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When Is a Microprocessor Not a Microprocessor? the Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I
Ross Bassett When is a Microprocessor not a Microprocessor? The Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I In the early 1990s an integrated circuit first made in 1969 and thus ante dating by two years the chip typically seen as the first microprocessor (Intel's 4004), became a microprocessor for the first time. The stimulus for this piece ofindustrial alchemy was a patent fight. A microprocessor patent had been issued to Texas Instruments, and companies faced with patent infringement lawsuits were looking for prior art with which to challenge it. 2 This old integrated circuit, but new microprocessor, was the ALl, designed by Lee Boysel and used in computers built by his start-up, Four-Phase Systems, established in 1968. In its 1990s reincarnation a demonstration system was built showing that the ALI could have oper ated according to the classic microprocessor model, with ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), and I/O (Input/ Output) forming a basic computer. The operative words here are could have, for it was never used in that configuration during its normal life time. Instead it was used as one-third of a 24-bit CPU (Central Processing Unit) for a series ofcomputers built by Four-Phase.3 Examining the ALl through the lenses of the history of technology and business history puts Intel's microprocessor work into a different per spective. The differences between Four-Phase's and Intel's work were industrially constructed; they owed much to the different industries each saw itselfin.4 While putting a substantial part ofa central processing unit on a chip was not a discrete invention for Four-Phase or the computer industry, it was in the semiconductor industry. -
Semiconductor Industry Social Media Review
Revealed SOCIAL SUCCESS White Paper Who’s winning the social media battle in the semiconductor industry? Issue 2, September 3, 2014 The contents of this White Paper are protected by copyright and must not be reproduced without permission © 2014 Publitek Ltd. All rights reserved Who’s winning the social media battle in the semiconductor industry? Issue 2 SOCIAL SUCCESS Who’s winning the social media battle in the semiconductor industry? Report title OVERVIEW This time, in the interest of We’ve combined quantitative balance, we have decided to and qualitative measures to This report is an update to our include these companies - Intel, reach a ranking for each original white paper from channel. Cross-channel ranking Samsung, Sony, Toshiba, Nvidia led us to the overall index. September 2013. - as well as others, to again analyse the following channels: As before, we took a company’s Last time, we took the top individual “number semiconductor companies 1. Blogs score” (quantitative measure) (according to gross turnover - 2. Facebook for a channel, and multiplied main source: Wikipedia), of this by its “good practice score” 3. Google+ which five were ruled out due (qualitative measure). 4. LinkedIn to the diversity of their offering 5. Twitter The companies were ranked by and the difficulty of segmenting performance in each channel. 6. YouTube activity relating to An average was then taken of semiconductors. ! their positions in each to create the final table. !2 Who’s winning the social media battle in the semiconductor industry? Issue 2 Due to the instantaneous nature of social media, this time we decided to analyse a narrower time frame, and picked a single month - August 2014. -
The Evolving Role of Semiconductor Consortia in the United States and Japan
Portland State University PDXScholar Business Faculty Publications and Presentations The School of Business Fall 1998 The Evolving Role of Semiconductor Consortia in the United States and Japan Rose Marie Ham University of California - Berkeley Greg Linden University of California - Berkeley Melissa M. Appleyard Portland State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/busadmin_fac Part of the Business Administration, Management, and Operations Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Ham, R., Linden, G., & Appleyard, M. M. (1998). The Evolving Role of Semiconductor Consortia in the United States and Japan. California Management Review, 41(1), 137-163. This Article is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Business Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. The Evolving Role of Semiconductor Consortia in the United States and Japan Rose Marie Ham Greg Linden Melissa M. Appleyard ince the late 1970s, governments throughout the industrialized economics have proclaimed the benefits of research consortia. In the United States, tor example, ihe 1984 National Cooperative Research SAct (NCRA) relaxed U.S. antitrust laws to encourage the formation of research consortia hy firms in the same industry; by the end of 1995, over 575 consortia had heen registered under the NCRA in a variety of -
Bob Pease, Analog Guru, Died 5 Years Ago - Media Rako.Com/Media 1 of 12
