DOCSLIB.ORG

August 22Nd Born: Aug

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

It grew out of the Digital Masatoshi Shima Computer Association (DCA) August 22nd Born: Aug. 22, 1943; based in Los Angeles, which was primarily a social organization. Shizuoka, Japan indeed, DCA was sometimes said Robert Allen Pease Shima was one of the co- to stand for the Drunkard’s inventors of the Intel 4004 [Nov Computing Association. The Born: Aug. 22, 1940; 15], along with Ted Hoff [Oct association had been set up by R. Rockville, Connecticut 28], Stanley Mazor [Oct 22], and Blair Smith, a respected IBM 701 Died: June 18, 2011 Federico Faggin [Dec 1]. sales manager [April 7]. Pease designed several “best- Shima was working at the In August 1955, SHARE’S seller” integrated circuits which Japanese calculator “secretary pro tem,” Fletcher have remained in production for manufacturer Busicom in 1969 Jones of RAND [Oct 1], sent out decades. These include the when Intel was tasked with invitations to all 17 (or perhaps LM331 voltage-to-frequency implementing the LSI logic for a 22) organizations that owned converter, and the LM337 new calculator. Shima relocated new IBM 704s [May 17] to adjustable negative voltage to the Intel offices in Santa Clara attend SHARE's inaugural regulator. for six months to act as technical meeting. liaison with Busicon. He wrote a popular monthly By its first anniversary, SHARE’S column called “Pease Porridge” When he arrived in April 1970, membership stood at 62 in Electronic Design, and was the he discovered that no progress organizations, and because the author of eight books, including had been made since the group represented many of Troubleshooting Analog Circuits, functional specifications had IBM’s largest customers, they which became a standard bench- been finished in December. came to have a significant top reference. Busicom was so upset that Intel influence. For instance, SHARE nearly lost the contract to members participated in the Pease's office at National was Mostek [Nov 15]. development of PL/I [June 25] notorious messy, and at one as part of the “3x3” group. stage he won a messiest desk contest run by the San Jose SHARE also acted as a clearing- Mercury News. Indeed, since the house for software developed by other entries were in no way up its members. For example, in to his standard, they awarded 1959 SHARE released the him first, second, and third SHARE Operating System (SOS), prizes. originally for the IBM 709, and later ported it to the IBM 7090 [Nov 30]. SOS was one of the first examples of open-source Michael John [Feb 3] software. Aldrich Other notable user groups, in chronological order of their Masatoshi Shima (1972). Born: Aug. 22, 1941; foundation, include DECUS Courtesy of Masatoshi Shima. Welwyn Garden City, UK [March 00], USENIX [May 15], Died: 19 May 2014 the Amateur Computer Society (ACS [May 5]), the Amateur Aldrich invented online Shima was recruited by Intel in Computer Club (ACC [Dec 13]), shopping in 1979 when he Nov. 1972 to design the 8-bit the Homebrew Computer Club connected a TV to a real-time 8080 [April 18], and moved to [March 5], ACGNJ [June 13], transaction processing system Zilog in 1975 with Faggin to A.P.P.L.E. [Feb 21], and the via a telephone link. The system develop the Z80 [March 9], Chaos Computer Club (CCC) employed videotex [June 8] as a which was instruction set [Sept 12]. simple menu-driven interface. compatible with the 8080. This was followed by the 16-bit He followed this with the Z8000 in 1979. Teleputer in 1980 which linked a 14-inch color TV to a box PLATO running a version of CP/M [June Aug. 22-25, 1961 22] on a Zilog Z80 [March 9] SHARE Formed together with a Prestel chip set Aug. 22 (or 15), 1955 The first academic paper on supporting a modem, character PLATO (Programmed Logic for generator and auto-dialler. The SHARE, which offered technical Automatic Teaching Operations) Teleputer was used in the support for IBM machines, is was presented at IRE WESCON Gateshead Shopping Experiment generally considered the first in San Francisco by Donald [May 12]). computer user group. Bitzer [Jan 1], P. Braunfed, and W. Lichtenberger. 