A Luta Contra a Dor E O Sofrimento Uma Perspetiva Histórica Da Humanidade Joaquim J

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A Luta Contra a Dor E O Sofrimento Uma Perspetiva Histórica Da Humanidade Joaquim J Dor História Evolução A LUTA CONTRA A DOR E O SOFRIMENTO Uma perspetiva histórica da Humanidade Joaquim J. Figueiredo Lima Apoio DEDICATÓRIA Esta obra é dedicada à Associação Portuguesa para o Estudo da Dor (APED), a José Luís Portela, João Santos Pereira e a Beatriz Pereira Gomes pelo contributo para a evolução da Medicina da Dor em Portugal e pela Amizade. AGRADECIMENTO A Maria Glória Santos pelo incentivo e colaboração. 1 2 Amputação em Gettysburg. Julho de 1863. National Archives Records Adm. US. en.wikipedia.org. “No disCOVERY EVER MADE IN MEDICINE HAS PROVEN MORE BENEFICIAL TO THE HUMAN RACE THAN THE DISCOVERY OF ANAESTHESIA, NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT HAS ALLEVIATED THE FEARFUL PAINS OF SURGERY, BUT ALSO BECAUSE THE WHOLE STRUCTURE OF MODERN MEDICINE HAS DRAWN STRENGTH FROM ITS SUCCESS AND SURGERY IT SELF HAS BEEN ABLE TO ACCOMPLISH, WITH ITS AID, A GREATER ADVANCE IN THE LAST CENTURY THAN IN ALL PRECEDING MILLENia!” Armstrong Davidson, 1959 3 INTRODUÇÃO “HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR SOCIETIES RUN ON GOOD STORIES, NOT SCIENTIFIC REPORTs!” Steven B. Harris, 1992 As primeiras tentativas para aliviar o sofrimento e a dor perdem-se nos confins dos tempos da humanidade! Recuperar e catalogar procedimentos, invenções, desco- bertas, tradições e atitudes, significa remexer na poeira da noite dos séculos, referenciando-as, por vezes, sem grande rigor científico e, ainda, rotular personalidades, que contri- buíram para a construção de um caminho, de forma exage- rada ou, quiçá, injusta. 4 Meditar sobre esta evolução temporal, que levou ao estado em que hoje nos encontramos (alívio do sofrimento, res- peito pela dignidade e pelos valores éticos, legais e morais do ser humano, diferenciação tecnológica, imunologia, clo- nagem e manipulação genética, medicina de urgência, de emergência e de catástrofe, etc.), permite-nos assumir um grande respeito por aqueles que, nas suas épocas, foram pioneiros na busca das miragens que acreditaram poder, efetivamente, existir. Cada época da História da Humanidade caracteriza-se por atitudes culturais específicas, em função dos contex- tos geográficos e socioculturais em que se inseriram. As mutações da geografia sociopolítica e cultural da Euro- pa, por exemplo, induziram avanços e retrocessos con- dicionantes do progresso. Durante a ocupação árabe da Península Ibérica, a cidade de Córdova foi, no século X, o centro cultural da Europa. Dispunha de 50 hospitais para uma população de um milhão de habitantes e uma biblioteca com trezentos a quatrocentos mil volumes. No século XII, existiam 70 Bibliotecas na região ocupa- da pelos árabes na Península Ibérica. Durante o período de vigência da Inquisição aconteceu não só uma estag- nação como uma destruição intencional da cultura e do progresso científico. Na Europa, os estudos anatómicos e a cirurgia foram quase, totalmente, abandonados pelos constrangimen- tos impostos pela Igreja Católica Romana. Diversos 5 Concílios Ecuménicos (Reims, Tours, Paris...) impuseram severas penas para a prática de atos anatómicos e cirúr- gicos. Maximiano Lemos, na magnífica obra, “História da Medicina em Portugal” (1991, Ed. D. Quixote/Ordem dos Médicos) citou: “é de notar ainda a proibição absoluta que se faz aos clérigos de se entregarem ao estudo das ciências médicas, ao que eles sempre se subtraíram”. O grande período intelectual impulsionador do progresso científico e cultural na Europa chamou-se:Renascença ! A Medina Chinesa tradicional foi o pro- duto de uma grande civilização, enca- rada pelos ocidentais como medicina alternativa ou como um sistema pa- ralelo da medicina ocidental. Existem paralelismos entre personalidades, cro- nologicamente, temporais: Confúcio (551–479 a. C.) na China e Hipócrates (460–367 a. C.) na Grécia marcaram épocas que permaneceram por milé- nios. Outro paralelismo observa-se en- tre Galeno (130–218) e o célebre médico chinês Hua Tou (110–207), já que, ambos tiveram percursos semelhantes no con- texto das suas civilizações. Hua Tou vi- Hua Tuo. veu durante a dinastia Han e na era dos Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Três Reinos, foi um dos mais célebres Medicine, Hefei. Nat Kranse. pt.wikipedia.org. médicos chineses, considerado o pai da 6 Anestesia antiga, conhecido como “o curador milagroso” e venerado nos templos taoistas. Foi, magnificamente, talen- toso levando a patamares muito elevados a qualidade da medicina chinesa no século II. Era um espírito nobre, alheio a prestígios e honrarias e praticou Medicina durante toda a sua vida. Desenvolveu técnicas de diagnóstico e de tera- pêutica nas áreas da medicina e da cirurgia, na obstetrícia e na acupuntura. Terá sido o primeiro a realizar uma colos- tomia. Ao utilizar uma droga (ou conjunto de drogas) de- signadas por Ma Fei San, cuja composição se terá perdido, mas que deveria conter vinho, Cannabis e outras plantas alucinogénicas, conseguia manter os doentes insensíveis à dor e proceder a cirurgia intrabdominais. Só 1.600 anos de- pois isto voltaria a ser possível! Após a sua morte, 34 pontos para vertebrais para realização de Acupuntura foram desig- nados por “Hua Tuo Jiaji”, em sua homenagem. É uma das mais importantes referências da medicina chinesa. A Medicina Indiana cimentava-se no Ayurveda (do sânscri- to ayus significavida e veda significaconhecimento ), um sistema de saúde holístico, criado 3000 anos a. C. no Vale do Rio Indo e, cuja prioridade consistia em manter o equi- líbrio do organismo e a harmonia com o universo. Na me- dicina Ayurvedica existem referências a diversas áreas da medicina: medicina interna, cirurgia, pediatria, olhos, nariz e garganta, “medicina do espírito”, toxicologia, etc. Previa- -se que o aprendiz viesse a dominar um conjunto de técni- cas como: farmácia, cirurgia, conhecimento e utilização de plantas, mineralogia, etc. 7 As invasões da Índia pelos povos arianos oriundos da Ásia impuseram a divisão social por castas e as convicções re- ligiosas baseadas nos Vedas. Coube aos brâmanes, casta superior, detentora da cultura e da religião ariana, compilar em textos sânscritos a tradição oral e as bases do Ayurve- da. Distinguiram 4 Vedas: o Samavedra, o Rig Veda e o Yajur Veda, que continham uma mistura de conceitos religiosos e médicos, descrevendo práticas médicas, rituais mágicos e cultos. O quarto Veda, Atharvaveda, referia-se à fitoterapia e a aspetos culturais da população habitante das florestas. Textos antigos referem-se a beberagens com componentes psicoativos (“soma”) que permitiam “chegar aos deuses”. Uma das plantas utilizadas seria a Rauwolphia serpentina (“Sarpaghanda” na medicina Ayurvedica), como tranquili- zante e como antídoto para o veneno libertado pelas pica- das de serpentes. Conta-se que Mahatma Gandhi ingeria o chá de Rauwolphia quando desejava conseguir situações de maior concentração intelectual. A Reserpina foi isola- da desta planta e utilizada no tratamento da Hipertensão Arterial a partir de 1950. Em 1922, escavações arqueológicas no vale do Rio Indo revelaram cidades com instalações semelhantes às exis- tentes nas conhecidas “villas” romanas que só surgiriam 2500 anos depois. Entre os séculos. 3 a. C.–5 d. C. surgiriam tratados médicos (Caraka samhito e Sushruta Samhita) onde se descreveram 8 áreas do conhecimento que são a base do sistema holís- tico do Ayurveda: anatomia, fisiologia, cirurgia e fitotera- pia. De acordo com Sushruta o cirurgião deveria possuir algumas qualidades essenciais: “Pertencer a uma das três castas superiores, ser de boa família, ser inquisidor, forte, enérgico, saber dominar-se e ter bom caráter, inteligên- cia e boa memória, coragem e limpeza de espírito. De- via, também, ter lábios, dentes e língua finos, nariz reto, olhar franco e boca amigável” (Iglésias JG – História de la Anestesia. Editores Médicos, Madrid, 1999). Ameaçado com a invasão de novas civilizações ocupantes da Índia, o Ayurveda só ressurgiu em meados do século XX, es- timulado pelo movimento nacionalista de Mahatma Gandhi. Atualmente existem na Índia algumas centenas de médicos ayurvedistas (Pradhan SL, Pradhan PS – Aurvedic medicine and anaesthesia. Indian J Anaesth 2011; 55 (4): 334). A cultura Minoica, precursora da Civilização Greco- Roma­­ na, desenvolveu-se a partir do Mar Egeu entre 2500 a 1500 a. C. Nas mais antigas obras literárias gregas – Odis- seia e Ilíada – encontram-se referências à prática de ci- rurgia e foram encontrados instrumentos cirúrgicos em escavações arqueológicas. A mitologia grega é fértil em relatos relacionados com o nascimento de novos seres: Atena, deusa da guerra, foi retirada da cabeça de Zeus, Deus dos Deuses do Olimpo, a golpes de machado; Apolo, deus da beleza, mandou 9 matar a sua amante terrena, Coronis, grávida do seu amante terreno Isquis. Após a morte, abriu-lhe o ventre e dele retirou Esculápio, deus da medicina, a quem o centauro Quironte ensinou a arte da cura pela utilização de plantas. Esculápio é, habitualmente, apresenta- do como um homem barbudo e de olhar sereno, com o ombro direito descoberto e apoiado em um bastão envolvido por uma serpente (“Caduceu”). Foi conside- rado o patrono dos médicos e o “Cadu- ceu” o símbolo da Medicina. O culto a Esculápio espalhou-se e os templos em sua homenagem eram locais destinados ao alívio do sofrimento. A personalidade de referência na medi- cina grega é Hipócrates, nascido em Cós Esculápio. Museu do Teatro de Epidauro, Grécia. em 460 a. C., cuja vida coincide com o período áureo da civilização helénica. Produziu um conjunto de normas de conteúdo ético e de- ontológico adotado pelos médicos naquilo que se desig- nou por “Juramento de Hipócrates”.
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