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TIMELINE of ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 B.C. AUGUSTUS 16 Jan 27 BC AUGUSTUS CAESAR Other title: e.g. Filius Augustorum Aureus 7.8g KEY TO METALLIC COMPOSITION Quinarius Aureus GOLD Gold Aureus 25 silver Denarii Gold Quinarius 12.5 silver Denarii SILVER Silver Denarius 16 copper Asses Silver Quinarius 8 copper Asses DE-BASED SILVER from c. 260 Brass Sestertius 4 copper Asses Brass Dupondius 2 copper Asses ORICHALCUM (BRASS) Copper As 4 copper Quadrantes Brass Semis 2 copper Quadrantes COPPER Copper Quadrans Denarius 3.79g 96-98% fine Quinarius Argenteus 1.73g 92% fine Sestertius 25.5g Dupondius 12.5g As 10.5g Semis Quadrans TIMELINE of ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE B.C. 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 A.D.A.D. denominational relationships relationships based on Aureus Aureus 7.8g 1 Quinarius Aureus 3.89g 2 Denarius 3.79g 25 50 Sestertius 25.4g 100 Dupondius 12.4g 200 As 10.5g 400 Semis 4.59g 800 Quadrans 3.61g 1600 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 19 Aug TIBERIUS TIBERIUS Aureus 7.75g Aureus Quinarius Aureus 3.87g Quinarius Aureus Denarius 3.76g 96-98% fine Denarius Sestertius 27g Sestertius Dupondius 14.5g Dupondius As 10.9g As Semis Quadrans 3.61g Quadrans 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 TIBERIUS CALIGULA CLAUDIUS Aureus 7.75g 7.63g Quinarius Aureus 3.87g 3.85g Denarius 3.76g 96-98% fine 3.75g 98% fine Sestertius 27g 28.7g -
Introduction
INTRODUCTION It may be worth explaining why this collection has concentrated on a series of coins which has been, at least until quite re- cently, deeply unfashionable. It would be difficult to argue for the artistic merits of mid third-century coins, and the technical skills apparent in both die-engraving and striking are frequently low. The formation of this collection has passed through a number of successive phases, in fact, with different motivations in each case. When I first started to collect Roman coins, as a university student in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the main attraction of coins of emperors such as Gallienus and Claudius II was that many of them could be obtained without large financial outlay. Common types could be purchased for just a pound or two each. Once in paid employment I was able to expand the range of my collecting to some extent, but I very soon discovered that many of my colleagues in the archaeology and museum profes- sions were deeply opposed to the idea of those employed in this type of work forming private collections at all – an attitude which unfortunately still persists in some quarters today. I disagree with this fundamentally, as I believe that those who are fortunate enough to be able to accumulate numismatic knowledge in the course of their employment are best placed to carry out research on, and publish discussion of, interesting items which appear on the open market. I do, however, accept that it is at the very least unwise to collect in the same field as an institution where one is employed, as aspersions can be cast, however unjustly, and these may harm one’s reputation. -
Coin Hoards from the British Isles 2015
COIN HOARDS FROM THE BRITISH ISLES 2015 EDITED BY RICHARD ABDY, MARTIN ALLEN AND JOHN NAYLOR BETWEEN 1975 and 1985 the Royal Numismatic Society published summaries of coin hoards from the British Isles and elsewhere in its serial publication Coin Hoards, and in 1994 this was revived as a separate section in the Numismatic Chronicle. In recent years the listing of finds from England, Wales and Northern Ireland in Coin Hoards was principally derived from reports originally prepared for publication in the Treasure Annual Report, but the last hoards published in this form were those reported under the 1996 Treasure Act in 2008. In 2012 it was decided to publish summaries of hoards from England, Wales, Scotland, the Isle of Man, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the Channel Islands in the British Numismatic Journal on an annual basis. The hoards are listed in two sections, with the first section consisting of summaries of Roman hoards, and the second section