1 PLATO was a computer-assisted was able to ask questions to fill instruction system developed by in other details. IBM Meets Digital Bitzer and Daniel Alpert at the A typical sample: “Once upon a University of Illinois. The first Research time George Ant lived near a version, PLATO I, was operating patch of ground. There was a Aug. 22, 1980 on the local ILLIAC I [Sept 1] some time during 1960. It used a nest in an ash tree. Wilma Bird Previous: [Aug 21]; Next: [Aug lived in the nest.” TV set as a display and a special 28] keyboard for navigating the Earlier work of this type There are conflicting stories system’s menus. included the “automatic novel about what happened when IBM writer” (1971) by Sheldon Klein PLATO II, which debuted in went to meet Digital Research’s which generated 2100-word 1961, could support two users at founder, Gary Kildall [May 19]. murder-mysteries. It was once, which arguably made it the programmed in FORTRAN V Bill Gates [Oct 28] is quoted in first time-sharing system. Bitzer [Feb 26] on a Univac 1108 [May “Fire in the Valley” as saying has long said that PLATO would 29]. Klein cited Roald Dahl’s “Gary was out flying” that day, have been granted a patent for short story “The Great but Kildall always denied the time-sharing if only the Automatic Grammatizator” implication, telling the authors University of Illinois hadn't lost (1953) as a primary influence. of “Hard Drive” that he had his paperwork for almost two flown to the Bay Area on a years. The other main contender In the 1960's, Joseph E. Grimes business trip . for first time-sharing system is was the first to apply a the Compatible Time-Sharing grammar-based approach to the Instead IBM and its lawyers met System (CTSS [May 3]) at MIT, problem, to generate folk tales with Kildall’s wife, Dorothy which became operational in which colleagues suggested he McEwen, and presented her with November 1961. call “Grimes’ Fairy Tales.” a non-disclosure agreement (NDA). On the advice of her PLATO III, running on a CDC attorney Gerry Davis, Dorothy 1604 given to the group by refused to sign it without Gary’s CDC's CEO William Norris [July approval. 14], could manage up to 20 terminals simultaneously. This In one version of the story, included a remote terminal Kildall returned in the located near the state capitol at afternoon, signed the NDA, but Springfield High School. PLATO turned down IBM’s offer to buy III also introduced the TUTOR CP/M [June 22] outright for programming language for $250,000. He preferred to designing teaching modules for license it at $10 a copy. the platform. It was developed by biology graduate student Paul However, IBM’s Jack Sams told Tenczar in 1967. the authors of “Hard Drive” that the sticking point was that IBM PLATO I, II, and III had been couldn’t get Kildall to agree to funded by small grants from the develop a 16-bit version of The Engine. From "Gulliver's military, but the National CP/M in the tight time schedule Travels" (1726) by Jonathan Science Foundation granted the IBM required. Swift. team steady funding in 1967. This led to the creation of the Whatever the reason, IBM left Computer-based Education Digital Research without an Research Laboratory (CERL) at A fictional system, "The Engine", operating system. the university, and the release of appeared in Jonathan Swift's “A another version, PLATO IV [July Voyage to Laputa” (part 3 of 00], in 1972. "Gulliver’s Travels", 1726) – a PizzaNet twenty-foot square frame for the automatic generation of books Aug. 22, 1994 on "philosophy, poetry, politics, TALE-SPIN laws, mathematics, and In August 1994, Santa Cruz theology, without the least Operation (SCO) [Jan 00] and Aug. 22-25, 1977 assistance from genius or study.” Pizza Hut announced PizzaNet, “a pilot program that enables James R. Meehan presented For more literary shenanigans computer users, for the first TALE-SPIN at IJCAI’77, the first with computers, see [Feb 1; Aug time, to electronically order interactive program for writing 1; Sept 9; Sept 11; Oct 26; Dec pizza delivery from their local stories by employing rules for 25]. Pizza Hut restaurant via the defining character behavior and worldwide Internet.” a set of facts about the world. When running interactively, it PizzaNet has been called the first e-commerce application. 2 The system utilized NCSA Mosaic [Sept 28] to send a pizza NIPRNET Memo order to a server at Pizza Hut Aug. 22, 1999 headquarters in Wichita. The order was then relayed via The US Department of Defense modem to an SCO Open Server (DoD) issued a memo requiring system at the customer’s nearest all US military systems to switch Pizza Hut franchise. to the NIPRNet (the Non- classified Internet Protocol The first public PizzaNet demo Router Network) by Dec. 15, was conducted on a UCSC rather than access the Internet campus patio. More than 100 directly. NIPRNet is currently media people showed up. One of the largest private network in the questions asked by the tech- the world, playing a role savvy crowd was supposedly, analogous to the 1980's MILNET “Does the pizza actually come [April 4] out of the computer?” A kindly engineer answered, “No, the NIPRNet, and its siblings, technology for that isn’t quite SIPRNet, and JWICS, were there yet.” previously part of the Defense Data Network (DDN) [April 4] During the demo, an order for 20 or so pizzas was sent SIPRNet (the Secret Internet perfectly through PizzaNet.
Recommended publications
  • When Is a Microprocessor Not a Microprocessor? the Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I

