DOCSLIB.ORG

Becoming an Ally

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Becoming an Ally Michigan Resources: Biphobia, Transphobia Equality Michigan, (313) 537-7000 & Heterosexism 1-866-962-1147, equalitymi.org Becoming Transgender Michigan, (517) 420-1544 • Interacting with a bisexual or transgender www.transgendermichigan.org person and thinking only of their sexuality, rather than seeing them as a whole, complex person. Other Resources: an Ally Parents and Friends of Lesbians & Gays • Changing your seat at a meeting or event because an LBGTIQ person is sitting next to you. (PFLAG), (202) 467-8180, www.pflag.org Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education • Assuming the gender of a person based on A Guide for Service Providers gender stereotypes or the sex they were born. Network (GLSEN), www.glsen.org & Community Members • Assuming that a person is heterosexual. Information provided by the Lesbian, to Help Make Domestic Bisexual, Gay, Transgender, Intersex, Queer, • Not confronting a joke for fear of being identified as an LBGTIQ person. Questioning (LBGTIQ) & Allies Task Force & Sexual Violence Mission & Goals: Services More • Being careful about the kind of clothing you • Enhance and increase access to advocacy and services for LBGTIQ wear or your mannerisms so that you don’t have individuals who are survivors of domestic and sexual violence. Welcoming to Lesbian, a “certain look.” • Help develop more supportive and inclusive working environments for LBGTIQ service providers. Bisexual, Gay, Transgender, • Assuming that if an LBGTIQ person shows • Provide education to member agencies and the public on issues friendliness towards you, she or he is making a related to heterosexism, homophobia, biphobia and transphobia as Intersex, Queer & sexual advance. they relate to the unique dynamics of LBGTIQ domestic and sexual violence. Questioning Survivors. • Work to affect positive social change in the LBGTIQ community and • Not asking about your LBGTIQ co-worker’s the domestic and sexual violence movement. partner, although you regularly ask about your • Confront heterosexism, homophobia, biphobia, transphobia and heterosexual co-worker’s spouse. other prejudices in the movement and in member agencies. • Reacting negatively to public displays of For more information about the LBGTIQ & Allies affection between LBGTIQ people, but Task Force, please contact: accepting the same displays from heterosexual couples. • Feeling that LBGTIQ people are too outspoken Michigan Coalition to End Domestic & Sexual Violence 3893 Okemos Rd. Ste B2 | Okemos, MI 48864 about their rights. (517) 347-7000 | TTY (517) 381-8470 [email protected] | www.mcedsv.org Key Terms HOW CAN I BE AN ALLY? Ally: a person who is a member of the dominant or majority group who works to end oppression in her or his own personal and professional life UNDERSTAND SUPPORT through support of and as an advocate with and for the oppressed population. Your stereotypes, prejudices and privilege. Provide support to LBGTIQ individuals who are subjects of heterosexist, homophobic, Bisexual: a person whose sexual and romantic Your own feelings about LBGTIQ issues. biphobic, or transphobic jokes and slurs. feelings may be for people of any gender. This can be done privately or publicly. Why you feel it is important to be an Ally. Lesbian: a woman or girl whose primary sexual and romantic feelings are for people of the same Don’t out people unless given permission to gender.. How heterosexism, homophobia, biphobia do so. and transphobia affect both LBGTIQ and Gay: a man or boy whose primary sexual and heterosexual people. Closeted people in your jobs, classes and romantic feelings are for people of the same neighborhood may be wondering how safe gender. While many people use this term only to refer to gay men, others use it as a general term to that environment is for them. include both men and women. For example, “the LEARN gay community.” Read LBGTIQ newspapers, magazines and ACT! Transgender: a person’s behavior or identity that books and watch LBGTIQ-themed movies. falls outside the stereotypical expectations for Interrupt and confront heterosexism, their gender. Talk with and learn from LBGTIQ friends, biphobic, transphobic or homophobic Intersex: a person born with chromosomes, family, classmates and colleagues. jokes, assumptions or slurs. internal and/or external genitalia that is not considered typical for either male or female. Instead of assuming, ask about things you Provide correct information when you hear don’t understand. myths about LBGTIQ people. Queer: inclusive term for people who are not heterosexual, many younger people in the LBGTIQ Say the words gay, lesbian, bisexual, community have reclaimed this term. Risk discomfort and take risks to grow as a transgender and intersex out