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Europischecourant 17 Europische Courant Amsterdam, 1642–1646 The Europische Courant was the first regular tri-weekly and 16.3 reports on Saturdays.4 Later publishers, such as newspaper to appear in Europe.1 It made a significant con- Abraham Casteleyn in Haarlem, would find the addition tribution to the expansion of the Amsterdam newspaper of a Thursday edition equally challenging.5 market in the early 1640s. The first issue was published The weekly issues of the Europische Courant give a fas- by Mathijs van Meininga (fl. 1642–1646), an Amsterdam cinating insight into the workings of the seventeenth- publisher, on Saturday 1 March 1642.2 This was followed century postal system, and its effect on the publication of a on 4 March by a Tuesday issue, and the Thursday edition tri-weekly newspaper. Each weekday’s issue of the Europis- of the Europische Courant was added two months later, che Courant presented reports with a distinctly different on 15 May.3 207 issues (including four variants and four- geographical composition. The Tuesday issue was often teen special issues) of the Europische Courant have sur- the only edition with reports from North-West Italy and vived between 1642 and 1646. Most extant editions are Southern France (Genoa, Turin and Marseille); the Thurs- located in Sweden: the Kungliga Biblioteket in Stockholm day issue brought news from the Baltic region (Stettin, holds 124 issues and the university library of Uppsala holds Lübeck and Danzig); and the Saturday issue specialised seventeen. Other stray issues have survived in Oldenburg, in reports from the Eastern and Southern Holy Roman Zürich, Ghent, The Hague, Leiden, Utrecht, Hannover, Empire (Vienna, Leipzig, Regensburg, Prague, Erfurt and Wolfenbüttel, Princeton and Moscow. Dresden), as well as news from towns along the “Spanish Filling a tri-weekly periodical was a pioneering and road” (Milan, Strasbourg). Reports sourced from locations challenging endeavour. While the publication of a bi- closer to the Low Countries were in greater abundance weekly on Tuesdays and Saturdays left ample time for the throughout the week. News from Antwerp, Hamburg and translation and editing of news reports, as well as the com- London featured equally across all three issues; reports position and printing of the newspaper, the addition of from Paris, Cologne, Frankfurt and Münster were available a Thursday edition reduced this process to an interval of in at least two issues a week. only one day on Wednesdays and Fridays. It is therefore no Van Meininga was the first Dutch newspaper publisher surprise that Van Meininga’s Thursday issue usually con- to name his print shop after his newspaper: he established tained the fewest number of reports: an average of 11.7 his premises in the “Courant”, and from the end of 1644 in reports per issue, as opposed to 13.5 reports on Tuesdays the “Europische Courant”.6 In 1642 Van Meininga was liv- ing in the Sint Nicolaasstraat, but specified that the news- paper was published on the Dam square in the “twee Ham- 1 There are possibly two other contenders for the title of the first men” (two hams). By 1645 Van Meininga was still publish- tri-weekly. The Paris Gazette was published twice a week from 1631 ing on the Dam, but now behind the shop of Johannes onwards, but with the irregular addition of Extraordinaires (spe- Colom, the “vuyrige Colom” (flaming column). cial issues) published once or twice a week; even earlier, Abra- Mathijs van Meininga had his hands full with the pub- ham Verhoeven’s Nieuwe Tijdinghen (1620–1629) usually appeared lication of a tri-weekly. While many of his rivals diversi- three or four times a week, but without strict periodicity and with alternative content (see chapter 4). The first newspaper in the fied their output as publishers, Van Meininga did not ven- Holy Roman Empire to issue more than two issues a week was ture beyond current affairs. He published various special Isabel Meyer’s Hamburg Zeitung from 1644. After the Europische issues to complement his newspaper. These are similar Courant, three other tri-weeklies would emerge in the Dutch Repub- half-sheet folios, with double columns like the Europische lic in the seventeenth century: the Oprechte Haerlemse Courant Courant. Their content consists largely of letters concern- (tri-weekly from 1667) the Amsterdamsche Courant (tri-weekly ing the English Civil Wars; many too long for the weekly from 1673) and the Opregte Leydse Courant (tri-weekly from 1686). After Verhoeven’s Nieuwe Tijdinghen, no tri-weekly would be pub- lished in the Southern Netherlands before the eighteenth cen- 4 Out of 207 surviving issues, 204 have been inspected.The variant and tury. special issues were not included in this analysis: this left 186 issues. 2 The earliest surviving Saturday issue is number 36 of 1 November. 