Intel Microprocessors: 8008 to 8086
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When Is a Microprocessor Not a Microprocessor? the Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I
Ross Bassett When is a Microprocessor not a Microprocessor? The Industrial Construction of Semiconductor Innovation I In the early 1990s an integrated circuit first made in 1969 and thus ante dating by two years the chip typically seen as the first microprocessor (Intel's 4004), became a microprocessor for the first time. The stimulus for this piece ofindustrial alchemy was a patent fight. A microprocessor patent had been issued to Texas Instruments, and companies faced with patent infringement lawsuits were looking for prior art with which to challenge it. 2 This old integrated circuit, but new microprocessor, was the ALl, designed by Lee Boysel and used in computers built by his start-up, Four-Phase Systems, established in 1968. In its 1990s reincarnation a demonstration system was built showing that the ALI could have oper ated according to the classic microprocessor model, with ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM (Random Access Memory), and I/O (Input/ Output) forming a basic computer. The operative words here are could have, for it was never used in that configuration during its normal life time. Instead it was used as one-third of a 24-bit CPU (Central Processing Unit) for a series ofcomputers built by Four-Phase.3 Examining the ALl through the lenses of the history of technology and business history puts Intel's microprocessor work into a different per spective. The differences between Four-Phase's and Intel's work were industrially constructed; they owed much to the different industries each saw itselfin.4 While putting a substantial part ofa central processing unit on a chip was not a discrete invention for Four-Phase or the computer industry, it was in the semiconductor industry. -
Pdp11-40.Pdf
processor handbook digital equipment corporation Copyright© 1972, by Digital Equipment Corporation DEC, PDP, UNIBUS are registered trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1·1 1.1 GENERAL ............................................. 1·1 1.2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS . 1·2 1.2.1 The UNIBUS ..... 1·2 1.2.2 Central Processor 1·3 1.2.3 Memories ........... 1·5 1.2.4 Floating Point ... 1·5 1.2.5 Memory Management .............................. .. 1·5 1.3 PERIPHERALS/OPTIONS ......................................... 1·5 1.3.1 1/0 Devices .......... .................................. 1·6 1.3.2 Storage Devices ...................................... .. 1·6 1.3.3 Bus Options .............................................. 1·6 1.4 SOFTWARE ..... .... ........................................... ............. 1·6 1.4.1 Paper Tape Software .......................................... 1·7 1.4.2 Disk Operating System Software ........................ 1·7 1.4.3 Higher Level Languages ................................... .. 1·7 1.5 NUMBER SYSTEMS ..................................... 1-7 CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE. 2-1 2.1 SYSTEM DEFINITION .............. 2·1 2.2 UNIBUS ......................................... 2-1 2.2.1 Bidirectional Lines ...... 2-1 2.2.2 Master-Slave Relation .. 2-2 2.2.3 Interlocked Communication 2-2 2.3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR .......... 2-2 2.3.1 General Registers ... 2-3 2.3.2 Processor Status Word ....... 2-4 2.3.3 Stack Limit Register 2-5 2.4 EXTENDED INSTRUCTION SET & FLOATING POINT .. 2-5 2.5 CORE MEMORY . .... 2-6 2.6 AUTOMATIC PRIORITY INTERRUPTS .... 2-7 2.6.1 Using the Interrupts . 2-9 2.6.2 Interrupt Procedure 2-9 2.6.3 Interrupt Servicing ............ .. 2-10 2.7 PROCESSOR TRAPS ............ 2-10 2.7.1 Power Failure .............. -
Over View of Microprocessor 8085 and Its Application
