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Appendix I

Trade names and manufacturers

In this appendix, some trade names of various polymeric materials are listed. The list is intended to cover the better known names but it is by no means exhaustive. It should be noted that the names given may or may not be registered.

Trade name Manufacturer

Abson ABS B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Acrilan Polyacrylonitrile Chemstrand Corp. Acrylite Poly(methyl methacrylate) American Cyanamid Co. Adiprene E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Afcoryl ABS polymers Pechiney-Saint-Gobain Alathon E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Alkathene Polyethylene Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Alloprene Chlorinated natural rubber Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Ameripol cis-1 ,4-Polyisoprene B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Araldite resins Ciba (A.R.L.) Ltd. Arnel Cellulose triacetate Celanese Corp. Arnite Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Algemene Kunstzijde Unie N.Y.

Baypren Polychloroprene Farbenfabriken Bayer AG Beetle - resins British Industrial Ltd. Ben vic Poly() Solvay & Cie S.A. Bexphane Bakelite Xylonite Ltd. Butacite Poly( vinyl butyral) E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Butakon Butadiene copolymers Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Butaprene Styrene-butadiene copolymers Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. Butvar Poly(vinyl butyral) Shawinigan Resins Corp.

Cap ran 6 Allied Chemical Corp. Carbowax Poly() Union Carbide Corp. Cariflex I cis-1 ,4-Polyisoprene Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. Carina Poly(vinyl chloride) Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. TRADE NAMES AND MANUFACTURERS 457

Trade name Polymer Manufacturer

Carin ex Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. Celcon Formaldehyde copolymer Celanese Plastics Co. Cellosize Hydroxyethylcellulose Union Carbide Corp. Chemigum Polyurethanes Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. Cis-4 cis-1 ,4-Poly butadiene Phillips Petroleum Co. Cobex Poly( vinyl chloride) Bakelite Xylonite Ltd. Coral cis-1 ,4-Polyisoprene Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. Corvic Poly( vinyl chloride) Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Crystic resins Scott Bader Co. Cycolac ABS polymers Borg Warner Corp. Cymel Melamine-formaldehyde resins American Cyanamid Co.

Dacron Poly( ethylene tereph thalate) E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Dapon Diallyl resins FMC Corp. Darvic Poly(vinyl chloride) Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Delrin Polyformaldehyde E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Desmopan Polyurethanes Farbenfabriken Bayer AG Desmophen and polyethers for polyurethanes Farbenfabriken Bayer AG Dexel Cellulose acetate British Celanese Ltd. Diakon Poly(methyl methacrylate) Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Diene Polybutadiene Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. Durethan Farbenfabriken Bayer AG Durethan U Polyurethanes Farbenfabriken Bayer AG Dynel Vinyl chloride-acrylonitrile copolymer Union Carbide Corp.

Elvanol Poly( vinyl alcohol) E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Epikote Epoxy resins Shell Chemical Co. Epodite Epoxy resins Showa Highpolymer Co. Epon Epoxy resins Shell Chemical Co. Estane Polyurethanes B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Ethocel Ethylcellulose Dow Chemical Co.

Flu on Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Fluorel Vinylidene - Minnesota Mining & Manufac- copolymer turing Co. Forticel Cellulose propionate Celanese Plastics Co. Fortisan Saponified cellulose acetate Celanese Corp.

Gelvatol Poly( vinyl alcohol) Shawinigan Resins Corp. Genthane Polyurethanes General Tire and Rubber Co. Geon Poly( viny 1 chloride) B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. 458 ORGANIC

Trade name Polymer Manufacturer

Halar Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethy- lene copolymer Allied Chemical Corp. Hi-Bien ABS polymers Japanese Geon Co. Hi pack Polyethylene Showa Highpolymer Co. Hitalex Polyethylene Hitachi Chemical Co. Hitanol -formaldehyde resins Hitachi Chemical Co. Hostaflon C2 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Farbwerke Hoechst AG. Hostaflon TF Polytetrafluoroethylene Farbwerke Hoechst AG. Hostalen G Polyethylene Farbwerke Hoechst AG. Hycar Polyacrylate B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Chlorosulphonated poly- ethylene E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co.

Iupilon Mitsubishi Edogawa Chemical Co.

Kapton H E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Kel-F Vinylidene fluoride- chlorotrifluoroethylene Minnesota Mining and Manufac- copolymer turing Co. Kematal Formaldehyde copolymer Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Kodel Poly( cyclohexane-1 ,4- dim ethylene terephthalate) Eastman Kodak Co. Kralastic ABS polymers Uniroyal Inc. Kraton Styrene-butadiene copolymers Shell Chemical Co. Kynar Poly( vinylidene fluoride) Pennsalt Corp.

Laminae Polyester resins American Cyanamid Co. Leguval Polyester resins Farbenfabriken Bayer AG. Lekutherm Epoxy resins Farbenfabriken Bayer AG. Levapren Ethylene- copolymers Farbenfabriken Bayer AG. Lex an Polycarbonate General Electric Co. Lucite Poly(methyl methacrylate) E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Lustrex Polystyrene Monsanto Chemical Co. Lycra E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co.

Madurik Melamine-formaldehyde resins Casella Farbwerke Mainkur AG. Makrolon Polycarbonate Farbenfabriken Bayer AG Maranyl Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Marl ex Polyethylene Phillips Petroleum Co. Melinex Poly( ethylene terephthalate) Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Me lit Melamine-formaldehyde resins Societa ltaliana Resine Merion Polycarbonate Mobay Chemical Co. Methocel Methylcellulose Dow Chemical Co. Moltopren Polyurethane foam Farbenfabriken Bayer AG TRADE NAMES AND MANUFACTURERS 459

Trade name Polymer Manufacturer

Mop len Polypropylene Montecatini Edison S.p.A. Mowilith Poly( vinyl acetate) Farbwerke Hoechst AG. Mowiol Poly(vinyl alcohol) Farbwerke Hoechst AG. Mowital Poly(vinyl butyral) Farbwerke Hoechst AG. Mylar Poly(ethylene terephthalate) E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co.

Napryl Polypropylene Pechiney-Saint-Gobain Natene Polyethylene Pechiney-Saint-Gobain Nipeon Poly(vinyl chloride) Japanese Geon Co. Nipoflex Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer Toyo Soda Mfg. Co. Nipolon Polyethylene Toyo Soda Mfg. Co. Poly(m-phenylene isophthala- mide) E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Noryl Poly(2,6-dimethyl-l ,4- phenylene oxide) General Electric Co. Novodur ABS polymers Farbenfabriken Bayer AG

Oppanol Polyisobutylene Badische Anilin-& Soda- Fabrik AG. Orion Polyacry lonitrile E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co.

Paraplex Polyester resins Rohm and Haas Co. Poly-p-xylylene Union Carbide Corp. Pelaspan Polystyrene (expandable) Dow Chemical Co. Penton Poly-3 ,3-bis( chloromethyl)- oxacyclobutane Hercules Inc. Perbunan N Butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers Farbenfabriken Bayer AG. Perspex Poly(methyl methacrylate) Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Petrothene Polyethylene U.S. Industrial Chemical Co. Pevalon Poly( vinyl alcohol) May and Baker Ltd. Plastylene Polyethylene Pechiney-Saint-Gobain Plexiglas Poly(methyl methacrylate) Rohm and Haas Co. Plio film Rubber hydrochloride Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. Plio lite Styrene-butadiene copolymers Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. Poly-Eth Polyethylene Gulf Oil Corp. Polylite Polyester resins Reichhold Chemicals Inc. Polylumy Polypropylene Kohjin Co. Polymin Polyethylenimine Badische Anilin-& Soda- Fabrik AG. Polyox Poly( ethylene oxide) Union Carbide Corp. Polysizer Poly( vinyl alcohol) Showa Highpolymer Co. Polyviol Poly( vinyl alcohol) Wacker Chemie GmbH. Propathene Polypropylene Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. 460 ORGANIC POLYMER CHEMISTRY

Trade name Polymer Manufacturer

Ravinil Poly( vinyl chloride) ANIC, S.p.A. Restirolo Polystyrene Societa I taliana Resine Riblene Polyethylene ANIC, S.p.A. Rigid ex Polyethylene BP Chemicals (U.K.) Ltd. Rigolac Polyester resins Showa Highpolymer Co. Rilsan Nylon 11 Aquitaine-Organico Roylar Polyurethanes Uniroyal Inc. Rucon Poly(vinyl chloride) Hooker Chemical Corp. Rucothane Polyurethanes Hooker Chemical Corp.

Saflex Poly(vinyl butyral) Monsanto Chemical Co. Saran Vinylidene chloride copolymers Dow Chemical Co. Silastic Silicones Dow Corning Corp. Silastomer Silicones Midland Silicones Ltd. Sirfen Phenol-formaldehyde resins Societa Italiana Resine Sirtene Polyethylene Societa Italiana Resine Solvic Poly( vinyl chloride) Solvay & Cie S.A. Standlite Phenol-formaldehyde resins Hitachi Chemical Co. Styrocel Polystyrene (expandable) Styrene Products Ltd. Styrofoam Polystyrene foam Dow Chemical Co. Styrol Polystyrene Idemitsu Co. Styron Polystyrene Dow Chemical Co. Surlyn Ionomer E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co.

