would n~t only . bers of the Senate claim this country is States would benefit in some small meas-, add to the overall construction costs, but going to decline and _fall. ure, also, but the advantage flowing to would complicate problems of maintenance· In the second place, ·however, there is us from, the construction of this .project · and operation of the canal system. no recognized possibility that the steel would be minute indeed when compared Lord Howe concluded, Mr. President, mills of this country_ will have to close to those accruing to the Canadians. as follows: up shop due to a lack of_suitable iron The proponents of the seaway have It seems obvious to me that continued ore, even if the St. Lawrence Seaway is placed themselves in a paradoxical situ­ . ownership by one -national authority of the not built. ation, Mr. President. They tell us in one entire seaway represents the most efficient Mr. LONG. Mr. President, will my procedure. Canada can hardly march if it colleague yield to me? breath that the Canadians are our good is to be handicapped by a serious lack of friends. They say to us, "Do not worry internal transportation. I regard an ade-· The PRESIDING OFFICER ted on and north of - the ident, that Chile offers another source of us the prospect of cheap transporta- northern boundary of the State of Tennessee 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 449 and on and north of the southern boundary Colorado, Kansas, Nebr~ska, Utah, North and ties for the sum of $5,13'1.92, evidence of how of the States of Missouri and Kansas-and South Dakota, Minnesota, and other large limited these facilities had developed. also the important producing, shipping and beet-producing areas, as well as in Louisiana, In the past 50 years the port has expended consuming territory as far west as Colorado, -a large sugarcane-producing State. Ocean ll. total of over $50 million, plus interest for such as Denver, Pueblo, Colorado Springs, transport over the seaway would destroy in~ improvements. Bonds, backed by the faith Colo., and the territory north and east -vestments in sugar refineries in Colorado, and credit of the State of Louisiana, fur­ thereof. From and to this northern Missis~ Maryland, New York, Georgia, Utah, Ne­ nished the funds for these improvements, sippi Valley territory New Orleans now en­ braska, Kansas, and Louisiana because of the and on June 30, 1950, the end of the last joys a substantial volume of foreign com'­ refining of imported foreign-produced raw fiscal year, the outstanding bonded indebt­ merce both import and export. The volume sugar so close to the centers of midwestern edness of the port of New Orlea-ns, plus in­ of this tonnage for the fiscal year July 1, population. Imported refined sugars would terest, at maturity totaled $30,238,012.50. On 1949, through June 30, 1950, the most recent also monopolize these important markets. June 30, 1951, the port will pay on its debt period for which statistics are available, is In opposing the seaway we are not moti­ $2,712,450 and for many years will be paying set forth on exhibit 1 annexed hereto, which vated by any desire to deprive the Midwest on this debt over $2 million annually. I respectfully ask be copied into the RECORD. of the benefits of ocean transportation. The growth and expansion of the port Commodities produced in southern terri­ Should the seaway be constructed not only has been steady and gradual, but this could tory adjacent to New Orleans and moving would New Orleans lose a very substantial not have occurred without facilities, im­ for export to foreign countries ·consist tonnage, but a similar loss would be experi­ provements, and promotion. principally of raw materials such as lumber, enced by New York and North Atlantic I point out now some comparisons which staves, salt, cement,-grain, fiour, leaf toba-eco, ports, in fact the entire range of ports from indicate the growth of the port: cotton and petroleum products. The princi­ Portland, Maine, to Brownsville, Tex., would The year 1901 saw a total of 1,674 sea­ pal movement of export grain through New be seriously affected, as the Midwest is the going vessels entering the port, with a gross Orleans consists of corn originating in Illi­ principal source of export and import traffic. tonnage of 4,318,223; nois and Iowa and wheat originating in the .Those who have told you that the seaway - The fiscal year ending August 31, 1929, Midwest. This export movement of corn would not harm New Orleans have overlooked showed 3,157 seagoing vessels entering the and wheat would be lost to the port should or disregarded this important fact. port with 12,454,641 gross tons; the seaway project be developed and the The fiscal year ending-June 1950 showed predictions of its proponents come true. The Mr. ELLENDER. I also ask unani­ 3,212 deep-sea vessels arriving at this port, development of the St. Lawrence Seaway mous consent to have printed in the with a gross tonnage of 19,809,991. project would result in New Orleans losing RECORD at this point as a part of my re­ Most of these vessels made use of the port's a substantial portion of the foreign com.:. 