Bob Pease, analog guru, died 5 years ago - Media Rako.com/Media 1 of 12 Rako Studios » Media » Tech » Electronics » Bob Pease, analog guru, died 5 years ago Bob Pease, analog guru, died 5 years ago Bob Pease was a true standout, the gentleman genius. Notorious analog engineer Bob Pease died five Saturday, Bob had come to the service from years ago, on June 18, 2011. His passing was his office at National Semiconductor, now all the more tragic since he died driving home Texas Instruments. My buddy has a from a remembrance for fellow analog saying, "Everyone wants to be somebody, no great Jim Williams. Although it was a one wants to become somebody." 1 of 12 9/2/2018 6:49 PM 1 of 12 Bob Pease, analog guru, died 5 years ago - Media Rako.com/Media 2 of 12 Bob's being the most famous analog designer After coming to National Semi, Bob learned was the result of his hard work becoming a analog IC design, back in the days ofhand-cut brilliant engineer, with a passion for helping Rubylith masks. There was no Spice simulator others. Fran Hoffart, retired Linear Tech apps back then, and Pease had deep ridicule for engineer and former colleague recalls, "Citing a engineers that relied on computer simulations, need for educating fellow engineers in the insteadof thinking through the problem and design of bandgap references, Bob anointed making some quickback-of-envelope himself 'The Czar of Bandgaps,' complete with calculations. He accepted that Spice was useful a quasi-military suit with a sword and a especially for inexperienced engineers, but was necklace made from metal TO-3 packages." He concerned thatengineers were substituting would help any engineer with a problem, even computer smarts for real smarts. -
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor Swetha Kogatam Computer Science Department San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 408-924-1000 [email protected] ABSTRACT timed sequence through the bus system to output devices such as The world's first microprocessor, the 4004, was co-developed by CRT Screens, networks, or printers. In some cases, the terms Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of calculators, and Intel, a U.S. 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the manufacturer of semiconductors. The basic architecture of 4004 same device. was developed in August 1969; a concrete plan for the 4004 The different ways in which microprocessors are categorized are: system was finalized in December 1969; and the first microprocessor was successfully developed in March 1971. a) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) Microprocessors, which became the "technology to open up a new b) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) era," brought two outstanding impacts, "power of intelligence" and "power of computing". First, microprocessors opened up a new a) VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word Computers) "era of programming" through replacing with software, the b) Super scalar processors hardwired logic based on IC's of the former "era of logic". At the same time, microprocessors allowed young engineers access to "power of computing" for the creative development of personal 2. BIRTH OF THE MICROPROCESSOR computers and computer games, which in turn led to growth in the In 1970, Intel introduced the first dynamic RAM, which increased software industry, and paved the way to the development of high- IC memory by a factor of four. -
Analog Father.Indd
The Father of Analog Integrated Circuits: Robert J. Widlar From: Tales of the Continuum: A Subsampled History of Analog Circuits By Thomas H. Lee, Center for Integrated Systems, Stanford University At a time when even discrete solid-state op-amps had not yet succeeded in displacing their vacuum tube coun- terparts, and the very value of the integrated circuit idea was still a legitimate topic of debate, Bob Widlar (“wide-lar”) almost single-handedly established the discipline of analog IC design. After receiving his bach- elor’s degree in 1962 from the University of Colorado at Boulder, he took a job with Ball Brothers Research, where his virtuosity at circuit design attracted the attention of engineers at one of their components suppliers. Despite the breach in protocol inherent in aggressively recruiting a customer’s key employee, Fairchild induced Widlar to leave Ball in late 1963. In an amazing debut, abetted by Dave Talbert’s brilliant process engineering, Widlar was able to put the world’s first integrated circuit op-amp into production by 1964. Development of the μA702, as Fairchild called it, proceeded despite a general lack of enthusiasm for the project at the company. The Fairchild μA702 Like the K2-W, this op-amp consists of two primary voltage gain stages (Figure 2). As in most differential designs, there is the problem of how to convert to a single-ended output without sacrificing half of the gain (the K2-W simply makes that sacrifice). Here the young Widlar solves this problem with a circuit that presages his later use of current-mirror loads. -
THE MICROPROCESSOR Z Z the BEGINNING
