Early Arrival and Climatically-Linked Geographic Expansion of New World Monkeys from Tiny African Ancestors
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Paralouatta Varonai. a New Quaternary Platyrrhine from Cuba
Manuel River0 Paralouatta varonai. a new Quaternary Faruldad de Biologia, 1 ~niversidadde platyrrhine from Cuba IA Habana, Ln Habana, Cuba Paralouatta varonai, new gen. and sp., from the Quaternary of Cuba, is diag- Oscar Arredondo nosed on the basis ofa skull lacking only portions of the face and the anterior dentition. Among extant platyrrhines, the new monkey shares important derived resemblances with Alouatta, including: (1) form of hafting of the neurocranium and face, (2) depth of malar corpus, and (3) marked lateral flaring of the maxillary root of the zygomatic process. It differs from Alouatta Received 27 June 1990 in mostly primitive ways, including: (1) presence of downwardly-directed Revision received 1 October 1990 foramen magnum, (2) less vertical orientation ofnuchal plane, and (3) curw and accepted I November 1990 of Spee opening less sharply upward. A conspicuous autapomorphy of P. vnronai is the extremely large size of the orbits, paralleled among living ~~vul~,rds;Platyrrhini, Atelidae. piatyrrhines only in Aotw. ~w&xuztln onrona:, Quaternary, Cuba, Fossil primates. journal oj Human .!hlution ( 1991) 21, l-1 1 introduction It is increasingly apparent that the Greater Antilles possessed a diverse array of platyrrhine primates during geologically recent times. To date, primate remains have been recovered from cave sites on three of these islands-Jamaica, Hispaniola and Cuba (Ameghino, 19 10; Miller, 1916, 1929; Williams & Koopman, 1952; Rimoli, 1977; MacPhee & Woods, 1982; Ford & Morgan, 1986,1988; Ford, 1990; MacPhee & Fleagle, in press). Some of this material has yet to be formally described and the number of good species represented in existing collections is unclear. -
Fascinating Primates 3/4/13 8:09 AM Ancient Egyptians Used Traits of an Ibis Or a Hamadryas Used Traits Egyptians Ancient ) to Represent Their God Thoth
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Fascinating Primates Fascinating The Beginning of an Adventure Ever since the time of the fi rst civilizations, nonhuman primates and people have oc- cupied overlapping habitats, and it is easy to imagine how important these fi rst contacts were for our ancestors’ philosophical refl ections. Long ago, adopting a quasi- scientifi c view, some people accordingly regarded pri- mates as transformed humans. Others, by contrast, respected them as distinct be- ings, seen either as bearers of sacred properties or, conversely, as diabolical creatures. A Rapid Tour around the World In Egypt under the pharaohs, science and religion were still incompletely separated. Priests saw the Papio hamadryas living around them as “brother baboons” guarding their temples. In fact, the Egyptian god Thoth was a complex deity combining qualities of monkeys and those of other wild animal species living in rice paddies next to temples, all able to sound the alarm if thieves were skulking nearby. At fi rst, baboons represented a local god in the Nile delta who guarded sacred sites. The associated cult then spread through middle Egypt. Even- tually, this god was assimilated by the Greeks into Hermes Trismegistus, the deity measuring and interpreting time, the messenger of the gods. One conse- quence of this deifi cation was that many animals were mummifi ed after death to honor them. Ancient Egyptians used traits of an ibis or a Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas) to represent their god Thoth. -
Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J. -
71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT
ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas. -
An Extinct Monkey from Haiti and the Origins of the Greater Antillean Primates
An extinct monkey from Haiti and the origins of the Greater Antillean primates Siobhán B. Cookea,b,c,1, Alfred L. Rosenbergera,b,d,e, and Samuel Turveyf aGraduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016; bNew York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10016; cDepartment of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; dDepartment of Anthropology and Archaeology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210; eDepartment of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024; and fInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom Edited* by Elwyn L. Simons, Duke University, Durham, NC, and approved December 30, 2010 (received for review June 29, 2010) A new extinct Late Quaternary platyrrhine from Haiti, Insulacebus fragment (Fig. 2 and Table 1). The latter preserves alveoli from toussaintiana, is described here from the most complete Caribbean left P4 to the right canine. subfossil primate dentition yet recorded, demonstrating the likely coexistence of two primate species on Hispaniola. Like other Carib- Etymology bean platyrrhines, I. toussaintiana exhibits primitive features resem- Insula (L.) means island, and cebus (Gr.) means monkey; The bling early Middle Miocene Patagonian fossils, reflecting an early species name, toussaintiana, is in honor of Toussainte Louverture derivation before the Amazonian community of modern New World (1743–1803), a Haitian hero and a founding father of the nation. anthropoids was configured. This, in combination with the young age of the fossils, provides a unique opportunity to examine a different Type Locality and Site Description parallel radiation of platyrrhines that survived into modern times, but The material was recovered in June 1984 from Late Quaternary ′ ′ is only distantly related to extant mainland forms. -
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Listing Five Foreign Bird Species in Colombia and Ecuador, South America, As Endangered Throughout Their Range; Final Rule
Vol. 78 Tuesday, No. 209 October 29, 2013 Part IV Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing Five Foreign Bird Species in Colombia and Ecuador, South America, as Endangered Throughout Their Range; Final Rule VerDate Mar<15>2010 18:44 Oct 28, 2013 Jkt 232001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\29OCR4.SGM 29OCR4 mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with RULES4 64692 Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 209 / Tuesday, October 29, 2013 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR endangered or threatened we are proposed for these five foreign bird required to publish in the Federal species as endangered, following careful Fish and Wildlife Service Register a proposed rule to list the consideration of all comments we species and, within 1 year of received during the public comment 50 CFR Part 17 publication of the proposed rule, a final periods. rule to add the species to the Lists of [Docket No. FWS–R9–IA–2009–12; III. Costs and Benefits 4500030115] Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. On July 7, 2009, we We have not analyzed the costs or RIN 1018–AV75 published a proposed rule in which we benefits of this rulemaking action determined that the blue-billed because the Act precludes consideration Endangered and Threatened Wildlife curassow, brown-banded antpitta, Cauca of such impacts on listing and delisting and Plants; Listing Five Foreign Bird guan, gorgeted wood-quail, and determinations. Instead, listing and Species in Colombia and Ecuador, Esmeraldas woodstar currently face delisting decisions are based solely on South America, as Endangered numerous threats and warrant listing the best scientific and commercial Throughout Their Range under the Act as endangered species (74 information available regarding the AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, FR 32308). -
An Expanded Search for Simian Foamy Viruses (SFV) in Brazilian New World Primates Identifies Novel SFV Lineages and Host Age‑Related Infections Cláudia P
Muniz et al. Retrovirology (2015) 12:94 DOI 10.1186/s12977-015-0217-x RESEARCH Open Access An expanded search for simian foamy viruses (SFV) in Brazilian New World primates identifies novel SFV lineages and host age‑related infections Cláudia P. Muniz1,2, Hongwei Jia2, Anupama Shankar2, Lian L. Troncoso1, Anderson M. Augusto3, Elisabete Farias1, Alcides Pissinatti4, Luiz P. Fedullo3, André F. Santos1, Marcelo A. Soares1,5 and William M. Switzer2* Abstract Background: While simian foamy viruses have co-evolved with their primate hosts for millennia, most scientific stud- ies have focused on understanding infection in Old World primates with little knowledge available on the epidemiol- ogy and natural history of SFV infection in New World primates (NWPs). To better understand the geographic and species distribution and evolutionary history of SFV in NWPs we extend our previous studies in Brazil by screening 15 genera consisting of 29 NWP species (140 monkeys total), including five genera (Brachyteles, Cacajao, Callimico, Mico, and Pithecia) not previously analyzed. Monkey blood specimens were tested using a combination of both serology and PCR to more accurately estimate prevalence and investigate transmission patterns. Sequences were phylogeneti- cally analyzed to infer SFV and host evolutionary histories. Results: The overall serologic and molecular prevalences were 42.8 and 33.6 %, respectively, with a combined assay prevalence of 55.8 %. Discordant serology and PCR results were observed for 28.5 % of the samples, indicating that both methods are currently necessary for estimating NWP SFV prevalence. SFV prevalence in sexually mature NWPs with a positive result in any of the WB or PCR assays was 51/107 (47.7 %) compared to 20/33 (61 %) for immature animals. -
8. Primate Evolution
8. Primate Evolution Jonathan M. G. Perry, Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Stephanie L. Canington, B.A., The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Learning Objectives • Understand the major trends in primate evolution from the origin of primates to the origin of our own species • Learn about primate adaptations and how they characterize major primate groups • Discuss the kinds of evidence that anthropologists use to find out how extinct primates are related to each other and to living primates • Recognize how the changing geography and climate of Earth have influenced where and when primates have thrived or gone extinct The first fifty million years of primate evolution was a series of adaptive radiations leading to the diversification of the earliest lemurs, monkeys, and apes. The primate story begins in the canopy and understory of conifer-dominated forests, with our small, furtive ancestors subsisting at night, beneath the notice of day-active dinosaurs. From the archaic plesiadapiforms (archaic primates) to the earliest groups of true primates (euprimates), the origin of our own order is characterized by the struggle for new food sources and microhabitats in the arboreal setting. Climate change forced major extinctions as the northern continents became increasingly dry, cold, and seasonal and as tropical rainforests gave way to deciduous forests, woodlands, and eventually grasslands. Lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers—once diverse groups containing many species—became rare, except for lemurs in Madagascar where there were no anthropoid competitors and perhaps few predators. Meanwhile, anthropoids (monkeys and apes) emerged in the Old World, then dispersed across parts of the northern hemisphere, Africa, and ultimately South America. -
Evidence for a Convergent Slowdown in Primate Molecular Rates and Its Implications for the Timing of Early Primate Evolution
Evidence for a convergent slowdown in primate molecular rates and its implications for the timing of early primate evolution Michael E. Steipera,b,c,d,1 and Erik R. Seifferte aDepartment of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10065; Programs in bAnthropology and cBiology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016; dNew York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY; and eDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8081 Edited by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved February 28, 2012 (received for review November 29, 2011) A long-standing problem in primate evolution is the discord divergences—that molecular rates were exceptionally rapid in between paleontological and molecular clock estimates for the the earliest primates, and that these rates have convergently time of crown primate origins: the earliest crown primate fossils slowed over the course of primate evolution. Indeed, a conver- are ∼56 million y (Ma) old, whereas molecular estimates for the gent rate slowdown has been suggested as an explanation for the haplorhine-strepsirrhine split are often deep in the Late Creta- large differences between the molecular and fossil evidence for ceous. One explanation for this phenomenon is that crown pri- the timing of placental mammalian evolution generally (18, 19). mates existed in the Cretaceous but that their fossil remains However, this hypothesis has not been directly tested within have not yet been found. Here we provide strong evidence that a particular mammalian group. this discordance is better-explained by a convergent molecular Here we test this “convergent rate slowdown” hypothesis in rate slowdown in early primate evolution. -
Fossil Primates
AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 1 of 16 www.accessscience.com Fossil primates Contributed by: Eric Delson Publication year: 2014 Extinct members of the order of mammals to which humans belong. All current classifications divide the living primates into two major groups (suborders): the Strepsirhini or “lower” primates (lemurs, lorises, and bushbabies) and the Haplorhini or “higher” primates [tarsiers and anthropoids (New and Old World monkeys, greater and lesser apes, and humans)]. Some fossil groups (omomyiforms and adapiforms) can be placed with or near these two extant groupings; however, there is contention whether the Plesiadapiformes represent the earliest relatives of primates and are best placed within the order (as here) or outside it. See also: FOSSIL; MAMMALIA; PHYLOGENY; PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; PRIMATES. Vast evidence suggests that the order Primates is a monophyletic group, that is, the primates have a common genetic origin. Although several peculiarities of the primate bauplan (body plan) appear to be inherited from an inferred common ancestor, it seems that the order as a whole is characterized by showing a variety of parallel adaptations in different groups to a predominantly arboreal lifestyle, including anatomical and behavioral complexes related to improved grasping and manipulative capacities, a variety of locomotor styles, and enlargement of the higher centers of the brain. Among the extant primates, the lower primates more closely resemble forms that evolved relatively early in the history of the order, whereas the higher primates represent a group that evolved more recently (Fig. 1). A classification of the primates, as accepted here, appears above. Early primates The earliest primates are placed in their own semiorder, Plesiadapiformes (as contrasted with the semiorder Euprimates for all living forms), because they have no direct evolutionary links with, and bear few adaptive resemblances to, any group of living primates. -
Stem Members of Platyrrhini Are Distinct from Catarrhines in at Least One Derived Cranial Feature
Journal of Human Evolution 100 (2016) 16e24 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol Stem members of Platyrrhini are distinct from catarrhines in at least one derived cranial feature * Ethan L. Fulwood a, , Doug M. Boyer a, Richard F. Kay a, b a Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Box 90383, Durham, NC 27708, USA b Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA article info abstract Article history: The pterion, on the lateral aspect of the cranium, is where the zygomatic, frontal, sphenoid, squamosal, Received 3 August 2015 and parietal bones approach and contact. The configuration of these bones distinguishes New and Old Accepted 2 August 2016 World anthropoids: most extant platyrrhines exhibit contact between the parietal and zygomatic bones, while all known catarrhines exhibit frontal-alisphenoid contact. However, it is thought that early stem- platyrrhines retained the apparently primitive catarrhine condition. Here we re-evaluate the condition of Keywords: key fossil taxa using mCT (micro-computed tomography) imaging. The single known specimen of New World monkeys Tremacebus and an adult cranium of Antillothrix exhibit the typical platyrrhine condition of parietal- Pterion Homunculus zygomatic contact. The same is true of one specimen of Homunculus, while a second specimen has the ‘ ’ Tremacebus catarrhine condition. When these new data are incorporated into an ancestral state reconstruction, they MicroCT support the conclusion that pterion frontal-alisphenoid contact characterized the last common ancestor of crown anthropoids and that contact between the parietal and zygomatic is a synapomorphy of Platyrrhini.