Tedlar Poly( vinyl fluoride) E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Teflon FEP - hexafluoropropylene copolymer E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Teflon TFE Polytetrafluoroethylene E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Teracol Polyoxytetramethylene glycol E.l. duPont de Nemours & Co. Terluran ABS polymers Badische Anilin-& Soda- Fabric AG. Terylene Poly(ethylene terephtha- Imperial Chemical Industries late) Ltd. Texicote Poly(vinyl acetate) Scott Bader Co. Texin Polyurethanes Mobay Chemical Co. Thiokol Polysulphides Thiokol Chemical Corp. TPX Poly-4-methylpent-1-ene Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Trans-4 trans- I ,4-Polybutadiene Phillips Petroleum Co. Trolen Polyethylene Dynamit Nobel AG. Trosiplast Poly( vinyl chloride) Dynamit Nobel AG. Tybrene ABS polymers Dow Chemical Co. Tyril Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer Dow Chemical Co. TRADE NAMES AND MANUFACTURERS 461

Trade name Polymer Manufacturer

Ultramid Nylons Badische Anilin-& Soda- Fabrik AG. Ultra pas Melamine-formaldehyde resins Dynamit Nobel AG. Ultryl Poly(vinyl chloride) Phillips Petroleum Co.

Versamid Fatty General Mills Inc. Vestamid Nylon 12 Chemische Werke Huls AG. Vestolit Poly( vinyl chloride) Chemische Werke Huls AG. Vestyron Polystyrene Chemische Werke Huls AG. Vi clan Vinylidene chloride Imperial Chemical Industries copolymers Ltd. Vinapas Poly(vinyl acetate) Wacker Chemie GmbH. Vinoflex Poly( vinyl chloride) Badische Anilin-& Soda- Fabrik AG. Vipla Poly( vinyl chloride) Montecatini Edison S.p.A. Vi thane Polyurethanes Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. Viton A Vinylidene fluoride- hexafluoropropylene copolymer E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Vulcaprene Polyurethane Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Vulkollan Polyurethanes Farbenfabriken Bayer AG Vybak Poly(vinyl chloride) Bakelite Xylonite Ltd.

Welvic Poly( vinyl chloride) Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.

Zetafax Ethylene copolymers Dow Chemical Co. Zetafin Ethylene copolymers Dow Chemical Co. Nylons E.I. duPont de Nemours & Co. Appendix II

International system of units

Throughout this book, physical quantities have been expressed in customary units in accordance with dominant commercial practice. However, it is recognized that the International System of Units (Systeme Internationale d'Unites or SI) is finding increasing use. In this appendix some common SI units are listed and the customary units used in the book may be changed into these units by multiplication by the conversion factors shown. Sl units

Physical Name of Symbol for Definition of quantity SI unit SI unit SI unit

length metre m basic unit mass kilogram kg basic unit time second s basic unit force newton N kg•m·s-2 (=J·m-1 ) pressure pascal Pa kg·m-1 ·s-2 (=N·m-2) energy joule J kg•m2·s-2 power watt w kg·m2·s-3 (= J·s-1 )

Conversion factors

Physical Customary SI Factor for conversion of quantity unit unit customary unit to SI units

length in m 2.54x 10-2 mass lb kg 4.535 923 7 X 10-1 force dyne N 1 X 10-5 kg (weight) N 9.806 65 lb (weight) N 4.448 22 pressure dyne/cm2 Pa or N•m -2 I X 10-1 atm Pa or N•m -2 1.0 13 25 X 105 mmHg Pa or N•m -2 1.333 22 X 102 lb/in2 Pa or N•m -2 6.894 76 x 103 energy erg J I X 10-7 Btu J 1.055 056 X 10 3 ft lb J 1.355 82 area in2 m2 6.4516xl0-4 ft2 m2 9.290 304 X 10-2 lb/ft3 kg·m -l 1.601 846 3 X 10 viscosity poise kg·m-1 ·s-1 or N·s·m-2 1 X 10 -l Index

Abaca 248 short oil 227 Abietic acid 226, 290 styrenated 234 ABS polymers see Acrylonitrile-butadiene- see also Polyesters, network styrene copolymers Alkyl dichlorides 395 Accelerators 209, 411,444 Allylalcohol235,236 Acetaldehyde 153 Allyl glycidyl 384 Acetal resins 15 2 Allylic shift 444 Acetic acid 104 Aminoacids 196 Acetic acid 261, 262 Aminopolymers 301 117, 153, 371 see also Melamine-formaldehyde Acetyl content 261 polymers; urea-formaldehyde 85, 104, 117, 118, 119, 139, polymers 324,441,453 Aminoresins 135, 227, 234, 364,387 Acid anhydrides 205, 224, 381, 390, 391 see also Melamine-formaldehyde Acrylamide 116, 120 polymers; urea-formaldehyde Acrylate rubbers 122 polymers Acrylic acid 116, 133 w-Aminoundecanoic acid 5, 176, 179, 182 esters 116, 118 Ammonium oleate 331 Acrylic copolymers, thermosetting 133, 387 Ammonium persulphate 88, 140 Acrylic polymers 116 Amylopectin 269, 270 Acrylonitrile81, 116,118, 119,234,380 Amylose 269 copolymers 79, 100, 101, 123, 131, 133, p-tert-Amylphenol281 439,444 Aniline 316, 322 Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers 80,439 Aniline-formaldehyde polymers 301, 316 development 439 Animal glues 196 preparation 439 Anionic see Polymerization properties 439 Antioxidants 55 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers Asymmetric atom 37, 153, 165 80 Autpxidation 54, 231 preparation 80 Azelaic acid 214 properties 81 Aziridine 450 Activators 411 Azobisisobutyronitrile 9, 48, 87,94 22 Addition polymerization 22 Backbite49 Adipic acid 176, 177, 178, 181, 206, 214, Badische Anilin- & Soda-Fabrik AG. 64 224,324,325 Baekeland 272, 282 Alcoholysis see Ester interchange Balata 426 initiators 10, 18,427,431, Bast fibres 248 433 Bayer, A. 272 Alkoxysilanes 360 Bayer, F. and Co. 431 polyesters 207 Bayer, 0. 318 Alkyd resins 221, 227,291, 306, 307, 313, Beadle 250 314,316,342,364,367,388 Beckmann rearrangement 180 drying oil 227, 230 Benzene71,82, 177,205,273,275,276, long oil 227 277,278,280,451 medium oil 227 Benzofuran 448 modified 234 Benzoguanamine 315 non-drying oil227, 230 Benzoguanamine-formaldehyde polymers semi-drying oil 227, 230 301,315 464 INDEX

Benzoic acid 214 Carbide and Chemical Corp. 84 Benzothiazyl disulphide 399,411 Carbon black 359,411,417,437,439 Benzotrichloride 440 Carbon dioxide 329, 334 Benzoyl peroxide 9, 48, 87, 94, 128, 129, Carbon disulphide 250, 251 209, 211, 358 Carbon fibre 132 Benzylcellulose 265, 268 Carothers 4, 22, 175, 215, 237, 441 Benzyldirnethylamine 375 Casein 199 Benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide 392 Castan 370 Bevan 250, 259 Castor oil178, 179, 325, 334, 342 1 ,4-Bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane 192 Catalytic cracking 45 Bis(2-chloroethyl) formal395, 403 see Polymerization 3,3-Bis( chloromethyl)oxacyclobutane 159, Celanese Corp. 154 161 Cellobiose 248 Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate 217 Cellophane 250 2,2-Bis( 4' -hydroxyphenyl)propane see Celluloid 254, 256 Cellulose 245, 254, 259 Bisphenol A 204, 237, 238, 371, 372, 392, alkali 251, 266, 267, 268 403 molecular weight 249 Bisphenol A-epichlorhydrin see sources 245 Epoxies structure 248 Bischoff 237 Cellulose, regenerated 250 Blood albumin glues 199 development 250 Bond energies 365 preparation 251 Borosilicones 362 properties 253 Bouchardat 408, 426 Cellulose acetate 259 Bouncing putty 362 development 259 Brandenberger 250 high acetyl263 British Celanese Co. 259 preparation 259 British Cyanides Co. Ltd. 301 primary see Cellulose triacetate British Industrial Plastics Ltd. 301 properties 262 Brockedon 407 secondary 261 Bulk polymerization see Polymerization Cellulose acetate-butyrate 264 Butadiene 17, 178, 181, 427,431,442 Cellulose acetate-propionate 264 copolymers 431,434,439,440 Cellulose 265 n-Butane 432 Cellulose nitrate 227, 234, 249, 253 Butanediol214, 323, 324,335, 340, 341, development 253 453 preparation 254 Butanols 214, 305,313, 316 properties 25 7 Butenes 45, 58, 118, 428, 432 Cellulose triacetate 259, 262, 263 Butoxymethacrylamide 133 Cellulose tripropionate 264 Butyl acrylate 122 Cellulose xanthate 251 copolymers 123 Chardonnet, de 250 Butylcellulose 265 Chardonnet silk 250 N-n-Butylirnidazole 376 Chemical cellulose 245 p-tert-Butylphenol281 Chlorendic acid 206 Butyl rubber 65,428 Chlorendic anhydride 206, 381, 384 brominated 66 Chlorinated poly( vinyl chloride) 98 chlorinated 66 Chlorobenzene 276, 277 development 65 2-Chloro-1 ,3-butadiene see Chloroprene preparation 65 1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane see properties 66 Epichlorhydrin 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether 123 Calcium carbide 85, 309 138 Calico Printers Association Ltd. 215 Chlorofumaric acid 205 Camphor 254, 256 Chloromaleic acid 205 Capric acid 214 Chloroprene 17, 441 Caprolactam 176, 180, 182 copolymers 443 INDEX 465

Chlorosilanes 349, 353, 363 4,4' -Diaminodiphenyl ether 19 2 Chlorosulphonated polyethylene 57 4,4' -Diaminodiphenylmethane 194, 378 preparation 57 4,4' -Diaminodiphenylsulphone 378 properties 57 Dibutyltin dilaurate 97, 330, 361 Chlorotrifluoroethylene 13 7, 138 2,4-Dichlorobenzoyl peroxide 209, 358 copolymers 137, 148 3 ,3' -Dichloro-4 ,4' -diaminodiphenylmethane Chromium oxide catalyst 50 335 Ciba AG 370 4,4' -Dichlorodiphenyl sulphone 403 Coal tar 273, 279, 280, 448 N,N' -Dicinnamylidene-1 ,6-hexanediamine Cobalt linoleate 424 146 Cobalt naphthenate 210, 233, 355, 364 Dickson 215 Co-catalysts 15, 64, 158 Dicumyl peroxide 56, 340, 416 Collagen 198 Dicyandiamide 309, 315 Collins 441 Dicyclopentadiene 63 Collodion 254 dioxide 390 Compression set resistance 359, 401, 445 Diels-Alder reaction 24, 189, 206, 226 22 Diene polymerization see Polymerization Condensation polymerization 22 Diethanolamine 381 Conformational asymmetry 41 Diethylamine 379 Coniferyl alcohol 246 Diethylaniline 211 Co-ordination catalysts see Ziegler-Natta Diethyl carbonate 237 catalysts Diethylene glycol203, 204, 214, 235, 324 Copolymers 30 Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) 235 alternating 31 Diethylenetriamine 189, 378, 380, 381 block 32 Diglycidyl ethers 374, 388 graft 32, 81,425 Dihydroxydiphenylmethanes 287 random 30 Diisocyanates 319 Corning Glass Works 348 Dimer acid 189 Cotton fibre 245 2-(Dimethylaminoethyl)phenol 375 Coumarone 448 Dimethylaminopropylamine 381 Coumarone-indene polymers 448 4-Dimethylaminopyridine 3 30 Courtauld, Samuel, and Co. Ltd. 250 Dimethylaniline 211 Crafts 347 2,3-Dimethylbutadiene 427, 431 Crawford 127 N ,N-Dimethylcetylamine 331 Cresols 272, 279, 299 Dimethyldichlorosilane 351, 353, 354, 357, Cresylic acid 279 358,360,363 Cross 250, 259 N,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate 437 Cross-linking 29, 43 1 ,4-Dimethylolcyclohexane 221 see also Vulcanization 2,2-Dimethylpropane-1,3-diol204, 214 Cumene 273 Dimethyl terephthalate 216, 217, 221 13-Cyanoethylmethyldichlorosilane 353 Dimethyl-p-toluidine 211 Cyclic ethers 159 Diols 204, 214, 323 polymers 159 Diphenyl carbonate 237, 238 1,3-Cyclohexadiene 451 Diphenylguanidine 411, 4 25 Cyclohexane 177, 180, 279 Diphenyl isophthalate 194 Cyclohexanone 177, 180, 452 Diphenylmethane diisocyanate 322, 333, peroxide 209 335,340,344 Cyclopentadiene 206 N, N' -Disalicyalpropy lenediamine 146 Di-tert-butyl peroxide 209, 359, 416 Deacon method 86 Dithiocarbamates 411 n-Decanol214 Divinylbenzene 78 Delinting 245 Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride 381, 384 Devoe and Raynolds Co. 370 Dodecyllactam 176, 181, 185 Dextrins 271 Dodecyl mercaptans 436,437 Diallyl isophthalate 236 Dow Chemical Co. 71 Diallyl phthalate 207, 235 Dow Coming Corp. 348 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine 194 Drefus, C. 259 466 INDEX

Dreyfus, H. 259, 265 Ethylene thiourea 444 briers 233 Ethylenimine 450 Dumas 347 2-Ethylhexanol 214 Dunlop 407 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate 108, 133 DuPont de Nemours, E. I. & Co. 84, 137, Ethyl-hydroxyethylcellulose 268 154, 175, 215, 441 Euler, von 294

Ebonite425 Faraday 408 Eichengruen 259 Farbenfabriken Bayer AG. 237, 318 Einhorn 237 Farbwerke Hoechst AG. 47 polymerization see Polymerization Fatty acids and esters 228, 230, 231, 232 Endomethylenetetrahydrophthalic anhy- Fawcett 47 dride 206 Fibroin 201 Environmental stress cracking 53, 61, 68, Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. 427 173,243 Fischer indole synthesis 452 Epichlorhydrin 159, 161, 166, 222, 371, Flax 248 372, 388, 392 Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers Epoxides see Epoxies 144 Epoxidized oils 391 Fluoroacrylate polymers 150 Epoxidized polydienes 391 2-Fluorobuta-1,3-diene 150 Epoxies 370 Fluoronitrosopolymers 149 acyclic aliphatic 391 137 cyclic aliphatic 390 development 137 development 370 raw materials 138 halogenated 389 Fluorosilicones 151 novolak 388, 389 Formaldehyde 153, 154, 272, 281, 282, polyglycol 389 287,291,301,302,303,305,311, Epoxies, bisphenol A-epichlorhydrin 371, 313,315,316,449 389 copolymers 157 cross-linking agents 3 75 Formalin 155, 281, 282, 287, 291, 303, modified 386 305, 311, 313,316 properties 384 Formolization 200 raw materials 371 Formose 154 resin preparation 372 Free polymerization see Polymeriza- 3,4-Epoxy-6-methylcyclohexylmethyl-3,4- tion epoxy-6-methylcyclohexane car• Friede1347 boxylate 390 Friedel-Crafts catalysts 15, 166,423, 449 Epoxy resins 131, 364, 372,401 Fumaric acid 205, 212 Equilibration 356, 357, 365 Functionality 29 Ester interchange 214, 216, 217, 228, 238, Furan polymers 449 240,342 Furfural281, 449 Ethanolamine 325 polymers 449 Ethyl acrylate 118, 119, 122 Furfuryl alcohol449 copolymers 58, 123, 133 polymers 449 Ethylcellulose 265, 267 Ethylene 45, 85, 105, 120, 138, 159 Gelatin 26, 88, 198 copolymers 58, 61, 100 General Bakelite Co. 272 Ethylenediamine 189, 341, 380, 381 General Electric Co. 221, 237, 348 carbamate 146 Geometrical isomerism 17, 409 Ethylene dichloride 86, 101, 395, 403 Gibson 47 Ethylene glycol 204, 214, 215, 217, 224, Ginning 245 324,325,340,391 Gladstone 408 Ethylene oxide 116, 159, 166, 215, 268 D-Glucose 248 380,396,450 Glycerol165, 221, 222, 230, 290, 324, Ethylene-propylene rubbers 62 333 preparation 62 Glycidyl acrylate 133 properties 63 Glycols see Diols INDEX 467

Goodrich, B. F., Chemical Co. 84 Indene 448 Goodrich-Gulf Chemicals Co. 4 27 lonomers 59 Goodyear 407 lsocyanates, reactions of 325 Graham 3 Isodecyl alcohol214 Greenlee 370 Isomaltose 270 Grignard process 349, 352 cis-trans-Isomerization 208 Guaiacol 246 Isooctanoic acid 226 411 lsooctyl alcohol 214 Guncotton 254 Isopentane 428 Gutta percha 409,426 lsopentenes 428 Isophthalic acid 206, 224, 236 Hancock406 Isophthaloyl chloride 191 Hard rubber 425 Isoprene 17, 65,408, 428 Harries 408,427 lsotactic index 60 Head-to-head linkage 33 Head-to-tail linkage 33, 74, 106, 110, 145 John 301 Hedenstrom, von 237 Jute 248 Hemi-celluloses 246 HET acid and anhydride 206, 381, 384 Kekule 2 407 Hevea brasiliensis Keratin 201 Heveaplus 425 Kienle 221 Hexachlorocyc1opentadiene 206 Kipping 347, 348 Hexa-1,4-

Polyether foams 319, 330, 332, 333 network 29 see also Polyurethane f.:>ams non-linear 27 Polyethers 152, 392 syndiotactic 3 7 Polyethers for polyurethanes 164, 168, 324, tactic 36 325,330,333,334,339,340,342, 43 343,344 thermoset 43 Polyethylene 8, 22, 45,47, 259,423 Polymerization chlorinated 56 addition 22 chlorosulphonated 57 anionic 10, 16, 18, 32, 162 development 4 7 bulk 24, 48, 73, 87, 109, 128, 154 irradiated 55 cationic 14, 16, 19 preparation 48 chain 23, 25 properties 53 condensation 22 structure 48, 50 diene 17, 28, 35 Poly(ethylene ) 335 emulsion 26, 74, 88, 106, 130, 431,435, Poly( ethylene glycol) see Poly( ethylene 439,442 oxide) free radical 9, 18, 27 Poly(ethylene oxide) 21, 162, 214 functional group 5, 23, 25, 28 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) 6, 193, 215 heteromultiple bond 20 development 215 interfacial191, 240 preparation 217 multiple bond 7 properties 218 rearrangement 23 raw materials 215 ring-opening 21, 23 Polyethylenirnine 450 solution 25, 73, 99, 109, 129, 131, 134, Poly-2-fluorobuta-1 ,3-diene 150 154,191,239,437 Polyfluoroprene 150 stepwise 23, 25 Polyformaldehyde 153 suspension 26, 73, 87, 99, 101, 109, development 153 129,131,140,191,396 preparation 155 vinyl?, 27, 33, 39 properties 158 Polymerization casting 184 raw materials 154 Polymethacrylates 124 Polyfunctional amines 377, 384, 385, 391 Poly(methacrylic acid) 121 Poly hydric alcohols see Poly(methyl acrylate) 122 Polyirnides 191, 192 Poly(methyl methacrylate) 8, 124, 127 Polyisobutene 45, 64 development 127 preparation 64 preparation 128 properties 64 properties 130 cis-1,4-Polyisoprene 409,427 Poly-4-methylpent-1-ene 45, 68 trans-1 ,4-Polyisoprene 409, 4 26, 4 27 Polyolefins 45 Polyisoprenes 426 Polyols 222, 32>, 329, 333, 343, 344, 345 development 426 Poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol168, 325, latex 430 335,339,340,341 preparation 429 Poly(3-perfluoromethoxy-l,l-dihydroper- properties 430 fluoropropyl acrylate) 150 raw materials 428 Poly-p-phenylene 451 Polyketals 15 2 Poly(m-phenylene isophthalamide) 191 Polymer Poly(phenylene oxide) 170, 404 addition 22 Polypropylene 8, 45,60 atactic 36 development 60 branched 27 preparation 60 concept of 2 properties 60 condensation 22 Poly(propylene fumarate) 208 cross-linked 29, 43 Poly(propylene glycol) see Poly(propylene defmition of 1 oxide) isotactic 3 7 Poly(propylene oxide) 38, 164, 325, 389 ladder 132 Poly(sodium acrylate) 124, 132 linear 27 Poly(sodium methacrylate) 131 INDEX 471

Polystyrene 8, 71, 174, 259 preparation 109 development 71 properties 111 expanded 79 structure 110 isotactic 7 5 Poly( vinyl butyral) 113, 114 preparation 72 Poly(vinyl carbazole) 452 properties 75 Poly( vinyl chloride) 8, 84, 391 raw materials 71 chlorination 98 rubber-modified 78 degradation 91, 92 structure 7 4 development 84 Polysulphide 6, 394 plasticizers 91 curing processes 399 preparation 87 development 394 properties 90 dispersions 398 raw materials 85 liquid 399,401 stabilization 91, 92, 97 preparation 396 structure 8 9 properties 401 syndiotactic 90 raw materials 394 Poly(vinyl ether)s 453 solid 398, 401 Poly( vinyl ethyl ether) 453 Polysulphones 403 Poly(vinyl fluoride) 143 preparation 404 Poly( vinyl formal) 113 properties 404 Poly( vinylidene chloride) 8, 10 2 Polytetrafluoroethylene 8, 137, 140 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 144 preparation 140 Poly( vinyl isobutyl ether) 453 properties 140 Poly(vinyl ketal)s 113 Polytetrahydrofuran see Poly(oxytetra- Poly(vinyl methyl ether) 453 methylene) glycol Polyvinylpyrrolidone 453 Polythene see Polyethylene Poly-p-xylylene 454 Polyurethane 345 Potassium amide 10 Polyurethane elastomers 335 Potassium persulphate 81, 106, 123,436 cast 335 Priestley 406 millable 337, 345 Propylene 45, 47, 117, 120, 160, 222, 223, thermoplastic 340 428 Polyurethane fibres 341 copolymers 61, 100 Polyurethane foams 318,329 Propylene glycol204, 207, 214, 224, 324 flexible 329 Propylene oxide 40, 159, 160, 204, 380 rigid 333 Propylene oxide-ethylene oxide copolymers semi-rigid 334 325 Polyurethane moulding compounds 341 Proteins 175, 195 Polyurethane surface 342 Pyromellitic dianhydride 192, 381, 384 one-component systems 342 two-component systems 343 Quebrachitol 407, 408 Polyurethanes 7, 28, 29, 318 p-Quinone dioxime 400 development 318 pre-polymers 331, 335, 337, 342, 344 Rank 395 quasi pre-polymers 331, 334 Rayon raw materials 319 acetate 259, 262 Poly(vinyl acetal)s 22, 104, 113 cuprammonium 250 Poly( vinyl acetate) 21, 27, 28, 104, 109, high tenacity 253 113 saponified acetate 251 alcoholysis 109 viscose 250, 263 preparation 106 Redistribution 35 3 properties 108 Redox initiators 436 raw materials 104 Reforming 46 structure 106, 110 Rennet 199 Poly(vinyl alcohol) 22, 26, 87, 104, 108, Resin 1, 43 109, 113, 114 Resitols 295 degree of alcoholysis 110 Resits 295 472 INDEX Resol resins 114, 282, 290, 291 Staudinger 3, 409 Resorcinol237, 272, 280 Stearic acid 411 Retrogradation 270 Stem fibres 248 Ricinoleic acid 178, 225,325 Styrene 34, 71, 203, 207, 208, 212, 234 Rohm and Haas AG. 127 copolymers 71, 78, 79, 80, 82, 133,434, Rosin 226, 290 444 Rubber see Natural rubber Styrene-butadiene rubbers 78, 434, 435 Rubber hydrocarbon 407,408 block copolymers 435, 438 Rubbers, world production 427 development 434 latex 438 Schonbein 253 preparation 435 Schotten-Baumann reaction 238 properties 437 Schutzenberger 259 Suberic acid 192 Sebacic acid 176, 178, 206, 214, 224, 324 Sulphate pulping 24 7 Sericin 201 Sulphenamides 411 Silanes 348 Sulphite pulping 24 7 Silanols 348, 349 Sulphur395,407,410,425,442 Silica 349, 359 Sulphur-containing polymers 394 Silicor 349, 350 Suspension polymerization see Polymer- Silicone elastomers 356, 357, 366 ization dimethyl358, 360, 367 fluoro 151, 360,367 Tacticity 36, 153, 165 fusible 362 Tail-to-tail linkage 33 nitrile 360, 36 7 Terephthalic acid 216 phenyl360 Terpolymer 30 room temperature vulcanizing 355, 360, Tertiary amines 327, 328, 375, 384, 391, 367 401 vinyl359 Tetrabromobisphenol A 389 Silicone fluids 35 7, 365 Tetrachlorobisphenol A 389 Silicone-polyalkylene oxide copolymer 330, Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride 206 333 Tetrachloroquinone 440 Silicone resins 234, 363, 367 Tetraethoxysilane 361 Silicones 34 7 Tetraethylsilane 347 development 347 Tetraethylthiuram disulphide 442 nomenclature 348 Tetrafluoroethylene 137, 138 polymerization 353 copolymers 137, 144, 149 raw materials 349 159, 161 Silicon tetrachloride 347, 349, 351 Tetramethylthiuram disulphide 411 Silk 201 Thermal cracking 46 Siloxanes 348, 353, 360 Thermoplastic polymer 43 cyclic 354, 355, 357, 358 Thermoplastic rubbers 340, 435, 438 Sisal 248 Thermoset polymer 43 Smith 221 Thiazoles 411 Soap 222, 223 Thiokol Chemical Corp. 394 Soaps, metal 233 Thiourea 316 Sodium carboxymethylcellulose 268 Thiourea-formaldehyde polymers 301, 316 Sodium polysulphides 394 Thiurams 411 Solution polymerization see Polymerization Thomas65 Sorbitol 224 Toluene 278, 319 Soyabean glues 20 1 p-Toluenesulphonic acid 423 Soyabean oill89, 391 Tolylene diisocyanate 319, 330, 331, 334, fibres 325, 341 335,341,342,343,344 Sparks 65 dimer 339 Spill 253 Tootal, Broadhurst Lee Co. Ltd. 302 Standard Oil4 7, 51, 64, 65, 434, 439 Topham 250 Stannous octoate 330, 355 Triallyl cyanurate 207 Starch 269 Trichlorofluoromethane 333, 334 INDEX 473 1 ,2,3-Trichloropropane 396 Vinyl chloroacetate 123 Trichlorosilane 351, 353 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide 390 Triethanolamine 364, 376 Vinyl fluoride 137, 139 Triethylaluminium-titanium tetrachloride Vinylidene chloride 101, 139 catalyst 12 copolymers 101 Triethylenediamine 328, 330, 333 Vinylidene fluoride 137, 139 Triethylene glycol214 copolymers 137, 145, 148 Triethylenetetramine 150, 378, 379 Vinyl polymerization see Polymerization Trifluoronitrosomethane 140 2-Vinylpyridine 131 copolymers 149 Vinylpyridine rubbers 440 -y-Trifluoropropylmethyldichlorosilane 353 N-Vinylpyrrolidone 453 Trimellitic anhydride 194 Vinyltoluene 133,234 Trimethylchlorosilane 351, 353, 354 Viscose 253 1,1,1-Trimethylolpropane 165, 224,324, Vulcanite 425 343,344 Vulcanization 123, 145, 150,407,410 Trioxan 153, 155 accelerated sulphur 410,437,439,444 Triphenylmethane 4,4' ,4" -triisocyanate 345 peroxide 410,416,437, 439 2,4,6-Tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol Vulcanized fibre 251 376,377 Tung oi1189 Whinfield 215 Wickham 407 Union Carbide Corp. 403 Williams 408 United States Rubber Co. 203 Wood pulp 246 Urea 301, 302, 303, 305,449 Wool201 Urea-formaldehyde polymers 301 cross-linking 3 06 p-Xylene 216, 454 development 301 hexachloride 440 properties 309 Xylenols 169, 272, 280, 299 raw materials 302 p-Xylylene 454 resin preparation 303 Urea-thiourea-formaldehyde resins 301, 316 Ziegler 12, 47, 49, 60, 62, 67, 68,427 Urethane oils 342 Ziegler-Natta catalysts 12, 19, 40, 49, 62, 75,181,427,429,431,433,451, van Natta 237 453 Vinyl acetate 104 Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate 411 copolymers 58, 99, 108, 131 Zinc octoate 364 N-Vinyl carbazole 45 2 Zinc oxide 411, 443 Vinyl chloride 34, 85, 101 Zinke 293 copolymers 84, 99, 100, 101