providing more concise summaries of medieval and post-medieval hoards. In both sections the summaries include the place of finding, the date(s) of discovery, the suggested date(s) of deposition, and the number allocated to the hoard when it was reported under the terms of the Treasure Act (in England and Wales) or the laws of Treasure Trove (in Scotland). For reasons of space names of finders are omitted from the sum- mary of medieval and post-medieval hoards. Reports on most of the English and Welsh hoards listed are available online from the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) website: select the ‘Search our database’ bar under finds.org.uk/database, and type in the treasure case number without spaces (e.g. -
The Origins and Development of Financial Markets and Institutions: from the Seventeenth Century to the Present
This page intentionally left blank The Origins and Development of Financial Markets and Institutions Collectively, mankind has never had it so good despite periodic economic crises of which the current sub-prime crisis is merely the latest example. Much of this success is attributable to the increasing efficiency of the world’s financial institutions as finance has proved to be one of the most important causal factors in economic performance. In a series of original essays, leading financial and economic historians examine how financial innovations from the seventeenth century to the present have continually challenged established institutional arr- angements forcing change and adaptation by governments, financial intermediaries, and financial markets. Where these have been success- ful, wealth creation and growth have followed. When they failed, growth slowed and sometimes economic decline has followed. These essays illustrate the difficulties of coordinating financial innovations in order to sustain their benefits for the wider economy, a theme that will be of interest to policy makers as well as economic historians. JEREMY ATACK is Professor of Economics and Professor of History at Vanderbilt University. He is also a research associate with the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and has served as co-editor of the Journal of Economic History. He is co-author of A New Economic View of American History (1994). LARRY NEAL is Emeritus Professor of Economics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he was founding director of the European Union Center. He is a visiting professor at the London School of Economics and a research associate with the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). -
Eleventh Session, Commencing at 9.30 Am
Eleventh Session, Commencing at 9.30 am 2632* ANCIENT GOLD COINS Lesbos, Mytilene, electrum Hekte (2.56 g), c.450 B.C., obv. diademed head of a Satyr to right, with full beard and goat's ear, rev. Heads of two confronted rams, butting their heads together, above a palmette all within incuse square, (S.4244, GREEK BMC 40. Bodenstedt 37, SNG Fitz.4340). Fine/very good, scarce. $300 2630* 2633* Macedon, Kingdom of Philip II, (359-336 B.C.), gold stater, Ionia, Phokaia, (c.477-388 B.C.), electrum hekte or sixth (8.64 g), Pella mint, struck under Antipater, Polyperchon stater, (2.54 g), issued in 396 B.C. [Bodenstedt dating], or Kassander (for Philip III and Alexander IV), c.323-315 obv. female head to left, with hair in bun behind, wearing a B.C., obv. head of Apollo to right with laureate wreath, rev. diadem, rev. quadripartite incuse punch, (S.4530, Bodenstedt galloping biga to right, driven by charioteer holding kentron 90 (obv. h, rev. φ, SNG Fitz. 4563 [same dies], cf.SNG von in right hand, reins in left hand, bee above A below horses, in Aulock 2127). Very fi ne with off centred obverse, rare. exergue ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ, (cf.S.6663, cf.Le Rider 594-598, Group $400 III B (cf.Pl.72), cf.SNG ANS 255). Traces of mint bloom, of Ex Geoff St. Clair Collection. fi ne style, has been mounted and smoothed, otherwise good very fi ne and very scarce. The type is known from 7 obverse and 6 reverse dies and only 35 examples of type known to Bodenstedt. -
LEXICON LATINUM HODIERNUM Vel VOCABULARIUM LATINITATIS HUIUS AETATIS