z THE MICROPROCESSOR z z THE BEGINNING The construction of microprocessors was made possible thanks to LSI (Silicon Gate Technology) developed by the Italian Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968. From the 1980s onwards microprocessors are practically the only CPU implementation. z HOW DO MICROPROCESSOR WORK? Most microprocessor work digitally, transforming all the input information into a code of binary number (1 or 0 is called a bit, 8 bit is called byte) z THE FIRST MICROPROCESSOR Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Assisted by Masatoshi Shima, Federico Faggin used his experience in silicon- gate MOS technology (1968 Milestone) to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4-bit MPU into a 16-pin package in 1971. z WHAT WAS INTEL 4004 USED FOR? The Intel 4004 was the world's first microprocessor—a complete general-purpose CPU on a single chip. Released in March 1971, and using cutting-edge silicon- gate technology, the 4004 marked the beginning of Intel's rise to global dominance in the processor industry. z THE FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH MICROPROCESSOR MS-DOSIBM introduces its Personal Computer (PC)The first IBM PC, formally known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft´s MS-DOS operating system. The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. z BIOHACKER z WHO ARE BIOHACKER? Biohackers, also called hackers of life, are people and communities that do biological research in the hacker style: outside the institutions, in an open form, sharing information. -
Timeline of the Semiconductor Industry in South Portland
Timeline of the Semiconductor Industry in South Portland Note: Thank you to Kathy DiPhilippo, Executive Director/Curator of the South Portland Historical Society and Judith Borelli, Governmental Relations of Texas Inc. for providing some of the information for this timeline below. Fairchild Semiconductor 1962 Fairchild Semiconductor (a subsidiary of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.) opened in the former Boland's auto building (present day Back in Motion) at 185 Ocean Street in June of 1962. They were there only temporarily, as the Western Avenue building was still being constructed. 1963 Fairchild Semiconductor moves to Western Avenue in February 1963. 1979 Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp. is acquired/merged with Schlumberger, Ltd. (New York) for $363 million. 1987 Schlumberger, Ltd. sells its Fairchild Semiconductor Corp. subsidiary to National Semiconductor Corp. for $122 million. 1997 National Semiconductor sells the majority ownership interest in Fairchild Semiconductor to an investment group (made up of Fairchild managers, including Kirk Pond, and Citcorp Venture Capital Ltd.) for $550 million. Added Corporate Campus on Running Hill Road. 1999 In an initial public offering in August 1999, Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. becomes a publicly traded corporation on the New York Stock Exchange. 2016 Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. is acquired by ON Semiconductor for $2.4 billion. National Semiconductor 1987 National Semiconductor acquires Fairchild Semiconductor Corp. from Schlumberger, Ltd. for $122 million. 1995 National Semiconductor breaks ground on new 200mm factory in December 1995. 1996 National Semiconductor announces plans for a $600 million expansion of its facilities in South Portland; construction of a new wafer fabrication plant begins. 1997 Plant construction for 200mm factory completed and production starts. -
Mos Technology, 1963-1974: a Dozen Crucial Years
One of IBM’s most important MOS Technology, 1963-1974: A Dozen Crucial Years contributions to MOS research came from the Components Division, which was responsible for developing by Ross Knox Bassett and manufacturing bipolar transistors for its large computer systems and had very little interest in MOS transistors line can be drawn from the as such. As part of its work on Frosch’s and Derick’s work on bipolar transistors, Donald Kerr and silicon dioxide to the MOS (metal- a group of engineers had discovered A that depositing small amounts of oxide-semiconductor) transistor’s domi- nance of semiconductor technology, phosphorous on the silicon-dioxide but it is neither short nor straight. That surface and forming a layer of line has several discernable segments, phosphosilicate glass (PSG) could first from Frosch and Derick’s work, limit the amount of leakage in bipolar until 1963. In this interval, by and transistors and play an important role large, no one thought seriously about a in enhancing the stability of MOS metal-oxide-semiconductor as a viable transistors. Jerome Eldridge and Pieter technology in its own right. The second Balk from IBM Research implemented segment runs from 1963, when the this work by using thin layers of combination of integrated circuits and PSG to make stable MOS devices. the planar manufacturing process had Other important work on the physics FIG. 2. Drawing of Atalla and Kahng’s “silicon-silicon dioxide surface device,” now known as and chemistry of MOS devices done led people to see MOS transistors as a the MOS transistor, from a 1961 Bell Labs technical memorandum by Kahng. -
Valuation and Start-Up Strategies Class News
