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UNIX and Computer Science Spreading UNIX Around the World: by Ronda Hauben an Interview with John Lions
Winter/Spring 1994 Celebrating 25 Years of UNIX Volume 6 No 1 "I believe all significant software movements start at the grassroots level. UNIX, after all, was not developed by the President of AT&T." Kouichi Kishida, UNIX Review, Feb., 1987 UNIX and Computer Science Spreading UNIX Around the World: by Ronda Hauben An Interview with John Lions [Editor's Note: This year, 1994, is the 25th anniversary of the [Editor's Note: Looking through some magazines in a local invention of UNIX in 1969 at Bell Labs. The following is university library, I came upon back issues of UNIX Review from a "Work In Progress" introduced at the USENIX from the mid 1980's. In these issues were articles by or inter- Summer 1993 Conference in Cincinnati, Ohio. This article is views with several of the pioneers who developed UNIX. As intended as a contribution to a discussion about the sig- part of my research for a paper about the history and devel- nificance of the UNIX breakthrough and the lessons to be opment of the early days of UNIX, I felt it would be helpful learned from it for making the next step forward.] to be able to ask some of these pioneers additional questions The Multics collaboration (1964-1968) had been created to based on the events and developments described in the UNIX "show that general-purpose, multiuser, timesharing systems Review Interviews. were viable." Based on the results of research gained at MIT Following is an interview conducted via E-mail with John using the MIT Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), Lions, who wrote A Commentary on the UNIX Operating AT&T and GE agreed to work with MIT to build a "new System describing Version 6 UNIX to accompany the "UNIX hardware, a new operating system, a new file system, and a Operating System Source Code Level 6" for the students in new user interface." Though the project proceeded slowly his operating systems class at the University of New South and it took years to develop Multics, Doug Comer, a Profes- Wales in Australia. -
Emerging Technologies Multi/Parallel Processing
Emerging Technologies Multi/Parallel Processing Mary C. Kulas New Computing Structures Strategic Relations Group December 1987 For Internal Use Only Copyright @ 1987 by Digital Equipment Corporation. Printed in U.S.A. The information contained herein is confidential and proprietary. It is the property of Digital Equipment Corporation and shall not be reproduced or' copied in whole or in part without written permission. This is an unpublished work protected under the Federal copyright laws. The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, MA 01754. DECpage LN03 This report was produced by Educational Services with DECpage and the LN03 laser printer. Contents Acknowledgments. 1 Abstract. .. 3 Executive Summary. .. 5 I. Analysis . .. 7 A. The Players . .. 9 1. Number and Status . .. 9 2. Funding. .. 10 3. Strategic Alliances. .. 11 4. Sales. .. 13 a. Revenue/Units Installed . .. 13 h. European Sales. .. 14 B. The Product. .. 15 1. CPUs. .. 15 2. Chip . .. 15 3. Bus. .. 15 4. Vector Processing . .. 16 5. Operating System . .. 16 6. Languages. .. 17 7. Third-Party Applications . .. 18 8. Pricing. .. 18 C. ~BM and Other Major Computer Companies. .. 19 D. Why Success? Why Failure? . .. 21 E. Future Directions. .. 25 II. Company/Product Profiles. .. 27 A. Multi/Parallel Processors . .. 29 1. Alliant . .. 31 2. Astronautics. .. 35 3. Concurrent . .. 37 4. Cydrome. .. 41 5. Eastman Kodak. .. 45 6. Elxsi . .. 47 Contents iii 7. Encore ............... 51 8. Flexible . ... 55 9. Floating Point Systems - M64line ................... 59 10. International Parallel ........................... 61 11. Loral .................................... 63 12. Masscomp ................................. 65 13. Meiko .................................... 67 14. Multiflow. ~ ................................ 69 15. Sequent................................... 71 B. Massively Parallel . 75 1. Ametek.................................... 77 2. Bolt Beranek & Newman Advanced Computers ........... -
