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FORUM Panamericano Dispositos Medicos Procesos Relacionados Fifth edition ● Quinta edición FORUM PanAmericano 5 Dispositivos Médicos y Procesos Relacionados – desde 2016 International FORUM Medical Devices & Processes since 1999 ¿Estéril, pero no limpio? Sterile, but not clean? www.mhp-medien.de Investigation & Application Investigación & Aplicación VISUALLY INSPECT WITH REMARKABLE CLARITY The FIS includes a distal �p composed of a light source and camera lens at the end of a 110cm flexible sha�, which features gradua�on marks. The Flexible Inspec�on Scope is a perfect tool to get a visualiza�on of any poten�ally soiled device. So�ware is included and allows viewing and recording. FIS-005SK 110CM LONG 2.0MM DIAMETER FIS-006SK 110CM LONG 1.3MM DIAMETER HEALTHMARK OFFERS MANY OPTICAL INSPECTION TOOLS TO SUIT YOUR NEEDS MAGIC TOUCH HANDHELD MADE IN AMERICA 4X LED MAGNIFIER MULTI-MAGNIFIER MAGNIFIER MAGNIFIER HEALTHMARK INDUSTRIES CO. | HMARK.COM | 800.521.6224 | [email protected] FORUM PanAmericano 1/2020 1 Editorial Sterile but not clean: Florence Nightingale searched for evidence Estéril, pero no limpio: Florence Nightingale buscada la «evidencia» a esterilización se remonta a la obra de Louis Pasteur y también a la terilization is attributed to the discoveries of Louis Pasteur but credit Lde Florence Nightingale, una mujer británica nacida en la Toscana y Sfor this is also often given to the British nurse, Florence Nightingale, formada en un hospital alemán cerca de Düsseldorf (Kaiserswerth who was born in Tuscany, trained among other places at a German 1850/51) que trabajó para el imperio colonial británico en el siglo XIX. A hospital in Düsseldorf (Kaiserswerth 1850/51), and worked in the service través de sus viajes y de su experiencia posterior en la Guerra de Crimea of the British Empire during the 19th century. Thanks to her travels and lat- (1854–56), conocía muchas tradiciones y también numerosos errores tra- er experience in the Crimean War (1854–56) she got to know many tradi- dicionales. Promulgó estrategias de higiene y aplicó medidas allí donde se tions, and traditional mistakes. She devised hygiene strategies and organized congregaban las personas, sanas o enfermas. Las pulgas, los insectos, la ropa measures to apply these wherever needed, where many people were living de cama y de vestir, el agua, el inodoro y el alcantarillado: antes que preparar in close proximity to each other, whether healthy or diseased. Fleas, bugs, la colada (incluida el material de vendaje) y que reprocesar los dispositivos bedding, clothing, water, lavatories and drainage – widespread sanitation had médicos se precisa un saneamiento integral. to first be assured before focusing on reprocessing laundry and dressings Había advertido que, durante las maniobras bélicas, la organización del ejér- or medical devices. cito (sobre todo, el británico) dejaba mucho que desear en cuanto a la She could not overlook the fact that there was much to be done where atención de los soldados en general y las medidas de higiene en particular. acts of war were concerned, especially as regards the organization of the La lista empezaba por las camisas y la ropa de cama, es decir, la ropa limpia, cuya cantidad no alcanzaba para atender a los soldados contaminados. Con- tinuaba con la falta de camillas y de servicios de transporte para los heridos; el resultado era que las víctimas de armas de fuego llegaban al puesto de Fig. 1: Florence Nigh- vendajes infestados de gusanos en las heridas. Y los edificios tampoco eran tingale, nacida en una los más adecuados; a menudo, los edificios administrativos requisados y -re familia de comercian- convertidos no contaban con una distribución espacial idónea y sobre todo tes, hija de un político de la Cámara de los una ventilación adecuada de los pabellones de enfermos. Comunes, no era una Así pues, su trabajo consistía en esencia en organizar las tareas de docu- mujer noble pero de- mentación de las reclamaciones y de procesamiento estadístico y al mismo dicó toda su vida a la tiempo en aplicar medidas de mejora. Gracias a su excelente preparación, enfermería, una labora Florence no solo disponía de un valioso voluntariado y de un amplio cono- poco valorada para las «hijas mayores» del siglo cimiento de lo que se precisaba para una asistencia eficiente, sino también XIX, pues de esta labor de donaciones que sabía utilizar sin reservas. Resulta muy interesante leer se ocupaban, por un su biografía, porque está claro que la higiene no depende, como es natural, lado, las congregacio- de la acción de un individuo, pero también que dicha acción solo se puede nes religiosas y, por el otro, mujeres sencillas, poner en práctica si la verdad objetivada se traduce en medidas prácticas. en su mayoría solteras, La resistencia que afrontaba era considerable, siempre se aducían motivos que se aseguraban así la irrelevantes y falsos. Florence Nightingale representa, en este sentido, el subsistencia so pena a paradigma de un movimiento (femenino) que dejó claro a los generales de menudo de ser tildadas la guerra y a los políticos más notables de la época que las armas de fuego de adictas a la bebida o de prestar otro tipo de largo alcance estaban causando nuevos y numerosos patrones de lesión de servicios nocturnos a los que no se podía hacer frente con ninguna medida médica; las infec- [fuente: Florence Nigh- ciones de las heridas, y la gangrena en particular, impedían la curación de tingale, Wikipedia, 2011] un elevado número de casos y acababan con amputaciones y muertes. Las instalaciones sanitarias angostas e insuficientes, sumadas a las enfermedades Fig. 1: Florence Nightingale, from a liberal merchant family and non-aris- diarreicas, provocaron asimismo peligrosas epidemias a los pacientes y el tocratic daughter of a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons, personal de enfermería. devoted her life to nursing, a profession deemed inappropriate for young th Florence Nightingale no era ni una «santa con estatua» ni una «dama de ladies of her stature in the 19 century. On the one hand, nursing tasks were discharged by religious orders and, on the other hand, by ordinary, mainly la lámpara» en las guardias nocturnas (prohibía a sus hermanas trabajar single, women who made their living in this way but often were reported to por la noche después de las 20:30 para evitar situaciones que dañaran su have problems with alcohol or, when working at night, were said to provide reputación). A pesar de su propia predisposición a enfermar, resultó ser other services [Source Florence Nightingale Wikipedia 2011] FORUM Medical Devices and Processes – Volume 36 2 FORUM PanAmericano 1/2020 una mujer emprendedora con una capacidad para bastante más que hervir (British) Army for the welfare of soldiers in general and their hygienic well- instrumentos. Elaboró sus propios métodos estadísticos para registrar las being in particular. That ranged from shirts and bedding, i.e. unsoiled laundry, infecciones (cólera, tifus, disentería, gangrena). Así, por ejemplo, corroboró of which there was a only a limited supply for dirty and injured soldiers, lo que hoy solemos llamar «evidencia» para cimentar sus argumentos. En la to a shortage of stretchers and transport facilities for the wounded, which Guerra de Crimea murieron más soldados británicos por infecciones que meant that when those with gunshot wounds finally reached the field hos- por heridas de bala (fig. 2). pital they had maggots in their wounds. And the buildings were also not En cualquier caso, lo que le inspiró a pensar que hirviendo la sierra de suitable since often they were requisitioned, unused administration build- amputación (oxidada y limpiada de forma insuficiente) se reduciría el riesgoings that were difficult to allocate in terms of space, and ventilation of the de infección fue algo más que saber cómo se elaboraba una mermelada wards proved to be a major problem. (otra cita que me gusta). La esterilización constituía por tanto una medida Hence, her chief task was of an organizational nature: Documentation of complementaria, nacida de la impotencia de comprobar que con la limpieza the drawbacks, statistical evaluation and at the same time implementation de los dispositivos médicos no bastaba. of improvement measures because, thanks to her good preparation, she Si 150 años más tarde hablamos de los valores límite de la limpieza (acep- not only had widespread knowledge of the necessities of effective nursing tación, advertencia, rechazo), esto se debe sobre todo a la mensurabilidad y and a sisterhood of volunteers but also donations, which without fail she la viabilidad técnica, que lo hacen posible. ¡No debemos, sin embargo, con- was able to put to good use. Her biography is very interesting since it fundirlo con el ámbito clínico del reprocesamiento! Como es bien sabido, shows that she understood that hygiene is, of course, not a stand-alone los límites de limpieza solo nos dan una idea de los criterios de viabilidad service but rather a service that can only be rendered when a recognized técnica, que exigimos a las lavadoras-desinfectadoras, pero no nos permi- truth is translated into relevant actions. There was considerable opposi- ten establecer ninguna comparación pues no es posible hacer referencia al tion and time and again unfounded motives were alleged. Hence, Florence grado de contaminación de los endoscopios flexibles utilizados en clínica y Nightingale represented a (women’s) movement that drew the attention of potencialmente infecciosos. Aquí, como le ocurría a Florence Nightingale, the military generals and decision-making politicians to the fact that with dependemos de la recogida y documentación de la evidencia. the advent of far-reaching gunpowder weapons there were now new pat- Y en nuestro caso, desde hace algunos años también se aprecia una relación terns of injuries in large numbers for which no appropriate sanitation logis- entre las endoscopias con endoscopios flexibles y las infecciones, que ha tics were available, with healing failing because of wound infections and, in podido revelarse gracias a los nuevos métodos genéticos que reconocen particular, gangrene resulting in amputation and death.
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