7Y:! miles of wharves and transit sheds, and merce that is now moving through this port ·marks a statement before the Public the dollar volume of world trade.which passed and that originates in and is consigned to Works-Committee of the House of Repre­ over the port's facilities will total more than northern Mississippi Valley territory-and sentatives on the St. Lawrence project, $1 Y-l billion when the 1950 statistics are final- this tonnage is very substantial. April 16, 1951, by Mr. Lewis I. Bourgeois; ly compiled. · The loss of this foreign commerce would ·director of commerce, ·port of New Or­ The facillties and harbor installations of seriously and adversely affect the steamship leans, La. the port of New Orleans represent the in­ lines and the steamship services operating There being no objection, the state­ vestment of the people of the State of Lou­ from New Orleans to foreign ports, particu­ isiana, but such investments were based larly to Central America, South America, and ment was ordered· to be printed in the upon the location of the port, its relation­ Africa. As a matter of fact, in many cases a RECORD, as follows: ship to the midcontinent, its anticipation of number of our steamship services would be . My name is Lewis I. Bourgeois. I am world trade in this area, and its God-given seriously curtailed and possibly abando~ed. director of commerce of the board of com­ natural advantages. The people of Louisi­ The loss of this tonnage and the resulting missioners of the port of New Orleans. Prior ana never expected, and had a right not to effect upon our steamship services would se­ to this, I was general agent at New Orleans expect, that the Government of the United riously and adversely affect producers, man­ for the Federal Barge Lines, and was con­ States, through its national legislative body, ufacturers, shippers, and receivers located in nected with that transportation agency in would create a project, at huge costs, to com­ Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, various capacities for over 25 years. pete with their port facilities and to en­ and Texas, who must depend upon the port · I appear here today ·in behalf of the port danger their important investments therein. of New Orleans and other southern ports and of New Orleans, and its administrative body, To retire its bonded indebtedness, main­ the steamship services now maintained from the board of commissioners, an agency of the tain its facilities, carry on its operations, and and to the port of New Orleans and other State of Louisiana, for the purpose of op­ promote its traffic, it is imperative that the southern ports as outlets for their goods posing the legislation now before the Con­ port preserve its revenues and earn a profit shipped to foreign markets, and as inlets for ·gress on the St. Lawrence Waterway project. from the operation of its facilities. To d() goods they purchase in foreign countries. This project will divert ships and cargo from this it must continue to attract the move­ Thes~ producers and shippers deman~ and the port of New Orleans, will create little ment of imports and exports. Any serioua require frequent and adequate steamship new traffic, and will add to the enormous decrease in ship arrivals and traffic move­ services to transport their goods to and from debt of this country at a time when tax­ ment would impair an important percentage foreign markets. If New Orleans and other payers are struggling under tax burdens they of its operating revenue and would seriously gulf as well as South Atlantic ports are made 'may no longer accept or endure. affect the orderly retirement of its bonds. to depend upon cargo originating only in the The creation of this expensive and high­ A loss of revenue consequently must result States bordering on and adjacent to the Gulf cost waterway will impair and affect ad­ in imposing burdens upon the taxpayers, the and South Atlantic, there would not be suf­ ·versely the business, progress, and particu­ people of New Orle·ans, and of Louisiana, be­ ficient cargo originating at or destined to larly the revenue of the port of New Orleans cause bonds and interest must be paid as they this territory to enable steamship operators and its governing agency, the board, and become due, and the income' for this pur­ to maintain adequate and dependable wm depress the economy of the people living pose, whenever insufficient from operations, services from and to foreign countries. ln the port area. must of necessity be realized from taxes. Another important fact to be considered New Orleans is an old city as communities Such tax imposition and burden, saddled is, supposing the steamship lines operating are rated in this new country. The city upon the people of New Orleans and of Lou-­ out of New Orleans and the gulf and South ·had a great trade before the Constitution -isiana, by an act of the Federal Govern­ Atlantic would lose the high revenue paying was adopted. It has a great trade today, ment, is unjust in two directions. First, in. cargo originating in northern Mississippi built up by the large number of ocean ves­ that the State must impose taxes to replace Valley territory-they would be faced with sels which are attracted by the splendid loss of revenue which must result from the the necessity of charging higher ocean rates facilities which the people of New Orleans subsidized operation and construction of the on the raw materials which they handle and the State of Louisiana created to handle St. Lawrence Waterway project; and second, which originate in the territory adjacent to the great volume of commerce which fiows in that the people who are taxed by the State the gulf and Atlantic in order to maintain ·north and south, to and from the great mid­ also pay the Federal taxes which must pro­ any sort of steamship service from New continent of the United States. Prior to duce the revenue to pay for the huge costs Orleans and the Gulf-South Atlantic to Cen:­ ·1896, the wharves and facilities on the river­ of the St. Lawrence project; because it will tral American, South American, and other front of the port were leased and privately take generations to pay tolls sufficient to pay foreign countries. ·operated, but this resulted in little or no back, if ever, all the funds used by this Gov­ There is cause for concern