loud! person. Heterosexism: the concept that heterosexuality is natural, normal, superior and required. Get involved in your local LBGTIQ INCLUDE meetings, organizations and community Homophobia, Biphobia, Transphobia: thoughts, events. feelings or actions based on fear, dislike and When asking about someone’s relationship, judgment of LBGTIQ people. say “partner” instead of “husband” or Outing: disclosing someone’s sexual orientation “girlfriend.” or gender identity without their permission. Remember that there are people in your Closeted: when a person does not openly disclose jobs, classes, neighborhoods and throughout -Adapted from the Princeton University LGBT Center Website their sexual orientation or gender identity. your community who are LBGTIQ. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Elevated Physical Health Risk Among Gay Men Who Conceal Their Homosexual Identity
    Health Psychology Copyright 1996 by the American Psychological As..q~ation, Inc. 1996, Vol. 15, No. 4, 243-251 0278-6133/96/$3.110 Elevated Physical Health Risk Among Gay Men Who Conceal Their Homosexual Identity Steve W. Cole, Margaret E. Kemeny, Shelley E. Taylor, and Barbara R. Visscher University of California, Los Angeles This study examined the incidence of infectious and neoplastic diseases among 222 HIV- seronegative gay men who participated in the Natural History of AIDS Psychosocial Study. Those who concealed the expression of their homosexual identity experienced a significantly higher incidence of cancer (odds ratio = 3.18) and several infectious diseases (pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, and tuberculosis; odds ratio = 2.91) over a 5-year follow-up period. These effects could not be attributed to differences in age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, repressive coping style, health-relevant behavioral patterns (e.g., drug use, exercise), anxiety, depression, or reporting biases (e.g., negative affectivity, social desirability). Results are interpreted in the context of previous data linking concealed homosexual identity to other physical health outcomes (e.g., HIV progression and psychosomatic symptomatology) and theories linking psychological inhibition to physical illness. Key words: psychological inhibition, cancer, infectious diseases, homosexuality Since at least the second century AD, clinicians have noted Such results raise the possibility that any health risks associ- that inhibited psychosocial characteristics seem to be associ- ated with psychological inhibition may extend beyond the ated with a heightened risk of physical illness (Kagan, 1994). realm of emotional behavior to include the inhibition of Empirical research in this area has focused on inhibited nonemotional thoughts and other kinds of mental or social expression of emotions as a risk factor for the development of behaviors, experiences, and impulses.
    [Show full text]
  • University LGBT Centers and the Professional Roles Attached to Such Spaces Are Roughly
    INTRODUCTION University LGBT Centers and the professional roles attached to such spaces are roughly 45-years old. Cultural and political evolution has been tremendous in that time and yet researchers have yielded a relatively small field of literature focusing on university LGBT centers. As a scholar-activist practitioner struggling daily to engage in a critically conscious life and professional role, I launched an interrogation of the foundational theorizing of university LGBT centers. In this article, I critically examine the discursive framing, theorization, and practice of LGBT campus centers as represented in the only three texts specifically written about center development and practice. These three texts are considered by center directors/coordinators, per my conversations with colleagues and search of the literature, to be the canon in terms of how centers have been conceptualized and implemented. The purpose of this work was three-fold. Through a queer feminist lens focused through interlocking systems of oppression and the use of critical discourse analysis (CDA) 1, I first examined the methodological frameworks through which the canonical literature on centers has been produced. The second purpose was to identify if and/or how identity and multicultural frameworks reaffirmed whiteness as a norm for LGBT center directors. Finally, I critically discussed and raised questions as to how to interrupt and resist heteronormativity and homonormativity in the theoretical framing of center purpose and practice. Hired to develop and direct the University of Washington’s first lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT2) campus center in 2004, I had the rare opportunity to set and implement with the collaboration of queerly minded students, faculty, and staff, a critically theorized and reflexive space.
