DOCSLIB.ORG

United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,481,333 Fleischer Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,481,333 Fleischer Et Al United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,481,333 Fleischer et al. 45 Date of Patent: Nov. 6, 1984 54 THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITIONS 58 Field of Search ................................ 525/192, 199 COMPRISING WINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER, CLPE AND FLUOROPOLYMER 56) References Cited U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 75) Inventors: Dietrich Fleischer, Darmstadt; Eckhard Weber, Liederbach; 3,005,795 10/1961 Busse et al. ......................... 525/199 3,294,871 2/1966 Schmitt et al. ...... 52.5/154 X Johannes Brandrup, Wiesbaden, all 3,299,182 1/1967 Jennings et al. ... ... 525/192 of Fed. Rep. of Germany 3,334,157 8/1967 Larsen ..................... ... 525/99 73 Assignee: Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Fed. 3,940,456 2/1976 Fey et al. ............................ 525/192 Rep. of Germany Primary Examiner-Carman J. Seccuro (21) Appl. No.: 566,207 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Connolly & Hutz 22 Filed: Dec. 28, 1983 57 ABSTRACT 30 Foreign Application Priority Data The invention relates to a thermoplastic composition which comprises vinyl chloride polymers and chlori Dec. 31, 1982 (DE Fed. Rep. of Germany ....... 3248.731 nated polyethylene and which contains finely divided 51) Int. Cl. ...................... C08L 23/28; C08L 27/06; fluoropolymers and has a markedly improved process C08L 27/18 ability, particularly when shaped by extrusion. 52 U.S. C. .................................... 525/192; 525/199; 525/239 7 Claims, No Drawings 4,481,333 2 iaries and do not provide a solution to the present prob THERMOPLASTC COMPOSITIONS lem. COMPRISINGVINYL CHLORIDE POLYMER, The object of the invention was, therefore, to avoid, CLPE AND FLUOROPOLYMER completely or substantially, the disadvantages de 5 scribed above and, in particular, to provide a thermo It is known that fluoropolymers and, in particular, plastic composition based on vinyl chloride polymers polytetrafluoroethylene, have a very low coefficient of and chlorinated low-pressure polyethylene which has sliding friction and are therefore recommended as an improved processing properties, in particular when additive for other plastics in quantities of 10-30 parts by shaped by extrusion, and which can also be prepared in weight, in order to exert an advantageous effect on the O a simple manner. anti-friction properties of articles molded from these It has now been found that the desired objective can plastics. In this case the fluoropolymer (polytetrafluoro be achieved in a surprisingly simple manner if the chlo ethylene) is employed as a filler. rinated polyethylene is first mixed, on its own, with a Thus German Auslegeschrift No. 1,286,302 describes fluoropolymer, or-which is less preferable-if the the addition of polytetrafluoroethylene to other organic 15 chlorination of the polyethylene for the preparation of polymers including also polyvinyl chloride (PVC), in the chlorinated polyethylene is already effected in the order to control the processing properties and the melt presence of a fluoropolymer and the chlorinated poly viscosity of these polymers. According to the teaching ethylene thus obtained is then mixed with the vinyl of this German Auslegeschrift, it is essential for this that chloride polymer. the polytetrafluoroethylene should be in a micro-fibrous 20 The invention therefore relates to a thermoplastic or submicro-fibrous form and that, after being mixed composition composed essentially of: with a polymer, the bulk of the polytetrafluoroethylene (A) 97 to 80% by weight of a vinyl chloride polymer particles should have a diameter below the resolving and power of an optical microscope. A further requirement (B) 3 to 20% by weight of a chlorinated low-pressure for the use of polytetrafluoroethylene particles in accor 25 polyethylene, wherein, before the components (A) and dance with this publication is that the polytetrafluoro (B) are mixed, the component (B) is mixed with 0.01 to ethylene particles must be capable of adhering to one 2.0% by weight, relative to the chlorinated low-pres another and of forming a coherent composition. Poly sure polyethylene, of a finely divided fluoropolymer. ethylene particles which do not adhere to one another The invention also relates to a thermoplastic compo are, therefore, not suitable. The prescribed fine disper 30 sition composed essentially of: sion of the polytetrafluoroethylene is effected by inten (A) 97 to 80% by weight of a vinyl chloride polymer sively grinding the polymer, mixed with polytetrafluo and roethylene, in a fusible state and, for this reason alone, (B) 3 to 20% by weight of a chlorinated low-pressure would be completely unsuitable for the technique of polyethylene, wherein a chlorinated low-pressure poly preparing PVC dry blends. 35 ethylene which has been prepared by chlorinating low It is stated in German Offendegungsschrift No. pressure polyethylene in an aqueous or aqueous hydro 1,694,338 that the processing properties of PVC are chloric acid suspension is used, and wherein 0.01 to improved by enveloping the individual particles of the 2.0% by weight, relative to polyethylene, of a finely pulverulent PVC with selected polymer coatings. Coat divided fluoropolymer have been added to the chlorina ing polymers which are preferred in this respect are tion liquor, excluding chlorinated low-pressure polyeth fluorocarbon polymers. The PVC particles are envel ylenes which are obtained by chlorinating low-pressure oped by coating them with a fluorine-containing mono polyethylene in the presence of 0.3 to 1.5% by weight mer which is then polymerized in a suitable manner, for of a polytetrafluoroethylene wax having a molecular example by means of organic peroxides. 45 weight of 10 to 106 and a particle size of 0.1 to 10.0 um A procedure of this type for improving the process and, additionally also 0.01 to 1.1% by weight of silica ing properties of PVC is very tedious and expensive and which has been rendered hydrophobic and has a parti conflicts with the practical use of fluorocarbon poly cle size of about 7 to 18 nm and 0.5 to 3.5% by weight mers for this purpose, especially since tetrafluoroethyl of an inert inorganic additive which has a high absorp ene, which has a boiling point of -76. C., cannot, in 50 tive capacity for low-pressure polyethylene. accordance with the teaching of this German Offen In accordance with the invention it is possible, in legungsschrift, be polymerized in an aqueous dispersion principle, to employ the known fluoropolymers accord to form a polymeric coating without the use of pressure. ing to employ the known fluoropolymers according to There has also been no lack of attempts to improve the state of the art, but the latter should preferably the processing properties of high impact strength PVC 55 already be in an appropriately finely divided state and compositions, which are difficult to process, by adding should have an average particle size within the range lubricants, for example metal stearates, polyethylene from 0.05 to 50 um, preferably 0.1 to 10 um. The fluoro waxes, fatty acid esters and the like or other additives. polymer can be used here either in the form of powder As well as being only moderately successful, additives or in the form of dispersions; in the latter case the dis of this type often exhibit undesirable side effects which 60 persion medium is preferably an organic liquid which is manifest themselves, for example, in surface markings of readily compatible with PVC and chlorinated polyeth the visual surface of extruded sections, and tend under ylene, such as, for example, an aqueous solution of the certain circumstances to exude (plate out) or impair the ammonium salt of perfluorooctoic acid or, for instance, plasticization process. This also applies to attempts to dioctyl phthalate and the like. Dispersions of this type improve the processing properties of PVC/CPE mix 65 can have a fluoropolymer content (relative to the total tures by adding finely divided polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion) of 10 to 50% by weight, preferably 15 to to these mixtures. The results fall more or less within 25% by weight; the particle size is in most cases within the range of results achieved by other processing auxil the range from 0.1 to 10 um, preferably 0.2 to 4 um. 4,481,333 3 4. The term "fluoropolymers' is to be understood here ylene. This is effected by adding the fluoropolymer, for as meaning polymers which preferably contain at least example in the form of powder, to the aqueous or aque 50% by weight, in particular at least 70% by weight, ous hydrochloric acid suspension during the chlorina relative to the polymer, of fluoroolefin units, and which tion reaction, which is carried out in the conventional have thermoplastic properties. Examples of fluoroole 5 ae, fins which may be mentioned here are tetrafluoroethyl The thermoplastic composition according to the in ene, trifluorochloroethylene, vinyl fluoride and vinyli vention contains 97 to 80% by weight, preferably 90 to dene fluoride, and examples of corresponding polymers 80% by weight, of polyvinyl chloride or a copolymer of are polytetrafluoroethylene, polytrifluoroethylene, pol vinyl chloride with other comonomers. The following yvinyl fluoride and polyvinylidene fluoride, and also 10 are examples of possible comonomers: olefins, such as corresponding copolymers containing mixtures of such ethylene or propylene, vinyl esters of linear or branched fluoroolefin units and/or units derived, for example, carboxylic acids having 2 to 20, preferably 2 to 4, car from hexafluoropropene or from olefins, such as ethyl bon atoms, such as vinyl acetate, propionate, butyrate, ene, and from fluorinated ethers, in particular per 2-ethylhexoate or stearate or vinyl isotridecanoate; fluoro(alkyl-vinyl)ethers, such as perfluoropropyl per 15 vinyl halides, such as vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride fluorovinyl ether. Homopolymers and copolymers of or vinylidene chloride; vinyl ethers, such as vinyl this type are described, for example, in German Offen methyl ether; vinylpyridine; unsaturated acids, such as legungsschrift No.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Properties of Polypropylene Yarns with a Polytetrafluoroethylene
    coatings Article Properties of Polypropylene Yarns with a Polytetrafluoroethylene Coating Containing Stabilized Magnetite Particles Natalia Prorokova 1,2,* and Svetlana Vavilova 1 1 G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya St. 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia; [email protected] 2 Department of Natural Sciences and Technosphere Safety, Ivanovo State Polytechnic University, Sheremetevsky Ave. 21, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper describes an original method for forming a stable coating on a polypropylene yarn. The use of this method provides this yarn with barrier antimicrobial properties, reducing its electrical resistance, increasing its strength, and achieving extremely high chemical resistance, similar to that of fluoropolymer yarns. The method is applied at the melt-spinning stage of polypropylene yarns. It is based on forming an ultrathin, continuous, and uniform coating on the surface of each of the yarn filaments. The coating is formed from polytetrafluoroethylene doped with magnetite nanoparticles stabilized with sodium stearate. The paper presents the results of a study of the effects of such an ultrathin polytetrafluoroethylene coating containing stabilized magnetite particles on the mechanical and electrophysical characteristics of the polypropylene yarn and its barrier antimicrobial properties. It also evaluates the chemical resistance of the polypropylene yarn with a coating based on polytetrafluoroethylene doped with magnetite nanoparticles. Citation: Prorokova, N.; Vavilova, S. Properties of Polypropylene Yarns Keywords: coatings; polypropylene yarn; polytetrafluoroethylene; magnetite nanoparticles; barrier with a Polytetrafluoroethylene antimicrobial properties; surface electrical resistance; chemical resistance; tensile strength Coating Containing Stabilized Magnetite Particles. Coatings 2021, 11, 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ coatings11070830 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Vinyl Chloride
    Withdrawn Provided for Historical Reference Only VINYL CHLORIDE Method no.: 04 Matrix: Air Target concentration: 1 ppm (2.5 mg/m3) (OSHA PEL) Procedure: Collection on charcoal (two-tubes in-series) , desorption with carbon disulfide, analysis by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Stored in refrigerator and analyzed as soon as possible. Detection limit based on recommended air volume: 0.25 ppm Recommended air volume and sampling rate: 1 L at 0.05 L/min Standard error of estimate at the target concentration: 7.6% (Figure 4.1.) Status of method: Recommended by NIOSH, partially evaluated by OSHA Laboratory. Date:WITHDRAWN April 1979 Chemist: Dee R. Chambers Organic Methods Evaluation Branch OSHA Analytical Laboratory Salt Lake City Utah Note: OSHA no longer uses or supports this method (December 2019). Withdrawn Provided for Historical Reference Only 1. General Discussion 1.1. Background 1.1.1. History In January 1974, B.F. Goodrich Chemical Company informed NIOSH of several deaths among polyvinyl chloride production workers from angiosarcoma, a rare liver cancer. In response to this and other evidence of potential hazards, OSHA lowered the workplace air standard for vinyl chloride (VC) from 500 ppm to 1 ppm 8-h time weighted average. Since the recognition that VC was a carcinogen, a great deal of research into the sampling and analytical methodology has been conducted. Perhaps the most complete and thorough examination has been conducted by Hill, McCammon, Saalwaechter, Teass, and W oodfin for NIOSH titled "The Gas Chromatographic Determination of Vinyl Chloride in Air Samples Collected on Charcoal" (Ref. 5.1.).
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Names and Manufacturers
    Appendix I Trade names and manufacturers In this appendix, some trade names of various polymeric materials are listed. The list is intended to cover the better known names but it is by no means exhaustive. It should be noted that the names given may or may not be registered. Trade name Polymer Manufacturer Abson ABS polymers B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Acrilan Polyacrylonitrile Chemstrand Corp. Acrylite Poly(methyl methacrylate) American Cyanamid Co. Adiprene Polyurethanes E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Afcoryl ABS polymers Pechiney-Saint-Gobain Alathon Polyethylene E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Alkathene Polyethylene Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Alloprene Chlorinated natural rubber Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Ameripol cis-1 ,4-Polyisoprene B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Araldite Epoxy resins Ciba (A.R.L.) Ltd. Arnel Cellulose triacetate Celanese Corp. Arnite Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Algemene Kunstzijde Unie N.Y. Baypren Polychloroprene Farbenfabriken Bayer AG Beetle Urea-formaldehyde resins British Industrial Plastics Ltd. Ben vic Poly(vinyl chloride) Solvay & Cie S.A. Bexphane Polypropylene Bakelite Xylonite Ltd. Butacite Poly( vinyl butyral) E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Butakon Butadiene copolymers Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Butaprene Styrene-butadiene copolymers Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. Butvar Poly(vinyl butyral) Shawinigan Resins Corp. Cap ran Nylon 6 Allied Chemical Corp. Carbowax Poly(ethylene oxide) Union Carbide Corp. Cariflex I cis-1 ,4-Polyisoprene Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. Carina Poly(vinyl chloride) Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. TRADE NAMES AND MANUFACTURERS 457 Trade name Polymer Manufacturer Carin ex Polystyrene Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. Celcon Formaldehyde copolymer Celanese Plastics Co. Cellosize Hydroxyethylcellulose Union Carbide Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • Blends of Polycarbonate Containing Fluorinated-Bisphenol-A and Polyvinyl Chloride
    Europaisches Patentamt European Patent Office © Publication number: 0 576 057 A1 Office europeen des brevets EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION © Application number: 93201533.2 int. Ci.5; C08L 69/00, C08L 27/06, C08G 64/10, //(C08L69/00, @ Date of filing: 28.05.93 27:06),(C08L27/06,69:00) © Priority: 01.06.92 US 891032 © Applicant: ENICHEM S.p.A. Piazza della Repubblica, 16 @ Date of publication of application: 1-20124 Milano(IT) 29.12.93 Bulletin 93/52 @ Inventor: Drzewinski, Michael A. © Designated Contracting States: 371 Clarksville Road, Princeton Junction AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC New Jersey 08850(US) NL PT SE © Representative: Roggero, Sergio et al Ing. Barzano & Zanardo Milano S.p.A. Via Borgonuovo 10 1-20121 Milano (IT) © Blends of polycarbonate containing fluorinated-bisphenol-A and polyvinyl chloride. © Bisphenol A polycarbonate containing at least 15 mole % of 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane (6F-Bisphenol A) can be blended with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to form a thermodynamically miscible, transpar- ent, single phase blend at all compositions. Such blends are flame resistant as well as resistant to attack by acids, bases and many organic solvents. CO Rank Xerox (UK) Business Services (3. 10/3.6/3.3. 1) EP 0 576 057 A1 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention: 5 This invention pertains to mixtures of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polycarbonates which contain at least 15 mole % of fluorinated bisphenol monomer units (F-PC) such as 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- hexafluoropropane (6F-bisphenol A), herein referred to as 6F-PC.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Attempts in the Design of Efficient PVC Plasticizers With
    materials Review Recent Attempts in the Design of Efficient PVC Plasticizers with Reduced Migration Joanna Czogała 1,2,3,* , Ewa Pankalla 2 and Roman Turczyn 1,* 1 Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2 Research and Innovation Department, Grupa Azoty Zakłady Azotowe K˛edzierzynS.A., Mostowa 30A, 47-220 K˛edzierzyn-Ko´zle,Poland; [email protected] 3 Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (R.T.) Abstract: This paper reviews the current trends in replacing commonly used plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, formulations by new compounds with reduced migration, leading to the enhance- ment in mechanical properties and better plasticizing efficiency. Novel plasticizers have been divided into three groups depending on the replacement strategy, i.e., total replacement, partial replacement, and internal plasticizers. Chemical and physical properties of PVC formulations containing a wide range of plasticizers have been compared, allowing observance of the improvements in polymer per- formance in comparison to PVC plasticized with conventionally applied bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate and di-n-octyl terephthalate. Among a variety of newly developed plasticizers, we have indicated those presenting excellent migration resistance and advantageous mechanical properties, as well as those derived from natural sources. A separate chapter has been dedicated to the description of a synergistic effect of a mixture of two plasticizers, primary and secondary, that benefits in migration suppression when secondary plasticizer is added to PVC blend.
    [Show full text]
  • Preventing Harm from Phthalates, Avoiding PVC in Hospitals
    Preventing Harm from Phthalates, Avoiding PVC in Hospitals Karolina Ruzickova • Madeleine Cobbing • Mark Rossi • Thomas Belazzi Authors: Karolina Růžičková Madeleine Cobbing Mark Rossi, PhD. Thomas Belazzi, PhD. Acknowledgments: We would like to express our thanks to those who have contributed to the medical devices analysis and the content of the report: Prof. Ing. Bruno Klausbrückner, Vienna Hospital Association, Austria. Patricia Cameron and Friederike Otto, BUND – Friends of the Earth, Germany. Sonja Haider, Women in Europe for Common Future, Germany. Angelina Bartlett, Germany. Dorothee Lebeda, Germany. Aurélie Gauthier, CNIID, France. Lenka Mašková, Arnika, Czech Republic. Lumír Kantor, MD, Faculty Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic. Juan Antonio Ortega García, Children’s Hospital La Fe, Spain. Malgorzata Kowalska, 3R, Poland. Anne Marie Vass, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden. Åke Wennmalm, MD, PhD, Stockholm County Council, Sweden. Magnus Hedenmark, MSc., Sweden. We are deeply indebted to those have reviewed the report: Ted Schettler MD, MPH, Science and Environmental Health Network, USA. Charlotte Brody, RN and Stacy Malkan, Health Care Without Harm, USA. Sanford Lewis, Attorney, USA. And Dr.Čestmír Hrdinka, Health Care Without Harm, Czech Republic. We would also like to thank to Štěpán Bartošek and Štěpán Mamula for the design and production of the report and Stefan Gara for providing pictures. Preventing Harm from Phthalates, Avoiding PVC in Hospitals Heath Care Without Harm June 2004 Authors: Karolina Růžičková, Madeleine Cobbing, Mark Rossi, PhD., Thomas Belazzi, PhD. © 2004 Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... 4 From Foetus to Toddler: Exposure to DEHP during a Critical Period of Development ........... 5 The Toxicity of DEHP DEHP Exposure during Specifi c Medical Treatment Therapies Results from Analytical Survey of Phthalates in Medical Products.........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Linear Low Density Polyethylene/Polytetrafluoroethylene-G-1,3-Butadiene Processability
    Study of linear low density polyethylene/polytetrafluoroethylene-g-1,3-butadiene processability H. F. R. Ferreto; L. F. C. P. Lima; D. F. Parra; A. B. Lugão Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN Av. Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-900 Butantã, São Paulo, SP. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The extrusion of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) is limited by a process related defect known as ‘melt fracture’ or ‘sharkskin’, which is a surface defect of the extruded polymer. This defect results in a product with a rough surface that lacks luster and in alterations of specific surface properties. The aim of this study was to obtain a recycled polytetrafluoroethylene polymer with an olefin that could improve the extrudability of the LLDPE. The copolymer was obtained by irradiating recycled PTFE in an inert atmosphere followed by the addition of an olefinic monomer to graft the latter in the polymeric matrix (PTFE). The olefinic monomer used was 1,3-butadiene. The specimens were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG). Therefore, in an effort to enhance the processability and so the drawability, it has been found helpful to add a small amount of copolymer. 0.2-2.0 wt% of the copolymer that was obtained was mixed with LLDPE. The rheological properties of the mixture were determined with, a torque Haake rheometer, a rotational Physica rheometer. The results indicated that the process used rendered a copolymer which when added to LLDPE, improved the extrusion process and eliminated the defect ‘melt fracture’. Keywords: gamma radiation, PTFE, LLDPE, grafting 1 Introduction The radiation-induced grafting for modification of properties from commercial polymer is a largely studied technique.
    [Show full text]
  • Microstructure and Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene Composites
    coatings Article Microstructure and Properties of Polytetrafluoroethylene Composites Modified by Carbon Materials and Aramid Fibers Fubao Zhang *, Jiaqiao Zhang , Yu Zhu, Xingxing Wang and Yuyang Jin School of Mechanical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China; [email protected] (J.Z.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (X.W.); [email protected] (Y.J.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-13646288919 Received: 12 October 2020; Accepted: 16 November 2020; Published: 18 November 2020 Abstract: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is polymerized by tetrafluoroethylene, which has high corrosion resistance, self-lubrication and high temperature resistance. However, due to the large expansion coefficient, high temperature will gradually weaken the intermolecular bonding force of PTFE, which will lead to the enhancement of permeation absorption and the limitation of the application range of fluoroplastics. In order to improve the performance of PTFE, the modified polytetrafluoroethylene, filled by carbon materials and aramid fiber with different scales, is prepared through the compression and sintering. Moreover, the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the prepared composite materials are tested. In addition, the influence of different types of filler materials and contents on the properties of PTFE is studied. According to the experiment results, the addition of carbon fibers with different scales reduces the tensile and impact properties of the composite materials, but the elastic modulus and wear resistance are significantly improved. Among them, the wear rate of 7 µm carbon fiber modified PTFE has decreased by 70%, and the elastic modulus has increased by 70%. The addition of aramid fiber filler significantly reduces the tensile and impact properties of the composite, but its elastic modulus and wear resistance are significantly improved.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicity of the Pyrolysis and Combustion Products of Poly (Vinyl Chlorides): a Literature Assessment
    FIRE AND MATERIALS VOL. II, 131-142 (1987) Toxicity of the Pyrolysis and Combustion Products of Poly (Vinyl Chlorides): A Literature Assessment Clayton Huggett and Barbara C. Levin* us Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, National Engineering Laboratory, Center for Fire Research, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA Poly(vinyl chlorides) (PVC) constitute a major class of synthetic plastics. Many surveys of the voluminous literature have been performed. This report reviews the literature published in English from 1969 through 1984 and endeavors to be more interpretive than comprehensive. pve compounds, in general, are among the more fire resistant common organic polymers, natural or synthetic. The major products of thermal decomposition include hydrogen chloride, benzene and unsaturated hydrocarbons. In the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water are included among the common combustion products. The main toxic products from PVC fires are hydrogen chloride (a sensory and pulmonary irritant) and carbon monoxide (an asphyxiant). The LCso values calculated for a series of natural and synthetic materials thermally decomposed according to the NBS toxicity test method ranged from 0.045 to 57 mgl-l in the flaming mode and from 0.045 to > 40mgl-l in the non-flaming mode. The LCso results for a PVC resin decomposed under the same conditions were 17 mg 1- 1 in the flaming mode and 20 mg 1- 1 in the non-flaming mode. These results indicate that PVC decomposition products are not extremely toxic when compared with those from other common building materials. When the combustion toxicity (based on their HCI content) of PVC materials is compared with pure HCI experiments, it appears that much of the post-exposure toxicity can be explained by the HCI tha t is genera ted.
    [Show full text]
  • Photo-Stabilizers Utilizing Ibuprofen Tin Complexes Against Ultraviolet Radiation
    Article A Surface Morphological Study, Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Photo-Stabilizers Utilizing Ibuprofen Tin Complexes against Ultraviolet Radiation Baraa Watheq 1, Emad Yousif 1,* , Mohammed H. Al-Mashhadani 1, Alaa Mohammed 1 , Dina S. Ahmed 2, Mohammed Kadhom 3 and Ali H. Jawad 4 1 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, 64021 Baghdad, Iraq; [email protected] (B.W.); [email protected] (M.H.A.-M.); [email protected] (A.M.) 2 Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, 64021 Baghdad, Iraq; [email protected] 3 Department of Renewable Energy, College of Energy and Environmental Science, Alkarkh University of Science, 64021 Baghdad, Iraq; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23 August 2020; Accepted: 9 October 2020; Published: 13 October 2020 Abstract: In this work, three Ibuprofen tin complexes were synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H and 119Sn-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopies to identify the structures. The complexes were mixed separately with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) to improve its photo-stability properties. Their activity was demonstrated by several approaches of the FTIR to exhibit the formation of new groups within the polymer structure due to the exposure to UV light. Moreover, the polymer’s weight loss during irradiation and the average molecular weight estimation using its viscosity before and after irradiation were investigated. Furthermore, different techniques were used to study the surface morphology of the PVC before and after irradiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Information on Plastics
    Plastics By K. P. Shah Email: kpshah123[at]gmail.com (Please replace [at] with @) Committed to improve the Quality of Life The information contained in this article represents a significant collection of technical information on plastics. This information will help to achieve increased reliability at a decreased cost. Assemblage of this information will provide a single point of reference that might otherwise be time consuming to obtain. Most of information given in this article is mainly derived from the literature on the subject indicated in the reference given at the end of this article. For more information, please refer it. All information contained in this article has been assembled with great care. However, the information is given for guidance purposes only. The ultimate responsibility for its use and any subsequent liability rests with the end user. Please see the disclaimer uploaded on http://www.practicalmaintenance.net. (Edition: April 2013) 1 Plastics www.practicalmaintenance.net Plastics Plastics are used in many products and components like compression packings, gaskets, seals, bearings, liners, etc. Instead of giving detail information about them in articles about these products, useful information about them is given in this article. Information about plastics and commonly used plastics like HDPE, UHMWPE, PTFE and nylon is given in this article. What is Plastic? Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials used in a huge, and growing, range of applications. All plastics were soft and moldable during their production - that's why they're called plastics. The Greek word plasticós means "to mold." Plastics are organic, the same as wood, paper or wool.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyvinylchloride, Phthalates and Packaging
    Page 29 | Bulletin 86 | July 2014 Polyvinylchloride, phthalates and packaging Plastics are synthetic resins, are either thermosetting or thermoplastic. Thermoplastic resins can be re-softened by heating, and include polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinylchloride (PVC) which is very widely used in disposable medical devices. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) Vinyl chloride (CH2=CHCl or chloroethylene) DEHP (sometimes referred to as bis is polymerized by free-radical initiators to (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate) is the diester of open the double bond and to link together phthalic acid and 2 ethylhexanol (Figure 2). vinyl chloride monomers, to form repeating Dr A M Walton units of polymers (Figure 1). Figure 2 The structure of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DEHP. Anaesthesia ST 7, Figure 1 The phthalic moiety is common to all phthalates; University Hospital The chemical structure of vinyl chloride and PVC the pair of symmetrical aliphatic chains depends Southampton on the esterified alcohol PVC is a rigid structure at room temperature. Heating gives the molecules energy, widens the distance between between the molecules and softens the resin. To give PVC flexibility at room and body temperatures, plasticisers Dr J M T Pierce are added non-covalently to the PVC when Consultant Anaesthetist, At room temperature it is a colourless, oil- University Hospital molten and serve as molecular spacers so soluble viscous liquid and is used to form Southampton; RCoA when cooled the polymer has a softness even up to 40% of the mass of the PVC product. Environmental Advisor at room temperatures. The most commonly The annual global production of DEHP is used plasticisers are phthalates.
    [Show full text]