    When Is a Microprocessor Not a Microprocessor? the Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I

    Ross Bassett When is a Microprocessor not a Microprocessor? The Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I In the early 1990s an integrated circuit first made in 1969 and thus ante­ dating by two years the chip typically seen as the first microprocessor (Intel's 4004), became a microprocessor for the first time. The stimulus for this piece ofindustrial alchemy was a patent fight. A microprocessor patent had been issued to Texas Instruments, and companies faced with patent infringement lawsuits were looking for prior art with which to challenge it. 2 This old integrated circuit, but new microprocessor, was the ALl, designed by Lee Boysel and used in computers built by his start-up, Four-Phase Systems, established in 1968. In its 1990s reincarnation a demonstration system was built showing that the ALI could have oper­ ated according to the classic microprocessor model, with ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), and I/O (Input/ Output) forming a basic computer. The operative words here are could have, for it was never used in that configuration during its normal life­ time. Instead it was used as one-third of a 24-bit CPU (Central Processing Unit) for a series ofcomputers built by Four-Phase.3 Examining the ALl through the lenses of the history of technology and business history puts Intel's microprocessor work into a different per­ spective. The differences between Four-Phase's and Intel's work were industrially constructed; they owed much to the different industries each saw itselfin.4 While putting a substantial part ofa central processing unit on a chip was not a discrete invention for Four-Phase or the computer industry, it was in the semiconductor industry.
  • The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor

    The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor

    The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor Swetha Kogatam Computer Science Department San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 408-924-1000 [email protected] ABSTRACT timed sequence through the bus system to output devices such as The world's first microprocessor, the 4004, was co-developed by CRT Screens, networks, or printers. In some cases, the terms Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of calculators, and Intel, a U.S. 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the manufacturer of semiconductors. The basic architecture of 4004 same device. was developed in August 1969; a concrete plan for the 4004 The different ways in which microprocessors are categorized are: system was finalized in December 1969; and the first microprocessor was successfully developed in March 1971. a) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) Microprocessors, which became the "technology to open up a new b) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) era," brought two outstanding impacts, "power of intelligence" and "power of computing". First, microprocessors opened up a new a) VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word Computers) "era of programming" through replacing with software, the b) Super scalar processors hardwired logic based on IC's of the former "era of logic". At the same time, microprocessors allowed young engineers access to "power of computing" for the creative development of personal 2. BIRTH OF THE MICROPROCESSOR computers and computer games, which in turn led to growth in the In 1970, Intel introduced the first dynamic RAM, which increased software industry, and paved the way to the development of high- IC memory by a factor of four.
  • THE MICROPROCESSOR Z Z the BEGINNING

