2012 COMMEMORATIVE ISSUE C O RE

A Publication of 25 Years of the Fellow Awards the Computer The Origins of Timesharing History Museum An Evening with Walter Isaacson Close up of the Amdahl 470V/6 Computer, 1975. The 470V/6 was the Amdahl Corporation’s fi rst product and ran the same software as IBM System/370 computers but cost less and was smaller and faster.

Opposite page: Close-up of IBM 305 RAMAC System Diagram

B CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS DEPARTMENTS MUSEUM UPDATES EXPLORE THE COLLECTION 2 4 6 56 60 58 Contributors An Analog Life An Evening with Oral Histories: Donor Profile Recent Artifact Walter Isaacson The Origins of Donations 3 5 61 Timesharing CEO’s Letter Talking to the Future 7 Museum Donors The President @ CHM

C O RE 2012

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SPECIAL SECTION: TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF FELLOWS 10 12 14 18 The Fellow Awards Fellows at a Glance Visionary Pioneer 25 Years of Fellows It was 25 years ago that the See an overview of our Fellows— Grace Murray Hopper was a The Computer History Museum Museum began its Fellows where they studied and worked unique individual: a woman in a Fellows often have very inter- program. Since that time, the and what they are known for—in man’s world of computers and esting life trajectories, full of Award has been given to over this two-page chart that shows mathematics and an admiral in dramatic turns and unexpected 60 outstanding individuals in 25 years of Fellows history in an the U.S. Naval Reserve. Hopper, alternatives. Read about the computing whose work has accessible, graphic format. who made several groundbreak- Fellows in depth in this collec- made a difference. Museum ing innovations in her career, tion of essays. senior curator Dag Spicer looks was the Museum’s fi rst Fellow. back at the Awards and what Biographer Kurt Beyer high- they mean. lights some of Hopper’s

MARK RICHARDS amazing accomplishments.

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 1 CONTRIBUTORS

Editor-in-Chief John C. Hollar

Executive Editors Kirsten Tashev Carina Sweet changes in technology, business, history and stem education DR. KURT W. culture, and society. This in- principles meaningful for all Editor at Large cludes areas as diverse as com- visitors, from schoolchildren to Susan Tasaki BEYER puting developments outside retired engineers. Her back- AUTHOR the United States (especially in ground includes a ph.d. in Contributors Kurt, a former naval aviator Germany and the former Soviet developmental psychology, plus Dr. Kurt Beyer Alex Bochannek and professor at the United Union); the histories of analog more than 20 years’ experi- John C. Hollar States Naval Academy, is and non-electronic computing; ence teaching, conducting Lauren Silver military, fi nancial, and business research, and leading education currently an adjunct profes- Dag Spicer sor at Berkeley’s Haas School applications; and theoretical programs in a wide range of of Business, where he teaches computer science. settings, including schools; uni- Photography entrepreneurship and innova- versities; and science, art, and Mark Richards Photography tion. He is the co-founder of a natural history museums. Studio Dizon digital media services company JOHN C. and has authored multiple pat- Design ents (pending) on high-speed HOLLAR DAG Studio1500 PRESIDENT & CEO digital data processing. His book, Grace Hopper and the John C. Hollar, President and SPICER SENIOR CURATOR Invention of the Information Chief Executive Offi cer, directs Age (mit Press), was named the Museum’s strategic plan- Dag Spicer is senior curator at a top ten science/technology ning and operations. He is the Computer History Museum, book for 2010 by the Ameri- responsible for leading the which he joined in 1996. Dag can Library Association. Kurt Museum toward its goal of directs the Museum’s strat- received a master’s in econom- being the world’s leading in- egy relating to its collection ics from Oxford University stitution exploring the history of computer artifacts, fi lms, and his ph.d. from uc Berkeley. of computing and its ongoing documents, software, and Currently, he advises start-ups impact on society. Since joining ephemera—the largest collec- and executives in Silicon Valley the Museum in 2008, Hollar tion of computers and associ- through Morgan Stanley Smith has led the development and ated materials in the world. His Barney. He lives in Mill Valley execution of a new strategic interests include early elec- with his wife and two sons. plan that has produced signifi - tronic computing, computers in cant growth for the Museum medicine, ibm, supercomputers, and its mission. semiconductors, and computer ALEX architecture. He has been in- terviewed hundreds of times by BOCHANNEK LAUREN major news organizations and © 2012 Computer History Museum. The Museum is a CURATOR is internationally recognized as nonprofi t 501(c)(3) organization. Alex Bochannek, curator and SILVER a subject-matter expert in the All artwork is copyright of the VP OF EDUCATION senior manager at the Com- fi eld of computer history. Computer History Museum Lauren Silver is Vice President unless otherwise credited. For puter History Museum, joined reprints and permissions, the staff in 2007 following a of Education at the Computer contact [email protected]. decade of volunteer work with History Museum, where she Subscriptions are a member the Museum. He investigates has worked since 2009. Her benefi t. To purchase additional educational programs incorpo- copies of this issue of Core, complex computer-related please visit: magcloud.com. rate research from the learning Address changes and other sciences into an inquiry-based written correspondence may approach that makes computer be sent to: Computer History Museum, Public Relations email: pr@computerhistory.org

2 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS CEO’S TO OUR VALUED LETTER CORE DONORS

A quarter-century ago, the Computer Museum in The Fellows are important for a third rea- Boston established an important tradition that we son. They represent the essence of computing proudly carry on today: the Fellow Awards. The history—a talented and driven individual, or Computer Museum was our predecessor, as many team, trying to solve a problem. Every great leap of you know, and we have carried on several fi ne forward in computing has involved a focused traditions begun there. None, however, is more search for a creative solution to a vexing techni- important than the Fellow Awards. cal issue. Many of the Fellows were told the The Awards are important to us, and to the problem couldn’t be solved at all. Still others pursuit of history, for at least three reasons. First, were told not to make an attempt—mainly the Fellows comprise more than 60 towering because it wasn’t in their job descriptions. From fi gures in the vast fi eld of computing. Every these basic and occasionally rebellious roots, important area is represented. We have honored astounding accomplishments grew. the greats of early hardware design—Konrad The Museum uses a careful and methodical Zuse, Jay Forrester, Gene Amdahl, and oth- process to select each year’s Fellows. Nomina- ers. The Hall includes giants of software—Don tions are open to the public. A select committee Knuth, Ken Thompson, John Backus, Dennis from both the private and public sectors reviews Ritchie, Linus Torvalds, John McCarthy, and each nomination. A weighted balloting process more. The architects of the fi rst commercial narrows the fi eld through multiple rounds of microprocessor are here—Federico Faggin, Ted voting. A Museum committee then makes the Hoff, Stan Mazor, and Masatoshi Shima. We fi nal selection. honor individuals whose skills in both technolo- Only two conditions apply. First, each nomi- gy and business built great commercial enterpris- nee must be alive at the time of selection, a re- es—Gordon Moore, Charles Geschke and John quirement modeled after the Nobel Prize. Second, Warnock, Ken Olsen, and Alan Shugart among we ask that those who are selected also agree them. Finally, we honor individuals like Tim to be publicly inducted at the Fellow Awards Berners-Lee and Vint Cerf, whose very names ceremony. The Fellows Gala is consistently one are synonymous with the stunning development of the highlights of the Museum’s calendar. of a globally connected society. We’re delighted to present profi les of all of Second, the Fellows represent a category of our Fellows in this year’s edition of Core. And unsung heroes whose stories are important to in doing so, we say: here’s to the renegades, the tell. They embody the thankless pursuit of tech- geniuses, the rule-breakers, the entrepreneurs, nical innovation that triggered enormous human and the problem-solvers. These are our Fellows. progress. Their work often went on—and in I hope you enjoy learning more about them, and many cases, continues to go on—well out of the celebrating 25 years of the Awards themselves. limelight of public recognition and acclaim. And yet the diligence, skill, and achievement of our Yours sincerely, Fellows remain a source of inspiration, especially in those moments when we could stand to feel a bit more inspired. Generations will benefi t from the lessons they can teach.

JOHN C. HOLLAR PRESIDENT & CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 3 MUSEUM UPDATES AN ANALOG LIFE: REMEMBERING JIM WILLIAMS Analog guru Jim Williams sitting at his famous work bench in 2006

“This exhibit is a He never tried to impress you analog signals to distinguish engineers must combine techni- with his math or his intellect. them from digital signals, cal knowledge with a great deal memorial to a man He didn’t make things com- which can only switch between of experience and intuition in but also a monument plicated so you would think 0 and 1 and which exist only order to harness them. to his work.” he was smart. He made things in a computer. Nearly all of On October 15, 2011, the MIKE CASSIDY look simple. That is why he our modern technology has Museum launched a new ex- SAN JOSE MERCURY NEWS was brilliant. both digital and analog com- hibit, An Analog Life, to show- PAUL RAKO, TECHNICAL EDITOR, EDN ponents. A smartphone, for case the amazing workbench of REMEMBERS JIM WILLIAMS example, continuously converts one of the world’s top analog THIS EXHIBIT IS MADE POSSIBLE signals between its digital and circuit designers, Jim Williams, THROUGH THE GENEROSITY The world is a symphony of analog circuits. and to bring the excitement OF LINEAR TECHNOLOGY vibrations. All around us are The practice of designing and power of analog technol- the sights and sounds of a analog circuits and systems is ogy to a general audience. world alive with continuously as much art as science. Real- In the analog world, Jim varying signals. These real- world signals vary continuously Williams was a rock star. His world sensations are called and can be complex. Analog many articles and books en-

4 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS couraged a generation of engi- neers to pursue intuitive analog design, in which experimenta- TALKING TO THE FUTURE tion and testing were empha- sized over theory and math. He was entirely self-taught yet set FUNDING FOR TALKING TO the bar for the entire technical THE FUTURE IS PROVIDED BY THE INTEL CORPORATION community. Jim suffered a stroke and On September 28, the Museum in the development and mar- passed away on June 12, 2011. launched a new series for high keting of their products. At “It was just a wild idea, Linear Technology, the compa- school students called “Talking the end of the day, each team being able to share ny Jim worked for, loaned his to the Future.” A collaboration presented their ideas; the team workbench so that visitors to between the Education, Public with the best proposal—and ‘Talking to the Future’ the Computer History Museum Programs, and Media depart- the best teamwork—got fi rst in real time, and you could learn about Jim and the ments, “Talking to the Future” choice of ea games to take made it possible for us.” fascinating world of analog brings industry leaders together home as prizes. ADRIANA HOLGUÍN circuit design. with high school students to Feedback after the event INSTRUCTOR AND PROGRAM On the exhibit’s opening give them an inside look at indicates that it was a tremen- COORDINATOR, MONTERREY, MEXICO night, festivities began with the world of high tech. Events dous success. One of the ccoc a reception in front of Jim’s are being fi lmed and will be students characterized it as a workbench where people could developed into curriculum confi dence-builder and a “huge mingle, think about the exhibit, tools that will be made avail- opportunity.” The teacher from and tell “Jim stories” (of which able to teachers through the Mexico lauded it by saying, “I there were a lot). Museum ceo Museum website for use in believe kids…had an experi- John Hollar then led a panel the classroom. ence that will last for years to discussion in Hahn Audito- For our fi rst event, Rich come…. They were able to do Electronic Arts’ (EA) Chief rium, focusing on Jim’s work Hilleman, Chief Creative Of- things beyond their imagina- Creative Offi cer Rich Hilleman congratulates students for and the larger analog world fi cer at Electronic Arts, joined tion, and most important, they completing his “Talking to the in general. The four panelists 19 students from Central really had fun in the process.” Future” challenge were Bob Dobkin, founder and County Occupational Center cto, Linear Technology; Steve (ccoc), a vocational program Pietkiewicz, vp, Linear Technol- for at-risk students in San José; ogy; Steve Young, bam Labs; 24 additional students, from and Professor Greg Kovacs the Academia de Informática of from the department of electri- the Universidad de Monterrey, cal engineering at Stanford Mexico, participated via Skype. University. We transformed our Computer Jim Williams’ unique work- Graphics gallery into a fi lm bench will be on display at the studio as Rich presented the Computer History Museum students with a challenge: from October 15, 2011, to Sep- improve ea’s popular game, tember 15, 2012. Visitors can Plants vs. Zombies. The stu- also learn about Jim Williams dents competed in small teams online at computerhistory.org/ to create proposals, with each highlights/analoglife person playing a specifi c role

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 5 Q: Your very fi rst meeting with and petulance that you some- Steve Jobs was in 1984 when times saw in Steve Jobs was you were an editor at Time connected to the passion and magazine. He demonstrated the perfectionism. the Macintosh. What are your Q: Did he make a particular memories of that? impression on you in that Q&A: AN EVENING WITH A: You see both sides of Steve. meeting? You see the absolutely passion- A: I must admit that I was WALTER ISAACSON ate side with the original Mac. mesmerized by him. You could He shows us how small it is, tell the fi rst time you met Steve how it looks like a friendly face, Jobs that there was something not a Neanderthal face, and compelling about him. he shows us all the graphical Q: So, fl ash forward 20 years. icons. You can tell he’s passion- It’s 2004, and he gets in touch ate about every pixel. He’s also with you. In 2011 the Museum launched a 90-minute conversation be- furious at Time magazine. He “Revolutionaries,” a year of live tween Walter Isaacson, author tells us that we’re not nearly A: I had just joined the Aspen events featuring such headliner of the worldwide best-seller as good as Newsweek, that Institute. He called, and we guests as Mark Zuckerberg, Steve Jobs, and Museum ceo somebody—I won’t name him, talked a little while. I said, “Do Paul Allen, Pulitzer Prize- John Hollar. They began by because he lives here—had you want to come speak at As- winner Jane Smiley, ibm’s Sam talking about the process of written a horrible story about pen?” He said, “No, but I want Palmisano, and Dreamworks how the book came to be, and him in Time. And so I saw the to come take a walk with you.” Chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg. the challenges posed by the other side of him, the petulant And after a while, he said, “Revolutionaries” culminated famous “Steve Jobs reality side. That’s when I fi rst started “Why don’t you do a biography on December 13, 2011, with distortion fi eld.” to realize that the impatience of me?” I had done Ben Frank- lin. I was just fi nishing Albert Einstein. So I thought, okay, you know, Franklin, Einstein, Steve, it’s a good progression. Q: I’m sure that was on his mind. A: But then I said, “You know, you’re a really, really great subject, but let’s wait 30 years until you retire.” It wasn’t until 2009, when he had had his liver transplant and went on medi- cal leave, that it sort of sunk in that he was fi ghting cancer. By that time we had seen how he had transformed, with his team, a wide variety of industries— fi rst home computing and personal computing, and, by 2009, the music industry, the phone industry, the publishing industry, tablet computing. So I said, all right, this is too good to pass up. Q: Did you have a theory about him going in? A: Author Walter Isaacson I did have a theory. In his on stage discussing his very fi rst phone call, he told latest book, Steve Jobs, me something that [Polaroid December 2012 founder] Edwin Land had said to him, which is that you always want to stand at the

6 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS Museum CEO John Hollar takes the stage during An Authorized MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE REVOLUTIONARIES SERIES IS Biography of Steve Jobs event PROVIDED BY THE INTEL CORPORATION

with the title iSteve. I had just Steve would say, “You can A: Well, a couple of things. landed in San Francisco, com- do it.” Four days later it had First, you become a storyteller. ing to a product launch that been done. So the question of You don’t try to preach. I just he was going to do. I saw the whether I got sucked into it—I tried to let the stories tell them- thing you least like to see on found myself deeply emotion- selves. The other is—one of the your iPhone, which is six or ally vested with him. I tried very things I discovered by having seven missed calls from Steve hard to be honest in the book, so much time with him, and Jobs. So I’m standing there in to put all things and all sides in. so much time with 150 other the concourse, and I call him, But there will be people in people who worked with him, and he just starts yelling at me. this audience who will know was how much more we know He said, “You have no taste,” more than most, and if they or I could know about him than intersection of the humani- and, “The title is gimmicky, read the book and say, boy, this I did about Franklin or Einstein. ties and technology. That’s and it’s just ugly, and I don’t guy got caught in the real- Benjamin Franklin wrote 40 something we lost in the c.p. even want you to come to the ity distortion fi eld, I guess the volumes of papers. They’re still Snow era, where you either demonstration.” I’m holding answer would be yes. compiling Einstein’s papers, were in the humanities or in the phone away from my ear, and in the future we’ll know the sciences. My theory, among Q: One fi nal question about the and fi nally he said, “I’m not more. But with Steve, I’d hear others, was that connecting process. You had the luxury of going to continue to cooperate about everything that happened creativity to wonderful feats a long historical detachment unless you allow me to have at great length, and then hear of engineering was what made from Einstein, from Benjamin input into the cover art.” It other people’s versions. I prob- him so magical. Franklin, perhaps not so much took me somewhere between a with Kissinger. But here you ably ended up knowing 100 or Q: In the book, you wrote this: second and a second and a half are, writing a biography of a maybe 1,000 times more about “His passion for perfection led to say, “Sure.” Here’s the great- very compelling living person, him, and each story in the him to indulge his instinct to est design eye for something up close and personal with him book, than you would know control.” You must have had like that, and he wants input. in 40 interviews. How does a only know through letters or to raise and settle the question He spent a lot of time just biographer maintain the kind of journals. of editorial control early on. trying to make it very simple detachment that you can have The full interview is available on How did you do that? and very clean. So that was the just by not being able to spend the Museum’s YouTube channel: A: I was stunned, because it one time I felt his wrath, and time with Einstein or Franklin? youtube.com/computerhistory never really came up. All along also the one time when he had he kept saying, “Well, it’s your editorial input. book, it’s your book, I’m not Q: You quote his friends talking even going to read it.” He about the famous Steve Jobs THE PRESIDENT @ CHM said, “I want it to be honest. “reality distortion fi eld.” Did I want you to interview, you you fi nd yourself getting sucked know, people who didn’t like into that from time to time? me, as well as people who A: Well, I think you’d be the did,” because he said that he last to know. Andy [Hertzfeld] was brutally honest his whole writes about it in Revolution life. He said he wanted it to in the Valley. It’s taken from feel like an independent book, Star Trek. The reality distor- and therefore he was going to tion fi eld means that simply exercise no editorial control. by thinking something, and Q: Did that ever change? Did being convinced of something, he ever call you up and say, even if it’s impossible, you can you know... convince other people. And A: Well, the one time he did the secret is that it sometimes fi ts into his theory that people works—that you can convince don’t read books, but they do people they can do the impos- look at them. Simon & Schus- sible. Woz [Steve Wozniak] On September 26, 2011, the Museum hosted President Barack Obama’s town ter, about a year ago, put into talked about that to me. Steve hall meeting with LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner. More than 350 people fi lled Hahn their catalogue a cover design. would say, “You’ll have to do Auditorium for the nationally broadcast town hall, which covered job creation It was just a placeholder. And this in four days.” Woz would and economic recovery. LinkedIn members asked questions of the president it was a cover with Steve, and say, “It can’t be done.” And for 90 minutes, both from the audience and through a global webcast.

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 7 For the past twenty-fi ve years, the Computer History Museum Fellow Awards have honored distinguished technology pioneers for their contributions to the evolution of the modern Information Age.

8 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS FEATURE

HALL OF FELLOWS

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 9 For the past 25 years, the Computer History Museum has celebrated individuals who have made a difference in the world through computer technol- ogy. Known as Museum Fellows, awardees cover the gamut of technologies and eras, from the pioneers who worked in the earliest days of room-sized vacuum-tube behemoths to the creators of today’s ubiquitous handheld mobile world. Fellows have something else too: an extra passion and drive for changing the world around them. The Fellow Award began at the instigation of Gwen Bell, co-founder of the Boston-based Com- puter Museum, the predecessor of chm. Our fi rst Fellow, announced in 1987, was Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, a legendary programmer and spokesperson for computer education. Refl ecting on her role in the development of the cobol program- ming language, a means for non-technical users to interact with a computer, Hopper notes: When I started I just went ahead with the idea. I have later learned that it is much easier to apologize than to get permission. In the case of Flowmatic [an earlier language developed by Hopper], we discov- ered that a lot of people hated symbols, even though the mathematicians and engineers loved them. These people used words. We proposed that we should write programs in English statements providing a compiler that would translate to machine language HISTORY code. I was told that this couldn’t happen because computers don’t understand words… So we acted on the motto: “Just go ahead and do it.” Beginning in the 1960s and continuing for the next several decades, cobol became the most successful programming language in business his- tory, bridging a critical gap between technical and non-technical users and bringing the power of the computer to a rapidly modernizing world coming to THE grips with an information explosion. Hopper’s experience is not unusual among Fel- lows. Many, if not most of them, overcame signifi - cant obstacles before achieving success. Consider German engineer Konrad Zuse, working in Berlin during wwii in complete isolation to build ground- breaking computers as bombs dropped overhead. Or Jean Bartik, original eniac programmer, who FELLOW struggled for respect in a man’s world of engineers and mathematicians. Her secret to success? “Look like a girl, act like a lady, think like a man, and work like a dog.” Or Morris Chang, who not only built a new industry (fabless semiconductor design and production) but helped build a new country AWARD (Taiwan) while doing so. BY DAG SPICER

10 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS chm Fellows have had an impact on a wide range civilization. Inspiring others to pursue a career in of disciplines and industries. Refl ecting the diversity computing, especially young people, is one of of computing itself, Fellows have made pioneering the ways that Museum Fellows have given back to contributions to compilers, programming languages, a new generation and sought to make technology computer architecture, the Internet and World Wide an exciting option for them. Web, personal computing, mainframes, supercom- Over its 25-year history, the chm Fellow Awards puters, minicomputers, databases, semiconductors, have showcased many of the leading innovators cryptography, microprocessors, graphics, printing, of our time and brought these accomplishments the theory of computation, artifi cial intelligence, to the world at large. Museum Fellows are unique, networking, storage, and operating systems. talented, hardworking, and passionate. We hope to Most Fellows are from the United States, though continue honoring these unsung revolutionaries who

this is changing, and a slightly greater number are have created our modern world for another 25 Computer History Museum known for software rather than hardware innova- years. What will the future bring? Fellow Award trophy tions. Most have ph.d.s and come from an American university. Nearly a third of chm Fellows are also acm Turing Award winners, the highest professional award in the fi eld and sometimes known as the “Nobel Prize of computing.” As a group, these people have touched our lives by creating the world in which we live. Their impact may at fi rst seem subtle or highly technical but as their ideas take hold, they redefi ne the realm of the possible in ways we did not imagine. Through a process of creative destruction, old ways of doing things are done away with as new ideas, materials, and technologies—and ways of organizing them— are developed. Being a universal machine, one that has “lifted all boats” societally, it is perhaps not surprising that the computer as a technology at- tracts such a diverse range of people and problems as chm Fellows. How do they do it? Success, it has been said, is the confl uence of preparation and opportunity. chm Fellows, almost without exception, were very well prepared by fi rst-class educations, and the opportu- nity they shared was to live in a time when some- thing completely new—the stored-program elec- The best advice I can give a young tronic digital computer—came to fruition. Against person starting out today is to not be this technological backdrop, they pursued their work, shaping and being shaped by the computer afraid of doing things that seem crazy. itself. Sometimes, individuals are given great credit MARTIN HELLMAN, 2011 CHM FELLOW when a team might more accurately represent the relative contributions involved. As Vint Cerf noted in his 2000 Fellow Award acceptance speech,“Many people think they built the cathedral we call technol- ogy. But in reality, we are each just adding our own brick to the edifi ce.” Indeed, innovations that are the work of a sole individual are becoming exceedingly rare, and recent chm Fellow Awards refl ect this fact. Whether sole contributors or team members, however, these are the true heroes of the informa- tion age, fulfi lling one of the purposes of the Awards, which was to recognize the technologists who have shaped our world but who are rarely acknowledged publically. While our society readily glamorizes highly paid athletes and rock stars, it does little to reward or acknowledge the people who have done a great deal of the work in building our modern

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 11 SOFTWARE Frances Allen Charles Geschke 2000 2002 Born: Born: Plattsburg, NY Cleveland, OH Alma Mater: Alma Mater: University of Michigan Carnegie-Mellon Don Knuth Worked at: University 1998 IBM Worked at: Born: Known for: Xerox PARC, Adobe Milwaukee, WI Compilers Jean Sammet Known for: Alma Mater: 2001 Page Desciption Caltech Born: Languages (PDF), Worked at: New York, NY co-founder Adobe Stanford Alma Mater: John Backus John Warnock Known for: University of 1997 2002 Art of computer Illinois Born: Born: programming Vint Cerf Worked at: Philadelphia, PA Salt Lake City, UT 2000 IBM Alma Mater: Alma Mater: Born: Known for: Columbia University of Utah New Haven, CT History of Worked at: Worked at: Alma Mater: programming IBM Xerox PARC, UCLA languages Known for: Worked at: Adobe FORTRAN UCLA, ARPA Known for: John McCarthy Known for: Fred Brooks Page Desciption 1999 Networking 2001 Languages (PDF), Dennis Ritchie Born: Born: co-founder Adobe 1997 Boston, MA Durham, NC Born: Alma Mater: Alma Mater: John Cocke Grace Hopper Mitch Kapor Bronxville, NY Princeton Harvard 2002 1987 1996 Alma Mater: Worked at: Worked at: Born: Born: Born: Harvard Stanford IBM, UNC Charlotte, NC New York, NY Brooklyn, NY Worked at: Known for: Known for: Alma Mater: Alma Mater: Alma Mater: Bell Labs Artificial Computer Duke Yale Beacon College Known for: Intelligence architecture Worked at: Worked at: Worked at: UNIX IBM Univac, US Navy Lotus Maurice Wilkes Known for: 2001 Computer Known for: Development Ken Thompson Born: architecture Programming, Corp 1997 Dudley, UK education Known for: Born: Alma Mater: Lotus 1-2-3 New Orleans, LA University of Cambridge Alma Mater: Worked at: UC Berkeley University of Cambridge Worked at: Known for: Bell Labs EDSAC, Known for: programming UNIX languages

1987 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

HARDWARE Jay Forrester 1995 Steve Wozniak Born: 1997 Anselmo, NE Born: Alma Mater: San José, CA Alan Kay MIT Alma Mater: 1999 Worked at: UC Berkeley Born: MIT Ken Olsen Worked at: Springfield, MA Known for: 1996 Apple Alma Mater: Whirlwind, Born: Known for: University of Utah Core memory Bridgeport, CT Co-founder, Worked at: Alma Mater: Apple Computer, Inc. Xerox PARC MIT Known for: Worked at: Alto, Dynabook Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Konrad Zuse Known for: 1999 Co-founder DEC Gene Amdahl Born: 1998 Berlin, Germany Born: Alma Mater: Flandreau, SD TH-Charlottenberg-Berlin Alma Mater: Worked at: University of Zuse KG Tom Kilburn FELLOWS Wisconsin Known for: 2000 Worked at: Early computer Born: AT A IBM, Amdahl systems Dewsbury, UK Known for: Alma Mater: Computer University of Manchester GLANCE architecture Worked at: University of Manchester Carver Mead Gordon Moore Known for: 2002 Key 1998 Williams-Kilburn tube Born: Born: Bakersfield, CA San Francisco, CA Alma Mater: Alma Mater Alma Mater: Caltech Caltech Worked at: Worked at: Caltech Worked at Intel Known for: Known for: VLSI design 12 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS Co-founder, Intel Antony Hoare 2011 Dan Bricklin 2006 Cryptography Team: Born: 2004 Whitfield Diffie Paul Baran Colombo, Sri Lanka Born: Born: 2005 Alma Mater: Philadelphia, PA Washington, DC Born: Oxford University Alma Mater: Alma Mater: Grodno, Poland Worked at: Harvard MIT Alma Mater: Oxford University Worked at: Worked at: UCLA Known for: Software Arts Stanford, Sun Worked at: Theory of Linus Torvalds Known for: Known for: SRI programming 2008 VisiCalc Security, cryptography Known for: languages Born: Packet swtiching Helsinki, Finland Martin Hellman Bob Frankston Alma Mater: Born: 2004 Robert Kahn University of Helsinki New York, NY Born: 2006 Doug Engelbart Worked at: Alma Mater: Brooklyn, NY Born: 2005 University of Helsinki Stanford Alma Mater: New York, NY Born: Known for: Worked at: MIT Alma Mater: Portland, OR Linux Stanford Worked at: Princeton Alma Mater: Known for: Software Arts Worked at: Don Chamberlin UC Berkeley Security, cryptography Known for: Worked at: BBN, ARPA 2009 VisiCalc SRI Known for: Born: Ralph Merkle Known for: ARPANET San José, CA Born: Alma Mater: Berkeley, CA Tim Berners-Lee Human Stanford Alma Mater: 2003 Computer Edward Niklaus Wirth Butler Lampson Worked at: Stanford Born: Interfaces Feigenbaum 2004 2006 IBM Worked at: London, UK 2012 Born: Born: Known for: Stanford Alma Mater: Ivan Sutherland Born: Winterthur, Washington, DC Databases Known for: Oxford 2005 Weehawken, NJ Switzerland Alma Mater: Security, Worked at: Born: Alma Mater: Alma Mater: UC Berkeley cryptography CERN, WWWC Hastings, NE Carnegie Mellon UC Berkeley Worked at: Known for: Alma Mater: University Worked at: Xerox PARC Worked at: World Wide Web ETZ - Zurich MIT Worked at: Known for: Stanford Known for: Xerox Alto, Jean Bartik Known for: Pascal, University of Utah, David Wheeler Caltech, Sun operating systems 2008 Artificial Modula-2, Born: Intelligence 2003 education Known for: Born: Computer Gentry County, Birmingham, UK graphics, Marvin Minsky MO Fernando Corbató Alma Mater: education 2006 Alma Mater: 2012 University of Cambridge Born: University of Born: Worked at: New York, NY Pennsylvania Oakland, CA University of Cambridge Alma Mater: Worked at: Alma Mater: Known for: Princeton Upenn MIT Programming Worked at: Known for: Worked at: languages MIT ENIAC MIT Known for: Known for: Artificial Timesharing Intelligence 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012

Morris Chang Alan Shugart 2007 2005 Robert Everett Born: 2009 Born: Ningbo, China Los Angeles, CA Born: Steve Furber Alma Mater: Yonkers, NY 2012 Alma Mater: Stanford University of Alma Mater: Born: Worked at: MIT Manchester, UK Redlands TSMC Worked at: Worked at: Alma Mater: Known for: MIT, MITRE University of Gordon Bell IBM, Seagate Fabless semiconductors Known for: Known for: Cambridgea 2003 John Hennessy System/360 Storage Bill Joy Worked at: Born: 2007 2011 Acorn Computers Kirksville, MO Born: 2009 Born: Known for: Alma Mater: Long Island, NY Intel 4004 Team: Farmington BBC Micro, MIT Alma Mater: Federico Faggin Hills, MI ARM Processor Worked at: SUNY Born: Alma Mater: DEC Erich Bloch Worked at: Sophie Wilson Vicenza, Italy UC Berkeley Known for: 2004 Stanford, MIPS 2012 Alma Mater: Worked at: Computer Born: Known for: Born: Padua Sun architecture Sulzburg, Germany RISC, CS education Leeds, UK Worked at: Microsystems Alma Mater: Chuck Thacker Intel, Zilog Alma Mater: University of Buffalo Known for: University of 2007 Ted Hoff Co-founder, Worked at: Born: Born: Cambridge IBM Sun Microsystems Worked at: Pasadena, CA Rochester, NY and UNIX system Known for: Alma Mater: Alma Mater: Acorn Computers System/360 UC Berkeley Stanford Known for: Worked at: Worked at: BBC Micro, Xerox PARC Intel ARM Processor Bob Evans Known for: Bob Metcalfe Stan Mazor 2004 Xerox Alto 2008 Born: Born: David Patterson Born: Chicago. IL Grand Island, NE 2007 Brooklyn, NY Alma Mater: Alma Mater: Born: Evergreen Alma Mater: Worked at: Iowa State Park, IL Harvard Intel Worked at: Alma Mater: Worked at: Masatoshi Shima IBM UCLA Xerox PARC Born: Known for: Worked at: Known for: Shizuoka, Japan System/360 UC Berkeley Ethernet Alma Mater: Known for: University of Tsukuba Computer science Worked at: COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 13 education Busicom, Intel GRACE MURRAY HOPPER On the eve of World War I, Field Marshal Ferdinand Foch, a world-renowned military strategist at the French École Supérieure de Guerre, asserted that “Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military value.” With similar sincerity, computer pioneer Howard Aiken believed that no more than a handful of computers would be needed to handle the world’s computational needs. So often, “experts” have diffi culty seeing beyond the borders of their specialty. Education, tradition, and community culture create a mental framework that helps to bring order to a given fi eld or discipline on the one hand, yet on the other also hinders one’s ability to see alternative approaches or adjust to ever-changing external circumstances. The rare expert looks beyond “what is” to grasp “what could be.” It is even more unusual for the expert to methodically pursue the vision and make it a future reality, often in the face of mounting organizational opposition. Grace Murray Hopper was such a visionary, and her commitment to computer programming helped shape the modern technical milieu. Along with Howard Aiken, Grace Hopper was present at the birth of the computer age. The events of December 7 at Pearl Harbor inspired the young mathematics professor to radically alter the direction of her life. Within a year of the fateful day, Hopper left her tenured position at Vassar College, separated from her husband Vincent Hopper, and attempted to join the u.s. Navy. Not knowing exactly what to do with a fi ve-foot-three, 105-pound ph.d., the Navy Bureau of Personnel turned down Hopper’s request. BY KURT BEYER With the introduction of the waves (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) on July 30, 1942, Hopper’s persistence paid off, and the newly minted offi cer found herself in charge of operating one of the world’s fi rst computers, the Harvard Mark i. The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, as the machine was offi cially called, was the brain- child of Harvard graduate student and navy reserve offi cer Howard Aiken. The complex machine was 8 feet high, 51 feet long, weighed 9,445 pounds, and contained 520 miles of wiring. When Hopper fi rst set eyes on it in the summer of 1944, she thought it was one of the most beautiful machines she had ever seen, and was astounded at its computational speed of three additions per second. Aiken had designed the machine to generate ballistic tables for the war effort, but Hopper and her crew soon found themselves solving a range of mathematical problems, including the infamous implosion solution for the fi rst atomic bomb. Initially, out of wartime necessity, Hopper developed coding techniques, subroutine principles, debugging practices, and batch processing procedures that served as the early foundation of programming practice. Hopper captured her programming con- cepts in the Mark 1’s 560-page Manual of Operation, which she wrote and published in 1946.

14 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS REMARKABLE PEOPLE

CHM’S FIRST FELLOW

VISIONARY

PIONEERCOMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 15 More importantly, she exposed a variety of people allow a much wider audience to communicate with to her programming techniques. Hopper’s crew went the machines. Instead of forcing the human to learn on to seed the nascent computer industry and form machine language, source code could be written in the Association of Computing Machinery (acm), the language of the mathematician, accountant, or while prominent visitors such as John von Neumann business administrator. During the 1950s, Hopper received a hands-on education in how to program relentlessly pushed her vision of “automatic pro- and operate a large-scale computer, something that gramming.” As director of programming at Reming- was not lost on him nine months later when he ton Rand univac, Hopper spearheaded the creation described stored-program architecture in his seminal of the fi rst mathematical and business-language paper, First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. compilers. More importantly, she understood that As computer technology was transferred from the she had to sell her vision to a variety of stakeholders laboratory to the private sector in the 1950s, pro- inside and outside of her univac division. Between gramming became the bottleneck that hindered its 1953 and 1959, Hopper published dozens of articles spread. The costs associated with defi ning a comput- on the subject, gave hundreds of speeches at confer- er application, along with writing and debugging the ences and symposiums, and organized a multitude of associated programs, began to outstrip the cost of programming workshops and symposiums. hardware itself. Pioneers like Aiken concluded that The most famous conference Hopper orchestrated these technical challenges set the boundaries of the was held in May 1959. After the war, Hopper computer’s long-term utility and confi ned the ma- remained active in the navy and arranged for the chines to the status of complex scientifi c instruments. Department of Defense to host the organizational Hopper, who by 1949 had become the senior math- meeting of the Conference on Data Systems Lan- ematician at the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corpo- guages (codasyl). Forty representatives from seven ration, believed that the technical bottleneck could government agencies, eleven companies (users), and be overcome by teaching the computers to program ten computer manufacturers attended and were giv- themselves. She called her key invention, the one en the task of defi ning the desired characteristics of a upon which most modern computer languages universal business language. Hopper asked Charles rest, the compiler. Hopper’s compiler allowed the Phillips from dod to chair the two-day meeting, Left: Grace Hopper in front of a UNIVAC computer to call upon relevant subroutines, manage while Hopper served as Phillips’ technical advisor. computer, 1961 address and memory allocation, simplify debugging, The ensuing cobol report, which drew heavily Right: First computer and, in general, relieve the human programmer from from Hopper’s Flowmatic business language, was bug? Harvard Mark II the most diffi cult and tedious housekeeping tasks. approved by Hopper and the codasyl execu- logbook showing a moth found in the Compilers, Hopper believed, were the key to tive committee in January 1960. In the years that machine, 1947 “democratizing” computers. The innovation would followed, scores of people predicted the demise

16 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS of Hopper’s common business language. These cobol throughout its growing computer infrastruc- forecasts were not the uninformed views of a few ture, and Hopper was once again called to duty. > but rather, the sound, informed observations of the What began as a six-month contract extended for 20 computer industry’s experts, ranging from program- years of active military duty during which Hopper mers to computer industry executives. The critique helped modernize the fl eet’s tactical data systems. In CHM of cobol included complaints about the language’s 1983, by presidential appointment, Hopper was pro- FELLOWS semantic verbosity, its syntactical redundancy, and moted to Rear Admiral, and during her fi nal three its overall lack of linguistic elegance. But cobol years of service she continued to tour and lecture, Learn more about fl ourished on an unprecedented scale, despite the spreading the word of the information age that she all of the Computer warnings of the experts. In the 10 years after its helped to create. The oldest active-duty offi cer in History Museum introduction, cobol became the most widely used the u.s. Navy fi nally retired in 1986 and was hired Fellows in the programming language throughout the world. By immediately by the Digital Equipment Corporation, following pages the turn of the millennium, it was estimated that where she worked as a senior consultant until her 240 billion of the 300 billion lines of computer code death in 1992 at the age of 86. (about 80 percent of all code worldwide) had been Undeniably, Grace Murray Hopper played a piv- written in cobol. otal role in the development of both the computer Throughout the 1960s, Hopper understood that industry and the modern navy. In 1987, Hopper was no matter how well designed a new technology ap- rightly named the fi rst Computer History Museum pears to be, it cannot spread spontaneously. Once Fellow and received the National Medal of Technol- again, she led the marketing effort to have cobol ogy from President Ronald Reagan. What makes adopted as a standardized language for both the Hopper’s story even more compelling is the fact that public and private sector. By this time, however, her greatest accomplishments in the fi eld came at a Hopper had become a dominant fi gure within the time when many American women were retreating maturing computer industry. She had the unique from public life. Ultimately, Hopper’s ability to tran- ability to operate in a variety of public, private, scend organizational and cultural gender bias in the and academic subcultures and could translate her 1950s and 1960s and elevate her career to uncharted computing vision into a language that each of these heights may best be explained by her unique charac- groups understood, communicating complex tech- ter. Hopper’s confi dence in her abilities, leadership nology to technically savvy people and non-technical skills, sense of humor, and determined nature al- people alike. Her special gifts and unique position lowed her to win over even her toughest critics and allowed her to democratize the industry and evolve push forward her vision of a more democratic and the computer into a far more personal technology ubiquitous computer industry. Today, Grace Hopper than many believed it could be. has become a role model for a new generation of As the 1960s came to a close, Grace Murray Hop- women in the computing industry and the u.s. Navy. per stepped down as the director of Automatic Pro- Each year, women from around the world gather at gramming, univac division of Sperry Rand. From all the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Com- appearances, the 60-year-old Hopper was making puting Conference, the largest technical conference the transition to retirement. Showered with numer- of its kind to support women in technical careers. ous accolades, in 1962, the computer pioneer was Of all her accomplishments, this may be Hopper’s elected Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Elec- greatest legacy. tronic Engineers (ieee), and two years later, received the lifetime achievement award from the Society of To learn more about Grace Murray Hopper, see Dr. Kurt Women Engineers. The highlight of these tributes Beyer’s book, Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Infor- came in 1969, when the Data Processing Manage- mation Age. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2009. ment Association named Hopper the fi rst-ever Com- puter Sciences “Man of the Year.” Since 1971, the Association of Computing Machinery has bestowed the Grace Hopper Prize in Computer Science to the computer professional who makes the single most signifi cant technical or service contribution. But to the surprise of everyone—except probably Hopper—“retirement” merely signaled the begin- ning of a new productive phase in her life. The navy was experiencing diffi culties in fully implementing

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 17 1987 1995

GRACE HOPPER JAY FORRESTER

For her development of programming languages, For his perfecting of core memory technology computer instruction, and lifelong naval service. into a practical computer memory device and for fundamental contributions to early computer systems design and development.

Grace Hopper was born in the designers of the ground- New York, New York, in breaking eniac computer sys- 1906. She held a b.s. in math- tem. There, she developed one Jay Forrester was born near Whirlwind itself was ematics and physics from of the world’s fi rst compilers Anselmo, Nebraska, in 1918. groundbreaking. Under For- Vassar College (1928) and and compiler-based program- He holds a b.s. in electrical rester’s strong leadership, the an m.s. (1930) and ph.d. in ming languages. In 1959, engineering from the Univer- project, which employed 175 mathematics (1934) from Hopper played an important sity of Nebraska (1939) and people and took three years Yale University. role in defi ning a new easy- an m.s. from mit (1945). to complete, was the fi rst Hopper began her career to-use programming lan- While leading the mit electronic, stored-program teaching at Vassar and taught guage. The result was cobol, Whirlwind computer project digital computer to operate in there from 1931 to 1943, probably the most successful (1947–1953), Forrester devel- real-time. Whirlwind’s innova- when she joined the u.s. programming language for oped the “coincident-current” tions led directly to the multi- Navy Reserve. Her fi rst as- business applications in history. magnetic core memory system, billion-dollar u.s. continental signment was to work with Hopper retired from the the fi rst reliable, high-speed air defense system known as Professor Howard Aiken of u.s. Navy Reserve in 1986 random access memory sage, and to practical memory the Harvard Computation with the rank of Rear Admiral for digital computers. This systems and high-speed digital Laboratory on problems of and was then hired as a senior invention was of monumental design techniques for all military signifi cance. consultant to Digital Equip- importance to the further ad- computers. Hopper remained at ment Corporation, a position vancement of digital comput- In 1956, Forrester left engi- Harvard until 1949, when she she retained until her death in ers and was used for main neering to join the mit Sloan joined the Eckert-Mauchly 1992, at age 86. computer memory in most School of Management, where Computer Corporation, led by Hopper was widely recog- computers into the 1970s. he led the development of nized for her achievements and the fi eld of system dynamics her often humorous lectures in which computational tech- on computer science topics. niques are used to analyze She received many awards, the social and economic including the u.s. National behavior of corporations, Medal of Technology (1991). cities, and countries. Forrester’s contributions MIT Whirlwind magnetic have been widely recognized core memory, ca. 1953 and include the u.s. National COBOL Tombstone, 1960 Medal of Technology (1989). HOPPER ARTIFACT: COURTESY OF CHARLES PHILLIPS / FORRESTER ARTIFACT: ©MIT / FORRESTER, KAPOR PORTRAITS: ©LOUIS FABIAN BACHRACH FABIAN KAPOR PORTRAITS: ©LOUIS ©MIT / FORRESTER, ARTIFACT: OF CHARLES PHILLIPS / FORRESTER COURTESY HOPPER ARTIFACT:

18 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 1996 1996

KEN OLSEN MITCH KAPOR

For his introduction of the minicomputer; co- For his development of Lotus 1-2-3, the fi rst major founder, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). software application for the IBM PC.

Ken Olsen was born in Bridge- colleague Harlan Anderson. port, Connecticut, in 1926. He Although it grew slowly at received a b.s. (1950) and m.s. fi rst, dec was known as a cre- Mitch Kapor was born in outselling VisiCalc by a signifi - (1952) from mit in electrical ative and technically oriented Brooklyn, New York, in 1950. cant margin. engineering. employer that attracted some He received a b.a. in psycholo- Lotus 1-2-3 also became a Olsen began working at of the country’s best engineers. gy from Yale University (1971) benchmark, along with mit’s digital computer labora- By the mid-1980s, dec was and an m.a. in psychology Microsoft Flight Simulator, tory after graduation and the second-largest computer from Beacon College (1978). for checking that an ibm mastered high-speed transistor company in the world. Kapor founded Lotus “clone” was 100 percent circuit design from the tx-2 dec enjoyed a steady rise Development Corporation hardware-compatible. Lotus computer project there. He in growth under Olsen and in 1982 with Jonathan Sachs, 1-2-3 was eventually surpassed also contributed to the practi- produced genuinely innovative co-creator of Lotus 1-2-3. by Excel, the Microsoft cal implementation and testing computer systems until the Released in January 1983, Lo- Windows-based program. of magnetic core memory, a personal computer revolu- tus 1-2-3 was the fi rst “killer In 1990, with fellow digital key enabling technology for tion occurred and dec had app” for the ibm personal rights activists John Perry digital computers. no clear strategy. Olsen left in computer (pc). It combined Barlow and John Gilmore, In 1957, Olsen left mit 1992 and dec was acquired by a spreadsheet, charting and he co-founded the Elec- and, with funding from Compaq in 1998. graphing, and rudimentary tronic Frontier Foundation America’s fi rst venture capital Olsen received many awards, database operations into one and served as its chairman fi rm, founded Digital Equip- including the u.s. National application. Used primarily until 1994. Kapor has been ment Corporation (dec) with Medal of Technology (1993). for its spreadsheet function, it involved in a number of With Gwen and Gordon was the leading program of its successful start-ups and was Bell, Ken Olsen was a founder type for dos-based personal the fi rst chairman of the of The Computer Museum. computers for several years, Mozilla Foundation. He has He passed away in 2011. also served as an adjunct/visit- ing professor at mit and has written and lectured widely on technology and society.

Ken Olsen on cover of FORTUNE

OLSEN ARTIFACT: ©MIT / KAPOR ARTIFACT: LOTUS, INC. LOTUS, ©MIT / KAPOR ARTIFACT: OLSEN ARTIFACT: Lotus Notes advertisement

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 19 1997 1997

KEN THOMPSON DENNIS RITCHIE

For his co-creation, with Dennis Ritchie, of For his co-creation, with Ken Thompson, of the UNIX operating system, and for development the UNIX operating system, and for development of the C programming language. of the C programming language.

Ken Thompson was born in many different hardware plat- New Orleans, Louisiana, in forms. The C language itself 1943. He received a b.s. (1965) was widely adopted and is in Dennis Ritchie was born in devices and networks work, and m.s. (1966) in electrical wide use today. Bronxville, New York, in 1941. while unix and unix-like op- engineering and computer sci- unix, which has had numer- He graduated from Harvard erating systems run on a vast ence from uc Berkeley. ous incarnations since its University with degrees in range of computing systems. In 1969, Thompson and inception, has become the physics and applied mathemat- Ritchie’s early work laid colleague Dennis Ritchie cre- backbone of the computerized ics and with a ph.d. in math- the foundations for much of ated the unix operating system technical infrastructure of the ematics (1968). His contribu- the technical infrastructure at Bell Telephone Laborato- modern world. unix or its tions to computing span four of our modern digital world. ries. unix was a scaled-down variants run on devices as dif- decades and have had global He enjoyed traveling and version of the mit multics ferent as supercomputers and impact. While at Bell Labs’ reading, but his main pas- operating system, one meant smartphones and as enormous Computing Sciences Research sion was his work, and he to run on the new smaller as global banking networks Center in the early 1970s, he stayed with Bell Labs until his minicomputers becoming and military systems. created the C programming retirement in 2007. With Ken available at the end of the The longevity, reliability, language and co-developed Thompson, he was awarded 1960s. When re-written in the and security of unix refl ect (with Ken Thompson) the the acm Turing Award (1983), C programming language by the excellence of its design unix operating system—both the u.s. National Medal of Dennis Ritchie, unix became as it has been adapted to mod- of which are foundations of Technology (1999), and a truly portable operating ern use. Thompson won the our modern digital world. the Japan Prize (2011). He system capable of running on acm Turing Award (1983), The C programming passed away in 2011. the u.s. National Medal of language and its descendants Technology (1999), and continue to be used to write the Japan Prize (2011), all the software that makes digital with Dennis Ritchie.

Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (standing) at Bell Labs, 1972

DEC PDP-11, 1970 BACHRACH FABIAN PORTRAITS: ©LOUIS ©MARK RICHARDS / THOMPSON, BACKUS ARTIFACT: RITCHIE

20 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 1997 1997

STEVE WOZNIAK JOHN BACKUS

For his invention of the Apple I and Apple II For his development of FORTRAN, contributions computers and co-founding of Apple Computer. to computer systems theory, and software project management.

Steve Wozniak was born in San 1976. Called the Apple i, it José, California, in 1950. He was meant for hobbyists, but received a b.s. in electrical the two Steves received an John Backus was born in science and engineering and engineering and computer sci- order for 50 assembled kits Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in is still in use for certain ence from uc Berkeley (1986). from a local store, suggesting 1924. He received an m.s. in applications, a testament to Wozniak (“Woz”) built his to the business-savvy Jobs that mathematics from Columbia its good design. fi rst computer when he was 13 there might be a market for University (1950). Backus made many other years old, and was an electron- personal computers. Shortly before he graduated, important contributions to ics prodigy in high school. At The answer was the Apple Backus interviewed at ibm and computer science, particu- 19, he met 14-year-old Steve ii, another Wozniak design, was hired to work on pro- larly in the area of functional Jobs and the two teenagers which offered color graphics gramming their new computer programming languages and built an electronic “blue box” and came in a consumer- systems. By 1953, he was systems. He served on the enabling them to hack the friendly case with a built-in leading a small team to create international committees de- public telephone network and keyboard. Sales of the Apple an easy-to-use programming veloping the algol system of make toll-free calls. ii were brisk and the newly language for scientifi c users. programming languages and, Their next collaboration formed Apple Computer be- At the time, programming was with Danish computer scientist was a kit computer, designed came a large company. exceedingly diffi cult—Backus Peter Naur, developed a com- by Wozniak, fi rst shown at the Wozniak remains an Apple once described it as “doing mon notation for describing Homebrew Computer Club employee and has enjoyed a hand-to-hand combat with the the structure of programming in Menlo Park, California, in diverse career in teaching and machine.” After four years of languages, a method known as entrepreneurship as well. In intense effort, Backus’ team the Backus-Naur Form (bnf). 1985, he was awarded the u.s. produced the fortran pro- Backus won the National National Medal of Technology gramming language. fortran Medal of Science (1975) and (with Steve Jobs). became a global standard for the acm Turing Award (1977), and was a fellow of the Ameri- can Academy of Arts and Sci- ences (1985). He passed away in 2007. Apple-1, Apple Computer, Inc., 1976

Fortran for Precedent button WOZNIAK, BACKUS ARTIFACTS: ©MARK RICHARDS / WOZNIAK PORTRAIT: ©ROGER RESSMEYER / CORBIS PORTRAIT: ©ROGER RESSMEYER ©MARK RICHARDS / WOZNIAK ARTIFACTS: BACKUS WOZNIAK,

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 21 1998 1998

GENE AMDAHL GORDON MOORE

For his fundamental and continuing work For his fundamental early work in the design in computer architecture and design, project and production of semiconductor devices; management, and entrepreneurship. co-founder, Fairchild and Intel.

Gene Amdahl was born in and technical gamble that Flandreau, South Dakota, became one of the greatest in 1922. He holds a b.s. in success stories in the history of Gordon Moore was born in San in 1965 he published a widely engineering physics (1948) computing. Francisco, California, in 1929. read article that fi rst proposed from South Dakota State In 1970, Amdahl left ibm for He holds a b.s. (1950) in what would become known as University and m.s. and ph.d. the second and fi nal time to chemistry from uc Berkeley “Moore’s Law,” in which he (1952) degrees in theoretical pursue his dream of building and a ph.d. (1954) in chemis- predicted that the number of physics from the University of his own computers, found- try and physics from Caltech. transistors the industry would Wisconsin. ing Amdahl Corporation. His Moore is a key fi gure in the be able to place on a computer Amdahl joined ibm directly new company made main- development of semiconduc- chip would double every year. upon graduation and made frame computers that ran ibm tor electronics, making major This observation has proven to an immediate impact as chief software, but at lower cost. contributions to the origin and be basically correct for more architect of ibm’s 704 scientifi c At its peak, it captured nearly perfection of the integrated than four decades. mainframe computer. This far one-fi fth of the market. The circuit (ic) as a viable technol- In 1968, Moore co-founded outsold initial predictions, ce- Amdahl company prospered ogy. With Robert Noyce and Intel Corporation with Robert menting Amdahl’s reputation and was eventually purchased others, he founded Fairchild Noyce. Intel has become a as a rising star. Amdahl left by Fujitsu when costs made Semiconductor Corporation in world leader in the design and ibm in 1956 but returned in further development diffi cult 1957, where he implemented manufacturing of semiconduc- 1960 to become chief architect without a well-funded partner. Noyce’s concepts to create tors and is the largest semicon- of their System/360 family of Amdahl founded several “wireless clusters” of transis- ductor company in the world. computers, a daring business other companies in the 1980s, tors, the basic idea of the ic, Among other awards, Moore developing advanced computer or “chip.” holds the ieee Medal of Honor systems and technologies. As head of r&d at Fairchild, (2008) and the u.s. National Amdahl is a Fellow of Medal of Technology (1990). the u.s. National Academy of Engineering (1967).

IBM System/360 Model 65, 1965

Original Moore’s Law diagram, 1965 BACHRACH FABIAN © LOUIS / MOORE PORTRAIT: OF THE INTEL CORPORATION COURTESY / MOORE ARTIFACT: PORTRAIT: ©IBM CORPORATION ©IBM / AMDAHL ARTIFACT: AMDAHL

22 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 1998

DONALD KNUTH

For his fundamental early work in the history of “THERE IS SUCH computing algorithms, development of the TeX typesetting language, and major contributions to A THING AS A mathematics and computer science. NATURAL-BORN ENTREPRENEUR. BUT THE ACCIDENTAL

ENTREPRENEUR Donald Knuth was born in 1938 Knuth’s lifelong love affair in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, with computers began as and holds a b.s. and m.s. in an undergraduate when he LIKE ME HAS TO mathematics from the Case discovered the ibm 650 Institute of Technology (1960) computer system at Case. and a ph.d. in mathematics He quickly mastered the inner (1963) from Caltech. Over workings of the machine and FALL INTO THE a prolifi c publishing career, developed a novel program Knuth is best known for hav- to automate coaching of the ing written the classic, multi- school’s basketball team, OPPORTUNITY OR BE volume series, The Art of earning him an appearance Computer Programming, the on the CBS Evening News “Bible” of computer science with Walter Cronkite. pedagogy. Through his writ- In 1976, Knuth invented PUSHED INTO IT.” ing and teaching at Stanford the typesetting language TeX GORDON MOORE University, where he was a when he grew frustrated with long-time professor (beginning the poor quality of typography in 1968), Knuth has infl uenced proposed for an upcoming the thinking of countless new volume of The Art of computer science students and Computer Programming. TeX professionals. remains a worldwide standard for technical publishing. Knuth has won dozens of awards, including the acm Turing Award (1974), the Na- tional Medal of Science (1979), and the Kyoto Prize (1996).

Cover, The Art of Computer Programming, 1968

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 23 1999 1999

KONRAD ZUSE JOHN MCCARTHY

For his invention of the fi rst program-controlled, For his co-founding of the fi elds of Artifi cial electromechanical, digital computer and the fi rst Intelligence (AI) and timesharing systems high-level programming language, Plankalkül. and for major contributions to mathematics and computer science.

John McCarthy was born in While at mit, McCarthy pro- Boston, Massachusetts, in posed a method of distributing Konrad Zuse was born in able to sell one to the German 1927. He received a b.s. computer resources known as Berlin, Germany, in 1910. aircraft bureau, which needed in mathematics from Caltech timesharing, in which many In 1935, he graduated from it to solve aerodynamic prob- (1948) and a ph.d., also in individual users could appear the Technische Hochschule lems. z1–z3 were ultimately mathematics, from Princeton to have sole access to an ex- Berlin-Charlottenburg in civil destroyed in an Allied bomb University (1951). pensive mainframe computer engineering. attack on Berlin in 1945, but McCarthy was a pioneer system. Timesharing became a After graduating, he went Zuse persisted and completed in the fi elds of artifi cial dominant computing para- to work for the Henschel a relay-based version, the z4. intelligence (ai), computer digm in the 1960s and 1970s, Aircraft Company, but spent He sold this to the Swiss Fed- science, and interactive and mit led much of the early his weekends building a com- eral Institute of Technology computing systems. work, infl uenced by McCar- puter (the z1) in his parents’ (eth-Zurich)—it was at the McCarthy coined the term thy’s ideas. living room. He completed time the only working com- “ai” in 1955 in connection In 1965, McCarthy became the z1, for which instructions puter in continental Europe. with a proposed summer the founding director of the were punched on used movie Zuse’s reputation grew, and workshop at Dartmouth Stanford Artifi cial Intelligence fi lm, in 1938. he founded Zuse kg to build College, which many of the Laboratory (sail), where Zuse worked throughout his machines as well as devel- world’s leading thinkers in research was conducted into wwii on other designs, culmi- oping one of the earliest high- computing attended. As part machine intelligence, graphi- nating in his z3 computer, the level programming languages, of refi ning his ideas about ai, cal interactive computing, and world’s fi rst fully operational Plankalkül. he also invented the program- autonomous vehicles. stored-program electrome- Zuse’s story is one of suc- ming language lisp in 1958. McCarthy was chosen as chanical computer. He was cess over adversity, as he the 1971 winner of the acm independently conceived and Turing Award, and was implemented the principles of awarded the Kyoto Prize modern digital computers in (1988) and the National complete isolation. He passed Medal of Science (1990). He away in 1995. passed away in 2011.

Zuse Z1 in living room, Germany, 1938 John McCarthy at Stanford’s IBM 7090, ca. 1967 ZUSE ARTIFACT & PORTRAIT: ©HORST ZUSE, USED WITH PERMISSION / MCCARTHY ARTIFACT: COURTESY OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY / MCCARTHY PORTRAIT: ©LOUIS FABIAN BACHRACH FABIAN ©LOUIS PORTRAIT: UNIVERSITY / MCCARTHY OF STANFORD COURTESY ARTIFACT: / MCCARTHY & PORTRAIT: ©HORST ZUSE, USED WITH PERMISSION ZUSE ARTIFACT

24 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 1999

ALAN KAY

For his fundamental contributions to personal computing and human interface development; “THE BEST WAY co-founder, Xerox PARC. TO PREDICT THE FUTURE IS TO INVENT IT.” ALAN KAY

Alan Kay was born in Spring- Kay was one of the found- fi eld, Massachusetts, in 1940. ers of the Xerox Palo Alto He received a b.s. in math- Research Center (parc), in ematics and molecular biology Palo Alto, California, where from the University of Colo- he led one of the groups that rado at Boulder (1966) and an developed ideas into modern m.s. (1968) and ph.d. (1969) workstations (and the forerun- from the University of Utah in ner of the Macintosh), the computer science. Smalltalk computer language, Kay is best known for the the overlapping-window idea of personal computing, interface, desktop publishing, the concept of the laptop the Ethernet, laser printing, computer, and the inven- and network “client servers.” tions of the now ubiquitous His “Dynabook” concept overlapping-window interface prefi gured the modern laptop and modern object-oriented computer by several decades. programming. Kay has received many His deep interest in children awards, including acm’s was the catalyst for these ideas, Software Systems Award and it continues to inspire him. and the j-d Warnier Prix d’Informatique. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Na- tional Academy of Engineering, and the Royal Society of Arts. He has won the acm Turing Award (2003) and the Kyoto Prize (2004).

Children using proposed Dynabook, 1968 KAY ARTIFACT: COURTESY OF ALAN KAY / KAY PORTRAIT: ©LOUIS FABIAN BACHRACH FABIAN PORTRAIT: ©LOUIS / KAY OF ALAN KAY COURTESY ARTIFACT: KAY

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 25 2000 2000

TOM KILBURN VINTON CERF

For his contributions to early computer design, For his contributions to computer architecture, including random access digital storage, virtual operating systems, and software engineering. memory, and multiprogramming.

Tom Kilburn was born in the world that could hold Dewsbury, England, in 1921. both user program and data in He received a ph.d. from the electronic storage and process Vinton Cerf was born in New ment of Internet-related packet University of Manchester it at electronic speeds. Haven, Connecticut, in 1943. data and security technolo- (1948). In the early 1950s, Kilburn He received his b.a. in math- gies based on tcp/ip. In the Kilburn’s early work with led the development of two ematics from Stanford Univer- late 1980s, when the Internet Frederic Williams at the Uni- new pioneering computers sity (1965) and his m.s. (1970) began a transition to the com- versity of Manchester in 1947 that were turned into commer- and ph.d. (1972) from ucla. mercial sector, Cerf moved to concentrated on the digital cial machines by u.k. manu- After graduation, Cerf mci Communications, where storage of information on a facturers. became an assistant professor he led development of the cathode-ray tube and resulted Kilburn then led the devel- at Stanford University, where fi rst commercial email system in the fi rst random access opment of the Atlas computer he co-developed the tcp/ip (mci Mail) connected to the electronic storage device for system, which pioneered such protocol suite with colleague Internet. computers, the Williams- modern concepts as paging, Bob Kahn. This set of com- In 1992, Cerf founded the Kilburn Tube. virtual memory, and multi- munication standards for data Internet Society and served as To test it, in 1948 Kilburn programming, infl uencing would become the backbone its president for three years. led the work on designing the development of computer of the Internet. He also served on the board and building “the Baby,” a systems for generations. In From 1976 to 1982, Cerf of icann from 1999 to 2007. small-scale experimental 1962, it was considered the was a program manager In 2005, Cerf became a vice computer. The Baby was the most powerful computer in with the u.s. Department of president and chief Internet fi rst stored-program com- the world. Defense’s Advanced Research evangelist at Google. puter—the fi rst computer in Tom Kilburn was profes- Projects Agency (darpa), Among many awards, Cerf sor of computer engineering where he fostered develop- has won the u.s. National (1960), then computer science Medal of Technology (1997) (1964) at the University and the acm Turing Award Manchester, retiring in 1981. (2004). He was a Fellow of the Royal Society. He passed away in 2001.

Tom Kilburn (standing) at Ferranti Mark I computer, ca. 1950 BBN Interface Message Processor

(IMP), ca. 1965 ©MARK RICHARDS CERF ARTIFACT:

26 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2000

FRANCES ALLEN

For her contributions to program optimization “ALL THE THINGS I and compiling for parallel computers. DO ARE OF A PIECE. I’M EXPLORING THE EDGES, FINDING NEW WAYS OF

DOING THINGS. Frances Allen was born in Allen began her career at a Plattsburg, New York, in 1932. small rural high school in Peru, She holds a b.s. in mathemat- New York, teaching practi- IT KEEPS ME VERY, ics (1954) from Albany State cal math to farm kids, then Teacher’s College, and an m.s., took a job at ibm in order to also in mathematics (1957), earn the money she needed to from the University of Michi- pay off her college loans. She VERY ENGAGED.” gan. She holds several honor- had planned to work there FRANCES ALLEN ary doctorates in science. for a couple of years and then Allen is a pioneer in the return to her fi rst love—teach- fi eld of optimizing compil- ing—but at ibm, she found ers, programs that translate something she loved even source code written in a more, “great people.” She programming language into would stay at ibm for the next machine code for direct use by 45 years, making dozens of im- a computer. Her specialty is portant and original contribu- the development of advanced tions to computer science. compilers for making such In 1989, she became the fi rst computers work faster and woman to be named an ibm more effi ciently. Fellow and, in 2006, received the acm Turing Award.

Close-up of IBM 7030 (“Stretch”) operator console, 1961 ALLEN ARTIFACT: ©MARK RICHARDS / ALLEN PORTRAIT: ©LOUIS FABIAN BACHRACH FABIAN ©MARK RICHARDS / ALLEN PORTRAIT: ©LOUIS ALLEN ARTIFACT:

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 27 2001

SIR MAURICE V. WILKES

For his contributions to computer technology, including early computer design, microprogram- “IT WAS ON ONE ming, and the Cambridge Ring network. OF MY JOURNEYS BETWEEN THE EDSAC ROOM AND THE PUNCHING

Maurice V. Wilkes was born microprogramming, a system EQUIPMENT THAT in Dudley, England, in 1913. that was ultimately adopted He received a ph.d. in physics throughout the computer (1936) from the University industry. THE REALIZATION of Cambridge. In 1974, Wilkes concluded Wilkes began experimental that local area networks could research on the atmosphere, be more effective if based complex calculations that led on computers rather than CAME OVER ME THAT him to an interest in comput- telecommunications technol- ing methods. In 1945, he ogy. His design study for what became the fi rst head of the became known as the Cam- A GOOD PART OF THE computer laboratory at Cam- bridge Ring was a landmark in bridge and the following year, the fi eld of networking. began working on the ground- After 1980, Wilkes worked breaking edsac computer, in industry, fi rst with Digital REMAINDER OF MY which became functional in Equipment Corporation (dec) 1949. In 1951, along with two and then with at&t Research colleagues, he published the Laboratories. He was a LIFE WAS GOING TO fi rst book on computer pro- Distinguished Fellow of the gramming and then proposed British Computer Society, and a Fellow of the Royal Soci- ety and the Royal Academy BE SPENT IN FIND- of Engineering. He held the Turing Award (1967) and the Kyoto Prize (1997), and was ING ERRORS IN MY knighted in 2000. He passed away in 2010.

Maurice Wilkes (center) with OWN PROGRAMS.” EDSAC, 1949 MAURICE V. WILKES WILKES ARTIFACT: COURTESY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE COMPUTER LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY CAMBRIDGE COURTESY WILKES ARTIFACT:

28 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2001 2001

JEAN SAMMET FREDERICK P. BROOKS

For her contributions to the fi eld of programming For his contributions to computer architecture, languages and its history. operating systems, and software engineering.

Frederick P. Brooks was born System/360, the most impor- in Durham, North Carolina, tant product in company his- Jean Sammet was born in New From 1958 to 1961, she in 1931. He holds an a.b. tory at that time, developing York, New York, in 1928. She worked at Sylvania Electric in physics from Duke Univer- both hardware and software. holds a b.a. in mathematics Products and managed the ba- sity (1953), and an s.m. in Brooks joined the University from Mount Holyoke College sic software development for applied mathematics (1955) of North Carolina in 1964, (1948), an m.a., also in math- mobidic, a computer built for and a ph.d. in computer where he founded the depart- ematics, from the University of the Army Signal Corps. From science (1956), both from ment of computer science and Illinois (1949), and an honor- 1959 to 1961, she served as a Harvard University. His dis- served as chairman for its ary doctorate from Mount key member of the committee sertation was supervised by fi rst 20 years. His research has Holyoke College (1978). that developed cobol, which legendary computer pioneer included computer architec- Sammet started work in the became the standard program- Howard Aiken. ture, software engineering, computer fi eld at Sperry Gyro- ming language for business Upon graduation, Brooks and interactive 3-d computer scope in 1955 and supervised applications around the world. joined ibm and served as graphics, or “virtual reality.” the company’s fi rst scientifi c Sammet joined ibm in 1961 one of the architects of ibm’s His book, The Mythical Man- programming group. She also and directed the development groundbreaking Stretch and Month: Essays on Software taught graduate courses in of formac, a widely used pro- Harvest supercomputers, mak- Engineering, is a classic in programming at Adelphi Col- gramming language and sys- ing several early and impor- the fi eld of computer project lege from 1956 to 1958. tem for symbolic mathematics. tant contributions. From 1961 management. In 1965, she became program- to 1965, he was corporate Brooks holds dozens of ming language technology project manager for the ibm awards, including the acm manager in the ibm systems Turing Award (1999). He development division and later shares the u.s. National led ibm’s work on the Ada Medal of Technology (1985) programming language. with ibm’s Bob Evans and She was president of the Erich Bloch for his work on acm from 1972 to 1974 and is System/360. a world authority on the histo- ry of programming languages. Among other honors, she Communications of the is a member of the u.s. Cover, The Mythical Man-Month, 1975 Association for Computing National Academy of Engi- Machinery (ACM) cover, 1961-01

SAMMET ARTIFACT: ©ACM SAMMET ARTIFACT: neering (1977).

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 29 2002 2002

JOHN WARNOCK CHARLES GESCHKE

For his accomplishments in the commercialization For his accomplishments in the commercialization of desktop publishing with Charles Geschke, and of desktop publishing with John Warnock and for for innovations in scalable type, computer graphics, innovations in scalable type, computer graphics, and printing. and printing.

John Warnock was born in started their own company, Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1940. Adobe. Their work evolved He holds a b.s. in mathematics into the PostScript page Charles Geschke was born in this invention, Geschke and and philosophy (1961), an m.s. description language, which, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1939 and Warnock left parc and co- in mathematics (1964), and a when combined in 1985 holds an a.b. in classics (1962), founded Adobe Systems. ph.d. in electrical engineering with hardware from Apple and an m.s. in mathemat- Interpress evolved into (1969), all from the University Computer, formed the fi rst ics (1963), both from Xavier Adobe’s PostScript which, of Utah. “desktop publishing” (dtp) University, and a ph.d. in when combined in 1985 with Warnock joined Xerox’s system. dtp systems allowed computer science (1972) from hardware from Apple Com- Palo Alto Research Center nearly anyone to electronically Carnegie Mellon University. puter (including Apple’s new (parc) in 1978, where he was compose documents and print In 1978, Geschke formed LaserWriter printer), formed a principal scientist in their them as they appeared on the the Imaging Sciences Labora- the fi rst “desktop publish- computer sciences laboratory screen. This new approach to tory at Xerox parc, where he ing” (dtp) system, one in working on interactive graph- electronic printing allowed directed research in com- which anyone could set type, ics. As part of his responsi- business users to greatly puter science, graphics, image compose documents, and print bilities, Warnock, along with improve the quality and processing, and optics. He them as they appeared on the colleague Chuck Geschke and effi ciency of their document hired his long-term research screen—all electronically. This others, developed a printer production. partner, John Warnock, and new approach allowed busi- protocol called Interpress. Since the invention of the two invented a page de- ness users to greatly improve When Xerox declined to PostScript, Adobe has become scription language—a means the quality and effi ciency of pursue the Interpress idea the leader in electronic imag- of describing complex forms their document production, further, Warnock and Geschke ing and publishing and is the like typefaces electronically— spawning an entire industry. industry leader in graphical called Interpress. When Xerox Geschke is a member of the arts software. decided not to commercialize National Academy of Engi- Warnock is a member of neering and an acm Fellow. the National Academy of He retired as president of Engineering (1996) and an Adobe in 2000. acm Fellow.

Aldus PageMaker, 1987

Adobe Illustrator, fi rst version, 1987 / GESCHKE PORTRAIT: ©ED KASHI /CORBIS ©ADOBE SYSTEMS / GESCHKE ARTIFACT: ©ALDUS CORPORATIOIN ARTIFACT: WARNOCK

30 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2002 2002

CARVER MEAD JOHN COCKE

For his contributions in pioneering the For his development and implementation of reduced automation, methodology, and teaching of instruction set computer architecture and program integrated circuit design. optimization technology.

Carver Mead was born in design,” an approach now Bakersfi eld, California, in used by all semiconductor 1934 and holds b.s. (1956), companies. John Cocke was born in complex, Cocke’s philosophy m.s. (1957), and ph.d. (1959) Mead’s work with vlsi Charlotte, North Carolina, went against the prevailing degrees in electrical engineer- design also included co- in 1925. He received a b.s. wisdom, but has proven to be ing, all from Caltech. authoring, with Lynn Conway, in mechanical engineering very successful. Mead has made many pio- Introduction to VLSI Systems, (1946) and a ph.d. in math- The breakthrough project neering contributions to solid- a book that became the ematics (1956), both from came in 1974, when Cocke state electronics and was one standard reference text for a Duke University. and his team started to design of the leading forces in Very generation of ic designers. An IBM employee for 37 a telecom computer which Large Scale Integration (vlsi) Mead’s other work involves years (1956–1993), Cocke became known as the “801” design methodology. experimenting with “neuro- made major contributions to minicomputer, named after His major innovations morphic electronic systems” compiler optimization and the building in which his include the gaas mesfet, a —circuits modeled on living devised the concept of the team worked. The project fell key amplifying device used in nervous systems. reduced instruction set com- through, but the 801 led even- microwave communication Mead is the recipient of puter (risc). tually to the risc-based ibm systems from radio telescopes many awards, including the Cocke recognized that pow- pc rt introduced in 1985. The to home satellite dishes and Lemelson-mit Prize (1999). erful special-purpose compil- risc design philosophy is now cellular phones. Mead is also He holds over 50 u.s. patents ers could compensate for the used in nearly every computa- well-known for pioneering and fellowships or distin- simplicity of risc hardware, tional device made, especially computer-aided design of vlsi guished memberships in seven resulting in high-performance mobile devices. circuitry through his meth- different scientifi c and profes- computers. While the instruc- Among his many achieve- odology of “structured custom sional societies. Until recently, tion sets of most computers ments, Cocke was made an he was the Gordon and were becoming ever more ibm Fellow in 1972, and was Betty Moore professor at awarded the National Medal Caltech, having taught there of Technology (1991), the for more than 40 years. acm Turing Award (1987), and the National Medal of Science (1994). He passed away in 2002.

Cover, Introduction to VLSI IBM RISC Technology Systems, 1980 diagram, ca. 1982 COCKE ARTIFACT: ©IBM COCKE ARTIFACT:

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 31 2003 2003

DAVID WHEELER TIM BERNERS-LEE

For his invention of the closed subroutine, For his seminal contributions to the development his architectural contributions to the ILLIAC, the of the World Wide Web. Cambridge Ring, and computer testing.

David Wheeler was born in next two years at the Univer- Birmingham, England, in 1927. sity of Illinois, helping design He was awarded a scholarship the programming system for Tim Berners-Lee was born in based on a system of globally to Trinity College, Cambridge, the ordvac and illiac London, England, in 1955. He unique identifi ers for resources, in 1945 and studied mathe- machines, two important holds a b.a. in physics from the html publishing language, matics, taking his b.a. in 1948. fi rst-generation (vacuum tube) Oxford University (1976). and the use of http. The turn- Wheeler started computer computer systems. While working as an in- ing point came in 1993 with work as an undergraduate in Wheeler spent time at the dependent contractor at the the introduction of the free 1947, and was granted a ph.d. Universities of Illinois; Sydney, European high-energy physics Mosaic web browser, which in 1951; his dissertation was Australia; and California. He laboratory (cern) in 1980, allowed images to be dis- titled “Automatic computing acted as a consultant to vari- Berners-Lee built a prototype played alongside text, unlike with the edsac.” His wired- ous organizations, including system for document sharing the other hypertext systems in edsac assembler of 1942, Bell Laboratories and Digital among researchers based on then in existence. That same creating a simple system for Equipment Corporation’s hypertext called enquire. In year, cern announced that the users, led to a fellowship at Western Research Laboratory. 1989, he had a new proposal, World Wide Web would be Trinity College. He is generally Wheeler was emeritus written with the help of Rob- free to everyone. credited as the fi rst program- professor of computer science ert Cailliau, based on combin- In 1994, Berners-Lee left mer to formally defi ne and at the University of Cam- ing hypertext with the Internet, cern and founded the World make use of the program bridge, where he spent most which he called the “World Wide Web Consortium at mit, subroutine, then known as a of his career. He was elected a Wide Web.” The world’s fi rst a group of member organiza- “Wheeler jump.” He spent the Fellow of the British Comput- website, at cern, went online tions, including vendors, will- ing Society (1970) and of the August 6, 1991. ing to create standards for the Royal Society (1983), and was The Web proposal was Web. In 2004, he was knighted awarded a Pioneer Medal for his pioneering work. of the ieee (1985). He passed away in 2004.

ILLIAC I computer at UIUC, ca. 1952

World Wide Web browser-editor, 1993 WHEELER ARTIFACT: ©UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN / BERNERS-LEE ARTIFACT: COURTESY OF CERN / BERNERS-LEE PORTRAIT: ©ANDREW BRUSSO / CORBIS ©ANDREW BRUSSO OF CERN / BERNERS-LEE PORTRAIT: COURTESY / BERNERS-LEE ARTIFACT: URBANA-CHAMPAIGN ©UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT WHEELER ARTIFACT:

32 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2003

GORDON BELL

For his key role in the minicomputer revolution “THE WEB SHOULD and for contributions as a computer architect and BE A UNIVERSAL entrepreneur. INFORMATION SPACE: INDEPENDENT OF HARDWARE OR

SOFTWARE CHOICE, Gordon Bell was born in Kirks- of computers called the vax, ville, Missouri, in 1934. He which would become the most received b.s. (1956) and m.s. successful product in company NETWORK ACCESS, (1957) degrees in electrical history. engineering from mit. Bell retired from dec in In 1960, Bell was hired by 1983 but later launched several the founders of Digital Equip- companies to design and build OF LANGUAGE, ment Corporation (dec) to high-performance computer design circuits and systems for systems using new technolo- their new pdp-1 computer. He gies. In 1987, he established CULTURE, OR PER- became the architect of several the acm Gordon Bell Prize to other important computers reward original research in at dec and was considered a parallel processing. brilliant designer. In 1966, Bell Since 1995, he has worked SONAL DISABILITY... left to teach computer science at Microsoft as a researcher at Carnegie Mellon University and is also an angel investor but returned to dec in 1972 and entrepreneur. A CREATIVE SPACE, as vice president of engineer- Bell is a member of the u.s. ing. He then led the company National Academy of Engi- in a bold direction based on neering and received the u.s. his vision for a new family National Medal of Technology LIKE A BLANK in 1991. With Gwen Bell and Ken Olsen, he was a founder of The Computer Museum. SHEET OF PAPER.” TIM BERNERS-LEE

Gordon Bell (standing) and Alan Kotok at a DEC PDP-6 computer, ca. 1963

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 33 2004 2004

NIKLAUS WIRTH BOB FRANKSTON

For seminal work in programming languages For advancing the usefulness of personal computers and algorithms including Euler, Algol-W, Pascal, by developing the VisiCalc electronic spreadsheet. Modula-2, and Oberon.

Niklaus Wirth was born in Oberon (1988). Pascal, in Winterthur, Switzerland, in particular, became a widely 1934. He received the degree used programming language Bob Frankston was born in computers for many years. Af- of electronics engineer from in computer-science education Brooklyn, New York, in 1949. ter VisiCalc was purchased by the Swiss Federal Institute and infl uenced a generation He received s.b. degrees in Lotus Development, it evolved of Technology (eth-Zurich) of students and professional both computer science and into Lotus 1-2-3. (1959), an m.sc. from Laval programmers. mathematics (1970) and mas- From 1985 to 1990, University (1960), and a ph.d. Following two separate ter’s and engineers degrees Frankston worked at Lotus in electrical engineering and sabbatical leaves at the Xerox in computer science (1974), Development, where he cre- computer science from uc Palo Alto Research Center all from mit. ated the Lotus Express prod- Berkeley (1963). (parc) in California, Wirth In 1979, Frankston founded uct and a fax facility for Lotus Upon graduation, Wirth became an enthusiastic Software Arts with friend and Notes. At Slate Corporation, became an assistant professor adopter of the groundbreak- Harvard mba student Dan (1990 to 1992), Frankston at the newly created computer ing workstations he saw there, Bricklin to develop and sell worked on mobile and pen- science department at Stan- and returned home inspired VisiCalc, the fi rst electronic based systems. At Microsoft ford University. From 1968 to build similar systems. spreadsheet program for per- (1993 to 1998), he focused on until his retirement in 1999, he While doing so, he simultane- sonal computers. VisiCalc was the consumer use of com- was a professor at eth in Zu- ously created several elegant fi rst available for the Apple puters, in particular, home rich. There, he developed the and useful programming ii personal computer, which networking, and the idea of programming languages Pascal languages and environments signifi cantly drove Apple ii wireless networking. (1970), Modula-2 (1979), and that had profound research sales. It became a blockbuster Since 1988, he has been implications. product and remained a wide- an angel investor providing Wirth has contributed to ly used program for personal early-stage fi nancing for both hardware and software technology start-ups. aspects of computer design Frankston is a Fellow of and has written infl uential the ieee and acm and holds books on software engineering the acm Software System and structured programming. Award (1985). Among other recognitions, he holds the acm Turing Sample Pascal program Award (1984). listing, ca. 1970

VisiCalc screen diagram, 1979 BRICKLIN OF DAN COURTESY ARTIFACT: FRANKSTON

34 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2004 2004

DAN BRICKLIN BOB EVANS

For advancing the utility of personal computers by For excellence in management of computer systems, developing the VisiCalc electronic spreadsheet. hardware, and software development projects, including the IBM System/360, which revolutionized the computer industry.

Dan Bricklin was born in was the program that con- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in vinced them to purchase a 1951. He holds a b.s. in electri- pc. Prior to forming Software Bob Evans was born in single change of direction in cal engineering and computer Arts, Bricklin was a market Grand Island, Nebraska, in the company’s history and Ev- science from mit and an m.b.a. researcher for Prime Computer 1927. He received a b.s. in ans was given overall respon- from the Harvard Graduate Inc., a senior systems pro- engineering from Iowa State sibility for all hardware and School of Business Administra- grammer for FasFax Corpora- University (1951). software of the new machines. tion. He also holds an honor- tion, and a senior software Bob Evans started his 33- The System/360 was a major ary Doctor of Humane Letters engineer for Digital Equip- year career at ibm in 1951 as win for ibm and remains one from Newbury College. ment Corporation, where he a junior engineer, supporting of the most successful com- In 1979, he founded Soft- was project leader of the wps- ibm’s electronic (vacuum tube) puter products of all time. It ware Arts, where he served 8 word processing software. computers. He rose quickly was through Evans’ leadership as chairman of the board and In 1990, Bricklin co-founded through the organization and that the project was completed. executive vice president until Slate Corporation to develop became vice president of ibm’s In his last seven years at 1985. Their fl agship product, application software for pen data systems division in 1962. ibm, Evans was corporate VisiCalc, transformed the computers. In 1994, he was In this position, he was placed vice president, Engineering, personal computer industry elected a Fellow of the acm in charge of all development Programming and Technology. by providing an electronic and is a member of the for a daring new family of In 1984 he retired from ibm to spreadsheet for business users. National Academy of Engi- computers ibm was planning. join Hambrecht and Quist as a For many such users, VisiCalc neering. In late 1995, Bricklin This family, known as the venture partner. founded Trellix Corporation, System/360, was the largest In 1988, he moved to a spin- a provider of website publish- off from h&q, Technology ing technology. Strategies and Alliances, where he served as a managing part- ner. He passed away in 2004.

Detail of Bricklin’s Slate diagram for a spreadsheet, IBM System/360 Computer, 1965 1978-79 BRICKLIN ARTIFACT: COURTESY OF DAN BRICKLIN / EVANS ARTIFACT & PORTRAIT: ©IBM CORPORATION / BRICKLIN PORTRAIT: ©LOUIS FABIAN BACHRACH BACHRACH FABIAN / BRICKLIN PORTRAIT: ©LOUIS & PORTRAIT: ©IBM CORPORATION ARTIFACT BRICKLIN / EVANS OF DAN COURTESY BRICKLIN ARTIFACT:

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 35 2004

ERICH BLOCH

For engineering management of the IBM Stretch supercomputer and the Solid Logic Technology “IF YOU WANT TO used in the IBM System/360, which revolutionized the computer industry. KNOW ABOUT THE FUTURE, ASK THE YOUNG PEOPLE WHO WILL MAKE IT HAPPEN. THE OLDER

Erich Bloch was born in of the Solid Logic Technology Sulzburg, Germany, in 1925 (System/360) program, vice GENERATION MAY and holds a b.s. in electrical president of the Data Systems engineering from the Univer- Division, and general manager sity of Buffalo (1952). He of the East Fishkill develop- also studied at the Swiss Fed- ment and manufacturing HAVE USED UP ITS eral Institute of Technology facility—critical components (eth-Zurich). of ibm’s global mainframe Bloch worked at ibm from business strategy for over VISION GETTING US 1952 to 1981 in a variety of two decades. critical technology manage- As director of the u.s. Na- ment roles, including oversee- tional Science Foundation from ing the diffi cult manufacturing 1984 to 1990, Bloch oversaw WHERE WE ARE.” challenges of ibm’s ground- the foundation’s $3 billion breaking System/360 family of annual budget and the award IVAN E. SUTHERLAND mainframe computers in the of more than 10,000 research 1960s. Bloch’s other positions grants in the natural and social at ibm included engineer- sciences and engineering. ing manager of the Stretch He was awarded the u.s. supercomputer system, head National Medal of Technology for developments that revolu- tionized the computer industry and is a member of the u.s. National Academy of Engi- neering, the Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, a Fellow of ieee, and a foreign member of the Engineering Academy of Japan. IBM 360 SLT module, 1965 BLOCH ARTIFACT: ©IBM ARTIFACT: BLOCH

36 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2005 2005

IVAN E. SUTHERLAND ALAN F. SHUGART

For the Sketchpad computer-aided design system For his lifelong contributions to the creation of the and for lifelong contributions to computer graphics modern disk drive industry. and education.

Ivan E. Sutherland was born in Offi ce of the Advanced Re- Hastings, Nebraska, in 1938. search Projects Agency (arpa), He received a b.s. from the where he guided computer re- Alan F. Shugart was born in Shugart left for Memorex Carnegie Institute of Technol- search across the United States. Los Angeles, California, in in 1969. He stayed until 1972, ogy (1959) in electrical engi- In 1968, he joined colleague 1930. He received a b.s. in then launched Shugart Associ- neering, an m.s. from Caltech David Evans to build a center engineering physics from the ates, where he led efforts to (1960) and a ph.d. in electrical of computer graphics research University of Redlands (1951). perfect the eight-inch fl oppy engineering from mit (1963). at the University of Utah and In 1951, Shugart began his disk drive as a mass-produced Sutherland’s dissertation, to found with him the Evans career at ibm as a fi eld engi- device. After a dispute over Sketchpad: A Man Machine and Sutherland Computer neer, solving customer prob- company direction with his Graphical Communication Corporation. lems at their offi ces. He rose board, Shugart left in 1974. System, described a ground- From 1976 to 1980, Suther- quickly through the organiza- In 1979, he and Finis breaking interactive computer- land served as chairman of tion as an effective leader who Conner founded Seagate aided design system, one computer science at Caltech, inspired great loyalty in team Technology with the mission whose graceful interaction and and from 1980 onwards, was members. Over his 18-year of producing hard disk functionality inspire admira- a vice president of the consult- career at ibm, Shugart contrib- drives for the new personal tion among computer graphics ing fi rm Sutherland, Sproull uted to or managed a number computer market. Their fi rst professionals even today. and Associates, acquired by of diffi cult disk drive develop- commercial product was a From 1964 to 1966, Suther- Sun Microsystems in 1990 to ment programs, including the 5 1/4", 5 mb hard disk drive land was director of the Infor- form the basis of its corporate groundbreaking ramac— that sold for $1,500 and mation Processing Techniques research laboratory. ibm’s (and the world’s) fi rst became a major enabling Sutherland has won many disk drive. technology for the pc industry. awards for his work, includ- Within a decade, Seagate had ing the acm Turing Award become the world’s larg- (1988) and the ieee John von est producer of disk drives. Neumann Medal (1998). Shugart passed away in 2006.

MIT Sketchpad program, ca. 1965 IBM 305 RAMAC system diagram, ca.1956 SHUGART ARTIFACT: ©IBM ARTIFACT: SHUGART

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 37 2005 2005

DOUGLAS ENGELBART PAUL BARAN

For advancing the study of human-computer For fundamental contributions to the interaction and developing the mouse input device, architecture of the Internet and for a lifetime and for the application of computers to improving of entrepreneurial activity. organizational effi ciency.

Douglas Engelbart was born in of his research together for Portland, Oregon, in 1925 his “mother of all demos” in and holds a b.s. in electrical San Francisco on December 8, Paul Baran was born in survivable in the event of engineering from Oregon State 1968, an event that presaged Grodno, Poland, in 1926. He nuclear attack. While at Rand, University (1948) and an m.s. many of the technologies and received a b.s. in electrical en- he also wrote a 13-volume set (1953) and ph.d. (1955), also computer-usage paradigms we gineering from Drexel Institute of reports defi ning in detail an in electrical engineering, from would use decades later. His of Technology (1949) and an all-digital nationally distrib- uc Berkeley. After a stint as an system, called nls, showed m.s. in electrical engineering uted network for digital voice assistant professor at Berkeley, actual instances of, or precur- from ucla (1959). and data. he left for the Stanford Re- sors to, hypertext, shared Baran began working with Baran’s packet switching search Institute (sri) in Menlo screen collaboration, multiple computers as a technician on ideas served as a foundation Park, California, where he windows, on-screen video tele- the groundbreaking univac i upon which others later built stayed for two decades. conferencing, and the mouse (1951) computer system, the the arpanet, which, over time, While at sri, Engelbart’s as an input device. This demo fi rst commercially available evolved into the Internet. most important work began embodied Engelbart’s life- computer in the United States. In 1968, Baran left Rand with his 1959 founding of the long commitment to solving After working at Hughes to co-found the Institute for Augmentation Research Center, humanity’s urgent problems Aircraft on radar systems for the Future, a not-for-profi t where he developed some of by using computers as tools to several years, he then joined research group specializing the key technologies used in improve communication and the Rand Corporation in in long-range forecasting. In computing today. Engelbart collaboration between people. 1959, where he developed the 1972, he started a number of brought the various strands Engelbart has authored concept of packet switching for-profi t companies based over 25 publications, holds to make distributed networks on technologies he developed, more than 20 patents, and has and continued founding com- received many honors, includ- panies until 2003. ing the National Medal of Baran won the u.s. National Technology (2000). Medal of Technology in 2007. He passed away in 2011.

NLS workstation, ca. 1968 Early packet network diagram showing centralized, decentralized, and distrib- uted network topologies, ca. 1965 ENGELBART ARTIFACT & PORTRAIT: ©SRI INTERNATIONAL / BARAN ARTIFACT: ©THE RAND CORPORATION / BARAN ARTIFACT: & PORTRAIT: ©SRI INTERNATIONAL ENGELBART ARTIFACT

38 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2006

MARVIN MINSKY

For co-founding of the fi eld of artifi cial intelligence, “NO COMPUTER building the fi rst artifi cial neural networks, and HAS EVER BEEN creating early robotics systems. DESIGNED THAT IS EVER AWARE OF WHAT IT’S DOING;

BUT MOST OF THE Marvin Minsky was born in work has straddled computer New York, New York, in 1927. science and psychology by ap- He holds a b.a. from Harvard plying computational concepts TIME, WE AREN’T University (1949) and a ph.d. to the understanding of hu- from Princeton University man psychological processes. (1954), both in mathematics. This work has been widely Minsky has been a leading infl uential, as have his parallel EITHER.” fi gure in computer science efforts in endowing machines MARVIN MINSKY since the 1950s. He is one of with intelligence. the founders of the fi eld of Minsky, who pioneered artifi cial intelligence (ai), and, intelligence-based mechani- with John McCarthy, estab- cal robotics and telepresence, lished the mit ai Lab in 1959 designed some of the fi rst as a world center for research. mechanical hands with tactile Throughout a career that sensors as well as visual scan- has mirrored ai’s general ners and their software and developments and posed some computer interfaces. He also is of its most diffi cult research the inventor of the widely used questions, Minsky has left confocal scanning microscope. his imprint on generations of Among the honors he has students and colleagues. His received are the acm Turing Award (1969), the Japan Prize (1990), and the Benjamin Franklin Medal (2001).

Cover of The Society of Mind, 1986 MINSKY PORTRAIT: ©MIT

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 39 2006

BUTLER LAMPSON

For fundamental contributions to computer science, including networked personal “NEW CAPABILITIES workstations, operating systems, computer security, and document publishing. EMERGE JUST BY VIRTUE OF HAVING SMART PEOPLE WITH ACCESS TO

Butler Lampson was born in to the Alto personal worksta- STATE-OF-THE-ART Washington, dc, in 1943. He tion, an encryption system for holds an A.B. degree in physics Ethernet, the Bravo text editor, from Harvard (1964) and a the Interpress page descrip- TECHNOLOGY.” ph.d. in electrical engineering tion language, and several of and computer science from uc groundbreaking computer ROBERT KAHN Berkeley (1967). architectures and systems in- Lampson’s long career cluding the sds 940 timeshar- covers a remarkable range of ing system and the Xerox parc topics, including computer ar- “Dorado” computer. chitecture, local area networks, Lampson has taught at uc raster printers, page descrip- Berkeley and was a major tion languages, operating sys- contributor at the Computer tems, programming languages Science Laboratory at Xerox and their semantics, fault- parc and Digital Equipment tolerant computing, transac- Corporation’s Systems Re- tion processing, computer search Center. security, and wysiwig editors. He holds, individually He is also widely admired as a or with others, 23 patents technical leader. relating to networks, security, While at the Xerox Palo raster printing, and transac- Alto Research Center (parc), tion processing. he made major contributions He has received many honors, including the acm’s Software Systems Award for his work on the Alto and the ieee Computer Pioneer Award. He was awarded the von Neu- mann Medal and, in 1992, the acm Turing Award.

Xerox Alto, 1977 LAMPSON ARTIFACT: ©PARC LAMPSON ARTIFACT:

40 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2006 2006

ROBERT KAHN SIR ANTONY HOARE

For pioneering technical contributions to internet- For development of the Quicksort algorithm and working and for leadership in the application of for lifelong contributions to the theory of program- networks to scientifi c research. ming languages.

Antony Hoare was born in compiler. He continued until Colombo, Sri Lanka, in 1934. 1968, when he became profes- Robert Kahn was born in New packet switch and which stan- He received a b.a. in clas- sor of computing science at York, New York, in 1938. He dardized the network interface sics from Oxford University Queen’s University, Belfast. holds a b.e.e. from the City to all attached host computers. (1956). Hoare moved to Oxford College of New York (1960), In October 1972, he dem- Hoare’s interest in com- University in 1977 and devised and m.a. and ph.d. degrees onstrated multiple computers puting was awakened in the a system of logical rules from Princeton (1962, 1964). exchanging information across early 1950s when he became that any programmer could Together with Vint Cerf, different networks. Soon fascinated by the power of follow, in the process help- Kahn is known as “the father thereafter, he became director logic and mathematics. In ing to move the writing of of the Internet.” Shortly after of the u.s. Defense Advanced 1959, while studying machine software from a somewhat graduating, Kahn joined the Research Projects Agency translation of languages in mystical discipline into a fi eld research fi rm bbn, where he (darpa)’s Information Process- Moscow, he invented the now with solid foundations. was responsible for system ing Techniques Offi ce, where well-known sorting algorithm, Other results of his research design of the arpanet, the fi rst he initiated the Internetting “Quicksort.” include the Z specifi cation wide-area packet-switched net- project to develop an open Hoare returned to England language, the csp concurrent work. He was also a part of architecture for networking. the following year and worked programming model, and a the bbn team that developed While devising methods of as a programmer for Elliott method of analyzing the per- the Interface Message Proces- ensuring reliable communica- Brothers, a small British com- formance of parallel comput- sor (imp), a small computer tions between such networks, puter manufacturer, designing ing systems. that served as the arpanet he and Vint Cerf developed the fi rst commercial Algol 60 He is a fellow of the Royal the architecture for the tcp/ip Society, holds the acm Turing protocol suite, the fundamen- Award (1980) and the Kyoto tal communications protocol Prize (2000), and was knight- of the Internet. ed in 2000. Kahn has received dozens of awards, including the u.s. National Medal of Technology (1997) and the acm Turing Award (2004). Elliot 803 digital UCLA IMP logbook entry showing fi rst computer, ca. 1960 connection between two host comput- ers over the ARPANET, October 1969 KAHN ARTIFACT: UCLA KAHN ARTIFACT:

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 41 2007 2007

JOHN L. HENNESSY DAVE PATTERSON

For fundamental contributions to engineering For fundamental contributions to engineering education, advances in computer architecture, education, advances in computer architecture, and the integration of leading-edge research and the integration of leading-edge research with education. with education.

John L. Hennessy was born in his sabbatical year in 1984, 1953 and grew up in Long he co-founded mips Computer Island, New York. He earned Systems to produce commer- Dave Patterson was born in ley and the arpa vlsi program. his bachelor’s degree in electri- cial risc microprocessors. Evergreen Park, Illinois, in This project became the foun- cal engineering from Villanova It was a risky concept at the 1947 and holds an a.b. in dation of the highly infl uential University (1973) and his mas- time, but risc technology mathematics (1969), and m.s. sparc micro-architecture from ter’s (1975) and ph.d. (1977) now appears in devices as and ph.d. degrees in computer Sun Microsystems and has had in computer science from suny varied as supercomputers science (1970, 1976) all from wide infl uence across the fi eld Stony Brook. and smartphones. ucla. He holds the Pardee of computer design. Hennessy joined Stanford Hennessy, who has lectured Chair of Computer Science Between 1989 and 1993, University’s faculty in 1977 as and published widely, is at uc Berkeley, where he has Patterson and Berkeley col- an assistant professor of elec- the co-author (with David taught computer architecture league Randy Katz led the Re- trical engineering. In 1981, he Patterson) of two well known since 1977. Over the course of dundant Arrays of Inexpensive drew together researchers to textbooks on computer archi- his career, he has emphasized Disks (raid) project, which focus on a computer architec- tecture and design. the integration of teaching resulted in vast improvements ture known as risc (Reduced In October 2000, he was with research and the foster- in disk system speed and Instruction Set Computing), a inaugurated as Stanford Uni- ing of ties between industry reliability. Nearly every web technology that would revolu- versity’s 10th president. and academia. These ties have server in the world now uses tionize the computer industry Hennessy is a member of proven critical to the rapid some form of raid. by increasing performance the National Academy of adoption of many of his in- Patterson was made an acm while reducing cost. During Engineering and the National novations. Fellow in 1994 and served Academy of Sciences, and a From 1982 to 1983, Patter- as its president from 2004 to fellow of the American Acad- son led the risc project, a col- 2006. He is also a fellow of emy of Arts and Sciences, the laboration between uc Berke- the ieee Computer Society, acm, and the ieee. and a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. John Hennessy (center) inspects MIPS chip layout, 1984

Berkeley RISC-II CPU die shot, 1984

42 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2007 2007

CHUCK THACKER MORRIS CHANG

For leading development of the Xerox PARC Alto, For dramatically accelerating the rate at which and for innovations in networked personal com- semiconductor-based devices and systems can be puter systems and laser printing technologies. produced by developing the concept of an indepen- dent semiconductor manufacturing foundry.

Chuck Thacker was born in groundbreaking Alto com- Pasadena, California, in 1943 puter hardware and much of and holds a b.s. in physics its microcode. Morris Chang was born in government to spearhead that from uc Berkeley (1967) and At parc, Thacker contrib- Ningbo, China, in 1931. country’s industrial research an honorary doctorate from uted to the Ethernet local area He holds b.s. (1952) and organization, the Industrial the Swiss Federal Institute of networking system and the m.s. (1953) degrees in me- Technology Research Institute Technology (eth-Zurich). world’s fi rst laser printer. chanical engineering from (itri). While there, he focused Soon after graduation, In 1983, Thacker was a mit and a ph.d. in electrical on using technology to ad- Thacker joined Berkeley founder of dec’s Systems engineering from Stanford vance Taiwan’s larger social Computer Corporation, where Research Center (src) in Palo University (1964). and economic goals. In this ca- he led the design of their new Alto, California, working on From 1958 to 1983, Chang pacity, Chang founded Taiwan computer’s processor and multiprocessor systems. worked at Texas Instruments Semiconductor Manufacturing memory subsystem. After bcc In 1997, he joined Microsoft (ti), rising to group vice presi- Company, Ltd (tsmc) in 1987. failed commercially, Thacker to help establish the compa- dent for its worldwide semi- tsmc is a “dedicated silicon joined the Computer Science ny’s Cambridge, u.k., Research conductor business. Under his foundry,” an independent Laboratory at the Xerox Palo Laboratory. After returning leadership, ti emerged as the factory available to anyone for Alto Research Center (parc), to the u.s. in 1999, he joined world’s leading producer of producing integrated circuits. where he led the hardware the newly formed Tablet pc integrated circuits. Using this approach, both development of many innova- group and managed the design In 1983, Chang left ti to entrepreneurs and established tive systems, including the of the fi rst prototypes of this become president and chief semiconductor companies design and engineering of the new device. He now works operating offi cer of General could avoid having to build on alternative and reconfi gu- Instrument Corporation. A their own very expensive semi- rable computer architectures. year later, Chang was re- conductor factories and focus Thacker received the acm Tur- cruited by the Taiwanese instead on circuit features and ing Award in 2009. system-level product design as ways of being unique in the marketplace. Chang is a member of the u.s. National Academy of Ethernet concept sketch, 1979 Engineering.

THACKER ARTIFACT: ©XEROX CORPORATION ©XEROX ARTIFACT: THACKER Morris Chang (left), ca. 1965

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 43 2008 2008

LINUS TORVALDS BOB METCALFE

For the creation of the Linux kernel and For fundamental contributions to the invention, management of open-source development standardization, and commercialization of Ethernet. of the Linux operating system.

Linus Torvalds was born in Torvalds began using Minix, Helsinki, Finland, in 1969. He an unix-inspired operating holds an m.sc. in computer system, as a self-teaching Bob Metcalfe was born in 1946, ers to share fi les and printers, science from the University of tool. He started work on his in Brooklyn, New York. He a major advancement. Helsinki (1997). He also holds own kernel, later to be named graduated from mit in 1969 In 1979, Metcalfe founded an honorary doctorate from “Linux,” and, after forming a with bachelor’s degrees in 3Com Corporation to build Stockholm University (1999) team of volunteers to work on electrical engineering and on this work and promote and from the University of this new kernel, released ver- industrial management. He “computer communication Helsinki (2000). sion 1.0 in the spring of 1994. also completed a master’s in compatibility.” 3Com initially Torvalds created the Linux Linux quickly proliferated and applied mathematics (1970) developed pc lan products kernel and oversaw open- engaged a wide community of and a ph.d. in computer sci- based on emerging unix, tcp/ source development of the grassroots support. ence (1973) at Harvard. ip, and Ethernet standards. It widely used Linux operat- In 1996, Torvalds accepted A year earlier, Metcalfe had went public in 1984 and grew ing system. Linux is used in a position at Transmeta in San joined the Xerox Palo Alto into a billion-dollar network- devices ranging from super- José, California. Along with Research Center (parc), work- ing company. computers to smartphones and his regular work duties, he ing in the Computer Science From 1990 to 2000, has transformed computing by continued to oversee kernel Laboratory. While there, and Metcalfe wrote weekly Inter- being low cost, stable, secure, development for Linux. in collaboration with David net columns for InfoWorld, and open source. In 2003, Torvalds left Boggs, he invented and devel- later collected in his book, In the fall of 1991, after pur- Transmeta to focus exclu- oped the Ethernet local-area Internet Collapses. In 2001, chasing a personal computer, sively on Linux, and he network (lan) technology and Metcalfe joined Polaris continues to be the ultimate its system of packet protocols. Venture Partners. His con- authority on which new This allowed personal comput- tributions have been widely code is incorporated into the recognized, including the standard Linux kernel. acm Grace Murray Hop- per Award, the ieee Medal of Honor, and the National Medal of Technology. He is a member of the National Linux penguin mascot Inventors Hall of Fame.

Ethernet sketch by Bob Metcalfe, 1972 ©PARC ARTIFACT: METCALFE

44 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2008

JEAN BARTIK

For contributions as one of the fi rst programmers “IT’S THE HIGHEST of the ENIAC computing system in 1945 and for fur- ther assistance in converting the ENIAC system into CALLING, TO BE one of the fi rst stored-program computers. IN TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION. DE- MOCRACY, FREEDOM,

PROSPERITY–THEY Jean Bartik was born in Gentry a novel electronic device to County, Missouri, in 1924. compute fi ring tables auto- She attended Northwest matically was completed at the ALL STEM FROM Missouri State Teachers University of Pennsylvania. College, receiving a b.s. in Bartik was one of six human mathematics (1945), a ged computers chosen to work on (master’s) in English from the the new machine, called eniac. TECHNOLOGICAL University of Pennsylvania She and the team taught them- (1967), and an honorary selves eniac’s operation and d. Sc. from Northwest Mis- became its (and, arguably, the INNOVATION.” souri State University (2002). world’s) fi rst programmers. Upon graduating in 1945, In 1947, Bartik became BOB METCALFE she was hired to compute part of a group that converted ballistic (gun) fi ring tables for eniac into a stored-program the u.s. Army. She was one of computer, a major milestone hundreds of human “comput- that improved its effi ciency ers,” usually women, who and usefulness. She also made calculated these tables by hand contributions to the early bi- using mechanical desktop nac and univac 1 computers. calculators. That same year, Bartik, who was recognized late in life, became a strong advocate for increased partici- pation by women in science and technology. She passed away in 2011.

ENIAC, ca. 1946 BARTIK ARTIFACT: ©UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA BARTIK ARTIFACT:

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 45 2009 2009

FEDERICO FAGGIN INTEL 4004 TEAM MARCIAN “TED” HOFF INTEL 4004 TEAM

For his contributions to the development of the For his contributions to the development of the world’s fi rst commercial microprocessor. world’s fi rst commercial microprocessor.

Marcian “Ted” Hoff was born as the Intel 4004. Fellow team in Rochester, New York, in members Masatoshi Shima Federico Faggin was born in gate technology. With help 1937. He received his b.s. in and Federico Faggin imple- Vicenza, Italy, in 1941. He from Masatoshi Shima, he de- electrical engineering from mented the design in silicon, received his doctorate (Laurea) signed and developed all four Rensselaer Polytechnic creating the world’s fi rst in physics from the University ics in Intel’s groundbreaking Institute (1958) and an m.s. commercial microprocessor. of Padua (1965). He began mcs-4 microprocessor family, (1959) and ph.d. (1962) from The microprocessor is now the working at sgs Fairchild in the world’s fi rst commercial Stanford University. core technology of all modern Italy, where he developed their microprocessor. Hoff joined Intel in 1968 electronics systems. fi rst mos process technology Faggin left Intel at the end and is credited with the idea of In 1980, Hoff was named and their fi rst integrated cir- of 1974 to found Zilog with using a universal processor to the fi rst Intel Fellow and cuits (ics). In 1968, he moved Ralph Ungermann. At Zilog, replace custom-designed cir- stayed in that position until to Palo Alto, California, to he conceived and architected cuits. This arose from a con- 1983, when he went to Atari work at Fairchild Semiconduc- the z80 microprocessor and tract Intel had with Japanese as vice president of technology. tor, where he created mos directed its development. He company Busicom to build a Hoff was most recently chief silicon gate technology, the was Zilog’s president and ceo set of integrated circuits for technologist at Teklicon, an basis of all modern cmos until 1980. In 1986, he co- their new electronic calcula- intellectual property consult- integrated circuits. founded and was ceo of Syn- tor. Working with Stan Mazor, ing fi rm, at which he served In 1970, he joined Intel, aptics, a company pioneering Hoff defi ned the instruction from 1990 to 2007. where he led implementation in touchpads and touchscreens. set and architectural specifi ca- Hoff shares the u.s. Nation- of a new method for random He later became president and tions of the new chip, known al Medal of Technology (2009) logic chip design using silicon ceo of Foveon Inc., a com- with Faggin and Mazor and pany making image sensors, the Kyoto Prize (1997) with from 2003 until the company Faggin, Mazor, and Shima. was acquired in 2008. Faggin shares the Kyoto Prize (1997) and the National Medal of Technology (2009) with Mazor, Hoff, and Shima. Intel’s fi rst microprocessor Intel 4004 die shot, 1971 advertisement, ca. 1971 FAGGIN, HOFF ARTIFACTS: ©INTEL CORPORATION HOFF ARTIFACTS: FAGGIN,

46 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2009 2009

STAN MAZOR INTEL 4004 TEAM MASATOSHI SHIMAINTEL 4004 TEAM

For his contributions to the development of the For his contributions to the development of the world’s fi rst commercial microprocessor. world’s fi rst commercial microprocessor.

Masatoshi Shima was born in Shima worked on the 4004’s Shizuoka, Japan, in 1943. He logic design, logic simulation, Stan Mazor was born in Shima, he developed the holds a b.s. in chemistry from and test program generation. Chicago, Illinois, in 1941. He Intel 4004 microprocessor, Tohoku University (1967) and In 1971, the completed Busi- studied mathematics at San or “computer-on-a-chip,” a Dr. Eng. from Tsukuba com calculator was shipped Francisco State University. the world’s fi rst commercially University (1991). and Intel began developing In 1964, Mazor joined available microprocessor. In 1969, Shima worked at microprocessors on its own Fairchild Semiconductor in Mazor wrote software for Japanese calculator manu- as a viable business, one with Mountain View, California, the revolutionary new chip facturer Busicom when it world-changing consequences. fi rst as a programmer, then and also proposed the fi rst accepted a proposal by Intel to Shima was recruited by as a computer designer in the 8-bit microprocessor (the implement the logic for their Intel to design the 8-bit 8080 digital research department. 8008) and was co-developer new calculator in large-scale microprocessor, and later While there, he helped specify of Intel’s popular 8080 integration (lsi) logic. Fol- moved to Zilog with Federico and implement the Symbol microprocessor. lowing Marcian “Ted” Hoff’s Faggin and Ralph Ungermann high-level language computer, In 1974, Mazor moved initial concept, Shima, Hoff, to develop the highly success- for which he received a patent. to Intel’s Brussels offi ce as and Mazor jointly defi ned the ful z80. In 1969, he left Fairchild for a fi eld applications engineer functional specifi cations of the In 1980, he returned to Intel, where he worked under helping customers to use new chip, called the Intel 4004, Japan as a director of the Marcian “Ted” Hoff on the Intel products. and now known as a micro- Intel Japan Design Center. Busicom calculator’s instruc- During the 1980s, he processor. In 2000, he became professor tion set and architectural worked at Silicon Compiler at Aizu University in Japan, specifi cations. In 1971, as part Systems and Synopsys. He has and retired in 2004. of a team that included Fed- lectured at universities around Shima shares the Kyoto erico Faggin and Masatoshi the world, including Stanford Prize (1997) with Hoff, University and the University Faggin, and Mazor. of Santa Clara. Mazor shares the Kyoto Prize (1997) with Shima, Hoff, and Faggin and the u.s. National Medal of Technology Busicom calculator, 1971 (2009) with Hoff and Faggin.

