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Compared with conventional diesel, GTL Only this is not imaginary. It’s happening today as performs like a superhigh-octane gasoline. Oil refiners Chevron Global Gas links remote gas fields to markets can blend GTL diesel into conventional diesel to help through innovative technology. meet stiffer air-quality rules. Indeed, the company is driving a multibillion- dollar portfolio of projects intent on harnessing tens RAMPING UP of trillions of cubic feet of natural gas resources. Long World natural gas resources are estimated to exceed stranded by lack of markets or uncertain economics, 5,000 trillion cubic feet, most of which are undevel- the world’s natural gas supplies are being successfully oped, and experts forecast that demand for natural gas developed today through liquefied natural gas (LNG), will increase up to 70 percent by 2030. gas-to-liquids (GTL) and long-distance pipeline projects. Major markets such as Asia, Europe and North America can no longer rely on regional gas production, ONE SOURCE, TWO TECHNOLOGIES and imported LNG can fill the gap. These same regions Currently, LNG and GTL are the technologies offer- have growing demand for clean-burning transportation ing the biggest opportunities in Chevron’s strategy to fuels that GTL can help satisfy. deliver natural gas safely, efficiently and cost-effectively Chevron Global Gas is developing LNG export anywhere in the world. projects in Angola, Australia and Nigeria and has plans Although they both start with simple natural gas, for Venezuela as well. Together, these LNG projects LNG and GTL technologies differ tremendously. LNG could produce tens of millions of tons of LNG per year plants chill gas to minus 260 degrees Fahrenheit (–162° C), destined for Asia and North America, where Global Gas shrinking it to 1/600 of its normal volume for transport is securing new LNG import capacity. as liquid in tankers. Once delivered, the LNG is warmed “We’re ramping up short- and long-term research PHOTO: MICHAEL BAKER/WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD. back into a gas for distribution to customers. and development (R&D) in both technologies, C\]k1@ej`[\k_\Èd\dYiXe\ÉkXebf]XeCE>ZXii`\i%8Yfm\1;i`cc`e^$dl[Yc\e[`e^kXebjXkk_\ B`e^9XpJlggcp9Xj\#n_`Z_jlggfikjk_\Efik_N\jkJ_\c]M\ekli\CE>gcXek% () collaborating with experts worldwide and looking to The company also has shared in R&D programs deploy technology solutions globally,” says Chevron’s that study disposal of greenhouse gases associated with Mike Gentry, a manager in gas technology. energy development. Chevron’s Gorgon LNG project in Australia will include the world’s first commercial-scale STEADY PACE OF INNOVATION carbon dioxide (CO2) injection system. The project is LNG has evolved into a major industry over four aiming to reinject underground about 3 million met- decades, with steady process and technology innova- ric tons of CO2 per year—similar to removing about tions along the way. 250,000 large passenger cars from the roads. “LNG is not a breakthrough technology but an To help meet the geographic challenges of remote opportunity for incremental improvements in both offshore gas resources and to locate future regasifica- capital and operating expense,” says Gentry. tion terminals in new markets, Chevron is studying and For example, Chevron Shipping Co. operates the investing in the development of offshore and floating Northwest Swan, a membrane-type LNG tanker that is LNG systems. Technologists and engineers are drawing fitted with a cryogenic liner and uses the ship’s hull to on “a successful company history of implementing inno- contain LNG. These ships carry more LNG than vessels vative solutions for offshore production,” says Gentry, with the same hull dimensions fitted with independent adapting those lessons to the complex facilities associ- spherical tanks. ated with LNG. FLOATING