    [Show full text]
  • Homophobia and Transphobia Illumination Project Curriculum
    Homophobia and Transphobia Illumination Project Curriculum Andrew S. Forshee, Ph.D., Early Education & Family Studies Portland Community College Portland, Oregon INTRODUCTION Homophobia and transphobia are complicated topics that touch on core identity issues. Most people tend to conflate sexual orientation with gender identity, thus confusing two social distinctions. Understanding the differences between these concepts provides an opportunity to build personal knowledge, enhance skills in allyship, and effect positive social change. GROUND RULES (10­15 minutes) Materials: chart paper, markers, tape. Due to the nature of the topic area, it is essential to develop ground rules for each student to follow. Ask students to offer some rules for participation in the post­performance workshop (i.e., what would help them participate to their fullest). Attempt to obtain a group consensus before adopting them as the official “social contract” of the group. Useful guidelines include the following (Bonner Curriculum, 2009; Hardiman, Jackson, & Griffin, 2007): Respect each viewpoint, opinion, and experience. Use “I” statements – avoid speaking in generalities. The conversations in the class are confidential (do not share information outside of class). Set own boundaries for sharing. Share air time. Listen respectfully. No blaming or scapegoating. Focus on own learning. Reference to PCC Student Rights and Responsibilities: http://www.pcc.edu/about/policy/student­rights/student­rights.pdf DEFINING THE CONCEPTS (see Appendix A for specific exercise) An active “toolkit” of terminology helps support the ongoing dialogue, questioning, and understanding about issues of homophobia and transphobia. Clear definitions also provide a context and platform for discussion. Homophobia: a psychological term originally developed by Weinberg (1973) to define an irrational hatred, anxiety, and or fear of homosexuality.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men
    Columbia Law School Scholarship Archive Faculty Scholarship Faculty Publications 1994 Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men Suzanne B. Goldberg Columbia Law School, [email protected] Bea Hanson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Criminal Law Commons, and the Sexuality and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Suzanne B. Goldberg & Bea Hanson, Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men, 28 CLEARINGHOUSE REV. 417 (1994). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/1104 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Scholarship Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarship Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men by Suzanne B. Goldberg and Bea Hanson* I. Introduction cies across the country. According to the New York City Police Department Bias Incident Investigations Unit, aggot! Dyke! Pervert! Homo!" Just words? Or more bias-motivated homicides of gay men in New York rhetoric that illuminates and fuels hatred of les­ City have occurred in the last three years than of all other Fbians and gay men? How often are these words groups combined. supplemented by the use of a bat, golf clubs, a hammer, Anyone can be the target of an antigay or antilesbian a knife, a gun? Studies indicate that lesbians and gay men bias attack regardless of sexual orientation. Bias is based experience criminal victimization at rates significantly on the perpetrator's perception that the victim belongs to higher than other individuals and are the most frequent the targeted hate group.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT AMOLA, OLUWAKEMI. the Effects of Internalized Homophobia on HIV Risk Behaviors Among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men
    ABSTRACT AMOLA, OLUWAKEMI. The Effects of Internalized Homophobia on HIV Risk Behaviors among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men. (Under the direction of Dr. Marc Grimmett). Background: African Americans, compared to other racial groups in the United States, have the highest HIV prevalence, the highest incidence of HIV/AIDS, the highest HIV mortality, and the greatest number of years of potential life lost. Although all segments of Black communities have been significantly impacted by this epidemic, Black men who have sex with men have disproportionately experienced the negative consequences. Internalized homophobia is a contributing factor to HIV infection and transmission in Black men who have sex with men. It is imperative to assess internalized homophobia in Black men who have sex with men in order to analyze the effects of internalized homophobia on HIV risk behaviors in order to adequately inform counseling interventions. Methods: A quantitative approach was utilized to study the effects of internalized homophobia on mental health and HIV risk behaviors in a sample of Black MSM. The variables of interest were explored with a Web-based survey design. A convenience sample of 202 Black men, who reported sex with a male in the prior 12 months, were recruited via the Internet. Participants ranged in age from eighteen to sixty-five. Results: The results revealed a direct relationship between age and religiosity and internalized homophobia and no significant relationship between relationship status and internalized homophobia. Participants who were HIV positive or were unaware of their status scored significantly higher on internalized homophobia than those who were HIV negative.