MAZOR, SHIMA ARTIFACTS: ©INTEL CORPORATION MAZOR, SHIMA ARTIFACTS: Intel 4004 die shot, 1971

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 47 2009 2009

DONALD CHAMBERLIN ROBERT EVERETT

For his fundamental work on Structured Query For his work on the MIT Whirlwind and SAGE Language (SQL) and database architectures. computer systems and a lifetime of directing advanced research and development projects.

Donald Chamberlin was born implementation and developed in 1944 in San José, California, much of ibm’s relational data- and holds a b.s. in engineering base technology. Robert Everett was born in air defense system. from Harvey Mudd College Chamberlin joined ibm Yonkers, New York, in 1921. In 1956, he was placed in (1966) and an m.s. (1967) Research at the t.j. Watson He received a b.s from Duke charge of sage air defense and ph.d. (1971) in electrical Research Center, Yorktown University (1942) and an m.s. system design and testing and engineering from Stanford Heights, New York, in 1971. in electrical engineering (1943) also directed data process- University. Chamberlin is best In 1973, he returned to San from mit. ing research and develop- known as co-inventor of sql José, California, and contin- Upon graduation, Ever- ment. This work led directly (Structured Query Language), ued his work at ibm’s Almaden ett joined the staff of mit’s to the founding of the mitre the world’s most widely used Research Center, where he Servomechanisms Laboratory, Corporation, a not-for-profi t database language. Developed was named an ibm Fellow where he became associated corporation formed to pro- in the mid-1970s by Cham- in 2003. In 2009, he was ap- with Jay W. Forrester in the vide the u.s. Air Force with berlin and Raymond Boyce, pointed a Regents’ Professor development of the Whirl- ongoing systems engineering sql was the fi rst commercially at uc Santa Cruz. wind computer. Whirlwind’s support for North American successful language for rela- Chamberlin was named an groundbreaking design laid air defense. tional databases. Chamberlin acm Fellow in 1994 and an the foundation for dozens From 1956 to 1958, he was was also one of the managers ieee Fellow in 2007. In 1997, of practical improvements mitre’s technical director. of ibm’s “System r” project, he received the acm sigmod in computer design, and In 1959, he was named vice which produced the fi rst sql Innovations Award and was formed the basis for the u.s. president of technical opera- elected to the National Acad- Air Force’s Semi-Automatic tions and became executive emy of Engineering. In 2005, Ground Environment (sage) vice president in 1969. From he was given an honorary 1969 to 1986, Everett served doctorate by the University as president of mitre. of Zurich. Everett is a Fellow of ieee and a member of the u.s. National Academy of Engi- neering. In 1989, he received the u.s. National Medal of Don Chamberlin with students Technology.

SAGE Air Defense System diagram, ca. 1958 EVERETT ARTIFACT: ©BENDIX CORPORATION EVERETT ARTIFACT:

48 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2011

BILL JOY

For his work on the Berkeley Software “THE BEST WAY TO Distribution (BSD) UNIX system and the DO RESEARCH IS co-founding of Sun Microsystems. TO MAKE A RADICAL ASSUMPTION AND THEN ASSUME

IT’S TRUE.” Bill Joy was born in Farming- 1990s, and a key player in the BILL JOY ton Hills, Michigan, in Internet boom and develop- 1954 and received his b.s. in ment of the Web. While at Sun, electrical engineering from the Joy was a key contributor to University of Michigan and an a number of Sun technologies, m.s. in electrical engineering including the Solaris operating and computer science (eecs) system, sparc microproces- from uc Berkeley (1979). As sor architecture, and the Java a Berkeley graduate student, programming language. Joy was a seminal fi gure in the Joy left Sun Microsystems creation, support, and rollout in 2003. Since 2005, he has of bsd unix, an open-source been a partner at the Menlo operating system that was the Park, California-based venture fi rst to have built-in tcp/ip capital fi rm Kleiner, Perkins, networking. Caufi eld, where he partici- With Vinod Khosla, Scott pates in their green technology McNealy, and Andreas investment practice. Bectholsheim, Joy co-founded Joy is a member of the Sun Microsystems, one of the National Academy of Engi- leading workstation and server neering and the American companies of the 1980s and Academy of Arts and Sciences, and is a lifetime trustee of the Aspen Institute.

UNIX System Manager’s Manual, 1993

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 49 2011 2011

RALPH MERKLE CRYPTOGRAPHY TEAM MARTIN HELLMAN CRYPTOGRAPHY TEAM

For his work on public key cryptography. For his work on public key cryptography.

Martin Hellman was born in underpins secure transactions New York, New York, in 1945. on the Internet, enabling e- Ralph Merkle was born in at Stanford for a summer in He received a b.e. from New commerce and a host of other Berkeley, California, in 1976 and became a doctoral York University (1966), and an interactions in which secure 1952. He received his b.s. in candidate under Hellman the m.s. (1967) and ph.d. (1969) electronic communications are computer science (1974) following fall. Working with from Stanford University, all required. from uc Berkeley and an m.s. Diffi e and Hellman, Merkle in electrical engineering. In the 1980s, Hellman (1977) and ph.d. in electrical developed the world’s earli- He is a cryptologist, profes- worked with scientists in the engineering from Stanford est public key cryptographic sor, and computer privacy ad- Soviet Union to establish University (1979). system. Their insight under- vocate. In 1976, he published, more open ties and to foster As an undergraduate in 1974, pins secure transactions on the with Whitfi eld Diffi e, New dialogue to reduce the threat Merkle discovered a general Internet, enabling e-commerce Directions in Cryptography, posed by nuclear weapons. He method of securing electronic and a host of other interac- a groundbreaking paper that has also worked to develop en- communications using a sys- tions in which secure electronic introduced a radically new vironments in which students tem of cryptographic key ex- communications are required. method of distributing cryp- of diverse backgrounds can change now known as Merkle’s On graduation, Merkle tographic keys. This method function to the best of their Puzzles. Unfortunately, the idea worked for Elxsi, a small enabled secure communica- abilities within the university. was met with disinterest by computer company in Silicon tions over an insecure channel Hellman became professor his professors, and languished Valley. Since 1988, Merkle has without prearrangement of emeritus of electrical engineer- until Merkle learned about been researching nanotech- a secret key. Their insight ing at Stanford University in Martin Hellman and Whitfi eld nology and, in 2003, became 1996. Among many honors, he Diffi e at Stanford. a distinguished professor at has won the ieee Centennial Merkle joined the team Georgia Tech before returning Medal (1984) and the Elec- to California in 2006. tronic Frontier Foundation He has been awarded the Pioneer Award (1994), and rsa Award in Mathematics was elected to the National (2000) and the ieee Richard W. Academy of Engineering Hamming Medal (2010). (2002).

Merkle, Hellman, and Diffi e, 1977 Undergraduate cryptography project proposal, 1974 HELLMAN ARTIFACT: STANFORD NEWS SERVICE STANFORD HELLMAN ARTIFACT:

50 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2011

WHITFIELD DIFFIE CRYPTOGRAPHY TEAM For his work on public key cryptography. “WHEN A LOCK ICON APPEARS AT THE BOTTOM OF YOUR BROWSER, IT’S USING PUBLIC KEY

Whitfi eld Diffi e was born in engineering professor Martin Washington, d.c., in 1944. He Hellman, who was also pursu- CRYPTOGRAPHY.” studied mathematics at mit, ing research in cryptography. receiving a b.s. in 1965. Diffi e and Hellman worked MARTIN HELLMAN On graduation, Diffi e together throughout 1975 and became an employee of the were joined by Ralph Merkle mitre Corporation until 1969, in 1976. The results of their when he joined the Stanford work appeared in Diffi e and University ai lab to work with Hellman’s paper, New Direc- its director, John McCarthy, tions in Cryptography, in on proof of correctness of November 1976. The insights computer programs. in this paper underpin secure In the summer of 1972, Dif- transactions on the Internet, fi e’s research interests changed enabling e-commerce and a to cryptography. In early 1973, host of other interactions in he took a leave of absence which secure electronic com- to travel around the United munications are required. States pursuing his new inter- In 1992, Diffi e was awarded est. He returned to Stanford an honorary doctorate by with support from electrical the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, and in 2010, shared the ieee Richard W. Hamming Medal with Ralph Merkle and Martin Hellman.

Public Key patent drawing, 1980

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 51 2012 2012

EDWARD FEIGENBAUM STEVE FURBER

For his pioneering work in artifi cial intelligence For his work on the BBC Micro and design of the and expert systems. ARM processor architecture.

Edward Feigenbaum was born founding members. That same in Weehawken, New Jersey, in year, he and Nobel laureate 1936. He holds a b.s. (1956) Joshua Lederberg started the Steve Furber was born in sold and used in more than 80 and ph.d. (1960), both from dendral project. Later joined Manchester, England, in 1953. percent of all u.k. schools. Carnegie Mellon University. by eminent chemist Carl Djer- He received a b.a. in math- Furber and Wilson then His dissertation was super- assi and others, this project ematics in 1974 and a ph.d. co-designed the 32-bit risc vised by legendary computer produced the world’s fi rst in aerodynamics in 1980, Machine processor (1985) to pioneer Herb Simon and ex- expert system (1965–1982). both from the University of address a need at Acorn for a plored a pioneering computer dendral’s groundbreaking Cambridge. new microprocessor that simulation of human learning. accomplishments inspired an He is icl Professor of outperformed any then Feigenbaum is a pioneer in evolution of expert systems, Computer Engineering in the commercially available. the fi eld of artifi cial intel- moving artifi cial intelligence School of Computer Science at The arm processor core is ligence and is often known as out of the laboratory and into the University of Manchester. now used in thousands of “the father of expert systems.” the structure of countless soft- From 1980 to 1990, he different products, from He founded the Knowledge ware applications. As impor- worked in the hardware devel- mobile phones and tablets to Systems Laboratory at Stan- tant, it changed the framework opment group at Acorn Com- digital televisions and video ford University and is cur- of ai science: the power of an puters Ltd and was a principal games. It has enabled the rently a professor emeritus of ai program came to be seen as designer of the bbc Microcom- mobile revolution in comput- computer science there. largely in its knowledge base, puter (1982) and the arm ing with its effi cient power- Feigenbaum joined the not in its inference processes. 32-bit risc microprocessor. sipping microprocessors. The Stanford computer science Over a career spanning the Designed with colleague number of arm processor faculty in 1965 as one of its history of artifi cial intelligence, Sophie Wilson as part of a cores now shipped exceeds 30 he has written and spoken national tv program on billion, or more than four arm extensively on artifi cial intel- personal computing, well over microprocessors for every ligence topics. a million bbc Micros were person on earth. In 1994, Feigenbaum re- Furber’s current research ceived the acm Turing Award. interests include the SpiNNa- From 1994 to 1997, he was ker project, which seeks to Chief Scientist of the u.s. Air emulate a small portion of the Force. He is a member of the human brain using one million National Academy of Engi- arm processor cores. Seminal book on the Dendral neering and the American Original pencil sketch made for the Furber lives in Wilmslow, Project, 1980 Academy of Arts and Sciences. fi rst ARM chip fl oorplan, 1984 England.

52 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2012 2012

SOPHIE WILSON FERNANDO CORBATÓ

For her work on the BBC Micro and design of the For his pioneering work in timesharing and ARM processor architecture. multi-access computer systems.

Sophie Wilson was born in The bbc project succeeded Leeds, England, in 1957. She beyond its creators’ wildest began studying computer dreams: in the ensuing decade, Fernando Corbató was born in advance in the 1960s when science at the University of well over a million bbc Micros Oakland, California, in 1926. laborious batch processing Cambridge in 1975. In 1977, were sold and used in thou- He received his b.s. degree methods—with their often she developed an automated sands of u.k. schools. from Caltech (1950) and a days-long waits—were cow-feeder during her fi rst Wilson and Furber then co- ph.d. from mit (1956), both the norm. This new method, summer vacation. She next designed the 32-bit risc Ma- in physics. called timesharing, allowed designed the Acorn System chine processor (1985). This Corbató is a professor for truly interactive compu- 1, an early 8-bit microcom- was used in the bbc Micro emeritus in the department ting in which near-instant puter for hobbyists, which was as a second processor (1986); of electrical engineering and response times dramatically produced commercially by the Acorn’s fi rst general-purpose computer science at mit and a increased productivity and British company Acorn Com- home computer based on pioneer in computer operating user convenience. puters beginning in 1979. their own arm architecture, systems. In the late 1960s, Corbató Now working at Acorn, the Archimedes (1987); He achieved wide recogni- led development of a ground- she and colleague Steve Furber and Apple Computer’s fi rst tion for his work on the design breaking new operating took less than a week to personal digital assistant, the and development of multiple- system, multics (Multiplexed design and implement the pro- Newton (1993). access and timesharing Information and Comput- totype of what became the bbc The arm processor core is computer systems. These ing Service), which in 1973 Microcomputer. Furber and now used in thousands of dif- systems allow many users to became the basis of a commer- Wilson refi ned their design ferent products, from mobile share the resources of a single cial system offered by Hon- over the same summer, with phones and tablets to digital large computer, a dramatic eywell Information Systems. Wilson designing the operating televisions and video games. multics also had a major in- system and writing the bbc The number of arm processor fl uence on the now-ubiquitous basic interpreter. cores now shipped exceeds unix operating system. 30 billion, or more than four In 1990, Corbató received arm microprocessors for every the acm Turing Award for his person on earth. work on modern operating Wilson lives near Cambridge, systems. England.

Corbató at MIT, ca. 1965

CORBATÓ ARTIFACT: MIT ARCHIVES ARTIFACT: CORBATÓ ARM 1 microprocessor, 1985

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 53 The Fellow Awards are one of the highlights of the year at the Computer History Museum. They represent an annual opportunity for us to salute and honor pioneers whose creativity, persistence, and vision have helped transform computing—and in turn, changed the world. CELEBRATING FELLOWS

EVENTS

54 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS 2000 Vint Cerf, former Museum CEO John 2001 Jean Sammet holds up award alongside 2002 John Warnock, Charles Geschke, Toole, and Board Chairman Len Shustek Vint Cerf and former Museum CEO John Toole Carver Mead, and Frances Allen

2003 Screen shot of Gordon Bell, Tim Berners-Lee, and 2004 Former Museum CEO John Toole David Wheeler during the ceremony and Niklaus Wirth

2005 Former Museum CEO John Toole, 2007 John Hennessy during 2008 Museum CEO John Hollar with Al Shugart, and host Steve Westly award acceptance speech Jean Bartik and her son, Tim Bartik

2009 The Intel 4004 Team on stage with 2011 Cryptography Team with Museum CEO The New York Times’ David Pogue John Hollar and NPR’s Laura Sydell

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 55 impact because it suddenly opened the door for people to not be coders but to be real programmers in the sense that they could begin to deal in a semi- algebraic form with their programs. So the demand on the Computation Center was ever increasing and growing by leaps and bounds. By 1958 and 1959, we were suffering from be- ing overloaded. This was happening all across the country, of course. The state of the art for the ibm 704 [ibm’s large-scale scientifi c computer at the time] was initially for it to be driven by a deck of punched cards, which you’d put in a punched-card reader with output printed out on the online printer. People had realized that this was terribly ineffi cient and so ORAL they had gone to pre-recording a batch of punched- THE HISTORIES card jobs on magnetic tape, and then, during the operation of a batch, the output stream would be re- corded on magnetic tapes and subsequently printed off-line afterwards. This came to be called batch processing, and the obvious intent was to optimize ORIGINS and make the machine more effi cient. But one of the consequences was that the individual programmer or user found himself with more and more frustrat- ing access to the machine. It got to the point where, under the pressure of people queuing up, you would OF get maybe one shot a day at running your program. Typically, it might be just compiling it and trying to run it, but any error at all, a dropped comma, any- thing, would scrap the job. You would be left with a mound of paper, which was the dump of memory, TIMESHARING and trying to fi gure out what had gone wrong. So one run a day to fi nd a trivial mistake was terribly INTERVIEW BY The Computer History Museum’s Oral History frustrating and counterproductive. STEVEN WEBBER Program seeks to record fi rst-person accounts of In retrospect, we came to recognize that what EXCERPT BY momentous developments in computing history. we’d done was we’d optimized the use of the ma- ALEX BOCHANNEK These recordings provide signifi cant stories in the chine but not the people. The fi rst person to become participant’s own voice. At times, they also recover really articulate about it that I heard was John little-known anecdotes and folklore that offer a McCarthy. McCarthy had joined the center when he richer fl avor of the working environment, the places, joined mit as a faculty member. John, in my mind, and people involved. Interviewees share refl ections was probably the most infl uential person to articu- on a long career, lessons learned, and analysis of the late the vision of many people using a computer arc of technological development. at once, with a computer multiplexing between In this 2006 interview, former multics operating individuals at multiple terminals and having high system programmer Steven Webber discusses the interaction. origins of timesharing and mit’s ctss, Project mac, and multics with 2012 Fellow, Fernando Corbató. Probably the most important thing Steven Webber: How did timesharing actually that we didn’t recognize and plan appear? What were some of the discussions? so much is [that MULTICS] was a Fernando Corbató: The [mit Computation Center] got operating around 1957 and in just a few short training bed for an incredible number years, we had developed an appetite for computing of professionals who went out to among the scientifi c and engineering community. play roles all over the map…in [The demand] was pretty voracious and people were learning to program. My recollection is [that] advancing the computer world. Fortran hit the world around 1956 and had a huge

56 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS CTSS, Project MAC, and MULTICS What I was told was that it wanted to be as reli- Webber: You have a computer system, a prototype, able as a dial tone on the telephone, and that’s very basically, for what actually was ctss [mit’s Com- diffi cult, of course. What does the acronym actually patible Time-Sharing System]. When was this, and stand for? when did it actually start getting used at the Compu- Corbató: Multiplexed Information and Computing tation Center? Service Corbató: We went from getting the [ibm] 7090 in the Webber: That was the key thing. We had to provide summer of 1962 to the late spring of 1963, when we a service, and part of it is that you realize you have were beginning to run ctss with this new confi gura- to provide something that’s always there, like the tion involving the extra bank of memory, the 1301 electric light switch or the telephone. It means you disc drive, and the 7750 [communications] hard- have to look at things totally differently. ware. We were in place to be the workhorse for the Corbató: I recognized fairly early in the game, as Project mac summer. a programmer myself, that losing your programs Webber: At the end of 1963, you now have two because of a disc crash was a disaster, and you ctss machines that are up and working, one at the couldn’t accept that. Hardware was so fl aky in those computer center that’s being used by people doing days. People don’t remember and don’t realize how research in their work, and then the one with Proj- fl aky things were. We used to crash all the time. ect mac. Webber: What do you think are some of the impor- Corbató: One piece of jargon was that the panels on tant legacies that came out of multics? the Project mac machine were red and the panels Corbató: Probably the most important thing that we on the Computation Center machine were blue, so didn’t recognize and plan so much is [that] it was people tended to refer to them as the blue machine a training bed for an incredible number of profes- or the red machine. And the interesting thing was sionals who went out to play roles all over the map, that we could dial up our computer terminals to yourself included, in advancing the computer world. either machine depending on the number you picked In thinking about [it] I feel proud of the fact that because we were using a telephone switch and had a Ken Thompson came in, learned, got a tremendous 7750 on both machines. exposure to all the ideas, participated in some of Webber: mit is becoming at this point well known them and when Bell [Labs] got jerked out of mul- Fernando Corbató at for their computer science, amongst just a few MIT’s Computation Center tics, went on to do such a constructive thing as to upon arrival of the IBM universities out there. Can you go a little bit more build what’s become unix. 7090 mainframe, 1962 into what kind of specifi cations you were coming up with and why you didn’t think certain machines would work and others would? It obviously had to do with what you thought the timesharing system was going to need. Corbató: We began to write some position papers. There, we spelled out what we expected multics to be. Joe Weizenbaum suggested we might look at ge equipment. Indeed, we did look at ge equip- ment, and of all the vendors we looked at, they were the ones that seemed the most eager to please and [were] hungry. They had an architecture for the equipment which was more appropriate to being modifi ed for a decent timesharing system.

