DOCSLIB.ORG

First North American Fossil Monkey and Early Miocene Tropical Biotic Interchange Jonathan I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

LETTER doi:10.1038/nature17415 First North American fossil monkey and early Miocene tropical biotic interchange Jonathan I. Bloch1, Emily D. Woodruff1,2, Aaron R. Wood1,3, Aldo F. Rincon1,4, Arianna R. Harrington1,2,5, Gary S. Morgan6, David A. Foster4, Camilo Montes7, Carlos A. Jaramillo8, Nathan A. Jud1, Douglas S. Jones1 & Bruce J. MacFadden1 New World monkeys (platyrrhines) are a diverse part of modern Primates Linnaeus, 1758 tropical ecosystems in North and South America, yet their early Anthropoidea Mivart, 1864 evolutionary history in the tropics is largely unknown. Molecular Platyrrhini Geoffroy, 1812 divergence estimates suggest that primates arrived in tropical Cebidae Bonaparte, 1831 Central America, the southern-most extent of the North American Panamacebus transitus gen. et sp. nov. landmass, with several dispersals from South America starting with the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama 3–4 million years Etymology. Generic name combines ‘Panama’ with ‘Cebus’, root taxon ago (Ma)1. The complete absence of primate fossils from Central for Cebidae. Specific name ‘transit’ (Latin, crossing) refers to its implied America has, however, limited our understanding of their history early Miocene dispersal between South and North America. in the New World. Here we present the first description of a fossil Holotype. UF 280128, left upper first molar (M1; Fig. 2a, b). monkey recovered from the North American landmass, the oldest Referred material. Left upper second molar (M2; UF 281001; Fig. 2a, b), known crown platyrrhine, from a precisely dated 20.9-Ma layer in partial left lower first incisor (I1; UF 280130), right lower second the Las Cascadas Formation in the Panama Canal Basin, Panama. incisor (I2; UF 267048), right lower canine (C1; UF 280131), possibly This discovery suggests that family-level diversification of extant associated left lower second (P2; UF 280127) and fourth (P4; UF New World monkeys occurred in the tropics, with new divergence 280129) premolars (Fig. 2e–g). estimates for Cebidae between 22 and 25 Ma, and provides the Locality. Lirio Norte (site key YPA-024 in the Florida Museum of oldest fossil evidence for mammalian interchange between South Natural History Vertebrate Paleontology Collection), Panama Canal and North America. The timing is consistent with recent tectonic area, Panama, Central America (Extended Data Fig. 1). reconstructions2,3 of a relatively narrow Central American Seaway Age and horizon. Primate fossils were collected from a single horizon in the early Miocene epoch, coincident with over-water dispersals of sub-aerially exposed ash fall deposits in the upper part of the Las inferred for many other groups of animals and plants4. Discovery Cascadas Formation (Fig. 1a). Magmatic zircons from a non-subaerially of an early Miocene primate in Panama provides evidence for a exposed andesitic tuff, ~ 0.25 m below the primate-bearing horizon circum-Caribbean tropical distribution of New World monkeys by (Extended Data Fig. 2), yield an age of 20.93 ±​ 0.17 Ma (2σ) (Fig. 1b and this time, with ocean barriers not wholly restricting their northward Supplementary Table 1), interpreted to be the eruption age of the tuff and movements, requiring a complex set of ecological factors to explain a close approximation of the absolute age of the primate-bearing horizon. their absence in well-sampled similarly aged localities at higher The mammalian assemblage (Supplementary Table 6) recovered from latitudes of North America. this horizon is consistent with what is known from the late Arikareean The Miocene epoch (23.8–5.3 Ma) is marked by substantial climatic Ar4 faunal zone (22.8–19.05 Ma; refs 10, 13) North American Land and ecological changes that had profound effects on terrestrial mam- Mammal Age (NALMA) at higher latitudes13,14 (Extended Data Fig. 3). mal communities in the New World tropics5. Fossils from the tropical See also Supplementary Information (results section). lowlands of Central America are rare owing to a lack of relevant rock Diagnosis. Medium-sized cebid platyrrhine (~ 2.7 kg) that differs exposures; however, an important exception can be found in Panama from all other cebines in having lower incisors (I1, I2) that are higher where, since 2009, expansion of the Panama Canal has exposed fossil- crowned with an incomplete lingual cingulum, and a first upper bearing rocks of early Miocene age. The lower Miocene Las Cascadas molar (M1) that is considerably larger than the second upper molar Formation (Fig. 1) represents the oldest fossiliferous continental (M2). Further differs from most cebines: (except Aotus) in having 3 sequence exposed along the Panama Canal area and includes a diverse an I1 cross-sectional area only somewhat smaller than that of I2; 6–9 fossil mammal assemblage that, while compositionally different (except Cebus) in having somewhat inflated lower