LNG PLANTS THE PROMISE OF GTL Chevron’s R&D for LNG includes offshore cryogenic The other major goal of Chevron’s natural gas strategy loading and the development of insulated parts to trans- is growth in the GTL business. The company’s joint fer the supercold liquid energy. Another effort focuses venture Sasol Chevron is blending the two companies’ on seafloor LNG pipelines, which could eliminate the technical strengths to advance GTL projects and need for costly trestles in export and import facilities. technology. Sasol Ltd. currently makes about 160,000 PHOTOS, FROM LEFT: GAZTRANSPORT & TECHNIGAZ; MICHAEL BAKER/WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD. PHOTOS, FROM LEFT: 8kXkiX[\j_fn`e)'',#8e^fcXËjG\kifc\ldM`Z\D`e`jk\i8eYXj J`cmX j\Zfe[]ifdi`^_k `jj_fneXdf[\cf]k_\gcXee\[8e^fcX CE>gifa\ZkYp:_\mifeËjgifa\Zkk\Xdc\X[\i#If^i`fBXj`XcX% =ifdc\]kXi\]fid\iJfeXe^fcYfXi[d\dY\iÛe^\cfI`Y\`ifXe[ JfeXe^Xj:_X`idXeXe[: barrels per day (bpd) of synthetic fuel from coal through its patented Fischer-Tropsch process, which can also produce fuel from natural gas. Chevron Nigeria Ltd. and the Nigerian National Petroleum Corp. are currently building a GTL plant that will use this technology to turn 300 million cubic feet of gas into 34,000 bpd of liquids, mainly synthetic diesel. If construction goes as planned, GTL diesel from Nigeria could be fueling cars and trucks in Europe by 2009. front end of the GTL process. These advances have the Sasol Chevron is advancing several GTL projects potential to reduce front-end costs of making synthetic with Qatar Petroleum (QP), including a base oils addi- gas a feedstock by about 30 percent. As costs fall, more tion and a major expansion to the QP/Sasol Oryx GTL GTL plants will be possible in more places. plant. Sasol Chevron also is marketing GTL diesel and Separately, Sasol Chevron is collaborating with naphtha for the 34,000-bpd Oryx facility on behalf of Daimler Chrysler to optimize diesel engine designs for QP and Sasol. Sasol Chevron’s first-entrant position may GTL fuel and is exploring other potential uses of GTL give the joint venture an edge in creating GTL markets, for aligning resources with product markets. particularly in Europe. A global infrastructure to deliver natural gas is emerging, says Gentry. “Our success in this growing (* EMERGING INFRASTRUCTURE industry will depend on technology advances that help Because of GTL’s huge potential, Chevron, in partner- us deliver the gas in the most safe, efficient and cost- ship with Air Products and Chemicals and the U.S. effective way,” he says. “Chevron is making the right Department of Energy, has been investing in R&D since investments now to become a significant player in meet- the late 1990s on technology that could streamline the ing global natural gas demand.” —Jim Hendon >Xj$kf$c`hl`[jaf`ekm\ekli\JXjfc:_\mife`j\mXclXk`e^XgcXee\[-Y`cc`fejcXk\f]Zfdd\iZ`Xc$jZXc\ gifa\Zkj`eHXkXi%JXjfc:_\mifeZlii\ekcpgifm`[\jk\Z_e`ZXcjlggfikfek_\Fipo>KCgifa\Zk#j_fne PHOTOS, FROM TOP: DIVALDO L.F. GREGÓRIO; GEOFF BROWN L.F. PHOTOS, FROM TOP: DIVALDO _\i\#X*+#'''$YXii\c$g\i$[Xpaf`ekm\ekli\Y\kn\\eHXkXiG\kifc\ldXe[JXjfcCk[% hevron workers in the damp Piney Woods region Nine technology partnerships will help make it happen. C of East Texas are on a mission to make old opera- These include new information technology architec- tions at the Carthage natural gas field achieve new feats ture with Microsoft, real-time production and reservoir of productivity. optimization with Schlumberger, and an asset decision The goal is to become Chevron’s first i-field—an environment with Science Applications International. initiative to integrate technologies in oil and gas field Back at the Carthage Field, 650 wells are scattered operations. The project already is advancing in eight over 1,000 square miles (2,600 sq km). It’s a landscape Chevron fields worldwide, with more to follow. Key better suited to pickup trucks than control rooms. targets of the i-field project are long-standing, mature But technology is overtaking geography, says Victor operations—like Carthage—and new deepwater fields. Villagran, Carthage’s i-field project manager. Guided- “We want people to spend less time gathering and wave radars report tank levels. Automated control deciphering all kinds of different data and more time systems adjust artificial lift wells. making decisions,” says Warner Williams, who oversees Operators used to drive out and check every well. Chevron’s major California oil fields, including i-field Now, hand-held devices and rugged laptop computers target San Ardo. pinpoint wells showing early signs of problems. Computers have dramatically improved key func- Instead of reacting to breakdowns and losing produc- tions of the oil and gas business, such as exploration and tion, i-field crews flag and prevent failures to keep oil and gas flowing. “In time, we’ll be able to see and manage the whole operation from a central location,” says Villagran. Integration—of multiple technologies Multidisciplinary integration on this scale is creat- (+ provided by the best minds in comput- ing a need for a new multiskilled workforce. To meet that need, Chevron has partnered with the University of ing and engineering—puts the “i” in Southern California to create the Center for Interactive &KHYURQ¶VDPELWLRXVL¿HOGSURMHFW Smart Oil Field Technologies, offering a multidis- ciplinary graduate degree that combines petroleum ;`^`kXcf`c]`\c[j gldg`e^ engineering with information technology, math, and electrical and industrial engineering. reservoir modeling, and operations today exhibit some Hauser says that evolving toward automated “digital i-field traits, Mike Hauser, Chevron’s i-field program oil fields” is essential to address workforce productivity manager, and colleague Trond Unneland told the Society concerns. “In the United States and Europe alone, some of Petroleum Engineers in a recent presentation. But a 50 percent of the industry’s older workforce will be gone next great productivity frontier beckons. in three to five years.” Carthage and the other i-fields will use developments Early indications at Carthage are validating the in sensors, monitoring and optimization tools that antici- expected production increases and time savings. Says pate and plan based on what’s happening real-time and Jayne Sieverding, a business development manager for continually adjust to operating circumstances. The vision Chevron Energy Technology Co.: “The digital oil field is to turn crude oil and natural gas fields into factories of tomorrow is closer to reality than many may think.” with coordinated information-intensive technology. —Jim Hendon (, g if [ l Z k`m`k p ]if d g X i ke \ ij_`gj 8k:_\mifeËj:Xik_X^\eXkliXc^XjÔ\c[`eK\oXj#`ejkild\ekXk`feXe[\c\Zki`ZXcjg\Z`Xc`jkKi\ek:fb\i PHOTO: PAUL S. HOWELL PHOTO: PAUL dfe`kfiji\Xc$k`d\n\cc[XkX]ifdXZfdglk\i`e_`jkilZb% (- ?<8MPF@CËJ C\]k18[f^c\^[`i\Zk`feXcn\cckn`jkjXe[kliej k_ifl^_Xn\Yf]\o`jk`e^_fi`qfekXcn\ccjkfi\XZ_ `kjkXi^\kÇk_\gi\m`fljcp`eXZZ\jj`Yc\_\XmpZil[\ [`i\ZkcpY\cfnk_\:XgkX`egcXk]fid`ek_\L%B% Efik_J\X% 8Yfm\1JkXk`fefg\iXkfiEXq`inXeZ_\Zbj\hl`g$ d\ek]fijX]\kpXe[\em`ifed\ekXcZfdgc`XeZ\Xk k_\;li`#@e[fe\j`X#_\Xmpf`cÔ\c[% I`^_k18Zljkfd\iÔccj_\ikXebXkX:_\mifej\im`Z\ jkXk`fe`e=cfi`[Xn`k_gli\Ylk_Xi[$nfe^Xjfc`e\% Gif[lZ\[]ifdM\e\ql\cXe_\XmpZil[\#k_\f`c e\\[jdXafilg^iX[`e^\m\eY\]fi\Xii`m`e^Xkk_\ i\Ôe\ipXe[#lck`dXk\cp#XlkfdfY`c\kXebj% PHOTOS, FROM LEFT: INTEQ ADVANCED DRILLING SYSTEMS; CHRIS MARTIN INTEQ ADVANCED PHOTOS, FROM LEFT: @E:I<;@9C<AFLIE From reservoir to marketplace, Chevron is extracting value from the toughest raw material onday morning, under the bright Florida sun- like Hamaca’s to a starring role on the world energy stage. M shine, a commuter rolls into a Chevron station Chevron produces more than 650,000 barrels of heavy to buy gasoline. Three thousand miles (4,800 km) away oil per day on five continents, and the Venezuela– in Venezuela, a tall pump tirelessly draws raw oil from Florida link is just one example of what’s required the Hamaca Field. The thick crude is steadily pulled to succeed. barrel by barrel from specialized wells probing the tight Crude oil from the Hamaca Field—developed by rock layers below. Chevron and partners—is loaded with sulfur, metals What’s the connection? All motor fuels begin as raw and other elements. So the partnership built a massive materials. But look closer and you will see ingenuity— upgrader to distill, filter, desulfurize and otherwise PHOTO, FAR RIGHT: ALEX JOSEPH RIGHT: PHOTO, FAR a value chain of technologies linked to promote heavy oil convert the sluggish stuff into synthetic crude, a process similar to oil refining. The “syncrude” is attrac- tive to facilities like Chevron’s refinery in Pascagoula, Mississippi, which is configured to process heavy oil. Blended with heavy Mayan crude from Mexico—the mainstay of Pascagoula’s feedstock—the syncrude helps balance the refinery’s diet to ensure that Chevron can churn out gasoline to keep customers rolling. WHY HEAVY OIL? Chevron has embraced integrated heavy oil development as a core strategy. But why deal with heavy oil when most crudes are lighter and easier to produce and refine? Answer: opportunity on a staggering scale. Venezuela alone holds more than 1 trillion barrels of extra-heavy oil, just some of the several trillion barrels worldwide—four times the known reserves of lighter oil. As oil demand keeps rising, smart refiners will turn to troublesome but cheaper heavy crudes. “Integrated oil companies that can access lower-cost crudes and efficiently convert them into high-demand fuels will gain competitive advantage in the new oil era,” Jeet Bindra, president of Chevron Global Refining, told the company’s 2005 Heavy Oil Forum, (/ appropriately themed “From the Reservoir to the Marketplace.” About a third of Chevron’s 11 billion barrels of proved oil reserves are heavy to medium-heavy, so the recover up to 80 percent. When Chevron migrated ther- company specializes in key production technologies. mal technology to its Indonesia operations, it created In California’s San Joaquin Valley, teams inject steam the world’s largest steamflood at Duri Field. into heavy oil reservoirs, employing sophisticated earth Earlier this year, the company acquired a large tract models, sensors and precision steam distribution. in Canada with more than 7 billion barrels of heavy oil N\cc\e^`e\\i9fYYp Where previous methods captured about 10 percent in place for a future project using steam-assisted gravity JZfkk#B\ieI`m\i =`\c[#:Xc`]fie`X% of the oil in place, modern thermal techniques can drainage, a next-generation thermal technology. Meanwhile, steaming is being tested in the giant Wafra Field, operated by Chevron and partners in the Partitioned Neutral Zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Wafra won’t be easy—thermal technology success to date has primarily been in sandstones, and nobody has done a commercially successful carbonate- rock steamflood. But tricky geology hasn’t stopped Chevron in the past. In one unique California venture, operators pump steam into tight diatomite rocks and then let the pres- sure push out the heavy oil. They repeat the process, like inflating and deflating a balloon. In deeper heavy oil fields and offshore fields, thermal methods won’t work, or they cost too much. So Chevron applies other technologies. PHOTOS, LEFT AND ABOVE: JIM KARAGEORGE Guided by an elaborate reservoir model, the Hamaca project drills forked wells that snake horizontally for up to a mile (1.6 km) through the oil-bearing rocks. At Chevron’s Captain Field in the North Sea, horizontal wells rigged with special filters and downhole pumps curve out to tap the stubborn, medium-heavy oil. Newer Captain wells spiral like corkscrews and loop like fishhooks. “We’re pushing directional drilling technology right to the wire, but each success increases our confi- dence that even more complex wells are possible,” says Captain’s Gert de Jonge. HYDROPROCESSING EDGE While upgraders like Hamaca’s are a recent devel- opment, Chevron over the years has built a broad capability in refining heavy oil, with the flagship Pascagoula facility as just one element. “Chevron has been a world leader in hydroprocess- ing [which helps refiners make environmentally friendly, lower-sulfur fuels] for nearly 50 years and has been licensing clean-fuels solutions to the worldwide refining industry for the past 20 years,” says Ashok Krishna, Af_eDZ:X]]\ip`jk_\[`Xkfd`k\gifa\ZkdXeX^\iXkk_\B\ieI`m\i=`\c[`e:Xc`]fie`X% ?`jk\Xdlj\jjk\Xdkf]iXZkli\Xe[_\Xkcfn$g\id\XY`c`kpifZb`efi[\ikfi\c\Xj\Xe[ general manager of technology for Chevron Global (0 ]fiZ\flkZil[\f`c% Refining (see story on Page 27). Moreover, he says, Chevron pioneered the modern technique of high-pressure hydrocracking—using hydro- gen and catalysts to make more high-value products from heavy, residual liquids left over after conventional refining skims off the lightest elements of the crude. “Our technology gives Chevron a unique oppor- tunity to optimize across the entire value chain,” says Bindra. “We’re increasing our refining network capabil- ity, with integration as a high priority.” To that end, Chevron and its partners recently announced plans to retrofit their 650,000-barrel-per-day Yeosu Refinery in South Korea to handle more heavy oil. Meanwhile, improvements to heavy oil capabilities continue at the company’s El Segundo Refinery in California. Whether they fill up at Chevron stations in Florida or California or at stations sporting Chevron’s Caltex brand in Seoul, commuters in the future will likely rely more on hidden value chains that link to heavy oil fields the world over. —Jim Hendon I\peXc[fIf[i`^l\q c\]k Xe[G\k\iNi`^_kfeXnXcb$k_ifl^_f] PHOTO: ALEXANDRA DOBRIN k_\mXjk?XdXZX_\Xmpf`clg^iX[`e^]XZ`c`kp`eM\e\ql\cX% 8N`e[WellDECC visualization technologyf overing in 4,000 feet (1,220 m) K_\;`jZfm\i\i;\\gJ\Xj H Discoverer =ifdk_\Zfd]fikf] of ocean, the drillship k_\?fljkfe#K\oXj# Deep Seas lowers a steel tentacle tipped N\cc;<::Z\ek\i# [i`cc`e^\e^`e\\ij with a massive bit to the seafloor. The >c\eeNXie\i c\]k objective: Install an oil and gas well of Xe[<[^Xi[pj CXg`\ii\ZXeXeXcpq\ progressively narrower sections 25,000 Xcck_\[XkXk_\p e\\[]ifdXn\ccXj feet (7,620 m) into the earth—a precision `k`jY\`e^[i`cc\[% exercise akin to threading a needle 5 miles 8Yfm\1NXie\iXe[ [i`cc`e^\e^`e\\i (8 km) away. Af_e9i\`[\ek_Xc% It will take months and cost up to $70 million. Drilling onshore or in shallower water is viewed as one task within a project. )' But as the industry pushes deeper, “every well is a project,” says Glenn Warner of Chevron’s Well Design and Execution Collaboration Center (WellDECC) in Houston, Texas. Built and operated with Halliburton, Landmark Graphics, Sperry-Sun and others, WellDECC is helping Chevron reduce risk and increase precision in its growing portfolio of challenging wells. Most mornings, you will find geologists and engineers silhouetted against WellDECC’s walls of information—earth models, graphs and images of drilling in progress. Visualizations of well paths slice through shapes representing rock layers and salt domes. In the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, teams on rigs view, via satellite, the same data in their own mini-WellDECCs. “Our drill-site teams have a tremendously complex task, and WellDECC helps them make quality decisions,” says David Payne, vice president of Chevron’s Global Drilling and Completions. Adds Terry Gatlin, drill-site manager aboard the Deep Seas: “Drill ships cost compa- nies up to $500,000 every 24 hours. If WellDECC can help us save even one day on wells like these, it will have paid for itself.” Far more valuable than real-time interaction, however, is WellDECC’s potential to optimize drilling before it actually starts, says Payne: “Some 85 percent of well problems can be traced back to poor subsurface modeling and associated well planning.” Superior execution based on interdisciplinary collaboration and supported by WellDECC’s technology, he believes, will help Chevron excel in the deepwater frontier. —Jim Hendon S. HOWELL PAUL GREG SMITH. CENTER AND RIGHT: PHOTO, LEFT: fe f is helpingn Chevron manage the most complex deepwater drilling projects )( k_\ N\cc K_\Gfn\if]>\fk_\idXc )) 8k:_\mifefg\iXk`fej`eJXcXb#@e[fe\j`X#Xg`g\c`e\ZXii`\j^\fk_\idXcnXk\i#fiYi`e\#kf k_i\\n\cc_\X[jk_Xkn`cc`ea\Zk`kYXZb`ekfk_\\Xik_kfgif[lZ\jk\Xd]figfn\i^\e\iXk`fe% 9\pfe[k_\k\XgcXekXk`fek_Xkjliifle[jk_\]XZ`c`kp#nXk\imXgfigcld\jZXeY\j\\ei`j`e^ ]ifdXgcXekfg\iXk\[YpjkXk\\c\Zki`Zlk`c`kpGKG\iljX_XXeC`jki`bE\^XiX#n_`Z_:_\mife jlggc`\jn`k_^\fk_\idXc\e\i^p% hile crude oil and natural gas are its primary business, Chevron The Philippines tell a similar story. Chevron-operated plants there sup- W is the largest producer of geothermal energy in the world. For ply 15 percent of the electricity required by Luzon, the largest island in the more than 30 years, the company has been capturing steam produced Philippines, with a population in excess of 30 million people. from subterranean volcanic activity to help meet the growing electricity “In Indonesia and the Philippines, there is great potential for devel- needs of Indonesia and the Philippines. oping geothermal energy,” says Barry Andrews, senior vice president for In Indonesia, the power plants that Chevron currently operates are Geothermal and Power. “And Chevron plans to remain at the forefront producing enough geothermal energy to meet the energy needs of a city of of the effort.” more than 2 million people. And that’s just the beginning. A major expan- What makes geothermal attractive is that it is a clean, reliable and eco- sion is under way at the Darajat geothermal plant in Java that will almost nomical form of energy. Geothermal energy emits virtually no greenhouse double electrical output. gases, making it particularly attractive as countries work to reduce carbon PHOTO: RIKIN JUNAEDI/JAKARTA PHOTOGRAPHERS SOCIETY PHOTO: RIKIN JUNAEDI/JAKARTA Harnessing volcanic forces brings renewable energy to )* dioxide emissions. Another plus: It is renewable. It is derived from natural The geologic conditions necessary to create a geothermal resource heat within the earth—and that heat is essentially limitless. exist in very few parts of the world. The most active resources are usually Geothermal energy is produced when groundwater descending from the found along major plate boundaries, where earthquakes and volcanoes are earth’s surface meets molten magma rising upward. Geothermal fluids are concentrated. Most of the geothermal activity occurs in an area known as trapped in the earth’s crust in reservoirs, or “pockets,” typically at depths the Ring of Fire, which rims the Pacific Ocean. There, deep fractures in the of up to 9,800 feet (3,000 m). The fluids can be recovered by drilling wells, earth’s crust allow molten material to push close enough to the surface to much like traditional oil and natural gas operations. Surface facilities heat geothermal reservoirs. convert a portion of the fluids into steam, which is used to power turbines Although it is not a widespread form of energy, more than 20 countries, for generating electricity. Excess fluids are returned to the reservoir, thereby including the United States, meet part of their electricity needs from geo- regenerating the steam source. thermal energy. —Patty Marshall K_\ )+ G`Zkli\ :_\mifeËji\j\imf`i$ jZXc\`dX^`e^Xe[ \Xik_$df[\c`e^ k\Z_efcf^pZfdY`e\ kfi\m\Xcf`cXe[^Xj i\j\imf`ijY\e\Xk_ ((#''']\\k *#*,*d f]jXckXkk_\^`Xek [\\gnXk\iKX_`k` =`\c[`ek_\L%J%>lc] f]D\o`Zf% verybody says it: The easy oil is gone. Vast quan- E tities remain, but nature has locked them away. They’re buried in places like Chevron’s Tahiti Field, where the rock is hot enough to fry eggs and the pressure is like a dump truck parked on your thumbnail. If you’re an engineer, that’s 20,000 pounds per square inch. And As the search for resources goes deeper, Chevron scientists are “seeing” beneath the earth’s surface in more detail and on an unprecedented scale it’s 4 miles (6.4 km) under the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. Deep water isn’t the only challenge. Ancient oceans left 2-mile-high (3.2-km) swaths of salt that stretch for ), miles beneath the earth’s surface and cover some of the company’s richest reserves. Such canopies overlie Tahiti and the Tengiz and Karachaganak fields in Kazakhstan. When seismic signals—the industry’s chief tool for “seeing” beneath the surface—hit such formations, they ricochet like golf balls hitting concrete. Now Chevron’s earth scientists are seeing the bigger picture. Not only can they see through salt, they’re also creating reservoir-scale images of unprecedented size and clarity, revealing geologic features that have dogged the industry for years. “We’ve built a leading capability in imaging the shape of structures beneath the salt,” says Jeb Blackwell, explora- tion technology manager for Chevron Energy Technology Co. “Now we’re combining that imaging capability with advances we’ve made in amplitude preservation to generate finer-scale reservoir images that are structurally accurate and reveal reservoir-scale features.” Amplitude preserva- tion is necessary to predict rock and fluid properties. The reservoir-scale images are so impressive “that we’ve won tenders from joint-venture partners to apply this technology instead of their own,” says Blackwell. Take the example of Great White, Chevron’s SALT MODEL: CHEVRON’S TAHITI TECHNICAL AND GEOPHYSICS TEAMS MODEL: CHEVRON’S TAHITI SALT deepwater discovery in the Gulf of Mexico, which No. 2: Scientists use standardized in-house work flows to remove noise and preserve amplitudes. That’s important: The imaging algorithms work properly only if the input data accurately reflect the true earth properties. Poor imaging resulting from incorrect input data or the wrong earth model can have multimillion-dollar conse- quences, including dry holes. No. 3: But these two competencies wouldn’t produce fast, vast, fine-scale images if it weren’t for the third ingredient—cluster computers. Using technology similar to that found in a standard PC, thousands of central processing units are combined with vast disk storage space. “The clusters are faster and cheaper than anything we could have imagined just a few years ago,” says Errol Blumenthal, PSDM leader. THE POWER OF CLUSTERS The computational efficiency built into Chevron’s depth- imaging code, supported by the power of the clusters, converts enormous seismic data sets—up to several terabytes per copy—into vast, visual images. “And we’re creating these images faster and cheaper than anyone in the industry,” says Blackwell. Adds Blumenthal: “We )- designed the computers for the code and the code for the computers. You can’t separate the two.” After purchasing raw seismic data from vendors, JkXe[Xi[G:j#dlck`gc`\[k_fljXe[jf]k`d\j#gifm`[\k_\ZfdglkXk`feXc Chevron’s scientists create velocity models, making gfn\i]fi:_\mifeËji\j\imf`i$jZXc\`dX^`e^% :C<8E=L 8j^cfYXc\e\i^p[\dXe[^ifnj#jf[f\j [Xpf]\hl`kpgifZ\jj`e^ZXgXZ`kp%K_`j k_\[\dXe[]fiZc\Xe\i#dfi\\]ÔZ`\ek ^cfYXce\knfibZfek`el\jkfdfm\kfnXi[ ]l\cj%:_\mife`jj\\b`e^e\nk\Z_efcf$ ^i\Xk\i\]ÔZ`\eZpXe[gif[lZk`m`kp ^`\jkfgifg\ck_\m\_`Zc\jf]kfdfiifn% k_ifl^_`eZi\Xj\[XlkfdXk`fe#^i\Xk\i @e[i`m`e^k_fj\k\Z_efcf^`\j]finXi[# lj\f]j\ejfijkf`dgifm\i\c`XY`c`kp n\cffbkfYfk_fligXjkc\^XZpf]i\Ôe$ Xe[jX]\kp#Xe[`dgifm\d\ekj`eb\p `e^`eefmXk`feXe[kfX]lkli\`en_`Z_ gifZ\jj\j#jlZ_XjÕl`[ZXkXcpk`ZZiXZb$ @e@e[`X#cfn\i$jlc]li[`\j\cdX[\Ypi\Ôe\ij n\Z_Xcc\e^\\m\eflifnekiX[`k`fejf] `e^Xe[XcbpcXk`fe% lj`e^:_\mife$gXk\ek\[gifZ\jj\j`ji\[lZ`e^ k_\b`e[jf]\d`jj`fejk_Xkn\i\[XdX^`e^ ]l\cjdXel]XZkli`e^% FliZfdgXep_XjXgXik`ZlcXi k_\KXaDX_Xc#fe\f]k_\ZflekipËj^i\Xk\jk dfeld\ekj%:_\mifec`Z\ej\j`kjgifgi`\kXip N`k_(0n_fccpfne\[fiaf`ek$m\ekli\ X[mXekX^\1_p[ifgifZ\jj`e^%:fdY`e`e^ _p[ifgifZ\jj`e^k\Z_efcf^`\j`edfi\k_Xe i\Ôe\i`\j`e(+Zfleki`\j#:_\mifekf[Xp k\dg\iXkli\#_`^_gi\jjli\#_p[if^\e +'g\iZ\ekf]k_\nfic[Ëji\Ôe\i`\j`e [fq\ejf]Zfleki`\j% _Xjdfi\k_Xe)%)d`cc`feYXii\cjg\i Xe[ZXkXcpj`j#_p[ifgifZ\jj`e^i\dfm\j ). PHOTOS, FROM TOP: PAUL S. HOWELL; GETTY IMAGES PHOTOS, FROM TOP: PAUL * MXekX^\Gf`ek `dgli`k`\jjlZ_Xjjlc]li#d\kXcjXe[ k_Xe+'g\iZ\ekf]k_\nfic[Ëji\Ôe\i`\j k_\j\Xe[_\Xmpf`c%8kk_\jXd\k`d\# e`kif^\e]ifdZil[\f`c%K_\i\jlckXek `e[fq\ejf]Zfleki`\j#`eZcl[`e^:_`eX# k_\nfic[`jj_`]k`e^kfnXi[Zc\Xe\i# Zc\Xe\i$Ylie`e^]l\cjd\\k`eZi\Xj`e^cp Iljj`XXe[k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j%@edXep dfi\\]ÔZ`\ekm\_`Zc\k\Z_efcf^`\j% dfi\jki`e^\ekX`i$gfcclk`fekXi^\kj gXikjf]k_\nfic[#k_`j`jZfeki`Ylk`e^kf 8kfliI`Z_dfe[K\Z_efcf^p:\ek\i nfic[n`[\%K_\k\Z_efcf^pZXe_\cg Zc\Xe\iX`i%=fi\oXdgc\#`edp_fd\cXe[# `e:Xc`]fie`X#i\j\XiZ_\ijXi\i\[\Ôe$ i\Ôe\ij_Xe[c\dfi\[`]ÔZlckb`e[jf] @e[`X#cfn\i$jlc]li[`\j\cdX[\Ypi\Ôe$ `e^kiX[`k`feXcf`cXe[^Xjk\Z_e`hl\j Zil[\jXe[^\kdfi\Zc\Xe]l\c]ifd \ijlj`e^:_\mife$gXk\ek\[gifZ\jj\j kfd\\kk_\j\e\\[j%9pi\XiiXe^`e^ \XZ_YXii\cf]f`c]\\[jkfZb% `ji\[lZ`e^k_\b`e[jf]\d`jj`fejk_Xk Yle[c\jf]Zfddfedfc\ZlcXiYl`c[`e^ @eefmXk`fej`ek_`jXi\XY\^Xefm\i n\i\[XdX^`e^fe\f]k_\ZflekipËj YcfZbjÇZXiYfe#d\k_Xe\#fop^\e#e`kif$ ,'p\XijX^f#n_\efligi\[\Z\jjfi# ^i\Xk\jkdfeld\ekj#k_\KXaDX_Xc% ^\e#_p[if^\eXe[fk_\ijÇk_\k\Xd`j JkXe[Xi[F`c:f%f]:Xc`]fie`X#jfl^_k 8jkife^_p[ifgifZ\jj`e^_\i`kX^\ Ôe[`e^nXpjkfZiX]k]l\cjn`k_jlg\i`fi Y\kk\inXpjkfgifZ\jjk_\_\Xm`\i# Xcjfj\kjk_\jkX^\]fiZfdg\k`k`m\X[mXe$ g\i]fidXeZ\Z_XiXZk\i`jk`Zj%K_\pZXcc e`kif^\e$i`Z_Zil[\f`cj]fle[`e`kj_fd\ kX^\`ee\n^\e\iXk`fejf]Zc\Xe$]l\c k_`jÈdXeX^`e^dfc\Zlc\j%É jkXk\%Kf[Xp#:_\mifelj\jXe[dXib\kj k\Z_efcf^`\j%=fi\oXdgc\#fli^Xj$ K_\k\Xd`j\ogcfi`e^k_\j\ZfeZ\gkj Xc`e\f]_p[ifgifZ\jj`e^$YXj\[k\Z_efc$ kf$c`hl`[jaf`ekm\ekli\n`k_JXjfcCk[% `egXike\ij_`gn`k_>\e\iXc 8j_fbBi`j_eX`j^\e\iXcdXeX^\if]k\Z_$ efcf^p]fi:_\mife>cfYXcI\Ôe`e^Xe[X )0$p\Xim\k\iXef]k_\i\Ôe`e^`e[ljkip% ?\_fc[jXdXjk\iËj[\^i\\Xe[[fZkfiXk\ K_\GXjZX^flcX#D`jj`jj`gg`#i\Ôe\ip_XjY\\ei\ZfeÔ^li\[kfgif[lZ\Zc\Xe\i$Ylie`e^ `eZ_\d`ZXc\e^`e\\i`e^Xe[XdXjk\iËj`e cfn$jlc]li^Xjfc`e\Xe[[`\j\c]l\cj% Ylj`e\jjX[d`e`jkiXk`fe% PHOTO: ERIC MYER E\ok>\e\iXk`fe* IF:BJK8IJ )0 8le`m\ij`kpgXike\ij_`g gi\gXi\jjkl[\ekjkf Y\Zfd\g\Xbg\i]fid\ij `ek_\\e\i^p`e[ljkip :_\mife\dgcfp\\j ]ifdc\]k ?Xk_X`gfieJXdfie#I\^`eXc[Fep`i`f_XXe[FcljfcX9XbXi\^\kk_\XZX[\d`Zm`\n Xjn\ccXjgiXZk`ZXc\og\i`\eZ\k_ifl^_k_\:fI<gif^iXdXkk_\:fcfiX[fJZ_ffcf]D`e\j%?\i\k_\p\ogcfi\k_\ `dgi\jj`m\^\fcf^pjliifle[`e^k_\ZXdglj% ?Xk_X`gfieJXdfie#X:_\mife\dgcfp\\ X[af`e`e^jkXk\jgifm`[\Xk\okYffb :fI<gifm`[\jjkl[\ekjk_\lck`dXk\ ]ifdK_X`cXe[#^Xq\jflkXkk_\KXYc\ f]XYfm\$^ifle[]fidXk`fej]fi^\f$ c\Xie`e^fggfikle`kp1Zflij\jXkXkfg$ DflekX`ej#k_\\Xjk\icpYXZb[ifgf] jZ`\ek`jkjkfjkl[p`efi[\ikfY\kk\i efkZ_L%J%le`m\ij`kpXe[jlggc\d\ekXc k_\:fcfiX[fJZ_ffcf]D`e\j :JD `e le[\ijkXe[XeXcf^fljk\iiX`eY\cfn klk\cX^\#d\ekfi`e^Xe[\og\i`\eZ\n`k_ k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#n_\i\j_\`jjkl[p`e^ k_\jli]XZ\% Xk\Xdf]:_\mife\og\ikjXe[le`m\ij`kp ]fiXdXjk\iËj[\^i\\`e^\fcf^p% K_XkËjfe\f]k_\i\XjfejJXdfie i\j\XiZ_\ij%Lj`e^jkXk\$f]$k_\$Xikkffcj ÈK_XkËjmfcZXe`ZifZb#Éj_\jXpj# `jjf\oZ`k\[XYflkY\`e^`e>fc[\e# Xe[i\jfliZ\jjlggc`\[Ypk_\ZfdgXep# dfk`fe`e^kfnXi[k_\[iXdXk`ZZc`]]j :fcfiX[f%8kk_\kfgf]k_\c`jk# k_\jkl[\ekjXggcpk_\`ijkl[`\j`eXnXp k_Xki`j\]ifdk_\cfn\ijcfg\j%È@edp k_fl^_#`jY\`e^fe\f]k_\\dgcfp$ k_XkdXb\jk_\`igifa\ZkjXe[Xjj`^e$ _fd\Zflekip#`kËjleZfddfekfjk\g \\j:_\mifej\c\Zk\[kf\eifcc`e`kj d\ekj\m\edfi\d\Xe`e^]lc% flkj`[\Xe[j\\flkZifgjc`b\k_\j\#É :\ek\if]I\j\XiZ_ PHOTO: PAUL S. 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