    THE MICROPROCESSOR Z Z the BEGINNING

    z THE MICROPROCESSOR z z THE BEGINNING The construction of microprocessors was made possible thanks to LSI (Silicon Gate Technology) developed by the Italian Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968. From the 1980s onwards microprocessors are practically the only CPU implementation. z HOW DO MICROPROCESSOR WORK? Most microprocessor work digitally, transforming all the input information into a code of binary number (1 or 0 is called a bit, 8 bit is called byte) z THE FIRST MICROPROCESSOR Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Assisted by Masatoshi Shima, Federico Faggin used his experience in silicon- gate MOS technology (1968 Milestone) to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4-bit MPU into a 16-pin package in 1971. z WHAT WAS INTEL 4004 USED FOR? The Intel 4004 was the world's first microprocessor—a complete general-purpose CPU on a single chip. Released in March 1971, and using cutting-edge silicon- gate technology, the 4004 marked the beginning of Intel's rise to global dominance in the processor industry. z THE FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH MICROPROCESSOR MS-DOSIBM introduces its Personal Computer (PC)The first IBM PC, formally known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft´s MS-DOS operating system. The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. z BIOHACKER z WHO ARE BIOHACKER? Biohackers, also called hackers of life, are people and communities that do biological research in the hacker style: outside the institutions, in an open form, sharing information.
  • Microprocessors in the 1970'S

    Microprocessors in the 1970'S

    Part II 1970's -- The Altair/Apple Era. 3/1 3/2 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.1: A graphical history of personal computers in the 1970’s, the MITS Altair and Apple Computer era. Microprocessors in the 1970’s 3/3 Figure 3.2: Andrew S. Grove, Robert N. Noyce and Gordon E. Moore. Figure 3.3: Marcian E. “Ted” Hoff. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. 3/4 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.4: The Intel MCS-4 (Micro Computer System 4) basic system. Figure 3.5: A photomicrograph of the Intel 4004 microprocessor. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. Chapter 3 Microprocessors in the 1970's The creation of the transistor in 1947 and the development of the integrated circuit in 1958/59, is the technology that formed the basis for the microprocessor. Initially the technology only enabled a restricted number of components on a single chip. However this changed significantly in the following years. The technology evolved from Small Scale Integration (SSI) in the early 1960's to Medium Scale Integration (MSI) with a few hundred components in the mid 1960's. By the late 1960's LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips with thousands of components had occurred. This rapid increase in the number of components in an integrated circuit led to what became known as Moore’s Law. The concept of this law was described by Gordon Moore in an article entitled “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits” in the April 1965 issue of Electronics magazine [338].
  • Bit Bang Rays to the Future

    Bit Bang Rays to the Future

    Bit Bang Rays to the Future Editors Yrjö Neuvo & Sami Ylönen Bit Bang Rays to the Future ISBN (pbk) 978-952-248-078-1 Layout: Mari Soini Printed by: Helsinki University Print, 2009 Table of Contents FOREWORD 1 BIT BANG 7 1.1 The Digital Evolution – From Impossible to Spectacular 8 1.2 Life Unwired – The Future of Telecommunications and Networks 42 1.3 Printed Electronics – Now and Future 63 1.4 Cut the Last Cord by Nanolution 103 2 RAYS TO THE FUTURE 141 2.1 Future of Media – Free or Fantastic? 142 2.2 Future of Living 174 2.3 Wide Wide World – Globalized Regions, Industries and Cities 205 2.4 Augmenting Man 236 APPENDICES 265 1 Course Participants 266 2 Guest Lecturers 268 3 Course Books 268 4 Schedule of the California Study Tour in February 2009 269 5 Study Tour Summary Reports 272 Foreword Bit Bang – Rays to the Future is a post-graduate cross-disciplinary course on the broad long-term impacts of information and communications technologies on life- styles, society and businesses. It includes 22 students selected from three units making the upcoming Aalto University: Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Helsinki School of Economics (HSE) and University of Art and Design Helsinki (UIAH). Bit Bang is a part of the MIDE (Multidisciplinary Institute of Digitalisation and Energy) research program, which the Helsinki University of Technology has started as part of its 100 years celebration of university level education and research. Professor Yrjö Neuvo, MIDE program leader, Nokia’s former Chief Technology Officer, is the force behind this course.
  • 541 COMPUTER ENGINEERING Niyazgeldiyev M. I., Sahedov E. D