290T: The Business of Software: Valuation and Start-up Strategies Professor Kurt Keutzer Fall 2003 EECS [email protected] 1 Class News • Sorry, can’t make my office hour this week 3-4PM Tuesday, I’ll move it to Wed 2-3PM 2 landay 1 Valuation • The key common element between these: Start-up/ Entry Valuation Exit 3 Valuable Business Skills 1. The ability to predict the future 2. The ability to judge people 3. The ability to identify the value (and its direction arrow) of a technology, product, company, market or industry 4. The ability to develop a valuable technology, product, company, market or industry 4 landay 2 So, let’s get started! How do we value these? • A pen? • The cost to replace it • A diamond? • Table look up on size, cut, index of refraction, color (the 4C’s) • An oil well? • The value of seven years production • A year of your work life • Comparable salaries • Opportunity cost!!! 5 So, let’s get started! How do we value these? • A house? • Market comparison (comparables) • Cost of land and construction • Income: • Estimated_rental_income – mortgage - taxes – maintenance * 12 * 30 • Includes: risk, maintenance • What other factors could affect the sale? • Unique features of the property (house provides access to other valuable property) • Disposition of buyers • Disposition of sellers 6 landay 3 Buyers and Sellers • How many sellers have a comparable product? • Disposition of seller • Doesn’t want to sell • Willing to sell, but in no hurry • In the mood to sell • Anxious to sell • How many buyers are there? • Disposition of the buyer • Disinterested • Interested, but passively so • Actively interested • MUST HAVE! 7 Why do we need to value start-ups? • To raise capital • Invested capital buys some portion of company • Need to value start-up to determine how much money will buy • For example: myNewStartup, Inc. -
Chapter 1-Introduction to Microprocessors File
Chapter 1 Introduction to Microprocessors Expected Outcomes Explain the role of the CPU, memory and I/O device in a computer Distinguish between the microprocessor and microcontroller Differentiate various form of programming languages Compare between CISC vs RISC and Von Neumann vs Harvard architecture NMKNYFKEEUMP Introduction A microprocessor is an integrated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon It contains thousands or even millions of transistors which are interconnected via superfine traces of aluminum The transistors work together to store and manipulate data so that the microprocessor can perform a wide variety of useful functions The particular functions a microprocessor perform are dictated by software The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004 (16-pin) introduced in 1971 containing 2300 transistors with 46 instruction sets Power8 processor, by contrast, contains 4.2 billion transistors NMKNYFKEEUMP Introduction Computer is an electronic machine that perform arithmetic operation and logic in response to instructions written Computer requires hardware and software to function Hardware is electronic circuit boards that provide functionality of the system such as power supply, cable, etc CPU – Central Processing Unit/Microprocessor Memory – store all programming and data Input/Output device – the flow of information Software is a programming that control the system operation and facilitate the computer usage Programming is a group of instructions that inform the computer to perform certain task NMKNYFKEEUMP Introduction Computer -
Food Fight at Los Altos High
The Joye of surgery Doctor develops alternative to open-leg bypass HEALTH&FITNESS | P.25 OCTOBER 12, 2007 VOLUME 15, NO. 40 INSIDE: WEEKEND | PAGE 18 650.964.6300 MountainViewOnline.com Builders Trustees should help put foreign tenants language relocate, on table MV WHISMAN VOTES EPC says TO INCLUDE IDEA IN ITS STRATEGIC GOALS By Daniel DeBolt By Susan Hong he Environmental Planning Commission recommended fter an hour-long debate Tlast Wednesday that devel- late last week, the opers take on more of the burden AMountain View Whis- of relocating tenants of low income man school board decided to apartment buildings slated for rede- formalize its interest in explor- velopment. ing foreign language instruc- The recommendation comes tion — a first step which could after controversial tenant reloca- eventually lead to the district tion efforts at 291 Evandale Ave., HARDY WILSON teaching subjects like Manda- where 64 low income households Schoolchildren admire a pumpkin grown in Huff Elementary Schoo’s garden. rin Chinese to its elementary are being evicted to make way for school students. 144 condos priced above $500,000. Technically, the move means The City Council decided to use so- language will be added to the called BMR funds — earmarked Huff kids grow their own Great Pumpkin district’s six strategic goals indi- to create new below-market-rate cating interest in a district-wide housing — to help relocate those GARDEN CLUB RAISES 319-POUND BEAUTY, NAMES IT ‘FRANK’ foreign language program. The tenants. exact wording and placement The hitch, however, is that tenants By Theresa Condon party last week, demonstrating in.