LEXICON LATINUM HODIERNUM vel VOCABULARIUM LATINITATIS HUIUS AETATIS PARS COMMUNIS SECUNDA AB VERBO CABOCHON AD VERBUM EXZESS cum indicibus MI))CCCXCVIII verborum Germanico-Latinorum AUCTORE PETRO LUCUSALTIANO LATINOPHILO MARES. IN OFF. CEN. editio XXI electronica die XVII mensis Ianuarii anno MMXXI r.n.t. Dicasterium ad Relatinizandum Orbem Terrarum in Officio Centrale Via Raimundi XXXIX, Lentia ad Danuvium Regio Austria Superior Privilegium impressorium Petri Lucusaltiani Latinophili, Codice Iuris Supremi 1 Petri Lucusaltiani Latinophili Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum - Editio XXI Index generalis Inhaltsverzeichnis Pagina Caput 1 Titulus huius libri 2 Index generalis 3 Notae 4 Index verborum Germanico-Latinorum litterarum C - E 4 Littera C 22 Littera D 68 Littera E 2 Petri Lucusaltiani Latinophili Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum - Editio XXI Notae Abkürzungen Abbr: abbrevatio abl casus ablativus abl abs ablativus absolutus adv adverbum a.r.n.t. ante rationem nostri temporis ca. circa f femininum gen casus genitivus lib. liber m masculinum n neutrum num verbum numerale pl verbum plurale r.n.t. ratione nostri temporis * vocabulum novum huius editionis () optio adiuncta [] fontes librorum {} explanationes verborum ► verbum simile vel propinquum verbum vocabulum excellens verbum vocabulum malum [med.] vocabulum latinitatis mediaevalis [p.] pagina [vet.] vocabulum latinitatis veteris [XXX] Litteris maiusculis in fibulis angulatis notantur libri adhibiti. [YYY] vocabulum in statu „Alpha“ 3 Petri Lucusaltiani Latinophili Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum - Editio XXI Index verborum Germanico-Latinorum Verzeichnis der Deutsch-Lateinischen Vokabeln C ( 4 0 3 ) CA Cabochon ► Cabochonschliff Cabochonschliff, m politura tumulosa, f [2014] {gemmae} Cabrio ► Cabriolet Cabriolet, n cisium, i, n [vet.; LEA p.295; GHL I,1177] {autocinetum cum tegmine apertili [NLL p.75,1; VBC]} Cachaça, f ca(s)chassa, ae, f [LML 09.07.2009] {aqua ardens sacchari Brasiliensis} Cachaça.. -
Histoire & Mesure, XVII
Histoire & mesure XVII - 3/4 | 2002 Monnaie et espace The Danube Limes and the Barbaricum (294-498 A.D.) A Study In Coin Circulation Delia Moisil Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/histoiremesure/884 DOI: 10.4000/histoiremesure.884 ISSN: 1957-7745 Publisher Éditions de l’EHESS Printed version Date of publication: 15 December 2002 Number of pages: 79-120 ISBN: 2-222-96730-9 ISSN: 0982-1783 Electronic reference Delia Moisil, « The Danube Limes and the Barbaricum (294-498 A.D.) », Histoire & mesure [Online], XVII - 3/4 | 2002, Online since 08 November 2006, connection on 30 April 2019. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/histoiremesure/884 ; DOI : 10.4000/histoiremesure.884 This text was automatically generated on 30 April 2019. © Éditions de l’EHESS The Danube Limes and the Barbaricum (294-498 A.D.) 1 The Danube Limes and the Barbaricum (294-498 A.D.) A Study In Coin Circulation* Delia Moisil 1 The geographical area with which this study deals is limited to approximately the Romanian sector of the Danube and the Barbaricum territories largely equivalent to the present Romanian territory. 2 This study seeks to analyse the finds of the Barbaricum coins which are in a direct relationship with those provided by the Danubian limes. The analysis of the coin distribution will be made by separating the coins of Limes from the coins of Barbaricum, and also from the coins of the territories that had been previously occupied by the Romans from those that originated in the territories that had never belonged to the Empire. Basically, the territories in Barbaricum separated in this way conform to the historical Romanian regions. -
The Epitome De Caesaribus and the Thirty Tyrants
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ELTE Digital Institutional Repository (EDIT) THE EPITOME DE CAESARIBUS AND THE THIRTY TYRANTS MÁRK SÓLYOM The Epitome de Caesaribus is a short, summarizing Latin historical work known as a breviarium or epitomé. This brief summary was written in the late 4th or early 5th century and summarizes the history of the Roman Empire from the time of Augustus to the time of Theodosius the Great in 48 chapters. Between chapters 32 and 35, the Epitome tells the story of the Empire under Gallienus, Claudius Gothicus, Quintillus, and Aurelian. This was the most anarchic time of the soldier-emperor era; the imperatores had to face not only the German and Sassanid attacks, but also the economic crisis, the plague and the counter-emperors, as well. The Scriptores Historiae Augustae calls these counter-emperors the “thirty tyrants” and lists 32 usurpers, although there are some fictive imperatores in that list too. The Epitome knows only 9 tyrants, mostly the Gallic and Western usurpers. The goal of my paper is to analyse the Epitome’s chapters about Gallienus’, Claudius Gothicus’ and Aurelian’s counter-emperors with the help of the ancient sources and modern works. The Epitome de Caesaribus is a short, summarizing Latin historical work known as a breviarium or epitomé (ἐπιτομή). During the late Roman Empire, long historical works (for example the books of Livy, Tacitus, Suetonius, Cassius Dio etc.) fell out of favour, as the imperial court preferred to read shorter summaries. Consequently, the genre of abbreviated history became well-recognised.1 The word epitomé comes from the Greek word epitemnein (ἐπιτέμνειν), which means “to cut short”.2 The most famous late antique abbreviated histories are Aurelius Victor’s Liber de Caesaribus (written in the 360s),3 Eutropius’ Breviarium ab Urbe condita4 and Festus’ Breviarium rerum gestarum populi Romani.5 Both Eutropius’ and Festus’ works were created during the reign of Emperor Valens between 364 and 378. -
A Chatbot with Interpersonal Communication Recognition: Determine the Position on Leary’S Rose After
Running head: CHATBOT WITH INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION RECOGNITION 1 A chatbot with interpersonal communication recognition: determine the position on Leary’s Rose after automatic text analyzation. Name: Gerard Johan Visser Student number: S1068008 Date: 20-08-2018 Supervisor: Dr. P. Haazebroek Second reader: Dr. R. E. de Kleijn CHATBOT WITH INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION RECOGNITION 2 Abstract The research area of chatbots is relatively young and therefore the goal of this study is to gather more information about text categorization by chatbots. At this time chatbots are increasingly used in online communication with users. It is a challenge to let chatbots respond appropriately on an emotional level in a way that users experience the answers as a positive interaction. The current study examined the possibility of mapping this interaction using text analysis with the LIWC and classification on Leary’s Rose. Based on Leary’s Rose we predicted the positive experience with NPS. This study consists of three phases. The first phase is a text analysis to scale sentences on Leary’s Rose. The sentences were scaled by 102 participants on two scales (the “I & We” scale and the “Dominance & Submissive” scale). With these scaled sentences, a classifier (classifier A) is created and trained with the LIWC and a regression analysis. The results of phase one suggests that our database contains mostly “Dominance/I” and “Submissive/We” sentences. Classifier A (80.8%) is 3% better than the random baseline (77.8%). Classifier A is tested in phase two with self-annotated sentences. These self-annotated sentences were from 15 participants on two scenarios’. -
Name Reign Succession Died
Name Reign Succession Died March 20, 235 CE - Proclaimed emperor by German legions April 238 CE; Assasinated by Praetorian Maximinus I April 238 CE after the murder of Severus Alexander Guard Proclaimed emperor, whilst Pro-consul in Africa, during a revolt against Maximinus. Ruled jointly with his son Gordian II, and in opposition to Maximinus. Technically a usurper, but March 22, 238 CE - retrospectively legitimised by the April 238 CE; Committed suicide upon Gordian I April 12, 238 CE accession of Gordian III hearing of the death of Gordian II. Proclaimed emperor, alongside father March 22, 238 CE - Gordian I, in opposition to Maximinus by April 238 CE; Killed during the Battle of Gordian II April 12, 238 CE act of the Senate Carthage fighting a pro-Maximinus army Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus by the Senate in opposition to April 22, 238 AD – Maximinus; later co-emperor with July 29, 238 CE; Assassinated by the Pupienus July 29, 238 AD Balbinus. Praetorian Guard Proclaimed joint emperor with Pupienus by the Senate after death of Gordian I & April 22, 238 AD – II, in opposition to Maximinus; later co- July 29, 238 CE; Assassinated by the Balbinus July 29, 238 AD emperor with Pupienus and Gordian III Praetorian Guard Proclaimed emperor by supporters of April 22, 238 AD – Gordian I & II, then by the Senate; joint February 11, 244 emperor with Pupienus and Balbinus February 11, 244 CE; Unknown, possibly Gordian III AD until July 238 AD. murdered on orders of Philip I February 244 AD – Praetorian Prefect to Gordian III, took September/October -
Market Integration in the North and Baltic Seas, 1500-1800
Working Paper No. 55/00 Market Integration in the North and Baltic Seas, 1500-1800 David Jacks © David Jacks Department of Economic History London School of Economics 2000 I. INTRODUCTION Ever since the time of Adam Smith, the attribution to foreign trade of the ability to affect the wholesale transformation of the productive powers of an economy has remained a very powerful concept in both economics and economic history. At the heart of this interpretation is the observation that improvements in productivity are generated by the expansion of trade through the spreading of fixed costs and an increasing international division of labour. More recently, this so-called Smithian growth process has fallen under the rubric of market integration, the conversion of discrete and autonomous markets into an interdependent and unified whole. This concept of market integration is particularly relevant to the early modern era in Europe, in that the role of technological innovation in the growth process was severely circumscribed, leaving the expansion and intensification of trade as the only route to sustained productivity and output growth. Many previous observers on early modern Europe, indeed, found signs of burgeoning market integration – albeit without necessarily adducing to it any profound influence on economic activity.1 However, more recently, there have been some calls for reevaluation of both the degree and evolution of market integration in early modern Europe. In this view, the apparent movement towards more highly integrated markets was simply that – apparent; data drawn from almost the entirety of Europe seem to bear no signs of inherent or even appreciable market integration in that significant price differentials appear to persist throughout the early modern age.2 1 Cf. -
A Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins
CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE Cornell University Library CJ 237.H64 A handbook of Greek and Roman coins. 3 1924 021 438 399 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021438399 f^antilioofcs of glrcfjaeologj) anU Antiquities A HANDBOOK OF GREEK AND ROMAN COINS A HANDBOOK OF GREEK AND ROMAN COINS G. F. HILL, M.A. OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COINS AND MEDALS IN' THE bRITISH MUSEUM WITH FIFTEEN COLLOTYPE PLATES Hon&on MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY l8 99 \_All rights reserved'] ©jcforb HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY PREFACE The attempt has often been made to condense into a small volume all that is necessary for a beginner in numismatics or a young collector of coins. But success has been less frequent, because the knowledge of coins is essentially a knowledge of details, and small treatises are apt to be un- readable when they contain too many references to particular coins, and unprofltably vague when such references are avoided. I cannot hope that I have passed safely between these two dangers ; indeed, my desire has been to avoid the second at all risk of encountering the former. At the same time it may be said that this book is not meant for the collector who desires only to identify the coins which he happens to possess, while caring little for the wider problems of history, art, mythology, and religion, to which coins sometimes furnish the only key.