5 See chapter 31. 3 The earliest surviving Tuesday issue is number 20 of 15 July; the 6 Broer Appelaer, courantier in Utrecht from 1675 onwards, would also earliest surviving Thursday issue is number 5 of 12 June. name his shop the “Courant”. See chapter 46. 544 17. europische courant issues, but likely to prove popular to Van Meininga’s cus- less popular with booksellers and publishers throughout tomers nevertheless. Van Meininga intended the issues to the country; it seems difficult to imagine that a publisher complement his regular tri-weekly: in one special issue, of a tri-weekly would not quickly embrace the financial Van Meininga notified the reader that the reports that benefits of advertising if they were able to do so. made up its contents would be continued in the forth- Van Meininga is a little-known pioneer of the newspa- coming regular edition.7 Only one surviving work by Van per industry. The publisher behind the first tri-weekly in Meininga (an illustrated broadsheet on the conquest of Europe is one of the most obscure newspapermen of the Bristol by Thomas Fairfax in 1645) cannot be classified as Dutch Republic. His date of birth and death are unknown; such a special issue.8 We do know from Van Meininga’s the only concrete information available is the birth of a advertisements in the Europische Courant that he did pub- son in early 1641.13We can therefore be particularly grateful lish some lengthier works, including a historical review of for the recent discovery of two letters from Van Meininga the year 1644 and an almanac featuring all the victories of in the correspondence of the writer and mathematician the Princes of Orange.9 Samuel Hartlib (c. 1600–1662) in London.14 These, though Four variant issues of the Europische Courant have brief, shed important new light onVan Meininga’s venture. been identified. Each is a Saturday issue, and an exam- Both letters are written in German by Mathijs van ple of the use of “stop-press” news employed by Van Meininga. The first is addressed to Hartlib, dated from Meininga’s competitors Jan van Hilten and Broer Jansz in 20 January 1642 (two months before the first issue of the same period.10 In each documented case of a variant, the Europische Courant appeared).15 In this letter Van Van Meininga included additional reports while an issue Meininga solicits Hartlib’s services as a regular news cor- was already on the press. On two occasions (7 October respondent. Clearly Van Meininga was searching for a reli- 1645 and 11 November 1645) this warranted the exclusion able compiler of news from London, as he asks Hartlib to of older reports. The existence of these variants demon- recommend other correspondents if he does not wish to strates thatVan Meininga, though new to the business, was take on the position himself. every bit as technically competent as his established Ams- This request explains the second letter by Van Meininga terdam rivals. in the collection, dated from 24 February 1642, and In contrast to its competitors, the Europische Courant addressed to Andreas Tolner, a contact of Hartlib in Lon- featured few advertisements. Van Meininga advertised don.16 With this letter Van Meininga replies to a (now lost) several times for his own work, and on 29 April 1645 he also letter by Tolner, who demands 20 Reichstalers per quarter advertised for an apprentice to work at his shop.11 Only for his services as correspondent.17 Van Meininga is will- two other advertisers used the Europische Courant. On ing to offer only 15 Reichstalers, but assures Tolner that he 1 November 1642 the bookseller Ritsert Nannings adver- has friends in London who will be able to pay him in cash. tised a work by Johann Seyffert against Hugo Grotius, and Van Meininga is also keen to reassureTolner that he will be on 28 March 1643 an unknown vendor notified readers of associating himself with a reputable venture. He provides the sale of different types of French and German paper in evidence of his connections in the news business: he pro- Rotterdam.12 The lack of advertisements in the Europische fesses his friendship with Jan van Hilten (the newspaper Courant is striking when compared to the other Amster- dam newspapers. Perhaps Van Meininga’s periodical was 13 Kleerkooper and Van Stockum, Boekhandel, p. 408, state that a son of Mathijs van Meininga and Johanna Uijtenhove was 7 Conincklijcke Majesteyts van Engelants eerste Bootschap aen ’t baptised on 10 March 1641 in the Oude Kerk. Parlement van den 4. September 1642. 30.09.1642. 14 M. Greengrass, M. Leslie, and M. Hannon, The Hartlib Papers 8 Cort en doch bondich verhael, wat sich heeft toegedragen, int (Sheffield: HRI Online Publications, 2013), accessible at http:// innemen van Bristol (Amsterdam, Mathijs van Meininga, 1645), www.hrionline.ac.uk/hartlib.
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