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Polymer Properties and Classification

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Polymer Characterization LDPE Polyethylene low density HDPE Polyethylene high density ABS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene SAN Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer EVA Polyethylene co-vinyl acetate PVA Polyvinyl acetate PerkinElmer Solutions for Polymer Characterization Tg(ºC): -130 to 100 Cp (J/g*K): 1,8 to 3,4 Tg(ºC): -130 to 100 Cp (J/g*K): 1,8 to 3,4 Tg(ºC): 110 to 125 CpJ/(g*K): 1,25 to 1,7 Tg(ºC): 95 to 110 CpJ/(g*K): 1,2 Tg(ºC): -45 to 20 CpJ/(g*K): 2,3 Tg(ºC): 25 to 35 CpJ/(g*K): - Tm(ºC): 100 to 120 DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): 130 to 140 DHf (J/g): 293 Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): 30 to 100 DHf (J/g): 10 to 100 Tm( ºC ): - DHf (J/g): - Td(ºC): 490 to 500 Td(ºC): 490 to 500 Td(ºC): 420 Td(ºC): 420 Td(ºC): 480 Td(ºC): - PP Polypropylene PS PMMA Polymethylmethacrylate PBMA CA Polystyrene Polybuthylmethacrylate Cellulose acetate EP Epoxy resin Molecular Spectroscopy FTIR Differential Scanning Calorimetry Tg(ºC): -20 to -5 CpJ/(g*K): 1,8 Tg(ºC): 90 to 110 Cp (J/g*K): 1,8 to 3,4 Tg(ºC): 85 to 100 CpJ/(g*K): 1,45 to 1,5 Tg(ºC): 15 to 25 CpJ/(g*K): - Tg(ºC): 45 to 60 CpJ/(g*K): - Tg(ºC): 50 to 200 CpJ/(g*K): 1,6 to 2,1 Identify and quantitate organic molecules and compounds, Glass transition & melting temperatures, crystallinity, heat of Understand chemical & physical composition of laminates & fusion, reaction rates, specific heat & heat capacity, curing, Tm(ºC): 165 to 175 DHf (J/g): 207 Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm( ºC): - DHf (J/g): - adhesives , Troubleshoot chemical origin of occlusions Identify safety & stability studies Td(ºC): 450 Td(ºC): 445 Td(ºC): 360 to 390 Td(ºC): - Td(ºC): - Td(ºC): 400 to 450 orientation of molecules Mechanical Analysis Modulus, stiffness, damping, crystalline, alpha and beta transitions, glass transition & melting temperatures PET Polyethylene terephthalate PBT Polybutylene terephthalate PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene POM Polyoxymethylene UP Polyester resin PF Phenol formaldehyde resin Tg(ºC): 70 to 80 CpJ/(g*K): 1,05 to 1,2 Tg(ºC): 45 to 65 Cp (J/g*K): 1,3 Tg(ºC): 120 to 130 CpJ/(g*K): 1 Tg(ºC): -75 to -60 CpJ/(g*K): 1,5 Tg(ºC): 60 to 170 CpJ/(g*K): 1,2 to 2,3 Tg(ºC): 70 to 210 CpJ/(g*K): 1,2 Tm(ºC): 245 to 265 DHf (J/g): 140 Tm(ºC): 220 to 230 DHf (J/g): 142 Tm(ºC): 320 to 330 DHf (J/g): 82 Tm(ºC): 140 to 175 DHf (J/g): 190 Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm( ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Td(ºC): 425 to 440 Td(ºC): 410 Td(ºC): 580 Td(ºC): 400 Td(ºC): 340 to 480 Td(ºC): 450 to 480 Hyphenated Techniques Thermogravimetry Identify and quantitate evolved gases in resins and compounds Wt % Additive & bi-product losses, Wt % Fillers & Ash, Decarboxylation, Pyrolization, Decomposition and Stability studies Polymer Properties and Classification PVC PVC-P PEEK PES PUR Polyurethane Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride plasticizer Polyether ether ketone Polyethersulfone PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane THERMOPLASTIC Tg(ºC): 65 to 85 CpJ/(g*K): 0,8 to 1,2 Tg(ºC): -50 to 80 CpJ/(g*K): 0,8 to 0,9 Tg(ºC): 145 to 155 CpJ/(g*K): - Tg(ºC): 220 to 230 CpJ/(g*K): 1,3 to 1,40 Tg(ºC): 10 to 180 CpJ/(g*K): 1,7 to 2,1 Tg(ºC): -130 to -120 CpJ/(g*K): 1,3 to 1,5 A polymer that becomes moldable above a specific temperature and solidifies upon Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): 335 to 345 DHf (J/g): 130 Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm( ºC): -50 to -40 DHf (J/g): 35 cooling, in a reversible process. Td(ºC): 290 to 460 Td(ºC): 290 to 460 Td(ºC): 600 Td(ºC): 580 to 590 Td(ºC): 240 to 350 Td(ºC): 530 Are made of polymers linked by intermolecular interactions or van der Waals forces, forming long linear or branched structures. The polymer can take two different types of structures, amorphous (characterized by the glass transition) or crystalline structures (characterized by the melting point) , being possible the existence of both structures in the same thermoplastic material THERMOSETTING A polymer that irreversibly becomes rigid when heated in a irreversible process. BR Butadiene Rubber SBR Styrene-butadiene rubber PVF Polyvinylfluoride PCL Polycaprolactone PSU Polysulfone PPS Polyphenylene sulfide Are made by polymers joined together by chemical bonds, acquiring a highly crosslinked Tg(ºC): -95 to -85 CpJ/(g*K): 1,7 to 2,0 Tg(ºC): -55 to -35 CpJ/(g*K): 1,85 to 2,0 polymer structure responsible for the high mechanical and physical strength, on the other Tg(ºC): 30 to 45 CpJ/(g*K): 1 to 1,8 Tg(ºC): -60 CpJ/(g*K): - Tg(ºC): 185 to 195 CpJ/(g*K): 1,35 Tg(ºC): 80 to 90 CpJ/(g*K): hand is this highly crosslinked structure which provides a poor elasticity. Tm(ºC): 190 to 200 DHf (J/g): 164 Tm(ºC): 60 DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): 275 to 290 DHf (J/g): 80 Tm(ºC): 110 to 130 DHf (J/g): - Tm( ºC): -20 DHf (J/g): 170 Td(ºC): 430 to 445 Td(ºC): - Td(ºC): 530 Td(ºC): 510 to 550 Td(ºC): 350 to 370 Td(ºC): 435 to 455 Thermosets are completely amorphous and have no melting properties, and their properties are governed by its glass transition temperature. ELASTOMER A polymer with viscoelasticity and very weak inter-molecular forces, generally having low Young's modulus and high failure strain compared with other materials Depending on the distribution and degree of the chemical bonds of the polymers, elastomeric materials can have properties or characteristics similar to thermosets or thermoplastic Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber PA6 Polyamide 6 PA66 Polyamide 66 EVOH Ethylene vinyl alcohol PVOH Polyvinylalcohol NBR CR Chloroprene rubber Elastomers are amorphous polymers with properties governed by its glass transition temperature that are below 0ºC. Tg(ºC): 40 to 60 CpJ/(g*K): 1,6 to 1,7 Tg(ºC): 50 to 60 CpJ/(g*K): 1,9 Tg(ºC): 50 to 70 CpJ/(g*K): - Tg(ºC): 80 to 90 CpJ/(g*K): 1,55 Tg(ºC): -40 to 5 CpJ/(g*K): 1,95 Tg(ºC): -50 to -30 CpJ/(g*K): - Tm(ºC): 210 to 220 DHf (J/g): 190 Tm(ºC): 240 to 265 DHf (J/g): 185 Tm(ºC): 150 to 190 DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): 220 to 260 DHf (J/g): 156 Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): 485 Tm( ºC): 40 to 70 DHf (J/g): 1 to 10 - Td(ºC): 435 Td(ºC): 450 Td(ºC): - Td(ºC): 260 to 320 Td(ºC): 450 Td(ºC): 380 to 460 Tg is the range of temperatures over glass transition occurs. Tg Glass transition is the reversible transition in amorphous region of a material from a hard and relatively brittle "glassy" state into a molten or rubber-like state. Tm is the range of temperatures over melting occurs. Tm Melting is the physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. Td is the range of temperatures over decomposition occurs. Td Thermal decomposition is a process of extensive chemical species change caused by heat. DH is the is the change of enthalpy resulting from providing energy, typically heat, to a specific PA12 Polyamide 12 PA610 Polyamide 6/10 PC Polycarbonate PAM Polyacrylamide NR Natural rubber EPDM Ethylene-propylene-diene rubber H f D f quantity of the substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid at constant pressure Tg(ºC): 40 to 50 CpJ/(g*K): 1,1 to 1,25 Tg(ºC): 40 to 70 CpJ/(g*K): 1,6 Tg(ºC): 140 to 150 CpJ/(g*K): 1,2 to 1,5 Tg(ºC): 160 to 170 CpJ/(g*K): - Tg(ºC): 95 to 110 CpJ/(g*K): 1,2 Tg(ºC): 95 to 110 CpJ/(g*K): 1,2 Tm(ºC): - DH (J/g): - Tm( ºC): - DH (J/g): - Cp is a measurable physical quantity equal to the ratio of the heat added to (or removed from) an Tm(ºC): 170 to 180 DHf (J/g): 95 Tm(ºC): 210 to 230 DHf (J/g): 117 to 127 Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - Tm(ºC): - DHf (J/g): - f f Cp object to the resulting temperature change. Td(ºC): 465 Td(ºC): 450 to 465 Td(ºC): 480 Td(ºC): - Td(ºC): 420 Td(ºC): 420 PerkinElmer, Inc., 940 Winter Street, Waltham, MA USA (800) 762-4000 or (+1) 203 925-4602 www.perkinelmer.com .
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    Udel® P-1700 Polysulfone Solvay Specialty Polymers www.ulprospector.com Technical Data Product Description Udel® P-1700 polysulfone (PSU) is a tough, rigid, high-strength thermoplastics suitable for continuous use up to 300°F (149°C). It is resistant to oxidation and hydrolysis and withstand prolonged exposure to high temperatures and repeated sterilization. Udel® P-1700 polysulfone is highly resistant to mineral acids, alkali and salt solutions. Resistance to detergents and hydrocarbon oils is good, but the resin may be attacked by polar solvents such as ketones, chlorinated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. These resins are also highly resistant to degradation by gamma or electron beam radiation. Electrical properties of Udel® P-1700 polysulfones are stable over a wide temperature range and after immersion in water or exposure to high humidity. The resins comply with FDA 21 CFR 177.1655 and may be used in articles intended for repeated use in contact with foods. Additionally, they are approved by the NSF, by the Department of Agriculture for contact with meat and poultry and by the 3-A Sanitary Standards of the Dairy Association. • Transparent: Udel® P-1700 CL 2611 CMP • Transparent: Udel® P-1700 NT 06 • Transparent: Udel® P-1700 NT 11 • Opaque Black : Udel® P-1700 BK 937 • Opaque White: Udel® P-1700 WH 6417 • Opaque White: Udel® P-1700 WH 7407 • Opaque Gray: Udel® P-1700 GY 8057 General Material Status • Commercial: Active Literature 1 • Technical Datasheet UL Yellow Card 2 • E36098-231084 • Solvay Specialty Polymers Search for
  • The Recent Developments in Biobased Polymers Toward

    The Recent Developments in Biobased Polymers Toward

    polymers Review The Recent Developments in Biobased Polymers toward General and Engineering Applications: Polymers that Are Upgraded from Biodegradable Polymers, Analogous to Petroleum-Derived Polymers, and Newly Developed Hajime Nakajima, Peter Dijkstra and Katja Loos * ID Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; [email protected] (H.N.); [email protected] (P.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +31-50-363-6867 Received: 31 August 2017; Accepted: 18 September 2017; Published: 18 October 2017 Abstract: The main motivation for development of biobased polymers was their biodegradability, which is becoming important due to strong public concern about waste. Reflecting recent changes in the polymer industry, the sustainability of biobased polymers allows them to be used for general and engineering applications. This expansion is driven by the remarkable progress in the processes for refining biomass feedstocks to produce biobased building blocks that allow biobased polymers to have more versatile and adaptable polymer chemical structures and to achieve target properties and functionalities. In this review, biobased polymers are categorized as those that are: (1) upgrades from biodegradable polylactides (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and others; (2) analogous to petroleum-derived polymers such as bio-poly(ethylene terephthalate) (bio-PET); and (3) new biobased polymers such as poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)