Pete's Unsung Contribution to IEEE Standard 754 for Binary Floating
File: 19July10 Pete’s Unsung Contribution to IEEE 754 Version dated July 10, 2010 8:21 am Pete’s Unsung Contribution to IEEE Standard 754 for Binary Floating-Point Prepared for the Conference to Celebrate Prof. G.W. “Pete” Stewart’s 70th Birthday July 19-20, 2010, at the University of Texas at Austin by Prof. W. Kahan Mathematics Dept. & Computer Science Dept. University of California @ Berkeley This is posted at <www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/19July10.pdf> Prof. W. Kahan Page 1/18 File: 19July10 Pete’s Unsung Contribution to IEEE 754 Version dated July 10, 2010 8:21 am Pete’s Unsung Contribution to IEEE Standard 754 for Binary Floating-Point Abstract The near-universal portability, after recompilation, of numerical software for scientific, engineering, medical and entertaining computations owes a lot to the near-universal adoption of IEEE Standard 754 by computer arithmetic hardware starting in the 1980s. But in 1980, after forty months of dispute, the committee drafting this Standard was still unable to reach a consensus. The disagreement seemed irreconcilable. That was when Pete helped to close the divide. This is posted at <www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~wkahan/19July10.pdf> Prof. W. Kahan Page 2/18 File: 19July10 Pete’s Unsung Contribution to IEEE 754 Version dated July 10, 2010 8:21 am “Three Removes are as bad as a Fire.” Benjamin Franklin, Preface to Poor Richard’s Almanack (1758) My office has been moved twice since 1980, so now my notes for the events in question are buried in one of a few dozen full cartons,— I know not which. -
User-Level Window Managers for UNIX
User-LevelWindowManagers for UNIX Robert J.K. Jacob NavalResearch Laboratory Washington, D.C. 20375 ABSTRACT Wm manages a collection of windows on a display terminal. Each windowhas its ownshell or other interactive program, running in parallel with those in the other win- dows. This permits a user to conduct several interactions with the system in parallel, each in its own window. The user can move from one windowtoanother,re-position a window, orcreate or delete a windowatany time without losing his or her place in anyof the windows. Windows can overlap or completely obscure one another; obscured win- dows can be "lifted" up and placed on top of the other windows. This paper describes howsuch a windowmanager for UNIX† is implemented as a set of user processes, without modifications to the UNIX kernel. It shows howthe sim- ple, but well-chosen facilities provided by the original (Version 6) UNIX kernel are suffi- cient to support wm.Inaddition, subsequent versions of wm exploit features of the kernel introduced into newer versions of UNIX to provide faster and more sophisticated window operations, still implemented entirely at the user level. Introduction This paper describes the design of a display windowmanager for UNIX implemented entirely as a set of user processes, without modifications to the UNIX kernel. It shows howthe simple facilities provided by the original (Version 6) UNIX kernel are sufficient to support such a windowmanager.Inaddition, more recent versions of the windowmanager exploit features of the kernel introduced into newer versions of UNIX to provide faster and more sophisticated operations in windows, still implemented entirely outside the kernel. -
CBCE"1Jum11m(] CD~Cbul1 Ij0d~
TOP SECRET OJalUOCDOJallb ~l!CBC!JWOU~ UJl]l!OJCB~ ll~WU l]l!~~l]l! l]f,J Wl5£ill!ll5 ~ W(lJ~~l1WllJC!l CBCE"1Jum11m(] CD~CBUl1 iJ0D~ 86-36 PARTIAL MACHINE TRANSLATION: FINAL REPORT (U) .. J . ~ .•• 1 TRACKS IN THE SANDS OF TIME (U)•••••••••••••••••Fred Mason •••••••• 0 ••••••••• 12 NSA-CROSTIC NO. 39 (U) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• David H. Willimas.~.•• •••••· •• 14 REVIEW: THE AMERICAN MAGIC (U) ...... _.......... ·I V··· . .; ......... 16 SHELL GAME (U) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• w. E. s ••••.•• ,/ .• .,,,~ ••... i ••. 20 WORD PROCESSING IN A4 (U)................... •.• • t ••• • ••..•• •i ••• • 22 BOOKBREAKERS' FORUM ON MACHINE AIDS (U)........ I••••••• •• •••• 27 PERSONAL COMPUTER APPLICATION (U) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t ••••• 28 THIS 9QCUAIENT CQNT.~INS CQ9EWQR9 l\ft.:F8RIAb Sln\SSIFIEB BY NS1t/eSSM 123•2 TOP SECRET ItEVImf 6'M 16 Apt 2612 DP=classifiect and Approyeci for RP-lease o ... ..- t;JSA on 1 0-1 ?-201? pursuant to EC) 135 -:;- o M O R C::asR # $4 7 'j %"") DOCID: 4033690 Published by Pl. Techniques and Standards. for the Personnel of Operations Editorial VOL. IX. No. 4 APRIL 1982 By now it seems safe to announce that :.., J ~ · CRYPTOLOG is once again coming out on a '•;:. PUBLISHER monthly schedule. That was our objective bac~ in October, but there were a lot of questions BOARD OF EDITORS about whether it could be done. Editor-in-Chief • ._I______ _. (7119/8322s) Production ••••••••••• ~... ________I (3369s) We decided at the outset not to make any promises about publication schedules. These days there are so many people promising so Collection ...................l ___ .....,_~I (8555s) much, and yesterday's promises have a way of fading unfulfilled beneath the flood of ever Cryptanalysis ••••••••••• ~.. -
Network Driver for Micro Os Xv6
NETWORK DRIVER FOR MICRO OS XV6 A Project Presented to the faculty of the Department of Computer Science California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Computer Science by Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu SPRING 2020 © 2020 Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii NETWORK DRIVER FOR MICRO OS XV6 A Project by Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Dr. Jinsong Ouyang __________________________________, Second Reader Dr. Jingwei Yang ____________________________ Date iii Student: Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and this thesis is suitable for electronic submission to the library. Credit is awarded for the Project. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Dr. Jinsong Ouyang Date Department of Computer Science iv Abstract of NETWORK DRIVER FOR MICRO OS XV6 by Anmoldeep Singh Sandhu The network driver is one of the primary requirements for any operating system. Xv6 is a micro-operating system based on version 6 Unix. The latest version of xv6 does not have support for the ethernet driver or the four-layer UDP/IP model. Our work extends the xv6 operating system to support a functioning network driver with the capability of handling a packet burst. This Project also adds support for UDP/IP and Ethernet protocol to the xv6 operating system. _______________________ Committee Chair Dr. Jinsong Ouyang _____________________ Date v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am thankful to Dr. Ouyang for providing me the opportunity to learn new skills in the field of driver development. Dr. Ouyang showed trust in me in carrying out this Project. -
R00456--FM Getting up to Speed
GETTING UP TO SPEED THE FUTURE OF SUPERCOMPUTING Susan L. Graham, Marc Snir, and Cynthia A. Patterson, Editors Committee on the Future of Supercomputing Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Gov- erning Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engi- neering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for ap- propriate balance. Support for this project was provided by the Department of Energy under Spon- sor Award No. DE-AT01-03NA00106. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number 0-309-09502-6 (Book) International Standard Book Number 0-309-54679-6 (PDF) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2004118086 Cover designed by Jennifer Bishop. Cover images (clockwise from top right, front to back) 1. Exploding star. Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) Center for Supernova Research, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science. 2. Hurricane Frances, September 5, 2004, taken by GOES-12 satellite, 1 km visible imagery. U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 3. Large-eddy simulation of a Rayleigh-Taylor instability run on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory MCR Linux cluster in July 2003. -
An X86/64 Separation Kernel for High Assurance
Muen - An x86/64 Separation Kernel for High Assurance Reto Buerki Adrian-Ken Rueegsegger August 29, 2013 University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil (HSR), Switzerland ii Abstract Computer systems are used to store and protect highly sensitive data. At the same time the resources and determination of attackers have increased significantly. Therefore, systems capable of safeguarding critical information must conform to rigorous quality standards to establish trust in the correct functioning. Attaining high assurance for today's monolithic operating systems is exceptionally hard since they tend to be large and include complex functionality. This fact is highlighted by regular security updates provided by operating system vendors. Thus, they are a weak foundation for building secure systems. In contrast, microkernels can be well suited as a basis for systems with strict demands on robustness. They are by definition small, which is a precondition for rigorous verification of correctness. Additionally, they lend themselves to the construction of component-based systems where the incorrect behavior of one partition does not impact the whole system. A separation kernel (SK) is a specialized microkernel that provides an execution environment for multiple components that can only communicate according to a given policy and are otherwise isolated from each other. Hence, the isolation also includes the limitation of potential side- and covert channels. SKs are generally more static and smaller than dynamic microkernels, which minimizes the possibility of kernel failure and should ease the application of formal verification techniques. Recent addition of advanced hardware virtualization support for the Intel x86 architecture has the potential of greatly simplifying the implementation of a separation kernel which can support complex systems. -
Documentation User's Guide, Overview, and Master Index MAINSAIL~ Documentation User's Guide
Documentation User's Guide, Overview, and Master Index MAINSAIL~ Documentation User's Guide MAINSAIL Overview Master Index 24 March 1989 Copyright (c) 1981,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1989, by XIDAK, Inc., Menlo Park, California. The software described herein is the property of XIDAK. Inc., with all rights reserved, and is a confidential trade secret of XIDAK. The software described herein may be used only under license from XIDAK. MAlNSAIL is a registered trademark ofXIDAK, Inc. MAlNDEBUG, MAlNEDIT, MAINMEDIA. MAlNPM, Structure Blaster, roB, and SQUT are trademarks of XIDAK, Inc. CONCENTRIX is a trademark of Alliant Computer Systems Corporation. Amdahl, Universal Time-Sharing System, and UTS are trademarks of Amdahl Corporation. Aegis, Apollo, DOMAIN, GMR, and GPR are trademarks of Apollo Computer Inc. UNIX and UNIX System V are trademarks of AT&T. DASHER, DGIUX. ECLIPSE, ECLIPSE MV/4000, ECUPSE MV/8000, ECLIPSE MV/10000, and ECLIPSE MV/20000 are trademarks of Data General Corporation. DEC, PDP, TOPS-10, TOPS-20, V AX-H. V AX. MicroV AX. MicroVMS, ULTRIX-32. and V AX/VMS are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. EMBOS and ELXSI System 6400 are trademarks of ELXSI, Inc. The KERMIT File Transfer Protocol was named after the star of THE MUPPET SHOW television series. The name is used by permission of Henson Associates, Inc. HP-UX and Vectra are trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Company. Intel is a trademark of Intel Corporation. CLIPPER, CLIX, Intergraph, InterPro 32, and InterPro 32C are trademarks of Intergraph Corporation. System/370, VM/SP CMS, and CMS are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. -
Mathematics Written in Sand Version of 22 Nov
Mathematics Written in Sand Version of 22 Nov. 1983 MATHEMATICS WRITTEN IN SAND - the hp-15C, Intel 8087, etc. W. Kahan, University of California @ Berkeley __________________________________________________________________ This paper was presented at the Joint Statistical Meeting of the American Statistical Association with ENAR, WNAR, IMS and SSC held in Toronto, Canada, August 15-18, 1983. Then the paper appeared in pp. 12-26 of the 1983 Statistical Computing Section of the Proceedings of the American Statistical Association. It had been typeset on an IBM PC and printed on an EPSON FX-80 at draft speed with an unreadable