    [Show full text]
  • Hegemonic Masculinity and Transphobia Marilyn Chung Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected]
    Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Theses Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2017 Hegemonic Masculinity and Transphobia Marilyn Chung Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses Recommended Citation Chung, Marilyn, "Hegemonic Masculinity and Transphobia" (2017). Theses. 2089. http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2089 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY AND TRANSPHOBIA by Marilyn Chung B.S., University of California, Davis, 2014 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree Department of Psychology in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale May 2017 THESIS APPROVAL HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY & TRANSPHOBIA By MARILYN CHUNG A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the field of Psychology Approved by: Tawanda M. Greer-Medley, PhD, Chair Kathleen Chwalisz Rigney, PhD Kristen M. Barber, PhD Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale 1/17/2017 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF MARILYN CHUNG, for the MASTERS OF ARTS degree in PSYCHOLOGY, presented on January 17, 2017 at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY AND TRANSPHOBIA MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Tawanda Greer-Medley Transphobia research has focused on predictors and correlations of prejudice toward transgender people. Consistently, male participants have higher transphobic attitudes compared to female participants in various studies. Further, males are overrepresented in crimes against transgender people.
    [Show full text]
  • And the Celebration of Queer Youth at One US
    “Misfits” and the Celebration of Queer Youth at one U.S. High School: Implications for Students, Educators, and Communities Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Nathan N. Taylor, M.A., M.Ed. College of Education and Human Ecology The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Binaya Subedi, Advisor Dr. Cynthia Tyson Dr. Mollie Blackburn ii Copyright by Nathan Neil Taylor 2012 iii Abstract This dissertation produces a reading of one U.S. high school’s approach to create an educational environment for its students that is inclusive and free of domination. This qualitative study, supported by queer theory and intersectionality, explores the pedagogical practices and school policies that the school uses to inform its model of inclusion. The study expands on the projects of queer theory and intersectionality by focusing on homonormativity, an appendage of heteronormativity, and the complication of identity categories and their usefulness in an educational setting. Specifically, I sought to investigate how the school’s model of inclusion promotes an inclusive, safe space for its students. How the school’s strategies of policing, resistance, and queering occur within this model of inclusion. And, how this model of inclusion acquiesce to and contests existing systems of oppression. The research occurred in a small charter school located in an urban, Midwestern city. My research suggests that the high school adopted policies and practices that build on the students’ identities and challenges the normative and material gaze of the larger society.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Opinion and Discourse on the Intersection of LGBT Issues and Race the Opportunity Agenda