    541 COMPUTER ENGINEERING Niyazgeldiyev M. I., Sahedov E. D

    COMPUTER ENGINEERING Niyazgeldiyev M. I., Sahedov E. D. Turkmen State Institute of Architecture and Construction Computer engineering is a branch of engineering that integrates several fields of computer science and electronic engineering required to develop computer hardware and software. Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engineering (or electrical engineering), software design, and hardware–software integration instead of only software engineering or electronic engineering. Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing, from the design of individual microcontrollers, microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work but also how they integrate into the larger picture. Usual tasks involving computer engineers include writing software and firmware for embedded microcontrollers, designing chips, designing analog sensors, designing mixed signal, and designing operating systems. Computer engineers are also suited for research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors. In many institutions of higher learning, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in–depth study in their junior and senior year because the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is beyond the scope of an undergraduate degree. Other institutions may require engineering students to complete one or two years of general engineering before declaring computer engineering as their primary focus. Computer engineering began in 1939 when John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry began developing the world's first electronic digital computer through physics, mathematics, and electrical engineering. John Vincent Atanasoff was once a physics and mathematics teacher for Iowa State University and Clifford Berry a former graduate under electrical engineering and physics.
  • Oyo-Buturi International

    Oyo-Buturi International

    Oyo-Buturi International Interview few books on to the subject. One was Den- work? shi-Keisanki (obi: “Electronic Computer”) Dr Shima: I did it for about four months. Dr Masatoshi Shima was part of a talent- by Shigeru Takahashi, which outlined the The next development in my career oc- ed group of engineers who in 1971 de- system, architecture, instruction set and curred as a result of my being lucky or as we veloped the world’s first microprocessor, microprogramming of computers; almost say in Japanese unmei (obi: fate or destiny). the 4004. In this interview, Dr Shima everything concerning computers. Another OBI: What do you mean by that? sheds light on some of the critical events book I read was about logic. It was written Dr Shima: Well, although the transistor leading up to the development of the by Professor Udagawa. I read both of these was invented in 1947, it was not commer- technology that revolutionised the elec- books avidly and then began to design the cialised until 1951. The commercial use of tronics industry and society as a whole. circuit boards that go into a calculator. This the transistor then led to a new era, namely, process involves connecting ics with wires the “era of the circuit”. That is to say, if you OBI: You studied chemistry as an under- and designing complicated wiring patterns. could fabricate a circuit by putting together graduate but then joined a com- a transistor, a resistor and a di- pany working on calculating ma- ode, you could construct and de- chines.
  • Technology and Obsolescence in America Copyright © 2006 by Giles Slade All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America

    Technology and Obsolescence in America Copyright © 2006 by Giles Slade All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America

    Made to Break GILES SLADE Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts I London, England Made To Break Technology and Obsolescence in America Copyright © 2006 by Giles Slade All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2007 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Slade, Giles. Made to break : technology and obsolescence in America I Giles Slade. p. cm. ISBN-13 978-0-674-02203-4 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-10 0-674-02203-3 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-13 978-0-674-02572-1 (pbk.) ISBN-10 0-674-02572-5 (pbk.) 1. Technological innovations-United States. I. Title. T173.8.S595 2006 609.73-dc22 2005036315 Introduction 1 1 Repetitive Consumption 9 2 The Annual Model Change 29 3 Hard Times 57 4 Radio, Radio 83 5 The War and Postwar Progress 115 6 The Fifties and Sixties 151 7 Chips 187 8 Weaponizing Planned Obsolescence 227 9 Cell Phones and E-Waste 261 Notes 283 Acknowledgments 313 Index 316 America, I do not call your name without hope -PABLO NERUDA To scrutinize the trivial can be to discover the monumental. Almost any object can serve to unveil the mysteries of engineering and its relation to art, business, and all other aspects of our culture. HENRY PETROSKI, THE PENCIL: A HISTORY (1989) For no better reason than that a century of advertising has condi­ tioned us to want more, better, and fa ster from any consumer good we purchase, in 2004 about 315 million working PCs were retired in North America. Of these, as many as 10 percent would be refurbished and reused, but most would go straight to the trash heap.
  • Commemorative Booklet for the Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Microcomputer Workshop April 15-17, 2009 Programs from the 1975-2009 Worksho