not merely to improvements. There were few wharves, the ernment for construction. the ports located along the gulf and Atlantic·, majority of which were poorly built open This project will divert import-export trad'3 but to interior producing points. Comple­ from the port of New Orleans, and particu­ wharves. On July 9, 1896, an act of the tion of the seaway would make it possible· to larly that moving in foreign-fiag ships. Let transport raw sugar to ports located on the ·state legislature created. the board of com­ there be no misunderstanding ·about that, Great Lakes. - · · missioners of the port of New Orleans, the -because even today, with the shallow draft of It takes little imagination to picture the agency which now owns, controls, and op­ the present waterway, ships unload part of disturbance which the erection of sugar re­ erates public wharves and facilities on the their cargo at Montreal and then proceed to fineries at points like Chicago, Cleveland, or Mississippi River near the gulf. Under this ports on the Great Lakes. _ A deeper water­ other lake ports would cause in the sugar­ law, the board took possession in that same way will permit fully loaded ships to proceed producing States of the Middle West, such as- year, and acquired the then existing facili- without stopping at Montreal. We know C-29 450 CONGRESSIONAL · RECORD- SENATE January 19 that forelgn-fiae ships from Europe and loss in its economy. Not only will the peo­ nage would seriously upset. the economy of South America already are going all the way ple directly engaged in port business activi­ all of these interests and bring chaos in the into Chicago and they will do so in growing ties be affected, but the retailers, the whole­ entire transportation rate setup of the Mis­ numbers. This waterway project will com­ salers, the shopkeepers, the professional sissippi Valley, and eventually affect the nor­ pete with the entire Mississippi-Ohio-Illinois men, and the laborers will also feel the blow, mal mainte.nance and successful operation and Missouri barge system, an all-Ameri­ and this will come to another $100 million in · of all the gulf ports, with the port of New can inland waterway .system on which our indirect losses. Orleans a major sufferer. Government invested millions of dollars for All large cities 1n this Nation are ports We know of no seaport in this country that construction and maintenance. These Amer­ located on some lake or river or sea. They favors this project. · We do know that the ican waterways have yet to reach their ca:­ have grown and expanqed because th.ey are American Association of Port Authorities has pacity. The barge lines have reason to be so located. But no port in the Nation can resolved against it; and that the Gulf Ports alarmed about this C (9). soine progress on the pending bill. Section 2· of the bill we have intro­ Constitution, the Court held that the field of foreign relations needs no express The PRESIDING OFFICER. What is duced would amend this ·provision of the pleasure of the Senate? law by including_"violating or conspir­ grant. ing to violate the provisions of title 18, But this case did more than provide a United States Code, sections 2383 or constitutional base for expatriation as RECESS 2385, or engaging in a conspiracy in vio· a necessary power in connection with lation of title 18, United States Code, the conduct of foreign relations. It in­ Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I section 2384, if and when he is convicted dicated that expatriation, while it could move that the Senate take a recess until thereof by a court martial or by a court not be arbitrarily imposed, could be im­ 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. of competent. jurisdiction," as additional poseP, .bY the United States as a comie-:­ The motion was agreed to; and (at 5 grounds for loss of nationality. quence of a voluntary act of a person. o'clock and 38 minutes p. m.) the Senate The bill we have introduced, then, took a recess until tomorrow, Wednes­ Section 2383 of title 18 of the United day, January 20, 1954, at 12 o'cloek States Code makes it a crime to incite, follows that case in setting forth certain meridian. . set on foot, or engage in a rebellion or conditions which, when voluntarily en­ insurrection against the authority of the tered into, will result in loss of natiomil­ United States or its laws. Section 2384 ity and expatriation. CONFIRMATIONS makes it a crime for any person subject We believe the bill is constitutional, Executive nominations confirmed by to the jurisdiction of the United States that it contains suftlcient safeguards for the Senate, January 19 (legislative day to conspire to overthrow or destroy the the protection of the loyal citizen and of January 7), 1954: Government of the United States or to will enable the Nation to protect itself DEPARTMENT OF LABOR levy war upon them. Section 2385, the against those who seek our ruin. James P. Mitchell, of New Jersey, to be Smith act, makes it a crime to know­ We hope it will receive an early hear­ Secretary of Labor. . ingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise i:Qg. Alice K. Leopold; of Connecticut, to be or teach the duty, necessity, desirability Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ Director of the· Women's Bureau, Depart­ or propriety of overthrowing or destroy­ sent to have the text of the bill printed ment of Laboz:. ing the Government of the United States. in the RECORD at this point in my re­ DEPARTKENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND These three statutes are ·related and marks. WELFARE may in some respects overla.p. This bill The PRESIDING. OFFICER . Is there objection? to be Commissioner of Education.