Functionalizationofpolyethetherk

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Up huge this advantages. a [11], In tial applications. is [10], potential PEEK [9], its of constrained [8], has bioactivity [7], which the inflammation [14], [13], significant inert clinically biologically nor is higher PEEK effects much mutagenic a or demonstrating toxic titanium, neither as such materials con- implant to Young orthopedic compared when and effects stress-shielding dental less applied display could ventionally PEEK that proposed been has it Subsequently, Young by given the is while much GPa, thrust garnered main furthermore fundamental have novel the composites aesthetics, its this Besides and PEEK dentists. of manu- PEEK and years, in application technologists recent prostheses dental of the femoral from course enthusiasm as for the such In perspectives [4]. components new joints implant hip stressed up factured development mechanically opened The more (CFR-PEEK) for [3]. material PEEK applications composite traumatic reinforced for fiber and alternative for polymeric orthopedic carbon applications, promising a in modern of into particularly for turned popularized components, PEEK was implant 1990s, PEEK late metal 1980s, the to By the [2]. In edges [1]. turbine created 1978 and initially airplanes in example, was researchers English that of thermoplastic group aromatic a polycyclic by semi-crystalline a is (PEEK) Polyetheretherketone Introduction Received: functionalization DOI: surface coatings, polymer composites, polymer treatment, plasma highlighted. end be system the will drug-delivery At orthopedics biodegradable Keywords: PEEK-associated future. or a the dentistry of in in development attention application the greater potential on gain with research will own strategies our their information these article, discuss add that the and of estimate general furthermore we in will polymers as We of PEEK, article. collocated biofunctionalization for high the be present applicability the and will the systems of which in delivery stability literature, drug composites chemical polymer-based the modification. PEEK on and in literature-reported surface physical reactions the high and modification in very stated bulk with the some including to are due PEEK, there noteworthy challenging polymer, of two extremely performance now, bioactivity is to the latter Up the enhance advantages. Although potential to the discussed challenge understand huge are a completely is to methodologies PEEK of comprehended bioactivity be the enhancing must manner, that this which In inert, applications. biologically potential is its PEEK However, constrained applications. has traumatic implant and metal orthopedic to alternative in polymeric particularly promising components, a presented has (PEEK) polyetheretherketone 1990s, late Since Osnabr 2 1 orthopedics and dentistry in application for polyethetherketone of Functionalization Harting Rico GRUYTER DE Abstract: aoaoyfrCeityadSraeMdfiain nvriyo ple cecs Osnabr Sciences, Applied of University Modification, Surface and Chemistry for Laboratory aoaoyfrCeityadSraeMdfiain nvriyo ple cecsOsnabr Sciences Applied of University Modification, Surface and Chemistry for Laboratory Osnabr 10.1515/bnm-2017-0003 ’ ü nrdbeboehnclpoete.I t aua om h Young the form, natural its In properties. biomechanical incredible s ’ ouu f16Ga[] oevr EKsosgetbooptblt nvtoadi io causing vivo, in and vitro in biocompatibility great shows PEEK Moreover, [7]. GPa 116 of modulus s k emn,Poe 09519938,Emi:[email protected] E-mail: 3182, 969 541 0049 Phone: Germany, ck, ü k Germany ck, eray6 2017; 6, February © stecrepnigauthor. corresponding the is niifciiy ifntoaiain rgrlae ihpromneplmr osseointegration, polymer, performance high release, drug biofunctionalization, anti-infectivity, 07 vaPtre ta. ulse yD Gruyter. De by published al., et Petersen Svea 2017, 1 aisBarth Marius / ’ ouu fCRPE saon 8Ga 5 hc sna hto otclbn 4,[6]. [4], bone cortical of that near is which [5] GPas 18 around is CFR-PEEK of modulus s Accepted: 1 hmsB Thomas / eray2,2017 22, February ü hrke 1 eiaSpi Pfe昀fferle Sophia Regina / ’ ouu fPE saon 3.6 around is PEEK of modulus s 1 ü ü vaPetersen Svea / k Albrechtstra ck, k Albrechtstra ck, iNnMtras 07 20170003 2017; BioNanoMaterials. ß ß 0 49076, 30, e 0 49076 30, e 2 Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd odahso ewe ohmtrasi eesr obidauebeimplant. The useable enough. a high build not to is PEEK necessary com- neat is PEEK of electronic materials This modulus the [17]. both storage in With packaging between the electronic applications modulus. if adhesion for applications storage good for possibility orthopedic a high used for be a used can also have be and can increased be to composite significant property could is modulus good composite this a AIN This is with posite increased. it is applications those strength components For the two packaging. these and between ap- adhesion good dental The very for (AIN). nitride used is aluminum be example, could for SiO composite ceramics, SiO with that a with composites Such is, increased [16]. effect are increased positive neat yield is The matrix char the plications. the the up of and lighten crystallization stability heterogenous to thermal the The TiO possible composite. with is combined the it PEEK for like advantages Also implant, increased. an (SiO of crystalline-silica be dental look with will for natural ites advantage appropri- more implant huge a more an a get are be to of that could PEEK lifetime This composites [15]. the to PEEK because lead neat improvements applications, to These compared pos- conditions neat increased. water-lubricated to composite is under compared resistance lower ate This crystallization- is wear the (PTW). coefficient and the friction increased whiskers and are the PEEK stiffness titanate conditions and water-lubricated potassium Under there strength The decreased. additives as PEEK. is these temperature neat commercially Besides than are properties applications. improve better aeronautic also which much CNTs for filler, sesses (CNT). PEEK other tubes with with nano some used (CNF) electrical carbon fibers be are for add nano can interesting to carbon and is especially combine properties conductivity, conductivity to mechanical generate generate possible to and also possibility strength is Another It the devices. PEEK. increase of simultaneously Those stiffness geome- to glassfibers. the and (material, PEEK increase carbon- fiber are to the materials used Typical of prospect. are choice application fibers later The the materials. on fiber-reinforced depends are orientation) try, PEEK of composites convenient Most composites Conventional 1: Table for the as, manner. where polymers controlled composites, softer a bioactive in for of material established bulk subcategory well the a but from as PEEK released understood is for be substance novel bioactive application. can rather biomedical and is for (PLLA) delivery poly(L-lactide) properties drug example, main of and category conditions third processing conventional The their particular reported in composites, summarizes bioactivity 1 PEEK Table the bioactive improve components. to and implant strategy PEEK-based genera- attractive of the an property while as osseointegrative evolved site, the conventional application has the composites of con- to PEEK formation adapted (i) bioactive properties The of categories: biomechanical tion systems. main of alteration drug-release three the into (iii) at composites and aims PEEK composites composites classify bioactive can (ii) one composites, application, ventional biomedical on focus a With composites Peek PEEK- a be of will development orthopedics the or on dentistry research own in our application article, potential the highlighted. with of system end drug-delivery the At biodegradable future. associated the in attention greater gain I o rsigHge trg ouu [17] modulus storage Higher color tooth-like lifetime, Increased situ sinteringIn laser Selective for properties Interesting pressing Hot molding Compression conditions Processing β HA AIN SiO PTW Filler TPIjcinmligN ofimdbioactivity confirmed No molding Injection -TCP 2 atn tal. et Harting eotdPE opsts rcsigcniin n neetn rprisfrboeia application. biomedical for properties interesting and conditions processing composites; PEEK Reported 2 .Teeaeue seetoi akgn usrts SiO substrates. packaging electronic as used are These ). ytei process [16] synthetic anti-inflammatory Improved molding injection and pressing Hot 2 ecsa nat-namtr.I sas osbet rdc PEEK produce to possible also is It anti-inflammatory. an as reacts [15] application biomedical tblt 1] [20] [19], stability mechanical improved and Bioactivity [18] differentiation osteogenic and proliferation cell Enhanced 2 nte xml r compos- are example Another . 2 ie oeimportant some gives 2 Furthermore, . 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(HA) hydroxyapatite with PEEK of combination the is composite a such for example One ® (Dexcel 2 SO 4 hc a ehrl ihto ybocieraet.Hwvr h salsmn fa of establishment the However, reagents. bioactive by withstood hardly be can which , ® hraGb,Aznu emn) hc sisre ietyit h periodontal the into directly inserted is which Germany), Alzenau, GmbH, Pharma ε cpoatn)(C)[4,woemi eetcnb on nthe in found be can benefit main whose [24], (PCL) -caprolactone) – 0dy [10]. days 10 β TPi,ta h mrvmn fbioactivity of improvement the that is, -TCP – locle scr-hl system core-shell as called also β TPcmoie [23], -TCP-composites atn tal. et Harting Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd ietteteto bu 0s yti ramn h rtstlmn fteipatcnb aiiae.O the On facilitated. be the can Schr Furthermore, as implant [27]. such the substances groups further functional of applied or settlement by coatings influenced first with directly react is the 90 can growth treatment nearly cell groups from this functional an angle inserted By by water-contact the s. 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Schiff RGD-modified chemical cell-adhesive a on stated the of attachment of cell formation conjugation enhanced technique the subsequent facile cantly by the a achieved was present purpose They PEEK [39]. The of al. (EDA). amination et Becker wet-chemical by the published recently for biofunc- was covalent amination for prerequisite further a A thus tionalization. fibronectin, protein cell-adhesive highly PEEK-NH the yield of to immobilization PEEK-NH order covalent in on h angle 5 for contact (1:1) dioxane water with by The (NaOH) hydrolyzed hydroxide further sodium attachment aqueous then the M was describe 0.5 which PEEK-NCO, into al. immersion of et of formation Noiset under reduction functions. (HMDI) chemical the diisocyanate borohydride of hexamethylene with sodium kinds of various by starting with backbone [38], molecules polymer reactive [37], PEEK of process the anchorage three-step of units a repeating is benzophenone al. (NaBH the et of procedures Noiset groups amination literature. by keto wet-chemical the approach the purely physical in two first modifications high probably The stated very are 1). some the application (Figure are to biomedical there for due polymer, convenient performance challenging most high extremely The the is of PEEK stability of chemical modification and surface chemical the Although treatment Chemical increase could com- which The coatings, [36]. bioactive layers of non-metallic implant. mechanism strength or the adhesive This metallic of improved of time. durability to deposition the lead process the forms, can and layer for layers monomer regular also different crosslinked, the but of densely polymers, bination of to a concentration applicable Thus, by only re- [35]. controlled not which other well is each formed be with are can and radicals polymer monomer thickness the application, whose of plasma surface During the gas. with process added act the are monomers replace Second, the monomer. completely while of monomer, or amount the applied to of previously polymerization the radical on the free depends to for poly- thickness energy applied layer plasma initiation resulting directly by the are provides surfaces monomers plasma First, on the approaches: layers and different surface ultra-thin two con- of between the distinguish deposition be can the could One is properties merization. treatment bulk sim- polymer plasma-based of might the modification further which on undesired [28], A However, [27], Amorphous sequence. nanoroughness layers. coatings bioactive removed. a of of be is strength application adhesive result will the the plify The rate possibly structures. and etch wettability cross-linked constant increases to which very surface, compared uni- a faster occur with etched effects these layers are As regions thin [28]. aging extremely physical permanently, accelerated and highly a formly to contributing polymer, the of degradation implant. the body to the body of the colonization of ensure to acceptance help the significantly can This [34]. 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One applications foci. implant possible research dental with our system antibacterial of delivery for one drug also biodegradable PEEK-associated is a application of biomedical tablishment for PEEK of functionalization The system drug-release biodegradable PEEK-associated vision: Our × . m mnto codn oNie ta.ivle he ecinses i euto ih05gNaBH g 0.5 with reduction (i) steps: reaction three involved al. et Noiset to according amination cm) 2.5 h deiesrnt ftersligboerdbecaig a nlzdb en fagi cac test. scratch grid a of means by analyzed was coatings biodegradable resulting the of strength adhesive pro- The dip-coating a via PLLA with coated were surfaces PEEK untreated and aminated both Subsequently, measurements angle contact water of means by characterized was films PEEK modified of wettability The we coating, PLLA a of deposition subsequent for PEEK of wettability the improving of purpose the With atn tal. et Harting yrpiiiyo mntdPE ufcs ae otc nlso nrae n mntdPE codn to according PEEK aminated and untreated of angles contact Water surfaces. PEEK aminated of Hydrophilicity µ )wr idypoie yEoi nutisA.Frhroe eue LA(eoe 210, (Resomer PLLA used we Furthermore, AG. Industries Evonik by provided kindly were m) ° ,(i oicto ih1. LHD n20m dried mL 250 in HMDI mL 12.5 with modification (ii) C, ’ ntutos[57]. instructions ± ° tnaddvaino 0measurements 10 = n of deviation standard overnight. C − 2 ol edtce i the via detected be could EGRUYTER DE ° .After C. 4 Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd Ateoelpwsitninlygnrtdt esr h hcns ftecaig hc ssoni Figure in shown is which coating, the of thickness the 5 measure about to generated measures 4B. intentionally thickness was coating overlap The the homogenous. 4A is surface The Jena). riga, 12 is diameter Sample test. scratch grid a of performance after EDA, with modified previously mm. (B) or untreated (A) ther 3: Figure of hydrophilicity the of independently groups adhesive amine Thus surface test. of scratch grid presence the the surfaces. after by the PEEK enhanced EDA-treated as be appearance could surfaces similar PEEK strength PLLA-coated a tape. have adhesive HMDI the of with elimination treated after defects any shows hardly surfaces aminated GRUYTER DE h perneo h otn a utemr netgtdvasann lcrnmcocp ZISAu- (ZEISS microscopy electron scanning via investigated furthermore was coating the of appearance The deiesrnt fPL otnso EKfim.Poorpso LAcae EKfim,wihwr ei- were which films, PEEK PLLA-coated of Photographs films. PEEK on coatings PLLA of strength Adhesive µ .A o a e nFigure in see can you As m. atn tal. et Harting Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd 9 oa K oaeK,KpdaA,SlkrB,GrakB EKSO opstswt ihtemlsaiiyfreetoi applications. electronic for stability thermal high with composites PEEK/SiO2 B. Garnaik BS, Selukar AS, Kapadia KA, Rokade compos- RK, polymeric hydroxyapatite-reinforced Goyal of 19. biocompatibility vitro In KE. Tanner L, Silvio Di RA, Harris MM, Savalani L, Hao Y, Zhang 18. Schr S, Strametz D, Briem 17. 2013. Press, CRC Miami: 2012;3:9 applications. Res. Schr and Technol W, methods Pharm Besch technology: Adv 16. plasma J delivery. temperature drug Low antimicrobial X. local Lu for PK, route Chu ideal 15. an pocket: Intraperiodontal KR. Anoop SC, Nair 14. 2012;161:351 Release. J Control Gr B, delivery. Holzer drug 13. controlled di昀ffusion of Modeling F. systems Siepmann delivery J, drug Siepmann local 12. Implant-associated al. et HK, Kroemer H, Schwabedissen zu Meyer V, Senz N, Grabow S, Petersen Switzerland: K, Cham, Sternberg technology. 11. and sciences applied in Briefs Springer systems, delivery drug Controlled M. Masi G, Perale F, Rossi 10. M R, Lutz T, Rechtenwald D, Pohle E, Vairaktaris C, Wilmowsky von Mechanical9. polyetheretherketone: crystalline and Amorphous I. Rantala I, Hiidenheimo H, Kainulainen E, Wuolijoki I, Kallela T, J composites. Nieminen andpolysulfone 8. of polyetheretherketone biocompatibility Invitro AD. Ste昀ffee A, Moet SA, Brown K, Merritt PEEK LM, carbon fiber-reinforced Wenz of 7. properties the micromechanical on processes sterilization of inflluence The S. 2):8 Green Res.2006;17(Suppl D, Raabe Oral Implants A, Clin Godara 6. bone. on peri-implant forces of Inflluence F. 2008;19:10 Technol. Isidor Device 5. Med devices. 2007;28:4845 implantable Biomaterials. long-term implants. for spinal Polyetheretherketone D. and orthopedic, Williams trauma, 4. in biomaterials PEEK JN. Devine SM, 1985. Press, Kurtz CRC 3. Miami: applications. and properties thermoplastics: Engineering Margolis. 2000;31:D22 Injury. 2. surgery. bone in polymers Nonresorbable L. Eschbach 1. References by approved regula- been has national and relevant Declaration, the Helsinki all the of with tenets complied authors the been the accordance has in use and policies human institutional to tions, related research included The individuals approval: all Ethical from obtained been has consent study. this Informed in consent: Informed Methods: and interest. Material of conflict no state Authors interest: of Conflict Author Mrs. and microscopy amination. electron and scanning work in laboratory assistance in assistance technical technical expert expert for for Terveen Mey Mrs. measurements, angle L Mrs. tact Schmidt, Mrs. thank authors The Acknowledgments prospects. application of range vitro broad established a in carri- having that the polymer agents state, bioactive different are various already including steps and systems can biopolyesters next delivery example, one drug However, The for PEEK-associated activity. as, system. further ers biological for delivery basis and drug the release a build CHX methods for vitro carrier in a of as exploration application for properties promising thickness layer for and 95 of applied. magnification was a 4130 analysis of topography magnification For detector. a SESI measurements a with registered were micrographs 4: Figure lcrnMtrLt.2013;9:95 Lett. Mater Electron 2009;91:1018 Res. Mater Biomed J sintering. laser selective by manufactured ites 2005;16:671 Med. Mater Sci Mater J surfaces. (PEEK) polyetheretherketone treated 2005;17:126 Praxis. und Forschung in Vakuum devices. plastic miniaturized of functionalization surface assisted Plasma Formteile; Dis.2003;5:222 Colorectal sinus. apilonidal of treatment surgical a昀tter tocoll) 2013;58:417 Tech (Berl). Biomed applications. medical di昀fferent for designs customized polymers: biodegradable on based 2016. Publishing, International Springer 2008;87:896 A. Res Mater Biomed J vitro. in osteoblasts on composites polyetheretherketone sintered laser three-dimensional 2008;84:377 A. Res Mater Biomed J follow-up. 3-year a during reactions tissue and properties 1990;24:207 Res. Mater Biomed 2007;3:209 Biomater. Acta applications. implant bone for composites with coating PLLA adhering and homogenous a of deposition successful show results Summarizing, atn tal. et Harting ’ Statement s oorpyadlyrtikeso LAcaig eoie nPE lsvadpcaig cnigelectron Scanning dip-coating. via films PEEK on deposited PLLA-coatings of thickness layer and Topography ’ ü nsiuinlrve or reuvln committee. equivalent or board review inistitutional se ,Br U, ssner ö e ,OlA Plasmagest A. Ohl K, der ü ö ke ,Hu ,K昀fe ,Shlbr W ta.Efcc n oeac fanwgnaii olgnflleece(Sep- collagen gentamicin ofanew andtolerance al. E昀fficacy et FW, E, Schildberg Ki昀ffner M, Houf B, ckner e ,Mee M emn ,LnatW ta.Rsos fpiayfirbat n sebat oplasma to osteoblasts and fibroblasts primary of Response al. et W, Linhart W, Lehmann NM, Meenen K, der – 100. – 15. ü zeOberfll tzte ü kmn n r.Hbradfrepr ehia sitnei con- in assistance technical expert for Haberland Mrs. and mkemann ä hnukinlseugkmlxsrkuire,mnauiire Kunststo昀ff- miniaturisierter strukturierter, komplex chenfunktionalisierung ü setH ta.Efet fbociegasadbt-C containing andbeta-TCP glass bioactive of E昀ffects al. et H, nstedt – 20. – 7. – 7. – 27. – 7. – 18. – 83. – – 1. 62. – 69. – EGRUYTER DE 27. – 902. – – 15. 30. Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd 3 omegK iegF amtnM rn .Gatigwt yrpii oye hist rpr rti-eitn ufcs olisSurf Colloids surfaces. protein-resistant toprepare chains polymer hydrophilic with Gra昀tting C. Brink 1991;13:858 M, Technol. Malmsten F, Microb Tiberg Enzyme K, biocatalysts. 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PEEK modified on chemically gra昀tting covalent or/and adsorption Fibronectin J. Marchand-Brynaert YJ, Schneider of O, coupling Noiset covalent 38. by film (PEEK) ketone) ether ether poly(aryl of modification Surface J. Marchand-Brynaert Y-J, Schneider O, Noiset 37. Modifizierungmethoden Beschichtungen: polymere bioaktive und Biokompatible S. Zschoche C, Werner V, Steinert Pro- S, Gramm Plasma B, surface. Voit PEEK 36. semi-crystalline a of bombardment ion by generated radicals Free DR. McKenzie N, James S, Zhang F, Awaja 35. Appl J plasma. oxygen Schr remote 34. by film ketone) ether ether poly(aryl of modification Surface R. Suyama T, Horiuchi S, Tasaka N, studied Inagaki films 33. PEEK of functionalization Surface J. P, Marchand-Brynaert Bertrand Y, Adriaensen A, Ro De C, Poleunis C, Henneuse-Boxus 32. Kr 31. Terpi D, Rymuszka 30. Hohlk Packsto昀ffen, von Sterilisation G. P, Keil Awakowicz Verlag 29. Wiley-VCH Germany: Weinheim, design. surface for techniques advanced surfaces: polymer of chemistry plasma The J. Friedrich 28. and St composites 27. bioactive implants: dental peek Nanomodified K. Baroudi MZ, 2014;15:5426 Nassani Sci. F, Mol JP, Siddiqui J Matinlinna Int Z, PEEK. Khurshid S, of Najeeb bioactivity 26. the improve to strategies Current T. hydroxyapatite/polyetheretherke- Tang synthesized R, situ Ma in 25. of bioactivity and biocompatibility vivo In Y. Zhang S, Song X, Bao L, Weng materi- R, composite hydroxyapatite/polyetheretherketone Ma synthesized 24. situ in of Characterization W. Cai S, Song Z, Ni X, Bao L, Weng R, Ma whiskers-reinforced23. titanate potassium of behavior wear sliding and properties Mechanical R. Yang poly G-X, coated Sui Y-J, carbon Zhong diamond-like G-Y, of Xie characteristics 22. biological and Mechanical al. et Z, Wu J, Jiang DT, Kwok W, Zhang M, Xu H, Wang 21. 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Polym Appl ü ü ö oyeeGrenzfll polymere r rU Oberfll U. hr e .Pammdfiirn o ussofe n set e nutile mezn;Pammdfiaino lsisandaspects plastics of Plasmamodification Umsetzung; derindustriellen Aspekte und Kunststo昀ffen von P. Plasmamodifizierung ger ö e ,MyrPahA elrD h .O h plcblt fpam-sitdceia irptenn od昀frn oyei bio- polymeric di昀fferent to micropatterning chemical plasma-assisted if applicability the On A. Ohl D, Keller A, Meyer-Plath K, der – 6. ä hnkiirn o ussof itl lsazrH昀temtln;Sraeatvto rmpatc hog plasmafor through plastics from activation Surface zur Ha昀ttvermittlung; Plasma mittels Kunststo昀ff von chenaktivierung ł wk ,Brwk ,Hls .Tm-eedn hne fsraepoete fplehrehrktn asdb air by caused ketone ether polyether of properties surface of changes Time-dependent L. P, Holysz Borowski K, owski – 11. – ä – 24. – hn icmail n iatc oye otns oictomtosfrplmritrae.Vku in Vakuum interfaces. polymer for modificationmethods coatings: polymer bioactice and Biocompatible chen; eiw nentoa ora fDnity 2015;2015:1 Dentistry. of Journal International review. A – 9. – 9. 9. – 119. – 44. – 33. – – – 77. 25. 306. – 5. – 71. – 7. – 9. ö – pr n hroaie eiiice aeile i Niederdruckplasmen. mit Materialien medizinischen thermolabilen und rpern – 62. 7. – 21. – 4. – 7. – 77. – 90. – – 46. 34. – 45. – 93. atn tal. et Harting – 812. – – 52. 702. – 68. Automatically generated rough PDF by ProofCheck from River Valley Technologies Ltd 7 arR,GpaK.Asetohtmti ehdfrteetmto faiogop nplmrspot.Aa Biochem. Anal supports. polymer on groups amino of estimation the for method spectrophotometric A KC. Gupta RK, Gaur 57. perfor- vivo in and vitro In Knochenersatzmaterialien, von Biofunktionalisierung zur In-vivo-Untersuchungen und In-vitro- S. Ponader 56. 2013. Press, Academic London: techniques. Bioconjugate GT. Hermanson poly(l- 55. to antibodies anti-CD34 of immobilization Site-selective K. K-P, Sternberg Schmitz SB, Felix R, Busch A, Strohbach S, Petersen 54. 1989;180:253 2009. gra昀tts bone biofunctionalized of mance 2014;102:345 Biomater. Appl B Res Mater Biomed J surfaces. implant endovascular for lactide) atn tal. et Harting – 8. – 55. EGRUYTER DE