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“By the Way I'm Gay”: a Rhetorical Analysis Of “BY THE WAY I’M GAY”: A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF CELEBRITY COMING OUT by ADAM J. SHARPLES JASON EDWARD BLACK, COMMITTEE CHAIR MEREDITH M. BAGLEY WILSON LOWREY KIM BISSELL GREG AUSTIN A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Communication and Information Sciences in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2015 Copyright Adam J. Sharples 2015 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Coming out, and the metaphor of the closet, is the principle organizing mechanism in the construction of LGBTQ public identity, as well as a rite of passage for LGBTQ identified individuals. With the host of recent celebrities are going public with their sexuality while simultaneously disavowing the significance of this statement, these new coming out narratives represent a fascinating shift between celebrity discourse and LGBTQ identity. The ‘coming out’ of celebrity raises both questions as to how the media constructs LGBTQ and subjectivity identity, and broader concerns related to the composition of power, hegemony, and ideology through mass-mediated popular culture. This project questions how coming out functions in the context of LGBTQ public discourse, and aims to better understand how patterns of communication in celebrity rhetoric shape what it means to be LGBTQ. Using a variety of critical rhetorical lenses – including media hegemony, critical rhetoric, narrative paradigm, queer theory, performativity hegemonic masculinity, and celebrity studies- this project analyze the coming out discourse of celebrity personae in conversation with subsequent media coverage through case studies of celebrities in both sport and media. The athlete coming out narrative is assessed through rhetorical analysis of Michael Sam, a football player for the University of Missouri in February 2014. The media figure narrative is examined through Anderson Cooper’s discourse in July 2012. Data sample for analysis is cultivated using a search in the PROQUEST Newspaper Database or newspaper articles in the month that follows each celebrity’s announcement. As a result this project argues mediated coming out narratives function as hegemonic texts that absorb and reframe the challenge of queer visibility. By erasing the political ii significance of queer visibility, and overcompensating masculine performance, this project offers implications for confessional rhetoric, passing, and the tokenized politics of visibility. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the loving memory of Curt Byars for bringing me to Alabama, and to my husband, Chris Brooks for giving me a reason to stay. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When I was 13 my English teacher Jackie Kennedy told my mother during a parent teacher conference that I simply would never be “college material,” that I would not be able to handle advanced classes at the higher intellectual levels. I promised myself that, one day, when I earned my doctorate degree I would look back at this moment in triumph. Today I know that this women was only the first of many to tell me what exactly I was incapable of accomplishing. In contrast, this project, and my graduate work in general, is possible thanks to the many people who told me what I could do, even when I couldn’t believe it myself. First, and foremost, I have to thank my husband Chris Brooks for not letting me settle for safety, and encouraging me to pursue my Ph.D. Thank you for putting up with the late nights, long weekends, anxiety ridden breakdowns, and for 5 years of ‘we just have to get through___’. This document contains a lot of words, but you make the words worth saying. Thank you for giving us a home, and for being my biggest cheerleader and the love of my life. We can finally get a dog now. This project would be nothing without the excellent guidance, and mentorship, of my graduate program committee. Thank you to Wilson Lowrey for changing the way I look at the media, and for encouraging me to always ask better questions. I must thank Kim Bissell for taking a rouge rhetorician under her wing, for demonstrating the joys of research, for igniting my competitive and ambitious spirit, and for seeing worth in me when I needed it most. I must also thank Greg Austin for both his extraordinary help in the finer points of theory related to this project, and for introducing me to the finer points of Meredith Baxter’s acting. Finally I have to v thank Meredith Bagley for helping shape my view of scholarship, partnership, activism, and ways to give back to my community, thank you for teaching me to be more than “just clever”. I entered a doctoral program blessed with an incredible cohort, specifically the ‘Game:Blouses’ crew of Lindsey Conlin, Dylan McLemore, Coral Marshall, Reema Mohini, and Richard Rush. Thank you for always being there when I “just needed to talk things through”. Our simultaneous gripe sessions, support, encouragement, friendly competition, and cross- disciplinary conversations helped me survive. I walk away counting each of you as an amazing group of friends. I also have to thank my work partner Sim Butler for talking me off the ledge more times than I can count, and for always providing an ear to listen as I worked through the ideas of this project. Also, I have to thank the students at Alabama for their constant source of inspiration and insight, specifically Collin Metcalf, Taylor McDonald, Thaddeus Fitzpatrick, Katerina Pena, and many others who are the reason I decided to become a teacher in the first place. This project is also possible thanks to the people who were instrumental in my desire to pursue a doctoral degree and higher education. Without Frank Thompson I never would be able to write these words. Frank took a chance on me as a graduate assistant and I’ll spend the rest of my life trying to prove his faith in me was not unfounded. Thank you to the financial support of the Department of Communication Studies, and the constant encouragement of Dr. Beth S. Bennett. This dissertation is also dedicated to the memory of Curt Byars, my college roommate and duo partner who is the reason I came to Alabama in the first place. I am thrilled to be able to finish what he started. Many thanks go to Cassie Price for saving my life and for showing me purpose, and to The Bradley University Speech Team for all the lessons in how to DTFR. vi I must also thank my extended friends and family for being a constant source of support and encouragement throughout this process. I have to thank my parents Paula and Keith Sharples and my brother Phil for supporting my decision to pack up and move to Alabama, you never once questioned my motives and have been so supportive at every step of this journey. Thank you for all the hard work and sacrifice to ensure I had an education, so that I could be among the first man in our family to achieve a college degree. To my sister and best friend, Nichole Brouse I love you for always telling me that you think I’m smart, even when I’ve felt stupid. Thank you to my niece Endsley, and nephew/godson Connor for monthly skype sessions and for never making fun of how tired I looked. To Tyler Billman, Ken Young, Jared Boyer, and Mitch Colgan thank you for the constant “boo yahs” and cheers. Thank you to my friends-family Sam, Brit, Callan, and Amie for understanding when I’ve been stressed and for always making me laugh. I must also thank my “bama bestie,” Tiffanie Bittle, and the rest of the UA Rec Center crew, for giving me a space on campus where I don’t have to be inside my head. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, I owe a debt of gratitude to the one and only Jason Black. At every stage of development Jason has been the captain guiding this fearful trip. Before Jason I didn’t know what rhetoric was, and in one class he ignited a fire within me, a fire he would nurture, and develop to an internal flame I carry with me to this day. Jason showed me not only the power of rhetoric, but to be a living embodiment of Hall’s engaged scholar. I thank Jason for his patience, for giving me guidance, and for understanding my neurosis. Jason is the kind of chair who gives so much of himself into every project, and I hope I can one day be even half the advisor he is. Jason has shaped more than just this project, he’s shaped me into the scholar, teacher, person, I wish most to become. I have to thank Jason for his mentorship, brotherhood, and his passion for learning. Without Jason I would not be who I am, and I aspire vii for my research, teaching, and service to fit his excellent model. Thank you for the last five years. Lastly, it is not lost on me that I am able to write about LGBTQ issues as a serious subject of study. It was not that long ago that this kind of work was incredibly dangerous to produce. For so long, LGBTQ individuals have suffered through shame and secrecy. Thus, this dissertation is possible due to the brave individuals who stood up, who spoke against the silence, who wrote the words which enabled me to find myself. To those named, and unnamed, LGBTQ and allied individuals and scholars who gave their lives, health, careers, and families so that I might be able to proudly present this work today, I thank you, and shall spend my life trying to live up to your examples.
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