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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 RAPID PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION, DELAYED BEHAVIORAL MATURATION, AND SINGLE BIRTH IN YOUNG ADULT CALLTMICO: A REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Donald P. Anderson, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1996 Dissertation Committee: F.E. Poirier Approved By P.W. Sciulli D.E. Crews Advisor Department of Anthropology UMI Number: 9630841 Copyright 1996 by Anderson, Donald P. All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9630841 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. Ail rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Copyright by Donald P. Anderson 1996 Dedicated To The Memory Of The Founding Callimico Populat At Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield IL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I extend my appreciation to my advisor, Dr. F. E. Poirier, for his patience, encouragement, and tireless enthusiasm throughout my graduate school career. Gratitude is also eagerly expressed to the other members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Paul Sciulli and Dr. Douglas Crews, for their support, comments, and suggestions. Singular recognition to Dr. George Rabb, Executive Director of Brookfield Zoo, for his approval in allowing me to revitalize this project. Special thanks to Dr. Ben Beck, whose expertise is illustrated by the comprehensive nature of this document. Further acknowledgment for completion of this undertaking is congenially conveyed to Dr. Ojo Arewa, Saed Bahrami, Dr. Elissa Derrickson, Dr. Kristen Gremillion, Elizabeth Mathis, Jim Ogden, Dr. Melinda Pruett-Jones, Jan Ramer, Beate Rettberg, Rose Scola, Carol and Vince Sodaro, Angel Thompson, and Mark Warneke. Lastly, my heartfelt appreciation goes out to all members of the staff at Brookfield Zoo who contributed to and participated in the successful management of the fledgling Callimico colony. VITA 1944 Born Paris, TX, Lamar County 1989................... B.A. Cum Laude Memphis State University, Memphis, TN 1992................... M .A. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH PUBLICATIONS Beck, BB, Anderson, D, Ogden, J, Rettberg, B, Brejla, C, Scola, R, & Warneke, M (1982) Breeding the Goeldi's Monkey at Brookfield Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 22:107-114. Anderson, D, (1977) Breeding the Geoffroy's Cat at the Overton Park Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 18:164- 167. Anderson, D, (1975) Determination of the Gestation of the Geoffroy's Cat. Animal Keepers Forum. FIELDS OF STUDY' Major Field: Anthropology Studies in Callimico Social Behavior, Primate Behavior, Hominid Evolution, Behavior Ecology Theory iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..........................................iii VITA......................................................iv LIST OF TABLES......................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES........................................... x CHAPTER PAGE I. THE GOELDI'S MONKEY Introduction........................................1 Description of Study Subjects....................... 2 Research Goals..................................... 4 Summary of Study Methods and Data Grand Totals..... 6 Summary of Study Results.......................... 15 Conclusions . ................................... 23 II. CALLIMICO LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction.................................... 26 Callimico Evolution and Taxonomy................ 27 Callimico Behavior: Naturalistic Studies....... 37 Callimico Behavior: Captive Studies............ 51 Conclusions......................................68 III. CARE OF OFFSPRING BY INDIVIDUALS OTHER THAN THE MOTHER IN SMALL-BODIED NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES Introduction................................... 70 Communal Infant Care........................... 74 The Role of the Male in Infant Care............ 75 The Role of Older Siblings in Infant Care...... 87 Conclusions................................... 101 v IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS Introduction................................... 104 Study Population............................... 104 Study Site..................................... 108 Sampling Methodology and Techniques............ 112 Data Analysis and Presentation................. 116 Conclusions.................................... 120 V. ATTAINMENT OF BODY WEIGHT AND BEHAVIOR IN MATURING CALLIMICO Introduction................................... 121 Methods.........................................123 Results.........................................126 Discussion......................................129 Functional Significance of Rapid Physical and Delayed Behavioral Maturation.................. 132 Conclusions.................................... 135 VI. PARENTS AND INFANT CARE IN CALLIMICO Introduction.................................. 137 Methods........................................139 The Role of Callimico Mothers and Fathers in Infant Care................................... 141 Sex and the Frequency of Parent-Infant Care-giving....................................152 Conclusions................................... 166 VII. OLDER SIBLINGS AND INFANT CARE Introduction................................. 168 Methods...................................... 169 Juvenile Siblings and Infant Care..............171 Subadult Siblings and Infant Care..............179 Conclusions.................................. 189 vi VIII. PREVIOUS INFANT CARE EXPERIENCE AND PRIMIPAROUS PARENTS Introduction................................ 191 Methods......................................191 Primiparous Mothers and Previous Infant Care Experience.................................. 193 Primiparous Fathers and Previous Infant Care Experience.................................. 202 Conclusions................................. 209 IX. CALLIMICO IN CAPTIVITY Introduction.................................. 212 Impact of Physical and Behavioral Development On Intragroup Behaviors in Callimico.......... 213 Callimico and Sociobiology.................... 217 Conclusions................................... 222 APPENDICES A: Goeldi's Data Sheet............................. 231 B: Figures..........................................232 REFERENCES............................................ 253 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Average Age in Days of Attainment of Behavioral Developmental Landmarks in Captive Callimico........ 128 2. Individual Members of each Callimico Group at Brookfield Zoo.......................................140 3. Percentage of Time Adults in each Callimico Group At Brookfield Zoo carried Newborns.................. 144 4. Proportion of Occurrence Grand Totals of Studied Behaviors between Callimico Parents and Offspring....149 5. Proportion of Occurrence Grand Totals in 10 Interactive Behaviors between Callimico Parents and Offspring by Sex of Actors...................... 159 6. Proportion of Occurrence Grand Totals of Close Proximity and Contact Behaviors among First-born Juveniles, Fathers, and Mothers Carrying Newborns.............................................174 7. Proportion of Occurrence Grand Totals of Close Proximity and Contact Behaviors among Callimico First-born Juvenile Females and Males, Fathers, and Mothers carrying Newborns....................... 178 8. Proportion of Occurrence Grand Totals of Close Proximity and Contact Behaviors between Callimico Group 3's First-born Offspring (Lew) and Parents following Birth of Subsequent Infant................ 183 9. Proportion of Occurrence Grand Totals of Close Proximity and Contact Behaviors between Callimico Group 3's First-born Offspring (Lew) and Parents following Birth of Second Infant................... 186 viii 10. Proportion of Occurrence Grand Totals of Close Proximity and Contact Behaviors between Callimico Group 3's Second-born Offspring(Kris) and Parents following birth of Subsequent Infant............... 188 11. Proportion of Occurrence Grand Totals of Close Proximity and Contact Behaviors between Callimico Juvenile Daughters and Parents during Infancy of Second-born Offspring.............................
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