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 6, Ver. II (Nov - Dec .2015), PP 09-14 www.iosrjournals.org Over view of Microprocessor 8085 and its application Kimasha Borah Assistant Professor, Centre for Computer Studies Centre for Computer Studies, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India Abstract: Microprocessor is a program controlled semiconductor device (IC), which fetches, decode and executes instructions. It is versatile in application and is flexible to some extent. Nowadays, modern microprocessors can perform extremely sophisticated operations in areas such as meteorology, aviation, nuclear physics and engineering, and take up much less space as well as delivering superior performance Here is a brief review of microprocessor and its various application Key words: Semi Conductor, Integrated Circuits, CPU, NMOS ,PMOS, VLSI I. Introduction: Microprocessor is derived from two words micro and processor. Micro means small, tiny and processor means which processes something. It is a single Very Large Scale of Integration (VLSI) chip that incorporates all functions of central processing unit (CPU) fabricated on a single Integrated Circuits (ICs) (1).Some other units like caches, pipelining, floating point processing arithmetic and superscaling units are additionally present in the microprocessor and that results in increasing speed of operation.8085,8086,8088 are some examples of microprocessors(2). The technology used for microprocessor is N type metal oxide semiconductor(NMOS)(3). Basic operations of microprocessor are fetching instructions from memory ,decoding and executing them ie it takes data or operand from input device, perform arithmetic and logical operations and store results in required location or send result to output devices(1).Word size identifies the microprocessor.E.g. -
Appendix D an Alternative to RISC: the Intel 80X86
D.1 Introduction D-2 D.2 80x86 Registers and Data Addressing Modes D-3 D.3 80x86 Integer Operations D-6 D.4 80x86 Floating-Point Operations D-10 D.5 80x86 Instruction Encoding D-12 D.6 Putting It All Together: Measurements of Instruction Set Usage D-14 D.7 Concluding Remarks D-20 D.8 Historical Perspective and References D-21 D An Alternative to RISC: The Intel 80x86 The x86 isn’t all that complex—it just doesn’t make a lot of sense. Mike Johnson Leader of 80x86 Design at AMD, Microprocessor Report (1994) © 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. D-2 I Appendix D An Alternative to RISC: The Intel 80x86 D.1 Introduction MIPS was the vision of a single architect. The pieces of this architecture fit nicely together and the whole architecture can be described succinctly. Such is not the case of the 80x86: It is the product of several independent groups who evolved the architecture over 20 years, adding new features to the original instruction set as you might add clothing to a packed bag. Here are important 80x86 milestones: I 1978—The Intel 8086 architecture was announced as an assembly language– compatible extension of the then-successful Intel 8080, an 8-bit microproces- sor. The 8086 is a 16-bit architecture, with all internal registers 16 bits wide. Whereas the 8080 was a straightforward accumulator machine, the 8086 extended the architecture with additional registers. Because nearly every reg- ister has a dedicated use, the 8086 falls somewhere between an accumulator machine and a general-purpose register machine, and can fairly be called an extended accumulator machine. -
Class-Action Lawsuit
Case 3:20-cv-00863-SI Document 1 Filed 05/29/20 Page 1 of 279 Steve D. Larson, OSB No. 863540 Email: [email protected] Jennifer S. Wagner, OSB No. 024470 Email: [email protected] STOLL STOLL BERNE LOKTING & SHLACHTER P.C. 209 SW Oak Street, Suite 500 Portland, Oregon 97204 Telephone: (503) 227-1600 Attorneys for Plaintiffs [Additional Counsel Listed on Signature Page.] UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF OREGON PORTLAND DIVISION BLUE PEAK HOSTING, LLC, PAMELA Case No. GREEN, TITI RICAFORT, MARGARITE SIMPSON, and MICHAEL NELSON, on behalf of CLASS ACTION ALLEGATION themselves and all others similarly situated, COMPLAINT Plaintiffs, DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL v. INTEL CORPORATION, a Delaware corporation, Defendant. CLASS ACTION ALLEGATION COMPLAINT Case 3:20-cv-00863-SI Document 1 Filed 05/29/20 Page 2 of 279 Plaintiffs Blue Peak Hosting, LLC, Pamela Green, Titi Ricafort, Margarite Sampson, and Michael Nelson, individually and on behalf of the members of the Class defined below, allege the following against Defendant Intel Corporation (“Intel” or “the Company”), based upon personal knowledge with respect to themselves and on information and belief derived from, among other things, the investigation of counsel and review of public documents as to all other matters. INTRODUCTION 1. Despite Intel’s intentional concealment of specific design choices that it long knew rendered its central processing units (“CPUs” or “processors”) unsecure, it was only in January 2018 that it was first revealed to the public that Intel’s CPUs have significant security vulnerabilities that gave unauthorized program instructions access to protected data. 2. A CPU is the “brain” in every computer and mobile device and processes all of the essential applications, including the handling of confidential information such as passwords and encryption keys. -
Computer Organization & Architecture Eie
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE EIE 411 Course Lecturer: Engr Banji Adedayo. Reg COREN. The characteristics of different computers vary considerably from category to category. Computers for data processing activities have different features than those with scientific features. Even computers configured within the same application area have variations in design. Computer architecture is the science of integrating those components to achieve a level of functionality and performance. It is logical organization or designs of the hardware that make up the computer system. The internal organization of a digital system is defined by the sequence of micro operations it performs on the data stored in its registers. The internal structure of a MICRO-PROCESSOR is called its architecture and includes the number lay out and functionality of registers, memory cell, decoders, controllers and clocks. HISTORY OF COMPUTER HARDWARE The first use of the word ‘Computer’ was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculation or computation. A brief History: Computer as we all know 2day had its beginning with 19th century English Mathematics Professor named Chales Babage. He designed the analytical engine and it was this design that the basic frame work of the computer of today are based on. 1st Generation 1937-1946 The first electronic digital computer was built by Dr John V. Atanasoff & Berry Cliford (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer named colossus was built for military. 1946 – The first general purpose digital computer- the Electronic Numerical Integrator and computer (ENIAC) was built. This computer weighed 30 tons and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which were used for processing. -
THE MICROPROCESSOR Z Z the BEGINNING
z THE MICROPROCESSOR z z THE BEGINNING The construction of microprocessors was made possible thanks to LSI (Silicon Gate Technology) developed by the Italian Federico Faggin at Fairchild in 1968. From the 1980s onwards microprocessors are practically the only CPU implementation. z HOW DO MICROPROCESSOR WORK? Most microprocessor work digitally, transforming all the input information into a code of binary number (1 or 0 is called a bit, 8 bit is called byte) z THE FIRST MICROPROCESSOR Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Assisted by Masatoshi Shima, Federico Faggin used his experience in silicon- gate MOS technology (1968 Milestone) to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4-bit MPU into a 16-pin package in 1971. z WHAT WAS INTEL 4004 USED FOR? The Intel 4004 was the world's first microprocessor—a complete general-purpose CPU on a single chip. Released in March 1971, and using cutting-edge silicon- gate technology, the 4004 marked the beginning of Intel's rise to global dominance in the processor industry. z THE FIRST PERSONAL COMPUTER WITH MICROPROCESSOR MS-DOSIBM introduces its Personal Computer (PC)The first IBM PC, formally known as the IBM Model 5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor and used Microsoft´s MS-DOS operating system. The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. z BIOHACKER z WHO ARE BIOHACKER? Biohackers, also called hackers of life, are people and communities that do biological research in the hacker style: outside the institutions, in an open form, sharing information. -
X86 Assembly Language Syllabus for Subject: Assembly (Machine) Language
VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava Department of Computer Science, FEECS x86 Assembly Language Syllabus for Subject: Assembly (Machine) Language Ing. Petr Olivka, Ph.D. 2021 e-mail: [email protected] http://poli.cs.vsb.cz Contents 1 Processor Intel i486 and Higher – 32-bit Mode3 1.1 Registers of i486.........................3 1.2 Addressing............................6 1.3 Assembly Language, Machine Code...............6 1.4 Data Types............................6 2 Linking Assembly and C Language Programs7 2.1 Linking C and C Module....................7 2.2 Linking C and ASM Module................... 10 2.3 Variables in Assembly Language................ 11 3 Instruction Set 14 3.1 Moving Instruction........................ 14 3.2 Logical and Bitwise Instruction................. 16 3.3 Arithmetical Instruction..................... 18 3.4 Jump Instructions........................ 20 3.5 String Instructions........................ 21 3.6 Control and Auxiliary Instructions............... 23 3.7 Multiplication and Division Instructions............ 24 4 32-bit Interfacing to C Language 25 4.1 Return Values from Functions.................. 25 4.2 Rules of Registers Usage..................... 25 4.3 Calling Function with Arguments................ 26 4.3.1 Order of Passed Arguments............... 26 4.3.2 Calling the Function and Set Register EBP...... 27 4.3.3 Access to Arguments and Local Variables....... 28 4.3.4 Return from Function, the Stack Cleanup....... 28 4.3.5 Function Example.................... 29 4.4 Typical Examples of Arguments Passed to Functions..... 30 4.5 The Example of Using String Instructions........... 34 5 AMD and Intel x86 Processors – 64-bit Mode 36 5.1 Registers.............................. 36 5.2 Addressing in 64-bit Mode.................... 37 6 64-bit Interfacing to C Language 37 6.1 Return Values.......................... -
A Simulator for the Intel 8086 Microprocessor
Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 1988 A Simulator for the Intel 8086 microprocessor William A. Chapman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Chapman, William A., "A Simulator for the Intel 8086 microprocessor" (1988). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SIMULATOR FOR THE INTEL 8086 MICROPROCESSOR by William A. Chapman A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering Approved by: Professor Ken Hsu ':"(':":T~h":"e~sJ.';":·S=--=-A-d'=""v-i:-s-o-r-)------- Professor James R. Schueckler Professor _~~ _ Professor __~__:--:~-=- _ (Department Head) DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROCHESTER, NEW YORK MAY, 1988 Abstract This project was originally suggested by J. Schueckler as an aid to teaching students the Intel 8086 Assembly Language. The need for such a tool becomes apparent when one considers the expense of providing students with dedicated hardware that rapidly becomes obsolete, but a Simulator which could be easily updated and runs on a general purpose or timesharing computer system would be accessible to many students for a fraction of the cost. The intended use of the Simulator therefore dictated that it precisely model the hardware, be available on a multiuser system and run as efficiently as possible. -
8086 16-Bit Hmos Microprocessor 8086/8086-2/8086-1
8086 16-BIT HMOS MICROPROCESSOR 8086/8086-2/8086-1 Y Direct Addressing Capability 1 MByte Y Range of Clock Rates: of Memory 5 MHz for 8086, 8 MHz for 8086-2, Y Architecture Designed for Powerful Assembly Language and Efficient High 10 MHz for 8086-1 Level Languages Y MULTIBUS System Compatible Interface Y 14 Word,by 16-Bit Register Set with Symmetrical Operations Y Available in EXPRESS –Standard Temperature Range Y 24 Operand Addressing Modes –Extended Temperature Range Y Bit,Byte,Word,and Block Operations Y Available in 40-Lead Cerdip and Plastic Y 8 and 16-Bit Signed and Unsigned Package Arithmetic in Binary or Decimal (See Packaging Spec.Order ›231369) Including Multiply and Divide The Intel 8086 high performance 16-bit CPU is available in three clock rates:5,8 and 10 MHz.The CPU is implemented in N-Channel,depletion load,silicon gate technology (HMOS-III),and packaged in a 40-pin CERDIP or plastic package.The 8086 operates in both single processor and multiple processor configurations to achieve high performance levels. 231455–2 40 Lead Figure 2.8086 Pin Configuration Figure 1.8086 CPU Block Diagram 231455–1 September 1990 Order Number:231455-005 8086 Table 1.Pin Description The following pin function descriptions are for 8086 systems in either minimum or maximum mode.The ‘‘Local Bus’’ in these descriptions is the direct multiplexed bus interface connection to the 8086 (without regard to additional bus buffers). Symbol Pin No.Type Name and Function AD15–AD0 2–16,39 I/O ADDRESS DATA BUS: These lines constitute the time multiplexed memory/IO address (T1),and data (T2,T3,TW,T4) bus.A0 is analogous to BHE for the lower byte of the data bus,pins D7–D0.It is LOW during T1 when a byte is to be transferred on the lower portion of the bus in memory or I/O operations.Eight-bit oriented devices tied to the lower half would normally use A0 to condition chip select functions.(See BHE.) These lines are active HIGH and float to 3-state OFF during interrupt acknowledge and local bus ‘‘hold acknowledge’’. -
Assembly Language: IA-X86
Assembly Language for x86 Processors X86 Processor Architecture CS 271 Computer Architecture Purdue University Fort Wayne 1 Outline Basic IA Computer Organization IA-32 Registers Instruction Execution Cycle Basic IA Computer Organization Since the 1940's, the Von Neumann computers contains three key components: Processor, called also the CPU (Central Processing Unit) Memory and Storage Devices I/O Devices Interconnected with one or more buses Data Bus Address Bus data bus Control Bus registers Processor I/O I/O IA: Intel Architecture Memory Device Device (CPU) #1 #2 32-bit (or i386) ALU CU clock control bus address bus Processor The processor consists of Datapath ALU Registers Control unit ALU (Arithmetic logic unit) Performs arithmetic and logic operations Control unit (CU) Generates the control signals required to execute instructions Memory Address Space Address Space is the set of memory locations (bytes) that are addressable Next ... Basic Computer Organization IA-32 Registers Instruction Execution Cycle Registers Registers are high speed memory inside the CPU Eight 32-bit general-purpose registers Six 16-bit segment registers Processor Status Flags (EFLAGS) and Instruction Pointer (EIP) 32-bit General-Purpose Registers EAX EBP EBX ESP ECX ESI EDX EDI 16-bit Segment Registers EFLAGS CS ES SS FS EIP DS GS General-Purpose Registers Used primarily for arithmetic and data movement mov eax 10 ;move constant integer 10 into register eax Specialized uses of Registers eax – Accumulator register Automatically -
Instruction Set Architecture
Instruction Set Architecture EE3376 1 –Adapted from notes from BYU ECE124 Topics to Cover… l MSP430 ISA l MSP430 Registers, ALU, Memory l Instruction Formats l Addressing Modes l Double Operand Instructions l Single Operand Instructions l Jump Instructions l Emulated Instructions – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_MSP430 2 –Adapted from notes from BYU ECE124 Levels of Transformation –Problems –Algorithms – C Instructions –Language (Program) –Programmable –Assembly Language – MSP 430 ISA –Machine (ISA) Architecture –Computer Specific –Microarchitecture –Manufacturer Specific –Circuits –Devices 3 –Adapted from notes from BYU ECE124 Instruction Set Architecture l The computer ISA defines all of the programmer-visible components and operations of the computer – memory organization l address space -- how may locations can be addressed? l addressibility -- how many bits per location? – register set (a place to store a collection of bits) l how many? what size? how are they used? – instruction set l Opcodes (operation selection codes) l data types (data types: byte or word) l addressing modes (coding schemes to access data) l ISA provides all information needed for someone that wants to write a program in machine language (or translate 4 from a high-level language to machine language). –Adapted from notes from BYU ECE124 MSP430 Instruction Set Architecture l MSP430 CPU specifically designed to allow the use of modern programming techniques, such as: – the computation of jump addresses – data processing in tables – use of high-level languages such as C. l 64KB memory space with 16 16-bit registers that reduce fetches to memory. l Implements RISC architecture with 27 instructions and 7 addressing modes.