The Project MAC and MULTICS Legacy Corbató: The key goal of Project mac was to infl u- ence the industry. I would say in retrospect we partly succeeded. We certainly got people to pay attention. We didn’t get them to change their ways so quickly, but what was introduced was the notion of interac- tive computing. Nobody doubts that that’s the way to use a computer today. Webber: We never even mentioned what multics stands for, and I think the last word is key there.

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 57 WANG 1200 WORD PROCESSOR

CHM#: 102746931 DATE: 1973 DONOR: James Battle This Wang 1200 was Wang Labs’ entry into the word processing market, based on an earlier-model calculator with modi- fi ed software and an ibm Selectric type- writer. The cassette tapes held text during an editing session or form letters and templates for mail merge operations. Wang became virtually synonymous with word processing in American offi ces in the late 1970s, when the more successful wps system replaced the Wang 1200 series.

THE KERMIT PROJECT ARCHIVE

CHM#: X6335.2012 DATE: 1981–2011 DONOR: Frank da Cruz, Columbia University In 1981, the Kermit protocol was devel- oped at Columbia University for students to transfer fi les between central decsys- tem-20 systems and Intertec Superbrain cp/m computers. Subsequently, Kermit became one of the most widely implement- ed communication protocols; it was put to use in projects as diverse as u.s. Postal Service automation, International Space Station experiment support, and the 1994 Brazilian national election. This collection includes a Superbrain computer, hundreds of versions of Kermit software, documentation, correspondence, newsletters, and ephemera. SYNCHRONIZED ELEGANCE IMAGING ELEGANCE SYNCHRONIZED

58 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS COLLECTION RECENT ARTIFACT DONATIONS BY ALEX BOCHANNEK

CONTROL DATA CORPORATION SAIGON EPHEMERA

CHM#: X6309.2012 DATE: 1966/1967 DONOR: Rodney B. Case The massive infrastructure required for the Vietnam War led to the hiring of construction consortium rmk-brj in Saigon, South Vietnam, by the u.s. De- partment of Defense. Control Data installed a cdc 3100 mainframe at that location in 1966. Rodney Case worked as the Systems Administra- tor at the rmk-brj computer center. He was then promoted to manager of cdc’s fi eld operations in Southeast Asia. These identifi cation cards and the offi ce sign are from his work in Saigon.

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 59 Mark and Debra Leslie of Portola Valley, California, are long-standing supporters of the Computer History Museum. In 2011, the Leslies pledged $1 million to support a new initiative in software history. The centerpiece of the initiative will be a physical and digital exhibition of software “game- changers.” The working title of the project, scheduled to debut in 2013, is Make Software, Change the World. Mark is retired after a 35-year career as a DONOR PROFILE successful entrepreneur in Silicon Valley. He was most notably founding chairman and ceo of Veritas SUPPORT Software, which during his tenure grew from 12 employees in 1990 to 6,000, and from $95,000 in revenue to $1.5 billion annually. It was acquired in 2005 by Symantec Corporation. Mark is now a lecturer in management at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, where he teaches courses in entrepreneurship and sales or- ganization. He also serves on the boards of several private companies, a number of Silicon Valley nonprofi ts, and the New York University Board of Overseers. Mark and Debra have established the Leslie Family Foundation and, through the foundation, generously support a number of nonprofi t institu- tions that advance their vision of community service and education. “When I saw the new Museum exhibition, Revolu- tion, I immediately thought that the Museum had the opportunity to do for software what it has done with so many other areas of computing,” Mark said. “I also thought that a focus on software would help the general public understand that the great breakthroughs of the most recent twenty years have largely been software-driven. Because the Museum was already planning to make software an important part of its future strat- egy, we were able to help something strategic hap- pen even faster than it might have. Debra and I are happy to support the work of the Museum, and to see it be front and center as a destination for history and understanding in Silicon Valley.”

When I saw Revolution, I immedi- ately thought that the Museum had the opportunity to do for software what it has done with so many other areas of computing.

60 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS MUSEUM DONORS SUPPORT

Capital Campaign Donors* MEGA / $100K–$499K Jack and Casey Carsten “32,768” CORE DONORS / $32K+ Isaac and Ronee Nassi Applied Materials Andreas V. Bechtolsheim EXA / $10M+ Samuel H Fuller Jim and Stephanie Nisbet Donna Dubinsky and Steve Blank and Alison Terry and Dotty Hayes Bell Family Foundation Gregory Papadopoulos and Elliott Laurie Cantley Leonard J Shustek Peter Hirshberg Carol and Chris Espinosa Campbell Fund Bernard L. Peuto and Anne Bill & Melinda Gates Jennifer and Chuck House Grant and Dorrit Saviers Foundation Patricia and Gene Carter Bertaud-Peuto Christine Hughes and John and Sheree Shoch Elaine and Eric Hahn David Cheriton David Rossetti and Jan Avent Abe Ostrovsky Laurence L. Spitters Stephen S. Smith and Paula PETA / $5M–$9.99M Yogen and Peggy Dalal The Joan and Irwin “16,384” CORE DONORS / $16K+ K. Smith Family Foundation L. John Doerr and Ann Doerr Dunlevie Family Jacobs Fund of the Jewish Community Foundation Peter Bariki Raymie and Kimberly Stata Jeff Hawkins and Fairchild Semiconductor David Bohnett Foundation Janet Strauss Pitch and Cathie Johnson Richard S. Tedlow Robert Garner and Bill Campbell Gardner Hendrie and Robin Beresford The Steven and Michele The Vadasz Family Fund Karen Johansen Kirsch Foundation Lawrence and Janice Finch Harvey Family Robert C. Wilson House Family Foundation Peter and Beth Karpas Urs Hoelzle and Geeske Joel Andrea and John Hennessy Susan Wojcicki and Dennis Intel Corporation KLA-Tencor Neeru and Vinod Khosla Troper The Hitz Foundation Intuit, in honor of founder Lam Research Bill and Gay Krause “4,096” CORE DONORS / $4K+ Mark Horowitz and Scott Cook Jody Buckley Linear Technology Peter Ngowi Grace McConnell Abbott TERA / $1M – $4.99M The Dirk and Charlene Pierre and Pam Omidyar Eric and Wendy Schmidt Arthur and Jeanne Astrin Anonymous Kabcenell Foundation Stephen Squires and Shortino Family Foundation Tim and Bonnie Bajarin Gwen and C. Gordon Bell John Mashey and Angela Hey Ann Marmor-Squires “8,192” CORE DONORS / $8K+ Craig and Barbara Barrett Mike and Kristina Homer Burton and Karen and Mark Tucker Al and Katie Alcorn Joe T. Booker Deedee McMurtry Burgess and Xilinx Laure Cantley Broadcom Foundation Elizabeth Jamieson Ike and Ronee Nassi Peter and Cindy Ziebelman David N. Cutler The Brothers Industry Fund Gloria Miner National Semiconductor Ann and John Doerr Peggy Burke and Max and Jodie Palevsky The David and Lucile Individual Annual Donors* Dennis Boyle Packard Foundation William H. Draper III and Charles Simonyi Fund “65,536” CORE DONORS / $64K+ Phyllis C. Draper Fund For Arts & Sciences Bernard L Peuto Ed Colligan Anonymous Judy Estrin John and Sheree Shoch The Harry and Carol Saal Yogen and Peggy Dalal Family Foundation Donna Dubinsky and Marcelo Gumucio Stephen Donaldson GIGA / $500K -$999K Len Shustek Daniel and Charmaine William and Margo Harding Bill and Roberta Campbell Robin Beresford and Warmenhoven Bill and Melinda Gates Terry and Dotty Hayes Robert Garner Lawrence and Janice Finch Foundation / KILO 5K – $100K John and Andrea Hennessy Dan F. Greiner Fry’s Electronics Gardner Hendrie and Karen Sally M Abel and Johansen John Mashey and Angela Hay Nahum E. Guzik Sheldon Laube and Mogens Lauritzen Nancy Engel, MD House Family Foundation Hitz Foundation Eli and Britt Harari David and Robin Anderson Gordon and Betty Moore Pitch and Cathie Johnson John C. and Mindy W. Hollar Jeff Hawkins and Janet David Babcock Foundation Strauss The Dirk and Charlene The Irwin and Joan Jacobs Peggy Burke and Grant and Dorrit Saviers Kabcenell Foundation Fund of the Jewish Robert Jaunich and K. M. Dennis Boyle Community Foundation Jaunich Edward and Pamela Taft Mark and Deb Leslie Lori Kulvin Crawford Sheldon Laube and Nancy Rudi and Jeff Katz Pierluigi Zappacosta Gloria Miner Andrea Cunningham and Engel, M.D. and Enrica D’Ettorre John Lovitt Rand Siegfried The McMurtry Family Linda and Mike Markkula David Emerson Foundation Don and Joyce Massaro Carol and Chris Espinosa Gordon and Betty Moore Judy Estrin

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM 61 Katherine and Robert Larry and Barbara Sonsini Bernard LaCroute Corporate Donor Board for Maxfi eld FY2012 Pamela and Edward Taft Catherine Lego Debby Meredith and Jan and Sylvia Uddenfeldt Alexandra and Dennis SUSTAINING 100K+ Curtis Cole Lenehan Lorna and Duane Wadsworth Nils and Grace Nilsson Roy Levin and Jan Thomson Peter Wexler Giorgio Ronchi Loewenstern Foundation SUPPORTING 10K Paul Winalski Jean E. Sammet Dave Martin Warren Yogi Charles and Nan Strauch Craig J. Mathias “1,024” CORE DONORS / $1K+ L. Curtis Widdoes Jr. Donald and Barbara Mattson Anonymous Bruce Wonnacott Marshall K. McKusick and Frances E. Allen “2,048” CORE DONORS / $2K+ Eric P. Allman Foundation David Anderson The Harlan E. Anderson Mendelsohn Family Fund Foundation Robin Anderson The Avram Miller Family Allen Baum and Donya White Molly and Rick Bahr Foundation Barry and Sharla Boehm John and Sheila Banning Mooring Family Foundation Raja Bose Brian Berg and Joyce Avery Dean and Lavon Morton Reto Braun John and Maggie Best Jane and Malachy Moynihan Ned Chapin Lyle Bickley Stanley and Joan Myers George Cogan and Fannie David DesJardins and Nancy Jami and Stephen Allen Blachman Nachtsheim Aart de Geus and George Bragg Ronald and Jennifer Esther John Nicholson Gene and Patricia Carter Kelny A. Denebeim Duane Northcutt and John and Norma Crawford Monica Lam Eric and Susan Dunn Andrea Cunningham and FOUNDING 50K+ Lorna and Donn Parker studio1500 Thomas L. Edwards Rand Siegfried Parker Family Foundation Thomas Gardner William and Sonja Davidow Sharon Pezzolo Sharon A. Geraci Christopher DeArcangelis Paul Pierce Geschke Foundation Peggy and Reid Dennis William Pollock Elaine and Eric Hahn Lloyd and Eleanor Dickman Raikes Foundation Matthew and Connie Ives Les Earnest and Marian Family Fund Lofgren Bruce Ray CONTRIBUTING 5K Peter and Beth Karpas David Emerson Tim and Lisa Robinson INVESTING LEVEL 25K+ Niemasik Kaufman Edward A. Feigenbaum and John and Annie Rollins Family Fund Penny Nii Mark Roos and Catherine Sofi a and Jan Laskowski Norman Fogelsong Rossi-Roos Laura and Gary Lauder Robert Frankston Lee Ann Rucker Philanthropic Fund John Galloway Peter and Valerie Samson James and Patricia Dave and Deanna Gustavson Dr. Harry Sello and Sheila Markevitch Kendis Sello Diane and Peter Hart J. Eric Mason Jean Shuler Marcian and Judith Hoff Robert and Nguyen Sven Simonsen McConnell Jennifer and Charles House Alvy R. Smith and Alison The McElwee Family Craig and Sally Jensen Gopnik Philip McKinney Robert Kahn and Patrice Robert and Lee Sproull Lyons Donald and Helen Nielson Wendy Stahl Herbert and Lee Kanner James N. Porter Mark and Mary Stevens The Steven and Michele William and Joan Pratt UPRIGHT Kirsch Foundation Bob Supnik MARKETING Richard Redelfs Donald and Jill Knuth Kirsten and Todor Tashev Arthur and Toni Rembe Rock Tom Kopec and Leah Car- Jeanie Nieri Treichel Greg Shaw neiro Al Whaley Elizabeth and Roger Sippl Thomas E. Kurtz Ann L. Winblad Dick Sites Carrie and Robert Zeidman As of 12/31/2011

62 CORE 2012 / HALL OF FELLOWS Vision Gavin Michael To explore the computing Accenture revolution and its Ike Nassi worldwide impact on the ABOUT THE MUSEUM SAP Labs, LLC human experience BACKGROUND Greg Papadopoulos Mission New Enterprise To preserve and present Associates for posterity the artifacts and stories of the infor- Bernard L. Peuto mation age Concord Consulting

President and CEO Rich Redelfs John C. Hollar Foundation Capital

Board of Trustees Dave Rossetti The Computer History Babbage Difference HOURS Leonard J. Shustek Cisco Systems, Inc. Museum is the world’s lead- Engine No. 2: Wednesday–Sunday Chairman ing institution exploring the The Story of the First F. Grant Saviers 10 am–5 pm Vencraft, LLC InPronto, Inc. history of computing and Computer Pioneer Dave Anderson its ongoing impact on soci- Charles Babbage (1791- John F. Shoch CONTACT GridIron Systems ety. It is home to the largest 1871) designed the fi rst Alloy Ventures international collection of modern programmable Computer History Museum C. Gordon Bell Steve Smith computing artifacts in the computer—complete with a 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd Microsoft Corporation Arma Partners world, including com- printer—but he failed to build Mountain View, CA 94043 Grady Booch puter hardware, software, it. Engineers at the London [email protected] Raymie Stata IBM Thomas J. Watson documentation, ephemera, Science Museum fi nally built 650.810.1010 Yahoo, Inc. Research Center photographs, and mov- the fi rst working Babbage ing images. The Museum Engine in 2002. The Babbage Richard S. Tedlow Like us on Facebook.com/ Peggy Burke brings computer history to Difference Engine No. 2 Harvard Business School computerhistory 1185 Design life through an acclaimed on display at the Museum Jan Uddenfeldt Lori Kulvin Crawford speaker series, dynamic has 8,000 parts, weighs fi ve Follow us on Twitter SonyEricsson SPO Partners & Co. website, on-site tours, and tons, and measures 11 feet @computerhistory Dr. Curtis Widdoes, Jr. exhibitions. in length. Learn more about Donna Dubinsky Follow us on YouTube.com/ Retired from EDA, 2006 this extraordinary object and Numenta computerhistory the people who built it. Susan Wojcicki David Emerson CURRENT EXHIBITS Google, Inc. Mastering the Funzio Revolution: The First 2000 SUPPORT Game: A History of Mitchell Zimmerman Years of Computing Generous contributions Edward Feigenbaum Computer Chess Fenwick & West Everyone uses computers. from individuals like you Stanford University The history of computer Few know the story of how support our work in collec- NextGen Advisory chess is a fi ve-decade-long Eric Hahn they came to be. Revolu- tions, exhibit development Board Members quest, beginning in the earli- Inventures Group tion is the only historically and educational program- Alec Detwiler est days of computing and authoritative exhibition ex- ming. We strive to foster Bill Harding Co-chair refl ecting ongoing advances ploring the explosive growth greater understanding of VantagePoint Capital Apple in hardware and software. of computers, software, and the computing revolution’s Partners Chess presented the perfect Sunil Nagaraj networking. It chronicles worldwide impact on the computing challenge: a Mike Hawley Co-chair the evolution and impact of human experience. Please simple set of rules enabling MIT Media Labs Bessemer Venture modern computing from the help us tell the fascinating games of stupefying com- Partners abacus to the smartphone. stories of the information Dotty Hayes plexity. Learn more about the This 25,000 sq. ft. multimedia age by making a gift today. Intuit, Inc. (retired) Julia Grace journey to build a computer experience is a technological Go to computerhistory.org/ VigLink that challenged the world’s Gardner Hendrie wonderland that immerses contribute/ best chess players. Sigma Partners Bobby Johnson visitors in the sights, sounds, Facebook Charles House and stories of the computer revolution. Cogswell Polytechnic Armando Mann PDP-1 College Dropbox Digital Equipment Corpora- tion’s (DEC) PDP-1 was Dave House Raja Ramachandran the fi rst commercial comput- Brocade Communications Intel Capital er designed to interact with Systems Inc. Archana Ravichandran a single user. The Museum’s Peter Karpas Google, Inc. restoration team brought PayPal the PDP-1 back to working Rama Sekhar condition. They retrieved Dave Martin Norwest Venture data from its main memory, 280 Capital Partners Partners restored all the peripherals, John Mashey Jeremiah Stone and loaded the machine with Techvisor SAP Labs vintage games, including SpaceWar! Donald J. Massaro Carrie Walsh Sendmail Executive Advisor of the NextGen Board Phil McKinney Silicon Valley Bank Personal Systems Group, HP Janet Zhou BlueRun Ventures Debby Meredith Jafco†Includes Ventures in-kind donations

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM C