Dino Demicheli Conventus Liburnorum, Conventus Liburnorum, Conventus Scardonitanus Conventus Scardonitanus Sicut Homines, Et Lapides Sua Fata Habent
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Dino Demicheli Conventus Liburnorum, Conventus Liburnorum, conventus Scardonitanus conventus Scardonitanus Sicut homines, et lapides sua fata habent. Sicut homines, et lapides sua fata habent. Dino Demicheli Dino Demicheli Sveučilište u Zagrebu University of Zagreb Filozofski fakultet Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Odsjek za arheologiju Department of Archaeology Ivana Lučića 3 Ivana Lučića 3 HR, 10000 Zagreb CROATIA, 10000 Zagreb [email protected] [email protected] UDK: 904 : 930.271(497.5 Skradin)“00” UDC: 904 : 930.271(497.5 Skradin)“00” Izvorni znanstveni članak Original scientific paper Primljeno: 3. 6. 2015. Received: 3. 6. 2015. Prihvaćeno: 9. 6. 2015. Accepted: 9. 6. 2015. The article analyzes a new fragment of an inscription from Skradin which mentions the conventus in Scardo- Članak analizira novi ulomak skradinskog natpisa na. An interesting fact is that this fragment was found in koji je spominjao konvent u Skardoni. Zanimljiva je Trogir, over 60 km from Skradin, during research into činjenica da je ovaj ulomak pronađen u Trogiru, više the Benedictine Convent of St. Nicholas. The connec- od 60 km udaljenom od Skradina, prilikom istraživa- tion of the two fragments helps to supplement the pre- nja ženskoga benediktinskog samostana sv. Nikole. vious reading and allows for something of an expanded Spajanjem dvaju ulomaka nadopunjuje se dosadašnje restitution, and verifies the first epigraphic mention of čitanje i pretpostavlja ponešto proširena restitucija te a conventus iuridicus in Dalmatia. An interpretation se potvrđuje prvi epigrafski spomen juridičkog kon- of this key place in the inscription which mentions a venta u Dalmaciji. Interpretacijom tog ključnog mje- conventus in Scardona has led to the assumption that sta natpisa koje spominje konvent u Skardoni, pretpo- its name was conventus Liburnorum. This conclusion stavljeno je da je ime ovog konventa glasilo conventus was reached by taking into consideration the previous Liburnorum. Do takvog se zaključka došlo uzimajući knowledge of the regional imperial cult in the territory u obzir sve dosadašnje spoznaje o pokrajinskom car- of Liburnia, as well as a comparison with conventus skom kultu na području Liburnije, kao i usporedbom names in Hispanian provinces. An analysis of the first s imenima konvenata u hispanskim provincijama. Pri fragment had already led to the conclusion that it is im- analizi prvog ulomka spomenika već je bilo zaključe- portant primarily from the standpoint of the regional no da je bitan ponajviše iz aspekta pokrajinskoga car- imperial cult in Liburnian territory, which was vener- skog kulta na području Liburnije, koji se štovao kod ated by the indigenous peregrine population, whose autohtonoga peregrinskog stanovništva i za čiju reli- religious practices had already been previously epi- gijsku praksu otprije postoje epigrafske potvrde u tom graphically confirmed in this context. The inscription kontekstu. Natpis je vrlo vjerojatno stajao na hramu was very likely installed in a temple built during the sagrađenom u vrijeme cara Tita, za propagandu kul- time of Emperor Titus, as propaganda for the Flavian ta flavijske dinastije, koji je ujedno postao i mjestom dynasty’s cult, which also became a place for worship štovanja pokrajinskoga carskog kulta za liburnske of the regional imperial cult by the Liburnian peregrine peregrinske zajednice. community. Key words: Dalmatia, Liburnia, inscriptions, Ključne riječi: Dalmacija, Liburnija, natpisi, Tragurium, Scardona, conventus iuridici, conven- Tragurij, Skardona, juridički konventi, conventus tus Liburnorum, Hispania, regional imperial cult, Liburnorum, pokrajinski carski kult, Vespazijan Vespasian 91 VAHD 108, 2015, 91-108 Uvod Introduction U Trogiru je prilikom obnove ženskog benedik- Archaeological research was conducted during the tinskog samostana i crkve sv. Nikole obavljeno ar- renovation of the Benedictine convent and Church heološko istraživanje pri kojem je pronađeno mnogo of St. Nicholas in Trogir, during which considerable arhitektonskih dokaza o fazama izgradnje tog objekta, architectural evidence of this structure’s construction ali i dokaza koji su potvrdili kontinuitet građevinske phases was found, as well as evidence that confirmed aktivnosti u Trogiru od antičkih dana. Taj je samostan the continuity of construction activities in Trogir since najstariji ženski benediktinski samostan u dalmatin- Classical Antiquity. This is the oldest convent of the skim gradovima, a nastao je godine 1064., kada je ko- Benedictine sisters in the Dalmatian cities, and it dates ludricama dodijeljena crkva sv. Dujma kod tzv. Vrata back to 1064, when the nuns were given the Church Gospodnjih i obala pred njima.1 Samostan je, među of St. Domnio at the so-called Lord’s Gate and the ostalim, poznat i po svojoj vrijednoj zbirci umjetni- seashore in front of it.1 The convent is known, among