    Opinion Research & Media Content Analysis Public Opinion and Discourse on the Intersection of LGBT Issues and Race The Opportunity Agenda Acknowledgments This research was conducted by Loren Siegel (Executive Summary, What Americans Think about LGBT People, Rights and Issues: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Public Opinion, and Coverage of LGBT Issues in African American Print and Online News Media: An Analysis of Media Content); Elena Shore, Editor/Latino Media Monitor of New America Media (Coverage of LGBT Issues in Latino Print and Online News Media: An Analysis of Media Content); and Cheryl Contee, Austen Levihn- Coon, Kelly Rand, Adriana Dakin, and Catherine Saddlemire of Fission Strategy (Online Discourse about LGBT Issues in African American and Latino Communities: An Analysis of Web 2.0 Content). Loren Siegel acted as Editor-at-Large of the report, with assistance from staff of The Opportunity Agenda. Christopher Moore designed the report. The Opportunity Agenda’s research on the intersection of LGBT rights and racial justice is funded by the Arcus Foundation. The statements made and views expressed are those of The Opportunity Agenda. Special thanks to those who contributed to this project, including Sharda Sekaran, Shareeza Bhola, Rashad Robinson, Kenyon Farrow, Juan Battle, Sharon Lettman, Donna Payne, and Urvashi Vaid. About The Opportunity Agenda The Opportunity Agenda was founded in 2004 with the mission of building the national will to expand opportunity in America. Focused on moving hearts, minds, and policy over time, the organization works with social justice groups, leaders, and movements to advance solutions that expand opportunity for everyone. Through active partnerships, The Opportunity Agenda synthesizes and translates research on barriers to opportunity and corresponding solutions; uses communications and media to understand and influence public opinion; and identifies and advocates for policies that improve people’s lives.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Reference Guide
    media reference guide NINTH EDITION | AUGUST 2014 GLAAD MEDIA REFERENCE GUIDE / 1 GLAAD MEDIA CONTACTS National & Local News Media Sports Media [email protected] [email protected] Entertainment Media Religious Media [email protected] [email protected] Spanish-Language Media GLAAD Spokesperson Inquiries [email protected] [email protected] Transgender Media [email protected] glaad.org/mrg 2 / GLAAD MEDIA REFERENCE GUIDE TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION FAIR, ACCURATE & INCLUSIVE 4 GLOSSARY OF TERMS / LANGUAGE LESBIAN / GAY / BISEXUAL 5 TERMS TO AVOID 9 TRANSGENDER 12 AP & NEW YORK TIMES STYLE 21 IN FOCUS COVERING THE BISEXUAL COMMUNITY 25 COVERING THE TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY 27 MARRIAGE 32 LGBT PARENTING 36 RELIGION & FAITH 40 HATE CRIMES 42 COVERING CRIMES WHEN THE ACCUSED IS LGBT 45 HIV, AIDS & THE LGBT COMMUNITY 47 “EX-GAYS” & “CONVERSION THERAPY” 46 LGBT PEOPLE IN SPORTS 51 DIRECTORY OF COMMUNITY RESOURCES 54 GLAAD MEDIA REFERENCE GUIDE / 3 INTRODUCTION Fair, Accurate & Inclusive Fair, accurate and inclusive news media coverage has played an important role in expanding public awareness and understanding of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) lives. However, many reporters, editors and producers continue to face challenges covering these issues in a complex, often rhetorically charged, climate. Media coverage of LGBT people has become increasingly multi-dimensional, reflecting both the diversity of our community and the growing visibility of our families and our relationships. As a result, reporting that remains mired in simplistic, predictable “pro-gay”/”anti-gay” dualisms does a disservice to readers seeking information on the diversity of opinion and experience within our community. Misinformation and misconceptions about our lives can be corrected when journalists diligently research the facts and expose the myths (such as pernicious claims that gay people are more likely to sexually abuse children) that often are used against us.
    [Show full text]
  • Actions to Challenge Heterosexism and Homophobia on Campus
    Actions to Challenge Heterosexism and Homophobia on Campus Educate Yourself Read gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender literature and history Read newspapers or journals that feature LGBT news/issues Go through a whole day imagining yourself to be a LGBT person Attend LGBT films, worships, seminars, cultural events, or hear speakers Attend a meeting of a group such as PFLAG (Parents, Family, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays) Listen to and learn from LGBT people Model Non-heterosexist or Non-homophobic Behavior and Attitudes Take pride in your same-sex relationship Use inclusive language like partner or date rather than boyfriend/girlfriend or husband/wife Make friends with and get close to LGBT people Don’t assume that being gay, lesbian, or bisexual, and transgender people don’t have, like, or want children Keep information you have about others’ sexual orientations/identity confidential Use the same standards for same sex affection in public that you use for opposite sex affection Create an Inclusive Culture and a Welcoming Environment Assume that some people in your residence hall, classes, groups, and/or campus community are LGBT Assume that closeted LGBT people in your residence hall, classes, groups, and/or campus community are wondering how safe the environment is for them; provide safety by making it clear you accept and support all people Put up bulletin board displays that include same sex couples or references to LGBT lives and people Post fliers announcing events of interest of LGBT people; remember there is a heterosexual assumption, so actively advertise that LGBT people are welcome (especially at parties and dances) Find out about and share resources and information on gay-affirmative service providers, events, bookstores, bars, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • RNAO- Respecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
    Position Statement: Respecting Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity The Registered Nurses’ Association of Discrimination Threatens Health Ontario (RNAO) is committed to Through Violence and Social speaking out against discrimination and Exclusion social exclusion based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The health of LGBTTTIQQ people is compromised by direct assaults such as Ontario is home to between 400,000 and hate crimes, physical violence, and 1.25 million people who self-identify as verbal assaults as well as chronic stress lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, caused by stigmatization. transgender, Two-Spirit, intersex, queer, or questioning (LGBTTTIQQ). Making Discrimination Threatens Access to up five to ten per cent of Ontario’s Health Care population, those who are members of sexual or gender minority communities LGBTTTIQQ clients too often routinely experience threats to their experience barriers to inclusive and health and well-being because of their appropriate care because of practices by sexual orientation and/or gender identity. health care institutions and health professionals that are heterosexist and Sexual orientation refers to how we discriminatory. think of ourselves in terms of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to people Discrimination Threatens Quality of the same gender (gay, lesbian), the Work Environments other gender (heterosexual), or either gender (bisexual). Gender identity is Practice environments for LGBTTTIQQ one’s internal and psychological sense of nurses and other health-care oneself as female, male, both, or neither. professionals can be difficult due to heterosexism and discrimination from Discrimination against LGBTTTIQQ colleagues and clients. people may take the form of homophobia, biphobia, or transphobia. RNAO recommendations Heterosexism is the assumption that include: everyone is, or should be, heterosexual.
    [Show full text]
  • Other Indicia of Animus Against LGBT People by State and Local
    Chapter 14: Other Indicia of Animus Against LGBT People by State and Local Officials, 1980-Present In this chapter, we draw from the 50 state reports to provide a sample of comments made by state legislators, governors, judges, and other state and local policy makers and officials which show animus toward LGBT people. Such statements likely both deter LGBT people from seeking state and local government employment and cause them to be closeted if they are employed by public agencies. In addition, these statements often serve as indicia of why laws extending legal protections to LGBT people are opposed or repealed. As the United States Supreme Court has recognized, irrational discrimination is often signaled by indicators of bias, and bias is unacceptable as a substitute for legitimate governmental interests.1 “[N]egative attitudes or fear, unsubstantiated by factors which are properly cognizable…are not permissible bases” for governmental decision-making.2 This concern has special applicability to widespread and persistent negative attitudes toward gay and transgender minorities. As Justice O‟Connor stated in her concurring opinion in Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, 580-82 (2003): We have consistently held…that some objectives, such as “a bare...desire to harm a politically unpopular group,” are not legitimate state interests. … Moral disapproval of this group [homosexuals], like a bare desire to harm the group, is an interest that is insufficient to satisfy rational basis review under the Equal Protection Clause. 1 Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett, 531 U.S. 356, 367 (2001). 2 Id. (quoting Cleburne v Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S.
    [Show full text]