    Commemorative Booklet for the Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Microcomputer Workshop April 15-17, 2009 Programs from the 1975-2009 Worksho

    35 Commemorative Booklet for the Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Microcomputer Workshop April 15-17, 2009 Programs from the 1975-2009 Workshops This file available at www.amw.org AMW: 3dh Workshop Prologue - Ted Laliotis The Asilomar Microcomputer Workshop (AMW) has played a very important role during its 30 years ofexistence. Perhaps, that is why it continues to be well attended. The workshop was founded in 1975 as an IEEE technical workshop sponsored by the Western Area Committee ofthe IEEE Computer Society. The intentional lack of written proceedings and the exclusion of general press representatives was perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of AMW that made it so special and successful. This encouraged the scientists and engineers who were at the cutting edge ofthe technology, the movers and shakers that shaped Silicon Valley, the designers of the next generation microprocessors, to discuss and debate freely the various issues facing microprocessors. In fact, many features, or lack of, were born during the discussions and debates at AMW. We often referred to AMW and its attendees as the bowels of Silicon Valley, even though attendees came from all over the country, and the world. Another characteristic that made AMW special was the "required" participation and contribution by all attendees. Every applicant to attend AMW had to convince the committee that he had something to contribute by speaking during one of the sessions or during the open mike session. In the event that someone slipped through and was there only to listen, that person was not invited back the following year. The decades ofthe 70's and 80's were probably the defining decades for the amazing explosion of microcomputers.
  • Microprocessor� ��Wikipedia,�The�Free�Encyclopedia Page� 1�Of� 16

    Microprocessor Wikipedia,TheFreeEncyclopedia Page 1Of 16

    Microprocessor - Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Page 1of 16 Microprocessor From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia A microprocessor incorporatesthefunctionsof acomputer's central processingunit(CPU)onasingle integratedcircuit,[1] (IC)oratmostafewintegratedcircuits. [2]Itisa multipurpose,programmabledevicethataccepts digitaldata asinput,processesitaccordingtoinstructionsstoredinits memory,andprovidesresultsasoutput.Itisanexampleof sequentialdigitallogic,asithasinternalmemory. Microprocessorsoperateonnumbersandsymbols representedin the binarynumeralsystem. Theadventoflow-costcomputersonintegratedcircuitshas transformedmodernsociety.General-purpose microprocessorsinpersonalcomputersareusedfor computation,textediting,multimediadisplay,and Intel 4004,thefirstgeneral-purpose, communicationovertheInternet.Manymore commercial microprocessor microprocessorsare partof embeddedsystems,providing digitalcontrolofamyriadofobjectsfromappliancesto automobilestocellular phonesandindustrial processcontrol. Contents ■ 1Origins ■ 2Embeddedapplications ■ 3Structure ■ 4Firsts ■ 4.1Intel4004 ■ 4.2TMS1000 ■ 4.3Pico/GeneralInstrument ■ 4.4CADC ■ 4.5GilbertHyatt ■ 4.6Four-PhaseSystemsAL1 ■ 58bitdesigns ■ 612bitdesigns ■ 716bitdesigns ■ 832bitdesigns ■ 964bitdesignsinpersonalcomputers ■ 10Multicoredesigns ■ 11RISC ■ 12Special-purposedesigns ■ 13Marketstatistics ■ 14See also ■ 15Notes ■ 16References ■ 17Externallinks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor 2012 -03 -01 Microprocessor -Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Page 2of 16 Origins Duringthe1960s,computer processorswereconstructedoutofsmallandmedium-scaleICseach
  • Ilore: Discovering a Lineage of Microprocessors