na Kairos, nazvanoj prema glasovitom helenističkom other things, for its valuable art collection called the ulomku reljefa s prikazom boga Kaira. U samostanski Kairos, named after the renowned Hellenistic frag- dvorišni zid ugrađen je također grčki natpis2 koji je ment of a relief bearing a depiction of the god Kairos. i dalje jedino epigrafsko svjedočanstvo helenističkog A Greek inscription2 is also built into the convent’s Trogira. U spomenutim su istraživanjima pronađeni courtyard wall, and this is still the sole epigraphic evi- ostaci helenističkih i kasnoantičkih obrambenih zido- dence of Hellenistic Trogir. The remains of Hellenis- va i južnih gradskih vrata3, kao i temelji crkvice sv. tic and Late Antique defensive walls and the southern Dujma, nad kojom je nastao veći samostan s crkvom. city gate3 were also found in the aforementioned re- Istraženo je i popločanje kanalizacijskog odvoda search, as were the foundations of the Church of St. Trogira koji djelomično prolazi kroz samostan sv. Ni- Domnius, upon which the larger convent with its own kole, a postavljeno je tijekom 19. stoljeća, kada su za church were built. njegove poklopnice iskorišteni i antički spoliji. Među The tiling on Trogir’s sewer main, which partially njima je bilo i dijelova natpisa koji se po svojim zna- passes through the St. Nicholas Convent, was also čajkama mogu datirati u 1. i 2. stoljeće, a pretpostavka examined; it was installed in the 19th century, and je da su nekoć bili dio nekropole s koje su možda do- Roman-era spolia were also used for its lids. Among neseni kako bi se ugradili u kasnoantičke građevine,4 them there were parts of an inscription which, by its kako je to na više mjesta potvrđeno u Trogiru.5 Od features, can be dated to the first and second centuries, antičkih spomenika koji su pokrivali ovaj kanal među and it has been assumed that they were once part of a najzanimljivijima su ulomak atičkog sarkofaga iz necropolis whence they were perhaps brought in order sredine 3. st. s prikazom Ahileja i konja iz scene ot- to construct a Late Antique building,4 as confirmed at kupa Hektorova tijela,6 jedan nadgrobni natpis iz 1. several sites in Trogir.5 Among the monuments from Antiquity that covered this sewer main, among the most interesting are a fragment of a third-century Attic sarcophagus bearing an image of Achilles and a horse, from the scene of the redemption of Hector’s 1 Prilikom 950. obljetnice osnutka ovog samostana publiciran je prigodni zbornik u kojem je, među osta- 1 An anthology was published to mark the 950th anni- lim vrijednim prilozima, podrobno opisana složena versary of the establishment of this convent, and one arheološka situacija prilikom istraživanja ovog prosto- of the contributions contained a detailed description ra. O tome više kod V. Kovačić 2014, str. 75-81. of the archaeological situation during research into the 2 Brunšmid 1998, str. 43, natpis br. 27. complex. For more, see V. Kovačić 2014, pp. 75-81. 3 Istraživanja su trajala od 1987. do 2008., s time da su 2 Brunšmid 1998, p. 43, inscription no. 27. prvih godina istraženi najveći dijelovi samostana. Opis 3 Research lasted from 1987 to 2008, although most of prvih sezona i arheološki kontekst unutar samostan- the convent were examined in the initial years. For a skog kompleksa v. kod V. Kovačić 1994, str. 51-65. description of the first seasons and the archaeological 4 Kovačić 1994, str. 60. context within the monastery complex, see V. Kovačić 5 Upravo kao spolij uzidan u kasnoantički zid bio je 1994, pp. 51-65. otkriven i žrtvenik božice Salacije, Demicheli 2008, 4 Kovačić 1994, p. 60. str. 69-80. 5 An altar to the goddess Salacia was also discovered as 6 Detaljno o samome spomeniku v. Kovačić 1988, str. a spolium in a Late Antique wall, Demicheli 2008, pp. 5-19. 69-80. 92 Dino Demicheli, Conventus Liburnorum, conventus Scardonitanus Conventus Liburnorum, conventus Scardonitanus body,6 a gravestone inscription from the 1st century7 and a fragment of a monumental imperial inscription,8 which is the topic of this work. The inscription mentioning a conventus in Scar- dona During research in the sewer main in 1987/88, a limestone slab was found bearing an inscription, which is today held in the Kairos Collection of the Benedic- tine convent in Trogir (Fig. 1). The monument’s dimen- sions are: ht. 79 cm, wid. 49 cm, thk. 13 cm. The slab’s surface on the inscription side is damaged, with the remnants of limescale on it and in the grooves of indi- vidual letters. The surface is corroded, because the slab was installed face downward, so it was in contact with waste- and stormwater. Due to the monument’s condi- tion, the reading of the inscription was not entirely clear, so its transcription when published9 differs somewhat from the transcription presented herein. Damage is vis- ible on the lower half of the slab in the form of furrows that extend vertically along its middle. The appearance of the preserved portion clearly indicates that the slab was part of a large inscription that was sawed apart so that its pieces could be used as construction material.