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Cardiac Surgery Gerhard Ziemer Axel Haverich Editors Cardiac Surgery Operations on the Heart and Great Vessels in Adults and Children 123 Cardiac Surgery Gerhard Ziemer Axel Haverich Editors Cardiac Surgery Operations on the Heart and Great Vessels in Adults and Children Editors Gerhard Ziemer Axel Haverich Department of Surgery HTTG - Surgery The University of Chicago Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Chicago, IL Hannover USA Germany ISBN 978-3-662-52670-5 ISBN 978-3-662-52672-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-52672-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017939170 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany v Preface The majority of the various comprehensive the third and latest edition of this German textbooks available cover either cardiac textbook in 2010 [3]. surgery in adults, mostly synonymous for In the spirit of our German teacher acquired heart disease, or pediatric cardiac Hans Borst’s honored guest’s address at the surgery, synonymous for congenital heart 65th Annual Meeting of the American defects. This separation of the spectrum of Association for Thoracic Surgery in New cardiac surgery is not appropriate anymore, Orleans 1985: Hands across the ocean, especially as the majority of children oper- German-­American relations in thoracic ated for congenital heart disease reach surgery [4], we expanded the project of our adulthood, potentially needing further sur- German textbook and planned for an gical attention. On the other hand, although updated English language edition. a rare phenomenon in the Western world, Among the authors and co-authors cardiac surgeons have to deal with acquired contributing to the latest German edition heart disease in children as well. (mainly from Germany, Austria, and Swit- Surgery and catheter interventions, zerland), many had received at least part of competing therapeutic strategies in the their specialty and subspecialty training in beginning, have become complementary: clinical cardiac surgery or research in interventional valve implantation may be English-­speaking countries, most of them performed by cardiac surgeons, and aortic in North America, but also in the United stent implantation is well established in Kingdom, Australia, and South Africa. the thoracic domain. This development This our first English language edition also blurred the boundaries of involved entitled Cardiac Surgery: Operations on the specialties, necessitating close coopera- Heart and Great Vessels in Adults and Chil- tion not only between cardiologists and dren comprises the view of 71 authors not cardiac surgeons, but also involving vas- only from 30 German, Austrian, Swiss, cular surgeons, radiologists, and others. French, and Luxembourgian Cardiac Units, Furthermore, hybrid procedures per- but also from Boston, MA; Chicago, IL; formed in parallel or in sequence with Greenville, NC; Houston, TX; Los Angeles, open surgery and catheter intervention in CA; Miami, FL; Milwaukee, WI; St. Peters- the same setting by different groups of burg, FL; Toronto, ON; and Washington, DC. specialists (e.g., surgeons and catheter Starting rather traditionally, with a interventionalists) have changed the tra- chapter on the history of cardiac surgery, ditional field of surgery. we continue with risk scores and principles Only a few textbooks cover such a of quality assurance, followed by quality broad spectrum of cardiac surgery. Our control in cardiac surgery in the United predecessors as editors, Hans Georg Borst, States, and an overview of databases in car- Werner Klinner, and Åke Senning, started diac surgery. this endeavor, when they published the This introduction is completed with a first and only German textbook on cardiac section of chapters on technical prerequi- surgery, “Herz + herznahe Gefäße” 1978 sites for cardiac surgery in which we focus [1], the year, in which both of us (G.Z. and separately on postoperative critical care for A.H.) just finished medical school. adults and children. There also is a chapter For the second edition, published in on tissue engineering in cardiac surgery. 1991, now named “Herzchirurgie” [2], The major part of this book is divided edited by Hans Borst, Werner Klinner, and into sections on congenital anomalies and Hellmut Oelert, we could contribute as those for acquired diseases, also ­addressing junior faculty in our primary fields of minimally invasive cardiac surgery as well as interest. This led us to become editors of endovascular treatment of aortic diseases. vi Preface The publication of this book was signifi- References cantly delayed due to the sudden death of our highly valued German Illustrator Rein- 1. Borst HG, Klinner W, Senning A (Hrsg.) (1978) hold Henkel, who had been responsible for Herz + herznahe Gefäße Kirschnersche allge- our anatomical figures before. In memory of meine und spezielle Operationslehre M. Kirschner (Hsg.) Operationslehre Bd 6. Springer, him and his longstanding contribution, we Berlin/Heidelberg/New York had to complete this edition without being 2. Borst HG, Klinner W, Oelert H (Hsg.) (1991) Her- able to use his artwork throughout. zchirurgie: Die Eingriffe am Herzen und an den We thank Claus-Dieter Bachem for herznahen Gefaessen 2.Aufl.Kirschnersche serving as our project coordinator and allgemeine und spezielle Operationslehre G.Heberer, R.Pichlmayr (Hsg.) Band VI. Teil 2 Ellen Blasig and Gabriele Schroeder from Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York Springer as publishing editors. 3. Ziemer G, Haverich A (Hsg.) (2010) Herzchirur- At the University of Chicago, we had gie. Die Eingriffe am Herzen und an den herz- native speaker editing support from Liz nahen großen Gefäßen. 3. Aufl. 889 pp., 824 Johnson, Grace Macek, and Melanie Sojka. fig.,. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 4. Borst HG (1985) Hands across the ocean. Our hope is that this comprehensive German-­American relations in thoracic sur- but still concise textbook is suitable not gery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 90:477–489 only for cardiac surgical residents in train- ing, but may also serve as reference for all surgeons, physicians, nurses, and techni- cians caring for patients with heart disease of any type, at any age. Gerhard Ziemer Chicago, IL, USA Axel Haverich Hannover, Germany vii Contents I Introduction 1 The History of Cardiac Surgery............................................................................................. 3 Knut H. Leitz and Gerhard Ziemer 2 Risk Scores in Cardiac Surgery.............................................................................................. 33 Dietmar Boethig and Jeffrey Phillip Jacobs 3 Principles of Quality Assurance and Risk Management Risk............................ 67 Juergen Ennker and Tobias Walker 4 Quality Control in Cardiac Surgery in the United States..................................... 85 Matthias Loebe and Mark G. Davies 5 Databases in Cardiac Surgery................................................................................................ 95 Wolfgang Schiller and Jan F. Gummert II Technical Prerequisites 6 Extracorporeal Circulation and Myocardial Protection in Adult Cardiac Surgery........................................................................................................... 111 Christof Schmid 7 Advances in Cardiopulmonary Bypass for the Neonate and Infant............. 153 Richard A. Jonas 8 Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering.................................................................................... 171 Mathias H. Wilhelmi and Axel Haverich 9 Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care............................................................................................ 195 Andreas Markewitz, Axel Franke, René H. Bombien, and Ali Khoynezhad 10 Critical Care in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery...................................................................... 251 Renate Kaulitz, Allison L. Thompson, and Gerhard Ziemer III Congenital Anomalies of the Heart and Great Vessels 11 Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects: A Historical Perspective.................... 291 Aldo R. Castañeda 12 Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections and Congenital Defects of the Atria, the Atrioventricular Septum, and the Atrioventricular Valves...........................................................................................
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