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Universiv Micrdmlms International Aoon.Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality o f the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “ Missing Page(s)” . I f it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image o f the page can be found in the adjacent frame. I f copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part o f the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer o f a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. I f necessary, sectioning is continued again-beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. UniversiV Micrdmlms International aoON.Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8510597 Lopez, John Michael RHETORIC OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY MAKING: THE "IDEOLOGY OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" AND ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT JUSCELINO KUBITSCHEK OF BRAZIL DURING 1956 ■ 1958 The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1985 University Microfilms I nternsitionsl 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1985 by Lopez, John Michael All Rights Reserved RHETORIC OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY-MAKING: THE "IDEOLOGY OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT" AND ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT JUSCELINO KUBITSCHEK OF BRAZIL DURING 1956 - 1958 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By John Michael Lopez, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1985 Reading Committee: Approved by James L. Golden William R. Brown Donald B. Cooper ^ J X / J ' ' ' AdvTser Dep^tment of Communication Copyright by John Michael Lopez 1985 To Shelley, whose venturesome s p irit makes our odyssey possible 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. James Golden gave me free rein to follow my interests. Dr. William Brown permitted me the use of his models and theory. Dr. Donald Cooper patiently prodded me toward a more perfect con­ ception of Brazilian history. These men deserve better, but have been content with my best. Many friends have fa ith fu lly encouraged me throughout this long project, especially Russ and Doris Paine, Phil and Judy Niemie, Dan and Carol Estes and many others in the Clintonville Family. My parents, Mike and Johnnie, Roger and Ruth, did not begrudge ample love and support. Shelley, my wife and Gabe, my son have lived practically all our joint life in the shadow of this project. They gave me love, laughter and support. I could not have done i t without them. in VITA March 25, 1950 ............................................. Born - Atlanta, Georgia 1972 .......................................... B.A., Bob Jones University, Greenville, South Carolina 1972-1975 ............................................ Teaching Associate, Department of Fine Arts, Bob Jones University, Greenville, South Carolina 1975 ............................................ M.A., Bob Jones University, Greenville, South Carolina 1978-1981 ............................................ Teaching Associate, Department of Communication, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1984-present ............................................ Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Arts, Cedarville College, Cedarville, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Communication Studies in Rhetorical Theory and Criticism. Professors William R. Brown and James L. Golden Studies in Mass Communication. Professor Robert Monaghan Studies in Latin American History. Professor Donald B. Cooper IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................... i ü VITA ................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................... x CHAPTER I. LATIN AMERICAN DISCOURSE AND A RHETORIC OF BRAZILIAN POLICY-MAKING ................................................................................... 1 National Development in Latin America Portuguese Experience............................................................ 3 Economic Nationalism in Brazil .................................................... 5 Brazilian Policy-Making 1945-1964 .................................... 7 Approaches to Kubitschek Administration ................................ 9 "Ideology of National Development".................................... 10 ISEB............................................................................................... 11 President Kubitschek............................................................... 13 Objects fo r Research and Possible Findings ............................ 15 Description: "Rhetoric of . Policy-Making" . 16 Research Question 21 Plan and Data 21 II. UNITED STATES COMMUNICATION RESEARCH OF "DEVELOPMENT" IN LATIN AMERICA............................................................................... 29 United States Communication Studies in Latin America: 1931 through 1970 .................................................................... 30 Journalistic Perspective: The Ethics and Institutions of Democracy ............................................ 30 Sociological Perspective: Media Systems and Modernization .................................................................... 30 Foreign Policy Imperative: Modernization and P olitical Development.................................................... 34 Communication Studies Attacking Development Problems........................................................................ 35 Studies Positing Communication-Generated Development Processes............................................ 37 The Passing of a Dominant Paradigm: Political Realities and Heuristic Value ............................................ 40 Latin American and United States Studies on Communication and Development: 1970 to the Present . 44 Latin American Criticism: "Who is to Blame?" .... 45 Latin American Criticism: "United States Paradigms Good for Whom?" ............................................ 46 New Sciences: Radicalism or Research? .................... 49 Conclusion........................................................................................ 53 I I I . PROMINENT AGENTS AND AGENCIES IN BRAZILIAN POLICY-MAKING. 67 Prominent Events, Figures and Issues in Brazilian Policy-Making ................................................................ 68 Foreign Capital ........................................................................ 68 Perceptions and Analysis of Balance of Payment Problems.................................................................................... 70 Patrimonial State .................................................................... 71 Army and Getulio Vargas .............................................................72 Nationalism .................................................................................... 75 Neo-Liberal Formula fo r Development.................................76 Developmental-Nationalist Formula for Development........................................................................ 77 Radical Nationalist Formula for Development. 78 Organization of Policy-Making Agents .............................................79 Brazilian Political Culture ................................................ 80 Brazilian Career Structure ........................................................ 81 Factors Directing Policy Formulation.....................................84 Tecnico........................................................................................85 Public Opinion and Communication Systems ................ 87 Modernizing Economic Ideology.............................................89 Conclusion........................................................................................ 92 IV. COMMUNICATION MODEL OF BRAZILIAN POLICY-MAKING.....................100 ISEB and Kubitschek Policies .........................................................101 Social Science Research and National Development. 105 Dialectic and Policy Invention ...............................................106
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