premolars (P2, P4), 10 from that of the younger overlying Centenario Fauna , similarly has and a P4 talonid and trigonid of similar length; and (except Saimiri almost entirely North American affinities despite its proximity to South and Neosaimiri) in having M1,2 with a short and strong anterior America, consistent with a peninsular connection to North America10,11. cingulum. Further differs: from Cebus and Acrecebus in having M1,2 Palaeontological fieldwork in 2012–2013 resulted in the discovery of with a mesiobuccally oriented prehypocrista, lacking a metaconule, a seven isolated fossil primate teeth that shed new light on the early postprotocrista that is continuous with a hypometacrista that reaches evolution of crown New World monkeys in the tropics and pro- to the base of the metacone, a sharp and distinct hypometacrista, vide insight into the timing and dynamics of the earliest stages of the and lack of lingual inflation of the protocone; from Cebus in having Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) between North and South a P4 with a smaller hypoconid; and from Saimiri in lacking a America12. pericone on M1,2. Differs from all callitrichines in having a discrete 1Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7800, USA. 2Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7800, USA. 3Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1027, USA. 4Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7800, USA. 5Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-9976, USA. 6New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87104, USA. 7Geociencias, Universidad de los Andes, Calle 1A # 18A-10, Edificio IP, Bogotá DC 111711, Colombia. 8Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama. 00 MONTH 2016 | VOL 000 | NATURE | 1 © 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved RESEARCH LETTER a ab cd 15 Fm. Pedro Miguel Ma Epoch Biochronol. 16 . He2 Cucaracha Formation eh Centenario Fauna (~19 Ma) He1 18 Hemingf e 19.29 ± 0.4 Ma (a) Culebra 20 Formation Miocen Ar4 10 * f i 22 * 20.93 ± 0.17 Ma n Lirio Norte local fauna 24 Ar3 Arikareean 26 e Ar2 25.37 ± 0.13 Ma (b) Las Cascadas Formatio Oligocen 28 g j Ar1 o 5 Fm. Bas 30 Obisp b 25 Mean = * 20.93 ± 0.17 Ma . 24 MSWD = 0.85, probability = 0.73 23 22 U age (Ma) 21 238 / 20 Figure 2 | Comparison of Panamacebus with middle Miocene cebid Pb 206 19 Neosaimiri fieldsi from La Venta, Colombia. a, b, Occlusal (a) and 1 18 0 lingual (b) views of P. transitus left M (UF 280128: http://dx.doi. org/10.17602/M2/M8531) and M2 (UF 281001: http://dx.doi.org/10.17602/ 1 Purple–grey mudstones Ash falls and lapilli tuffs Fossil M2/M8550). c, d, Occlusal (c) and lingual (d) views of N. fieldsi right M Agglomerates Grey and black mudstones vertebrates (IGM-KU 89008, mirrored: http://dx.doi.org/10.17602/M2/M8541) and Conglomerates Sandstones M2 (IGM-KU 89018, mirrored: http://dx.doi.org/10.17602/M2/M8543). Figure 1 | Stratigraphy of the primate-bearing locality (YPA-024) in e–g, Occlusal (e), lingual (f) and buccal (g) views of P. transitus partial central Panama. a, Measured stratigraphic section (in metres) in the left I1 (UF 280130: http://dx.doi.org/10.17602/M2/M8400), right I2 (UF Las Cascadas Formation showing the positions of the dated rock sample 267048, mirrored: http://dx.doi.org/10.17602/M2/M8395), right C1 (UF (asterisk) and of the Panamacebus fossils as a silhouette of a monkey (right), 280131, mirrored: http://dx.doi.org/10.17602/M2/M8401), left P2 (UF correlated to a schematic stratigraphic position of the Lirio Norte Local 280127: http://dx.doi.org/10.17602/M2/M8397) and left P4 (UF 280129: Fauna and the Centenario Fauna with previously published radiometric http://dx.doi.org/10.17602/M2/M8399). h–j, Occlusal (h), lingual (i) and dates (a, ref. 3; b, ref. 28) indicated (centre), and North American land buccal (j) views of N. fieldsi left dentary with I2–M2 (UCMP 39205: http:// mammal faunal zonation (left). Biochronol., Biochronology; Fm., dx.doi.org/10.17602/M2/M1879, http://dx.doi.org/10.17602/M2/M1880). formation; Hemingf., Hemingfordian North American Land Mammal Age; Images generated from microCT scan data (see Methods and links MSWD, mean square of weighted deviates. b, Results from U–Pb isotopic associated with specimen numbers). Scale bars: 1 mm (a–d); 5 mm (e–j). analyses plotted as a weighted mean of the 206Pb/238U ages from 37 zircons (see Methods and Supplementary Information). for their arrival into South America19. Results from phylogenetic analyses of new morphological data coded into a previously published 1,2 1 1,20 entoconid on P4, and M with a large hypocone and lacking a matrix vary with the use of different molecular constraints , but buccal cingulum; from callitrichines (but also Aotus) in having an both support Panamacebus within crown Platyrrhini, specifically M2 with a buccally expanded paracone; and from callitrichines within Cebidae (Fig.
Recommended publications
  • New Materials of Chalicotherium Brevirostris (Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae)

    New Materials of Chalicotherium Brevirostris (Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae)

    Geobios 45 (2012) 369–376 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Original article New materials of Chalicotherium brevirostris (Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae) § from the Tunggur Formation, Inner Mongolia Yan Liu *, Zhaoqun Zhang Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrate, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 142, Xizhimenwai Street, PO Box 643, Beijing 100044, PR China A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Chalicotherium brevirostris was named by Colbert based on a skull lacking mandibles from the late Middle Received 23 March 2011 Miocene Tunggur Formation, Tunggur, Inner Mongolia, China. Here we describe new mandibular Accepted 6 October 2011 materials collected from the same area. In contrast to previous expectations, the new mandibular Available online 14 July 2012 materials show a long snout, long diastema, a three lower incisors and a canine. C. brevirostris shows some sexual dimorphism and intraspecific variation in morphologic characters. The new materials differ Keywords: from previously described C. cf. brevirostris from Cixian County (Hebei Province) and the Tsaidam Basin, Tunggur which may represent a different, new species close to C. brevirostris. The diagnosis of C. brevirostris is Middle Miocene revised. Chalicotheriinae Chalicotherium ß 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. 1. Abbreviations progress in understanding the Tunggur geology and paleontology (Qiu et al., 1988). The most important result of this expedition so far is
  • Paralouatta Varonai. a New Quaternary Platyrrhine from Cuba

    Paralouatta Varonai. a New Quaternary Platyrrhine from Cuba

    Manuel River0 Paralouatta varonai. a new Quaternary Faruldad de Biologia, 1 ~niversidadde platyrrhine from Cuba IA Habana, Ln Habana, Cuba Paralouatta varonai, new gen. and sp., from the Quaternary of Cuba, is diag- Oscar Arredondo nosed on the basis ofa skull lacking only portions of the face and the anterior dentition. Among extant platyrrhines, the new monkey shares important derived resemblances with Alouatta, including: (1) form of hafting of the neurocranium and face, (2) depth of malar corpus, and (3) marked lateral flaring of the maxillary root of the zygomatic process. It differs from Alouatta Received 27 June 1990 in mostly primitive ways, including: (1) presence of downwardly-directed Revision received 1 October 1990 foramen magnum, (2) less vertical orientation ofnuchal plane, and (3) curw and accepted I November 1990 of Spee opening less sharply upward. A conspicuous autapomorphy of P. vnronai is the extremely large size of the orbits, paralleled among living ~~vul~,rds;Platyrrhini, Atelidae. piatyrrhines only in Aotw. ~w&xuztln onrona:, Quaternary, Cuba, Fossil primates. journal oj Human .!hlution ( 1991) 21, l-1 1 introduction It is increasingly apparent that the Greater Antilles possessed a diverse array of platyrrhine primates during geologically recent times. To date, primate remains have been recovered from cave sites on three of these islands-Jamaica, Hispaniola and Cuba (Ameghino, 19 10; Miller, 1916, 1929; Williams & Koopman, 1952; Rimoli, 1977; MacPhee & Woods, 1982; Ford & Morgan, 1986,1988; Ford, 1990; MacPhee & Fleagle, in press). Some of this material has yet to be formally described and the number of good species represented in existing collections is unclear.
  • The Current Status of the Newworld Monkey Phylogeny Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciências, Vol

    The Current Status of the Newworld Monkey Phylogeny Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciências, Vol

    Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil Schneider, Horacio The current status of the NewWorld Monkey Phylogeny Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 72, núm. 2, jun;, 2000, pp. 165-172 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32772205 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative The Current Status of the New World Monkey Phylogeny∗ ∗∗ HORACIO SCHNEIDER Campus Universitário de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n – 68600-000 Bragança, Pará, Brazil Manuscript received on January 31, 2000; accepted for publication on February 2, 2000 ABSTRACT Four DNA datasets were combined in tandem (6700 bp) and Maximum parsimony and Neighbor-Joining analyses were performed. The results suggest three groups emerging almost at the same time: Atelidae, Pitheciidae and Cebidae. The total analysis strongly supports the monophyly of the Cebidae family, group- ing Aotus, Cebus and Saimiri with the small callitrichines. In the callitrichines, the data link Cebuela to Callithrix, place Callimico as a sister group of Callithrix/Cebuella, and show Saguinus to be the earliest offshoot of the callitrichines. In the family Pithecidae, Callicebus is the basal genus. Finally, combined molecular data showed congruent branching in the atelid clade, setting up Alouatta as the basal lineage and Brachyteles-Lagothrix as a sister group and the most derived branch.
  • Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History

    Constraints on the Timescale of Animal Evolutionary History

    Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history Michael J. Benton, Philip C.J. Donoghue, Robert J. Asher, Matt Friedman, Thomas J. Near, and Jakob Vinther ABSTRACT Dating the tree of life is a core endeavor in evolutionary biology. Rates of evolution are fundamental to nearly every evolutionary model and process. Rates need dates. There is much debate on the most appropriate and reasonable ways in which to date the tree of life, and recent work has highlighted some confusions and complexities that can be avoided. Whether phylogenetic trees are dated after they have been estab- lished, or as part of the process of tree finding, practitioners need to know which cali- brations to use. We emphasize the importance of identifying crown (not stem) fossils, levels of confidence in their attribution to the crown, current chronostratigraphic preci- sion, the primacy of the host geological formation and asymmetric confidence intervals. Here we present calibrations for 88 key nodes across the phylogeny of animals, rang- ing from the root of Metazoa to the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens. Close attention to detail is constantly required: for example, the classic bird-mammal date (base of crown Amniota) has often been given as 310-315 Ma; the 2014 international time scale indicates a minimum age of 318 Ma. Michael J. Benton. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Philip C.J. Donoghue. School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, U.K. [email protected] Robert J.
  • 71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT

    71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT

    ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas.
  • Table of Contents 4.0 Description of the Physical

    Table of Contents 4.0 Description of the Physical

    TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT............................................ 4­1 4.1 Geology ................................................................................................. 4­1 4.1.1 Methodology ........................................................................................ 4­1 4.1.2 Regional Geological Formations........................................................... 4­2 4.1.3 Local Geological Units ......................................................................... 4­7 4.1.3.1 Atlantic Coast .......................................................................... 4­7 4.1.3.2 Gatun Locks.............................................................................. 4­8 4.1.3.3 Gatun Lake ............................................................................... 4­9 4.1.3.4 Culebra Cut ......................................................................... ...4­10 4.1.3.5 Pacific Locks ...........................................................................4­11 4.1.3.6 Pacific Coast............................................................................4­12 4.1.4 Paleontological Resources ...................................................................4­13 4.1.5 Geotechnical Characterization .............................................................4­17 4.1.6 Tectonics.............................................................................................4­21 4.2 Geomorphology ..............................................................................................4­22
  • LATE MIOCENE FISHES of the CACHE VALLEY MEMBER, SALT LAKE FORMATION, UTAH and IDAHO By

    LATE MIOCENE FISHES of the CACHE VALLEY MEMBER, SALT LAKE FORMATION, UTAH and IDAHO By

    LATE MIOCENE FISHES OF THE CACHE VALLEY MEMBER, SALT LAKE FORMATION, UTAH AND IDAHO by PATRICK H. MCCLELLAN AND GERALD R. SMITH MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, 208 Ann Arbor, December 17, 2020 ISSN 0076-8405 P U B L I C A T I O N S O F T H E MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NO. 208 GERALD SMITH, Editor The publications of the Museum of Zoology, The University of Michigan, consist primarily of two series—the Miscellaneous Publications and the Occasional Papers. Both series were founded by Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. Bradshaw H. Swales, and Dr. W. W. Newcomb. Occasionally the Museum publishes contributions outside of these series. Beginning in 1990 these are titled Special Publications and Circulars and each is sequentially numbered. All submitted manuscripts to any of the Museum’s publications receive external peer review. The Occasional Papers, begun in 1913, serve as a medium for original studies based principally upon the collections in the Museum. They are issued separately. When a sufficient number of pages has been printed to make a volume, a title page, table of contents, and an index are supplied to libraries and individuals on the mailing list for the series. The Miscellaneous Publications, initiated in 1916, include monographic studies, papers on field and museum techniques, and other contributions not within the scope of the Occasional Papers, and are published separately. Each number has a title page and, when necessary, a table of contents. A complete list of publications on Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians, Fishes, I nsects, Mollusks, and other topics is available.
  • An Extinct Monkey from Haiti and the Origins of the Greater Antillean Primates

    An Extinct Monkey from Haiti and the Origins of the Greater Antillean Primates

    An extinct monkey from Haiti and the origins of the Greater Antillean primates Siobhán B. Cookea,b,c,1, Alfred L. Rosenbergera,b,d,e, and Samuel Turveyf aGraduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016; bNew York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10016; cDepartment of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; dDepartment of Anthropology and Archaeology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210; eDepartment of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024; and fInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom Edited* by Elwyn L. Simons, Duke University, Durham, NC, and approved December 30, 2010 (received for review June 29, 2010) A new extinct Late Quaternary platyrrhine from Haiti, Insulacebus fragment (Fig. 2 and Table 1). The latter preserves alveoli from toussaintiana, is described here from the most complete Caribbean left P4 to the right canine. subfossil primate dentition yet recorded, demonstrating the likely coexistence of two primate species on Hispaniola. Like other Carib- Etymology bean platyrrhines, I. toussaintiana exhibits primitive features resem- Insula (L.) means island, and cebus (Gr.) means monkey; The bling early Middle Miocene Patagonian fossils, reflecting an early species name, toussaintiana, is in honor of Toussainte Louverture derivation before the Amazonian community of modern New World (1743–1803), a Haitian hero and a founding father of the nation. anthropoids was configured. This, in combination with the young age of the fossils, provides a unique opportunity to examine a different Type Locality and Site Description parallel radiation of platyrrhines that survived into modern times, but The material was recovered in June 1984 from Late Quaternary ′ ′ is only distantly related to extant mainland forms.
  • Information to Users

    Information to Users

    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 RAPID PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION, DELAYED BEHAVIORAL MATURATION, AND SINGLE BIRTH IN YOUNG ADULT CALLTMICO: A REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Donald P.
  • An Early Miocene Dome-Skulled Chalicothere

    An Early Miocene Dome-Skulled Chalicothere

    PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10024 Number 3486, 45 pp., 26 ®gures, 8 tables October 27, 2005 An Early Miocene Dome-Skulled Chalicothere from the ``Arikaree'' Conglomerates of Darton: Calibrating the Ages of High Plains Paleovalleys Against Rocky Mountain Tectonism ROBERT M. HUNT, JR.1 CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................... 2 Introduction .................................................................... 2 Geologic Setting ................................................................ 3 Systematic Paleontology ........................................................ 12 Age of the Dome-Skulled Chalicothere ........................................... 28 The ``Arikaree'' Conglomerates of N.H. Darton ................................... 32 Post-Laramide Evolution of the Rocky Mountains ................................. 39 Acknowledgments ............................................................. 42 References .................................................................... 42 1 Department of Geosciences, W436 Nebraska Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0549 ([email protected]). Copyright q American Museum of Natural History 2005 ISSN 0003-0082 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 3486 ABSTRACT Fragmentary skeletal remains discovered in 1979 in southeastern Wyoming, associated with a mammalian fauna of early Hemingfordian age (;18.2 to 18.8 Ma), represent the oldest known occurrence of dome-skulled chalicotheres
  • Agate Fossil Beds

    Agate Fossil Beds

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers National Park Service 1980 Agate Fossil Beds Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark "Agate Fossil Beds" (1980). U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers. 160. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natlpark/160 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Park Service at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in U.S. National Park Service Publications and Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Agate Fossil Beds cap. tfs*Af Clemson Universit A *?* jfcti *JpRPP* - - - . Agate Fossil Beds Agate Fossil Beds National Monument Nebraska Produced by the Division of Publications National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. 1980 — — The National Park Handbook Series National Park Handbooks, compact introductions to the great natural and historic places adminis- tered by the National Park Service, are designed to promote understanding and enjoyment of the parks. Each is intended to be informative reading and a useful guide before, during, and after a park visit. More than 100 titles are in print. This is Handbook 107. You may purchase the handbooks through the mail by writing to Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC 20402. About This Book What was life like in North America 21 million years ago? Agate Fossil Beds provides a glimpse of that time, long before the arrival of man, when now-extinct creatures roamed the land which we know today as Nebraska.
  • Evidence for a Convergent Slowdown in Primate Molecular Rates and Its Implications for the Timing of Early Primate Evolution

    Evidence for a Convergent Slowdown in Primate Molecular Rates and Its Implications for the Timing of Early Primate Evolution

    Evidence for a convergent slowdown in primate molecular rates and its implications for the timing of early primate evolution Michael E. Steipera,b,c,d,1 and Erik R. Seifferte aDepartment of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10065; Programs in bAnthropology and cBiology, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016; dNew York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY; and eDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8081 Edited by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved February 28, 2012 (received for review November 29, 2011) A long-standing problem in primate evolution is the discord divergences—that molecular rates were exceptionally rapid in between paleontological and molecular clock estimates for the the earliest primates, and that these rates have convergently time of crown primate origins: the earliest crown primate fossils slowed over the course of primate evolution. Indeed, a conver- are ∼56 million y (Ma) old, whereas molecular estimates for the gent rate slowdown has been suggested as an explanation for the haplorhine-strepsirrhine split are often deep in the Late Creta- large differences between the molecular and fossil evidence for ceous. One explanation for this phenomenon is that crown pri- the timing of placental mammalian evolution generally (18, 19). mates existed in the Cretaceous but that their fossil remains However, this hypothesis has not been directly tested within have not yet been found. Here we provide strong evidence that a particular mammalian group. this discordance is better-explained by a convergent molecular Here we test this “convergent rate slowdown” hypothesis in rate slowdown in early primate evolution.