type-font of the author’s devising, and then photo-reduced. The paper is reproduced here unaltered but for type fonts, pagination, and an appended Contents page. __________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: Simplicity is a Virtue; yet we continue to cram ever more complicated circuits ever more densely into silicon chips, hoping all the while that their internal complexity will promote simplicity of use. This paper exhibits how well that hope has been fulfilled by several inexpensive devices widely used nowadays for numerical computation. One of them is the Hewlett-Packard hp-15C programmable shirt- pocket calculator, on which only a few keys need be pressed to perform tasks like these: Real and Complex arithmetic, including the elementary transcendental functions and their inverses; Matrix arithmetic including inverse, transpose, determinant, residual, norms, prompted input/output and complex-real conversion; Solve an equation and evaluate an Integral numerically; simple statistics; Γ and combinatorial functions; ... For instance, a stroke of its [1/X] key inverts an 8x8 matrix of 10-sig.-dec. -
A Bibliography of Books and Articles About UNIX and UNIX Programming
A Bibliography of Books and Articles about UNIX and UNIX Programming Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 02 July 2021 Version 4.44 Abstract General UNIX texts [AL92a, AL95a, AL95b, AA86, AS93b, Ari92, Bou90a, Chr83a, Chr88, CR94, Cof90, Coh94, Dun91a, Gar91, Gt92a, Gt92b, This bibliography records books and historical Hah93, Hah94a, HA90, Hol92, KL94, LY93, publications about the UNIX operating sys- LR89a, LL83a, MM83a, Mik89, MBL89, tem, and UNIX programming tools. It mostly NS92, NH91, POLo93, PM87, RRF90, excludes networks and network programming, RRF93, RRH94, Rus91, Sob89, Sob91, which are treated in a separate bibliography, Sob95, Sou92, TY82b, Tim93, Top90a, internet.bib. This bibliography was started Top90b, Val92b, SSC93, WMP92] from material in postings to the sunflash list, volume 46, number 17, October 1992, and volume 57, number 29, September 1993, by Samuel Ko (e-mail: [email protected]), and then significantly extended by the present Catalogs and book lists author. Entry commentaries are largely due to S. Ko. [O'R93, Spu92, Wri93] 1 2 Communications software History [Cam87, dC87, dG93, Gia90] [?, ?, Cat91, RT74, RT79a] Compilers Linux [DS88, JL78, Joh79, JL87a, LS79, LMB92, [BBD+96, BF97, HP+95, Kir95a, Kir95b, MB90, SF85] PR96b, Sob97, SU94b, SU95, SUM95, TGB95, TG96, VRJ95, -
Network Working Group J. Reynolds Request for Comments: 1700 J
Network Working Group J. Reynolds Request for Comments: 1700 J. Postel STD: 2 ISI Obsoletes RFCs: 1340, 1060, 1010, 990, 960, October 1994 943, 923, 900, 870, 820, 790, 776, 770, 762, 758,755, 750, 739, 604, 503, 433, 349 Obsoletes IENs: 127, 117, 93 Category: Standards Track ASSIGNED NUMBERS Status of this Memo This memo is a status report on the parameters (i.e., numbers and keywords) used in protocols in the Internet community. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. OVERVIEW This RFC is a snapshot of the ongoing process of the assignment of protocol parameters for the Internet protocol suite. To make the current information readily available the assignments are kept up-to- date in a set of online text files. This RFC has been assembled by catinating these files together with a minimum of formatting "glue". The authors appologize for the somewhat rougher formatting and style than is typical of most RFCs. We expect that various readers will notice specific items that should be corrected. Please send any specific corrections via email to . Reynolds & Postel [Page 1] RFC 1700 Assigned Numbers October 1994 INTRODUCTION The files in this directory document the currently assigned values for several series of numbers used in network protocol implementations. ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the central coordinator for the assignment of unique parameter values for Internet protocols. The IANA is chartered by the Internet Society (ISOC) and the Federal Network Council (FNC) to act as the clearinghouse to assign and coordinate the use of numerous Internet protocol parameters.