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When Is a Microprocessor Not a Microprocessor? the Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I
Ross Bassett When is a Microprocessor not a Microprocessor? The Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I In the early 1990s an integrated circuit first made in 1969 and thus ante dating by two years the chip typically seen as the first microprocessor (Intel's 4004), became a microprocessor for the first time. The stimulus for this piece ofindustrial alchemy was a patent fight. A microprocessor patent had been issued to Texas Instruments, and companies faced with patent infringement lawsuits were looking for prior art with which to challenge it. 2 This old integrated circuit, but new microprocessor, was the ALl, designed by Lee Boysel and used in computers built by his start-up, Four-Phase Systems, established in 1968. In its 1990s reincarnation a demonstration system was built showing that the ALI could have oper ated according to the classic microprocessor model, with ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), and I/O (Input/ Output) forming a basic computer. The operative words here are could have, for it was never used in that configuration during its normal life time. Instead it was used as one-third of a 24-bit CPU (Central Processing Unit) for a series ofcomputers built by Four-Phase.3 Examining the ALl through the lenses of the history of technology and business history puts Intel's microprocessor work into a different per spective. The differences between Four-Phase's and Intel's work were industrially constructed; they owed much to the different industries each saw itselfin.4 While putting a substantial part ofa central processing unit on a chip was not a discrete invention for Four-Phase or the computer industry, it was in the semiconductor industry. -
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor Swetha Kogatam Computer Science Department San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 408-924-1000 [email protected] ABSTRACT timed sequence through the bus system to output devices such as The world's first microprocessor, the 4004, was co-developed by CRT Screens, networks, or printers. In some cases, the terms Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of calculators, and Intel, a U.S. 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the manufacturer of semiconductors. The basic architecture of 4004 same device. was developed in August 1969; a concrete plan for the 4004 The different ways in which microprocessors are categorized are: system was finalized in December 1969; and the first microprocessor was successfully developed in March 1971. a) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) Microprocessors, which became the "technology to open up a new b) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) era," brought two outstanding impacts, "power of intelligence" and "power of computing". First, microprocessors opened up a new a) VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word Computers) "era of programming" through replacing with software, the b) Super scalar processors hardwired logic based on IC's of the former "era of logic". At the same time, microprocessors allowed young engineers access to "power of computing" for the creative development of personal 2. BIRTH OF THE MICROPROCESSOR computers and computer games, which in turn led to growth in the In 1970, Intel introduced the first dynamic RAM, which increased software industry, and paved the way to the development of high- IC memory by a factor of four. -
Microprocessors in the 1970'S
Part II 1970's -- The Altair/Apple Era. 3/1 3/2 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.1: A graphical history of personal computers in the 1970’s, the MITS Altair and Apple Computer era. Microprocessors in the 1970’s 3/3 Figure 3.2: Andrew S. Grove, Robert N. Noyce and Gordon E. Moore. Figure 3.3: Marcian E. “Ted” Hoff. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. 3/4 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.4: The Intel MCS-4 (Micro Computer System 4) basic system. Figure 3.5: A photomicrograph of the Intel 4004 microprocessor. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. Chapter 3 Microprocessors in the 1970's The creation of the transistor in 1947 and the development of the integrated circuit in 1958/59, is the technology that formed the basis for the microprocessor. Initially the technology only enabled a restricted number of components on a single chip. However this changed significantly in the following years. The technology evolved from Small Scale Integration (SSI) in the early 1960's to Medium Scale Integration (MSI) with a few hundred components in the mid 1960's. By the late 1960's LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips with thousands of components had occurred. This rapid increase in the number of components in an integrated circuit led to what became known as Moore’s Law. The concept of this law was described by Gordon Moore in an article entitled “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits” in the April 1965 issue of Electronics magazine [338]. -
Bit Bang Rays to the Future
Bit Bang Rays to the Future Editors Yrjö Neuvo & Sami Ylönen Bit Bang Rays to the Future ISBN (pbk) 978-952-248-078-1 Layout: Mari Soini Printed by: Helsinki University Print, 2009 Table of Contents FOREWORD 1 BIT BANG 7 1.1 The Digital Evolution – From Impossible to Spectacular 8 1.2 Life Unwired – The Future of Telecommunications and Networks 42 1.3 Printed Electronics – Now and Future 63 1.4 Cut the Last Cord by Nanolution 103 2 RAYS TO THE FUTURE 141 2.1 Future of Media – Free or Fantastic? 142 2.2 Future of Living 174 2.3 Wide Wide World – Globalized Regions, Industries and Cities 205 2.4 Augmenting Man 236 APPENDICES 265 1 Course Participants 266 2 Guest Lecturers 268 3 Course Books 268 4 Schedule of the California Study Tour in February 2009 269 5 Study Tour Summary Reports 272 Foreword Bit Bang – Rays to the Future is a post-graduate cross-disciplinary course on the broad long-term impacts of information and communications technologies on life- styles, society and businesses. It includes 22 students selected from three units making the upcoming Aalto University: Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Helsinki School of Economics (HSE) and University of Art and Design Helsinki (UIAH). Bit Bang is a part of the MIDE (Multidisciplinary Institute of Digitalisation and Energy) research program, which the Helsinki University of Technology has started as part of its 100 years celebration of university level education and research. Professor Yrjö Neuvo, MIDE program leader, Nokia’s former Chief Technology Officer, is the force behind this course. -
Oyo-Buturi International
Oyo-Buturi International Interview few books on to the subject. One was Den- work? shi-Keisanki (obi: “Electronic Computer”) Dr Shima: I did it for about four months. Dr Masatoshi Shima was part of a talent- by Shigeru Takahashi, which outlined the The next development in my career oc- ed group of engineers who in 1971 de- system, architecture, instruction set and curred as a result of my being lucky or as we veloped the world’s first microprocessor, microprogramming of computers; almost say in Japanese unmei (obi: fate or destiny). the 4004. In this interview, Dr Shima everything concerning computers. Another OBI: What do you mean by that? sheds light on some of the critical events book I read was about logic. It was written Dr Shima: Well, although the transistor leading up to the development of the by Professor Udagawa. I read both of these was invented in 1947, it was not commer- technology that revolutionised the elec- books avidly and then began to design the cialised until 1951. The commercial use of tronics industry and society as a whole. circuit boards that go into a calculator. This the transistor then led to a new era, namely, process involves connecting ics with wires the “era of the circuit”. That is to say, if you OBI: You studied chemistry as an under- and designing complicated wiring patterns. could fabricate a circuit by putting together graduate but then joined a com- a transistor, a resistor and a di- pany working on calculating ma- ode, you could construct and de- chines. -
Technology and Obsolescence in America Copyright © 2006 by Giles Slade All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America
Made to Break GILES SLADE Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts I London, England Made To Break Technology and Obsolescence in America Copyright © 2006 by Giles Slade All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Slade, Giles. Made to break : technology and obsolescence in America I Giles Slade. p. cm. ISBN-13 978-0-674-02203-4 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-10 0-674-02203-3 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-13 978-0-674-02572-1 (pbk.) ISBN-10 0-674-02572-5 (pbk.) 1. Technological innovations-United States. I. Title. T173.8.S595 2006 609.73-dc22 2005036315 Introduction 1 1 Repetitive Consumption 9 2 The Annual Model Change 29 3 Hard Times 57 4 Radio, Radio 83 5 The War and Postwar Progress 115 6 The Fifties and Sixties 151 7 Chips 187 8 Weaponizing Planned Obsolescence 227 9 Cell Phones and E-Waste 261 Notes 283 Acknowledgments 313 Index 316 America, I do not call your name without hope -PABLO NERUDA To scrutinize the trivial can be to discover the monumental. Almost any object can serve to unveil the mysteries of engineering and its relation to art, business, and all other aspects of our culture. HENRY PETROSKI, THE PENCIL: A HISTORY (1989) For no better reason than that a century of advertising has condi tioned us to want more, better, and fa ster from any consumer good we purchase, in 2004 about 315 million working PCs were retired in North America. Of these, as many as 10 percent would be refurbished and reused, but most would go straight to the trash heap. -
MEMORY MAKER ROBERT DENNARD, Winner of THIS YEAR’S IEEE MEDAL of HONOR, FIGURED out How to DO DRAM RIGHT
THE MAGAZINE OF TECHNOLOGY INSIDERS 05.09 MEMORY MAKER ROBERT DENNARD, WINNER OF THIS YEAR’S IEEE MEDAL OF HONOR, FIGURED OUT HOW TO DO DRAM RIGHT THE 25 MOST REMARKABLE CHIPS EVER TOUCH SCREENS GET TOUCHY-FEELY THE NETFLIX CHALLENGE: HELP US RECOMMEND MOVIES, WIN A MILLION DOLLARS volume 46 number 5 north american 05.09 UPDATE 11 BAIT TO TRACK DATA THIEVES A honeypot project in Germany finds viruses and tracks down the data they steal. By Michael Dumiak 12 CELLPHONE SECURITY THREAT 14 BRIGHT SPOTS IN THE GLOOM 14 ROBOTIC SEALS AID RESEARCH 15 TOUCH SCREENS WITH FEELING 16 THE RFID AS COMPUTER 24 18 ULTRAVIOLET RADIOS BEAM TO LIFE 20 THE BIG PICTURE Fabs get the white-glove treatment. OPINION 8 SPECTRAL LINES IEEE’s 125th-anniversary celebrations reveal the depth and breadth of its members’ contributions to technology. 10 FORUM Readers discuss the state of the U.S. nuclear arsenal and the demise of the business-method patent. 27 REFLECTIONS Bob Lucky’s head is in the clouds— 44 28 the computing clouds, that is. BETTER PICS: COVER STORY Medical DEPARTMENTS ultrasound 4 BACK STORY images will soon 48 THANKS FOR A man vanishes. Can Google find him? be much sharper [above]; a famed THE MEMORIES 6 CONTRIBUTORS 8-bit processor Robert Dennard’s 1968 invention of the one-transistor dynamic random- 22 HANDS ON powers a famed A high-definition CL D projector can cartoon robot access memory set the path of computing for the next half century. set you back US $2000—or you could [top right]; For this, he will receive the 2009 IEEE Medal of Honor. -
Fairchild Semiconductor
Report to the Computer History Museum on the Information Technology Corporate Histories Project Semiconductor Sector Fairchild Semiconductor Company Details Name: Fairchild Semiconductor Sector: Semiconductor Sector Description . THIS SITE WAS ESTABLISHED TO COLLECT AND PRESENT INFORMATION AND STORIES RELATED TO FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR AS PART OF THE OCTOBER 2007 CELEBRATION OF THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOUNDING OF THE COMPANY. IF YOU HAVE ANY CORRECTIONS OR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO CONTRIBUTE PLEASE CONTACT THE FACILITATORS LISTED BELOW. Overview Founded in 1957 in a building now designated as California Historical Landmark # 1000 in Palo Alto, California by eight young engineers and scientists from Shockley Semiconductor Laboratories, Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation pioneered new products and technologies together with an entrepreneurial style and manufacturing and marketing techniques that reshaped Silicon Valley and the world-wide industry. The Planar process invented in 1959 revolutionized the production of semiconductor devices and enables the manufacture of today's billion transistor microprocessor and memory chips. Funded by and later acquired as a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation of Syosset, New York, Fairchild was the first manufacturer to introduce high-frequency silicon transistors and practical monolithic integrated circuits to the market. At the peak of its influence in the mid-1960s, the division was one of the world’s largest producers of silicon transistors and controlled over 30 percent of the market for ICs. Director of Research and Development, Gordon Moore observed in 1965 that device complexity was increasing at a consistent rate and predicted that this would continue into the future. “Moore’s Law,” as it became known, created a yardstick against which companies have measured their technology progress for over 40 years. -
August 22Nd Born: Aug
It grew out of the Digital Masatoshi Shima Computer Association (DCA) August 22nd Born: Aug. 22, 1943; based in Los Angeles, which was primarily a social organization. Shizuoka, Japan indeed, DCA was sometimes said Robert Allen Pease Shima was one of the co- to stand for the Drunkard’s inventors of the Intel 4004 [Nov Computing Association. The Born: Aug. 22, 1940; 15], along with Ted Hoff [Oct association had been set up by R. Rockville, Connecticut 28], Stanley Mazor [Oct 22], and Blair Smith, a respected IBM 701 Died: June 18, 2011 Federico Faggin [Dec 1]. sales manager [April 7]. Pease designed several “best- Shima was working at the In August 1955, SHARE’S seller” integrated circuits which Japanese calculator “secretary pro tem,” Fletcher have remained in production for manufacturer Busicom in 1969 Jones of RAND [Oct 1], sent out decades. These include the when Intel was tasked with invitations to all 17 (or perhaps LM331 voltage-to-frequency implementing the LSI logic for a 22) organizations that owned converter, and the LM337 new calculator. Shima relocated new IBM 704s [May 17] to adjustable negative voltage to the Intel offices in Santa Clara attend SHARE's inaugural regulator. for six months to act as technical meeting. liaison with Busicon. He wrote a popular monthly By its first anniversary, SHARE’S column called “Pease Porridge” When he arrived in April 1970, membership stood at 62 in Electronic Design, and was the he discovered that no progress organizations, and because the author of eight books, including had been made since the group represented many of Troubleshooting Analog Circuits, functional specifications had IBM’s largest customers, they which became a standard bench- been finished in December. -
The History of the 4004
Federico Faggin nty-five years ago, in November 71, an advertisement appeared in In April of 1969, Intel agreed to develop a Synaptics, Inc. Electronic News: “Announcing a new set of calculator chips for a Japanese firm. era in integrated electronics, a micropro- The firm consisted of two companies: Marcian E. Hofflr. grammable computer on a chip.” The ad was Electro-Technical industries handled prod- placed by Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, uct development, and Nippon Calculating Teklicon California, then just over three years old. From Machines Company handled marketing. The that modest but prophetic beginning, the calculators bore the brand name Busicom. Stanley Mazor microprocessor market has grown into a Busicom intended to use the chip set in sev- multibillion-dollar business, and Intel has eral different models of calculators, from a BEA Systems maintained a leadership position, particularly low-end desktop printing calculator to cal- in microprocessors for personal computers. culator-like office machines such as billing Masatoshi Shima In 1968, Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore, machines, teller machines, and cash regis- who had both just left Fairchild Semicon- ters. The firm made arrangements for three VM Technology Inc. ductor, founded Intel Corporation, and oper- of its engineers to come to Intel to finish the ations began in September of the same year. logic design for the calculator chips and to The new company was committed to devel- work with Intel personnel to transfer the oping semiconductor mainframe memory designs into silicon. The three engineers from products using both bipolar and MOS (metal- Japan-Masatoshi Shima and his colleagues oxide-semiconductor) technologies. -
Publications Core Magazine, 2012 This
2012 COMMEMORATIVE ISSUE C O RE A Publication of 25 Years of the Fellow Awards the Computer The Origins of Timesharing History Museum An Evening with Walter Isaacson Close up of the Amdahl 470V/6 Computer, 1975. The 470V/6 was the Amdahl Corporation’s fi rst product and ran the same software as IBM System/370 computers but cost less and was smaller and faster. Opposite page: Close-up of IBM 305 RAMAC System Diagram B CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS DEPARTMENTS MUSEUM UPDATES EXPLORE THE COLLECTION 2 4 6 56 60 58 Contributors An Analog Life An Evening with Oral Histories: Donor Profile Recent Artifact Walter Isaacson The Origins of Donations 3 5 61 Timesharing CEO’s Letter Talking to the Future 7 Museum Donors The President @ CHM C O RE 2012 9 SPECIAL SECTION: TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF FELLOWS 10 12 14 18 The Fellow Awards Fellows at a Glance Visionary Pioneer 25 Years of Fellows It was 25 years ago that the See an overview of our Fellows— Grace Murray Hopper was a The Computer History Museum Museum began its Fellows where they studied and worked unique individual: a woman in a Fellows often have very inter- program. Since that time, the and what they are known for—in man’s world of computers and esting life trajectories, full of Award has been given to over this two-page chart that shows mathematics and an admiral in dramatic turns and unexpected 60 outstanding individuals in 25 years of Fellows history in an the U.S. Naval Reserve. -
Japanese Semiconductor Industry Service
Japanese Semiconductor Industry Service Volume II Technology & Government Dataquest nn a company of The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation 1290 Ridder Park Drive San Jose, California 95131-2398 (408) 437-8000 Telex: 171973 Fax: (408) 437-0292 Sales/Service offices: UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY Dataquest UK Limited Dataquest GmbH 13th Floor, Centrepoint Rosenkavalierplatz 17 103 New Oxford Street D-8000 Munich 81 London WCIA IDD West Germany England (089)91 10 64 01-379-6257 Telex: 5218070 Telex: 266195 Fax: (089)91 21 89 Fax: 01-240-3653 FRANCE JAPAN Dataquest SARL Dataquest Japan, Ltd. 100, avenue Charles de Gaulle Taiyo Ginza Building/2nd Floor 92200 Neuilly-sur-Seine 7-14-16 Ginza, Chuo-ku France Tokyo 104 Japan (01)4738.13.12 (03)546-3191 Telex: 611982 Telex: 32768 Fax: (01)4738.11.23 Fax: (03)546-3198 The content of this report represents our interpretation and analysis of information generally available to the public or released by responsible individuals in the subject com panies, but is not guaranteed as to accuracy or completeness. It does not contain material provided to us in confidence by our clients. This information is not furnished in connection with a sale or offer to sell securities, or in connection with the solicitation of an offer to buy securities. This firm and its par ent and/or their officers, stockholders, or members of their families may, from time to time, have a long or short position in the securities mentioned and may sell or buy such securities. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved.