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Design and Evaluation of Elements of a Life Support System for Mechanical Counterpressure Spacesuits by Jeremy Paul Stroming Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY May 2020 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2020. All rights reserved. Author.............................................................. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics May 19, 2020 Certified by. Dava J. Newman Apollo Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Thesis Supervisor Accepted by . Sertac Karaman Chair, Graduate Program Committee 2 Design and Evaluation of Elements of a Life Support System for Mechanical Counterpressure Spacesuits by Jeremy Paul Stroming Submitted to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics on May 19, 2020, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Aeronautics and Astronautics Abstract Mechanical counterpressure (MCP) spacesuits offer several advantages over tradi- tional gas-pressurized suits including lower energy cost of transport, reduced risk of decompression due to suit tear or puncture, and increased astronaut comfort. The BioSuitTM is an MCP concept being developed at MIT primarily for planetary ex- travehicular activity (EVA) on the Moon and Mars. In this thesis we present the initial design and testing of several key parts of the life support system for the BioSuitTM. First, a breathing compensation bladder that covers the chest and is pneumatically continuous with the helmet is discussed. This bladder eases the burden of respiration associated with constrictive garments and adapts to the changing volume of the chest to provide equalized pressure across the torso. The initial results of laboratory testing of the airflow and pressure maintenance of a bladder-helmet system on a mannequin are presented. Second, thermal modeling of a BioSuitTM EVA on the lunar and Mar- tian surfaces was conducted to assess the performance of MCP spacesuit garments in protecting astronauts from the extreme temperatures and harsh radiation environ- ments of those locations. This modeling included new proposed radiation protection and insulating materials as well as a passive elastic compressive layer. Results were computed for both male and female astronauts, helping to identify suit design differ- ences that will be needed to accommodate both men and women who will conduct future EVAs. This work is used to inform future design requirements for the suit's thermal management system. Overall, this research advances the development of life support systems for a full MCP spacesuit and lessons learned can be applied for future engineering prototypes. Thesis Supervisor: Dava J. Newman Title: Apollo Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics 3 4 Acknowledgments While an astronaut wearing a specially designed spacesuit can survive for short pe- riods in a vacuum, a graduate student at MIT most definitely cannot. There are dozens of people who have helped, supported, and guided me during my two years in this program and throughout my six total years at MIT. Without them I could never have gotten to this point. As I write this in the midst of the unprecedented COVID-19 global pandemic and a socially distanced world, the critical importance of human support networks is more apparent than ever. To Dava Newman, thank you for giving me the opportunity to stay in my home community of MIT AeroAstro and join you for two incredible years as a graduate student. Your skill in connecting students with incredible and far flung opportunities is unparalleled. Your ability to manage a ceaselessly frenetic work schedule while maintaining an unwavering and sincere personal interest in your students, friends, and colleagues is something to be admired. My life changed forever when you responded to one shot-in-the-dark email I sent you during my senior year of undergrad and I joined you for a UROP. For their invaluable assistance on the breathing bladder project, thank you to Gui Trotti and Michal Kracik. It would not have come together without you. To En- rico Rossetto, Vittorio Cafaggi, Nicola Parise, Andrea Azzolin, Alessandro Guzzon and all others at the D-Air LabTM who helped turn some of my sketches into a testable piece of hardware, grazie mille. Your hospitality during the week I spent in Vicenza was outstanding. It was far too short a visit and I hope to return someday. To my friends in the Human Systems Lab, thank you for creating and sustaining one of the best communities in the AeroAstro department. Thank you especially to Tim McGrath for being such a fun and smart research partner and mentor. I'll always remember our experience on that Zero G flight. Thank you also to Golda, Allison, Alvin, Ferrous, Rachel, Shea, Becca and Maya for building such a great cohort and Aditi and Tom for providing sublime office banter. To the other 5 members of the Quals study group including Jess, Nick, Christine and Akshay, I'm so glad I had you with me to go through the experience. Thank you also to the HSL and AeroAstro staff including Quentin Alexander, Liz Zotos, Leah Lovgren, Raina Puels, Beata Shuster and Joyce Light for keeping everything together and always being there to help (or just share some gossip). And thank you to Jennifer Craig for teaching me to be a better writer and helping guide our 16.83 students all the way to Enceladus. To the NASA Space Technology Research Fellowship office, thank you for believing in me and funding my proposal. You granted me the gift of freedom and flexibility in my graduate career that not many students have the privilege to experience. Thank you also to my NSTRF mentor, Chris Massina, for orchestrating a visit for me at the Johnson Space Center. John and Jodi Graf have a special place in my heart for letting me stay in their home during my visit. Thanks to Jon Michael Tucker for being a welcoming and kind office mate. Even in just 3 weeks you shared lessons on humility and responsibility in engineering (and life) that I still think about. And thank you especially to Hee Jong Song who connected me with a student license of TAIThermTM, without which a chapter of this thesis could not have been written. Obrigado to Ligia Fonseca Coelho, Manuel Almeida and the MIT Portugal Program for bringing us together in the opportunity to build a NanoLab payload that flew to space. It was wonderful to get to know you over Skype for so many months before you finally visited me in Boston. I can think of no better friends to co-star in the miniature feature film they made of our project. While I won't get to visit you in Portugal this summer, it is definitely on my list once the world returns to normal. Thank you to all of my different housemates. To my friends Andres, David, and Julius, I'm so happy we kept our close ties from undergrad alive. And to Althea, thank you for always being my biggest cheerleader and teaching me so much about everything ranging from Navajo culture to baby care. I'll never forget our crazy, spontaneous adventure in Iceland. To my friends on the MIT Cycling team, I cannot thank you enough. Being a part of this club was absolutely the best part of my graduate school experience 6 and what I will remember and cherish the most. Thank you to Sarah for being an incredible co-captain. And to Nic, Miles, Berk, Joanna, Dmitro, Carolyn, Lee, Meia, Amy, Tori, Guillaume, Liam and all the others, thank you for all the rides and camaraderie, from coffee stops at Haute and RSC to big races like GMSR and marathon rides like Six Gaps and Fall and Winter Training Camps. I look forward to rolling with you all again soon. Finally, thank you to my family. My parents, Susan and Steve, deserve national recognition for their constant love and support from all the way across the country in Issaquah throughout my six years at MIT. My brother Ahren and my sister Signe have always been there for me to lean on, whether it's to share a laugh or offer a patient ear anytime I am struggling. Their own incredible achievements{saving the world from Puget Sound to India|inspire me every day. I love you all. 7 8 Contents 1 Introduction 19 1.1 Motivation . 19 1.2 Problem Statement . 21 1.3 Contributions . 22 1.3.1 BioSuitTM Breathing Bladder . 22 1.3.2 MCP Suit EVA Thermal Modeling . 22 1.4 Thesis Outline . 23 2 Background on Spacesuit Life Support Systems 25 2.1 Planetary EVA Environments . 25 2.2 Life Support System Requirements . 26 2.3 Historical EVA Suits . 29 2.3.1 Mercury and Gemini . 29 2.3.2 Apollo . 31 2.3.3 Shuttle and ISS EMU . 32 2.3.4 xEMU . 33 2.3.5 Summary . 35 2.4 Life Support Subsystems . 35 2.4.1 Atmospheric Revitalization . 35 2.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing . 37 2.4.3 Thermal Management . 39 2.4.4 New and Advanced Thermal Management Technologies . 44 2.4.5 Summary . 49 9 2.5 Mechanical Counterpressure Spacesuits . 49 2.5.1 Space Activity Suit . 50 2.5.2 MIT BioSuitTM .......................... 54 2.6 Summary . 56 3 A Breathing Compensation Bladder for the BioSuitTM 59 3.1 Background . 59 3.1.1 Partial Pressure Flight Suits . 60 3.1.2 The Space Activity Suit . 63 3.1.3 MIT BioSuitTM .......................... 67 3.2 Design and Analysis . 68 3.2.1 Physiological Requirements . 68 3.2.2 Design . 70 3.2.3 Helmet and Breathing Bladder Air Flow Analysis . 72 3.3 Fabrication . 75 3.4 Testing and Initial Results .
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