    Ilore: Discovering a Lineage of Microprocessors

    iLORE: Discovering a Lineage of Microprocessors Samuel Lewis Furman Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science & Applications Kirk Cameron, Chair Godmar Back Margaret Ellis May 24, 2021 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Computer history, systems, computer architecture, microprocessors Copyright 2021, Samuel Lewis Furman iLORE: Discovering a Lineage of Microprocessors Samuel Lewis Furman (ABSTRACT) Researchers, benchmarking organizations, and hardware manufacturers maintain repositories of computer component and performance information. However, this data is split across many isolated sources and is stored in a form that is not conducive to analysis. A centralized repository of said data would arm stakeholders across industry and academia with a tool to more quantitatively understand the history of computing. We propose iLORE, a data model designed to represent intricate relationships between computer system benchmarks and computer components. We detail the methods we used to implement and populate the iLORE data model using data harvested from publicly available sources. Finally, we demonstrate the validity and utility of our iLORE implementation through an analysis of the characteristics and lineage of commercial microprocessors. We encourage the research community to interact with our data and visualizations at csgenome.org. iLORE: Discovering a Lineage of Microprocessors Samuel Lewis Furman (GENERAL AUDIENCE ABSTRACT) Researchers, benchmarking organizations, and hardware manufacturers maintain repositories of computer component and performance information. However, this data is split across many isolated sources and is stored in a form that is not conducive to analysis. A centralized repository of said data would arm stakeholders across industry and academia with a tool to more quantitatively understand the history of computing.
  • MEMORY MAKER ROBERT DENNARD, Winner of THIS YEAR’S IEEE MEDAL of HONOR, FIGURED out How to DO DRAM RIGHT

    MEMORY MAKER ROBERT DENNARD, Winner of THIS YEAR’S IEEE MEDAL of HONOR, FIGURED out How to DO DRAM RIGHT

    THE MAGAZINE OF TECHNOLOGY INSIDERS 05.09 MEMORY MAKER ROBERT DENNARD, WINNER OF THIS YEAR’S IEEE MEDAL OF HONOR, FIGURED OUT HOW TO DO DRAM RIGHT THE 25 MOST REMARKABLE CHIPS EVER TOUCH SCREENS GET TOUCHY-FEELY THE NETFLIX CHALLENGE: HELP US RECOMMEND MOVIES, WIN A MILLION DOLLARS volume 46 number 5 north american 05.09 UPDATE 11 BAIT TO TRACK DATA THIEVES A honeypot project in Germany finds viruses and tracks down the data they steal. By Michael Dumiak 12 CELLPHONE SECURITY THREAT 14 BRIGHT SPOTS IN THE GLOOM 14 ROBOTIC SEALS AID RESEARCH 15 TOUCH SCREENS WITH FEELING 16 THE RFID AS COMPUTER 24 18 ULTRAVIOLET RADIOS BEAM TO LIFE 20 THE BIG PICTURE Fabs get the white-glove treatment. OPINION 8 SPECTRAL LINES IEEE’s 125th-anniversary celebrations reveal the depth and breadth of its members’ contributions to technology. 10 FORUM Readers discuss the state of the U.S. nuclear arsenal and the demise of the business-method patent. 27 REFLECTIONS Bob Lucky’s head is in the clouds— 44 28 the computing clouds, that is. BETTER PICS: COVER STORY Medical DEPARTMENTS ultrasound 4 BACK STORY images will soon 48 THANKS FOR A man vanishes. Can Google find him? be much sharper [above]; a famed THE MEMORIES 6 CONTRIBUTORS 8-bit processor Robert Dennard’s 1968 invention of the one-transistor dynamic random- 22 HANDS ON powers a famed A high-definition CL D projector can cartoon robot access memory set the path of computing for the next half century. set you back US $2000—or you could [top right]; For this, he will receive the 2009 IEEE Medal of Honor.