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The Socialist Car : Automobility in the Eastern Bloc Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com www.Ebook777.com Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com The Alphabet of Galen. Pharmacy from Antiquity to the Middle Ages The Alphabet of Galen is a critical edition and English translation of a text describing, in alphabetical order, nearly three hundred natural prod- ucts – including metals, aromatics, animal materials, and herbs – and their medicinal uses. A Latin translation of earlier Greek writings on pharmacy that have not survived, it circulated among collections of ‘authorities’ on medicine, including Hippocrates, Galen of Pergamun, Soranus, and Ps. Apuleius. This work presents interesting linguistic features, including otherwise unattested Greek and Latin technical terms and unique pharmacologi- cal descriptions. Nicholas Everett provides a window onto the medieval translation of ancient science and medieval conceptions of pharmacy. With a comprehensive scholarly apparatus and a contextual introduction, The Alphabet of Galen is a major resource for understanding the richness and diversity of medical history. nicholas everett is an associate professor in the Department of History at the University of Toronto. www.Ebook777.com This page intentionally left blank The Alphabet of Galen. Pharmacy from Antiquity to the Middle Ages A Critical Edition of the Latin Text with English Translation and Commentary by NicHoLAS EvErETT UNivErSiTy of ToroNTo PrESS Toronto Buffalo London Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com © University of Toronto Press 2012 Toronto Buffalo London www.utppublishing.com Printed in canada iSBN 978-0-8020-9812-2 (cloth) iSBN 978-0-8020-9550-3 (paper) Printed on acid-free, 100% post-consumer recycled paper with vegetable-based inks. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Everett, Nicholas The Alphabet of Galen : pharmacy from antiquity to the Middle Ages : a critical edition of the Latin text with English translation and commentary / by Nicholas Everett. includes bibliographical references and index. iSBN 978-0-8020-9812-2 (bound). – iSBN 978-0-8020-9550-3 (pbk.) 1. Materia medica – Early works to 1800. 2. Medicine, Greek and roman – Early works to 1800. 3. Pharmacy – Early works to 1800. 4. Alfabetum Galieni – criticism and interpretation. 5. Alfabetum Galieni – Translations into Latin. 6. Alfabetum Galieni – Translations into English. I. Title. rS79.E94 2012 615.1 C2011-908386-8 This book has been published with the help of a grant from the canadian federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Aid to Scholarly Publications Program, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities research council of canada. University of Toronto Press gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance of the centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto in the publication of this book. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the canada council for the Arts and the ontario Arts council. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial support of the Government of canada through the canada Book fund for its publishing activities. www.Ebook777.com For Anna-Sophia and Elias This page intentionally left blank contents List of Plates xi Acknowledgments xiii Signs, Symbols, and Abbreviations xvii The Identification of Plants xix Warning xxi 1 Introduction to the Alphabet of Galen 3 A introduction 3 B character of the AG and its Date of composition 5 c The History of the AG 9 D The Prologue and Epilogue 12 E The Liber de dynamidiis 18 f A road through ravenna? 21 G Self-Medicating in Late Antiquity 26 H Evaluating the AG’s Pharmacy 28 i Evaluating the AG’s Botany 31 J conclusion 32 2 Pharmacology 36 A introduction 36 B Natural Products and Pharmacy 36 c Sensory Perception 40 D Drug ‘Properties’ 45 E four Main Properties, implicit Theory, and Greek cosmology 48 f Uis vs uirtus 52 G Humour, Bile, and Phlegm 55 viii Contents H Explicit Theorizing in the AG 57 i The ‘Doctrine of Signatures’ and the Absence of Magic in the AG 59 J Non-Medical Uses 61 K conclusion 62 3 Sources Compared and Lost 64 A introduction 64 B Dioscorides 64 c Pliny 69 D Sextius Niger: The Possibility 70 E other Lost Sources Bc to AD 74 f Two Linguistic Echoes: The Diaeta Theodori and Ps. Apuleius 78 G conclusion 81 H The Comparanda: An apparatus comparationum 82 4 Language, Latinity, and Translation 84 A introduction: Language and Dating the AG 84 B Grammar 85 c vocabulary 88 D Uiscidus and uiscide 92 E The -aster / -astrum Suffix 96 f Greek in the AG 103 G conclusion 106 H Difficulties of Terminology and Translation 107 i Neologisms and rare Words 112 5 Manuscripts 116 A overview and Editorial Principles 116 B variants 119 c Manuscripts 120 D The Editio princeps 134 Alphabetum Galieni (Latin Text) / The Alphabet of Galen (English translation) 137 Bibliography 383 Index 419 A Plants and Plant Products 419 B Minerals and Mineral Products 427 Free ebooks ==> www.Ebook777.com contents ix c Animals and Animal Products 430 D Places and Place-Names 431 E Medical 433 f General 438 G interesting or rare Words (see also ch. 4.i) 440 H Materia medica (General) 442 www.Ebook777.com This page intentionally left blank List of Plates 1. vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Med. gr.1 fol. 3v. 2. vatican city, Biblioteca Apostolica vaticana, Pal. lat. 187, fol. 54. 3. Accuracy in the AG. a) Dittany of crete AG #88 (Origanum dictamnus L.); b) Water parsnip #158 (Sium angustifolium L., Sium erectum Huds., coville). 4. Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale, Gr. 1, fol. 90. 5. Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale, Gr. 1, fol. 48. 6. Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale, Gr. 1, fol. 31. 7. Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale, Gr. 1, fol. 44. 8. Naples, Biblioteca Nazionale, Gr. 1, fol. 87. This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments The history of medicine presents many challenges for the historian study- ing scripts and lay-out of early medieval books who discovered a rough little manuscript in the vatican library with an intriguing alphabetized for- mat, and who became fascinated with its contents. challenges to historical periodization quickly surface: the separation of ‘ancient’ and ‘early medi- eval’ medicine easily falters (as the Alphabet demonstrates), distinctions between ancient and medieval are often problematic, and from a modern medical viewpoint, ancient/medieval medicine and pharmacy continued into the nineteenth century and beyond. The challenges to understand the natural world described in the Alphabet require knowledge of disci- plines not usually part of a medievalist’s training, and their study contin- ued the discovery. reliance on the work of scholars more experienced in the history of ancient and medieval medicine will be apparent in the notes, but i have been particularly inspired by the combination of insight and scholarly rigour in the work of carmelia opsomer, John riddle, John Scarbor- ough, and Jerry Stannard on ancient and early medieval pharmacy. John Scarborough has served as an e-mentor on pre-modern pharmacy, gener- ously sharing his expertise in exemplary scholarly spirit. cloudy fischer encouraged this project at an early stage and like many others i have ben- efited greatly from his numerous publications on medical texts and their manuscript traditions. contact and subsequent discussions with Eliza Glaze and Monica Green revived levels of energy needed to complete the manuscript; Eliza Glaze generously read chapter 5 and suggested many improvements. My thanks to the two anonymous readers selected by the University of Toronto Press, whose advice and comments improved the manuscript. xiv Acknowledgments colleagues at the University of Toronto, in the Department of History, the centre for Medieval Studies, the Department of Pharmacology, and Trinity college, inspire by word as much as example, and i have benefited enormously from their help and advice so generously given when sought. This book was written amid the teaching and administrative responsibili- ties of a large public university, and i thank the many undergraduate and postgraduate students who have patiently endured my distracted musings on the history of medicine. Teaching with the Alphabet reaffirmed the text’s uniqueness, and its worthiness of a proper edition with translation. But teaching also served to control inversely the amount of commentary given here: the myriad comparisons with other texts, possible influences, issues of Greek-Latin translation, its manuscript tradition, and so on – these are best left for the classroom and for specialist articles. The Univer- sity of Toronto Press is to be justly commended for publishing a critical edition of a Latin text, and i thank Suzanne rancourt for her encourage- ment and patience, even when process worked against us. The bibliography mostly stops at 2008: a first sabbatical in 2007 pro- vided teaching relief necessary to make completion possible, and the final book manuscript was submitted in 2009. i tried to include recent material that came to my attention, even if it was not fully incorporated into the discussion (e.g., ferraces rodrígez 2009, Petit 2009, Totelin 2009): it is reassuring to realize that the research behind this book is part of larger process of discovery by scholars re-examining ancient and medieval medi- cal texts. for the permission to reproduce images, i thank the Biblioteca Nazi- onale of Naples (front cover, plates 4–8), the Biblioteca Apostolica vati- cana (plate 2), the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek of vienna (plate 1), Georges fontès of instants de Saisons (http://isaisons.free.fr/index.
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