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How Gay Stayed White: Millennial White Gay Men and the Production of and Resistance to Racism, Sexism, and Heterosexism

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How Gay Stayed White: Millennial White Gay Men and the Production of and Resistance to Racism, Sexism, and Heterosexism How Gay Stayed White: Millennial White Gay Men and the Production of and Resistance to Racism, Sexism, and Heterosexism by Alex Kulick Senior Honors Thesis, Women’s Studies, University of Michigan – Ann Arbor Advisor: Victor Mendoza, Assistant Professor, Women’s Studies & English Winter 2013 “I want to find an antidote to the ways that whiteness numbs me, makes me not see what is right in front of me, takes away my intelligence, divides me from people I care about. I hope that, by occupying the seeming contradictions between the ‘antiracist’ and the ‘gay white male’ parts of myself, I can generate a creative tension that will motivate me to keep fighting… I want to become less invested in whiteness while staying white myself – always remembering that I can’t just decide to stand outside of whiteness or exempt myself from its unearned privileges. I want to be careful not to avoid its responsibilities by fleeing into narratives of how I have been oppressed as a gay man… Most of all, I want never to forget that the roots of my antiracist desires and my gay desires are intertwined. As James Baldwin’s words remind me, acting on my gay desires is about not being afraid to love and therefore about having to confront this white society’s terror of love – a terror that lashes out with racist and antigay violence. Following both my gay and antiracist desires is about being willing to ‘go the way your blood beats,’ as Baldwin puts it, even into the heart of that terror, which, he warned, is ‘a tremendous danger, a tremendous responsibility.’” “How Gay Stays White and What Kind of White It Stays” Allan Bérubé (2001) Acknowledgments First and foremost, a very deep and special thank you to Amy Navvab and Renee Gross. As we have gone through the process of writing our theses together, their brilliance, insight, compassion, and care have been a constant source of much-needed support, love, and inspiration. I would most surely be lost without them. I would also like to thank Victor Mendoza and Karin Martin, my advisor and second reader, for their guidance and feedback on earlier drafts of this manuscript. In addition, a thank you to the informal mentors and friends who have served as guides and editors, including Laura Wernick, Noël Gordon, Brock Grosso, and Michael Woodford. I’d also especially like to thank Anna Kirkland and Rosie Ceballo for providing the constant pressure to not binge-write and their unparalleled guidance in writing and time management. To each of the participants of this study, thank you for sharing your time with me, being open and vulnerable with your experiences, and willing to explore together the complicated intersections of race, gender, and sexuality. This project would not have been possible without the support of my families. I owe a deep debt of gratitude to my parents, whose support and affirmation have always been abundant and full of care and kindness. As well, I owe so much to my family of friends. In particular, I’d like to thank Aly Halpert who has always been the ultimate sounding board and the greatest friend a person could ask for. There are countless others who deserve to be thanked here, but individual expressions of gratitude regrettably must be sacrificed for the sake of brevity. Suffice it to say, to all of the other teachers, mentors, educators, and friends who have in large and small ways contributed to my development as an engaged scholar, as a feminist, and as a critical thinker: thank you. How Gay Stayed White Kulick Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 Framing this Project .................................................................................................................... 4 Gay Identity and Anti-Heterosexist Politics ............................................................................... 6 Whiteness .................................................................................................................................. 12 Masculinity ............................................................................................................................... 17 White Men’s Identity as White Men ......................................................................................... 22 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 23 Chapter 2: Methods .................................................................................................................... 25 Sample ....................................................................................................................................... 25 Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 27 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 28 Reflection on the Methods ........................................................................................................ 31 Chapter 3: White Male Privilege and Experiences of Heterosexism ..................................... 34 White Male Privilege Granting Access to Safe and Accepting Spaces .................................... 34 ‘Safe Accepting Places’ as Claimed Spaces ............................................................................. 36 Minimization and White Male Privilege ................................................................................... 38 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 44 Chapter 4: White Male Privilege Shaping Resistance to Heterosexism ................................ 48 Responding to Mainstream Messages about Gay Identity ........................................................ 48 Gaining and Maintaining Access to Gay/LGBTQ Communities and Movements ................... 51 Negative Impacts of White Male Privilege on Own Resistance ............................................... 56 Differentiating Self-Interest and Narratives of “Inclusion” ...................................................... 59 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 62 Chapter 5: Marginalization as Gay Forming Replications of Racism and Sexism .............. 68 Gay Sexual Racism ................................................................................................................... 68 Disgust with and Control Over Women’s Bodies ..................................................................... 71 Resistance to Privilege by Claiming Marginalization .............................................................. 73 Erasing the Realties of Racism and Sexism .............................................................................. 76 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 77 Chapter 6: Mapping a White Gay Dominant Masculinity ..................................................... 81 Responding to Dominant Stereotypes of White Gay Men’s Gender Expression ..................... 81 Exclusions from Hegemonic Masculinity ................................................................................. 86 Sexualizing Gender Policing with Other Gay and Similarly Identified Men ........................... 92 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 96 i How Gay Stayed White Kulick Chapter 7: Using Marginalization to Understand the Oppression of Others ....................... 99 Recognizing Shared Mechanisms of Oppression ................................................................... 100 Motivations to Support Anti-Racism and Feminism .............................................................. 102 Marginalization as Gay Creating a Path to Understanding Sexism but Not Racism .............. 103 Understanding Racism and Sexism within Gay/LGBTQ Communities ................................. 104 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 107 Chapter 8: Unique Respondents .............................................................................................. 110 Bob: Working Class Background ........................................................................................... 110 Aaron: Religious (Catholic) Identity ...................................................................................... 115 Summary: Future Explorations of Intersectionality among White Gay Men ......................... 118 Chapter 9: Conclusions, Implications, and Reflection .......................................................... 120 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 120 Implications ............................................................................................................................. 122 Reflection ...............................................................................................................................
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