DOCSLIB.ORG

PDF Printing 600

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

REVUE BELGE DE NUMISMATIQUE ET DE SIGILLOGRAPHIE BELGISCH TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR NlTMISMATIEI( EN ZEGELI(IJNDE PUBLIÉE UI1'GEGEVEN SOllS LE HAllT PATRONAGE ONDER DE HOGE BESCHERMING DE S. M. LE ROI VAN Z. M. DE KONING PAR LA DOOR HET SOCIÉTÉ ROYALE KONINKLIJK BELGISCH DE NUMISMATIQUE DE BELGIQUE GENOOTSCIIAP VOOR NUMISMATIEK Directeurs GHISLAINE MOUCI-IARTE, PIERRE COCKSHAW, FRANÇOIS DE CALLATAY et JOHAN VAN HEESCH CXLVIII - 2002 BRUXELLES BRUSSEL GIJS DE GREEF (*) ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253·269. A STUDY OF THE WESTERN HOARDS FROM THE REIGNS OF VALERIAN, GALLIENUS AND POSTUMUS C) Introduction A lamanni, oastaiis Galliis, in ltaliam penelraueruni. Dacia, quae a Traiano ultra Danubium [ueral adiecia, amissa est. Graecia, Macedonia, Pontus, Asta, oasiaia est per Gothos. Pannonia a Sarmatis Quadisque popu­ lata est. Germani usque ad Hispanias peneiraoeruni et cioitaiem nobilem Tarraconem expugnaverunl. Parihi, Mesopolamia occupata, Syriam sibi coe­ perunl nitulicare. Eutropius, Breuiarutn, IX, 8 With these dramatic words Eutropius and other Roman authors de­ scrîbed the events, which took place under the reign of the emperors Va­ lerian (253-260), Gallienus (253-268) and Postumus (260-269). However, the nature, the ehronologîeal and geographical spread and the impact of these invasions remain mostly unknown. The combined evidenee of texts, epigraphy, numismatics and archaeology has been proven incapable of solvîng these problems. This is why, from the beginning of the 20th cen­ tury, many scholars have sought a link between the Germanie invasions and the hundreds of coin hoards from this period which have been found ail over Europe e). This, in sorne cases aIl to automatically supposed, Iink between hoard and invasion has been severely critized over the last (*) Gijs DE GREEF, Kloosterstraat 58, B-3150 Haacht. e-mail: [email protected] (1) This article is a résumé of my masters thesis Romeinse munLschatlen en Germaanse invallen 253-269 n.C. Een stuâie van de weslerse schaluondsien uit de regeerperiode van Valerian us, Gallienus en Postumus, presented at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in June 1999. Promotors were S. Scheers and J. van Heesch. (2) The most important publications in this view are: A. BLANCHET, Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques en Gaule, Paris, 1900; A. BLANCHET, Les rapports entre les dépôts monétaires el les éoénemenis militaires, politiques el économi­ ques, in RN, s. 4, :39, 1936, p. 1-70 and p. 205-270; H. KOETHE, Zur Geschiclile Galliens im dritten Viertel des 3. Jahrhutuieris, in BRGI(, 32, 1942 (1950), p. 199-224; P. VAN GANSBEKE, Les invasions germaniques en Gaule sous le règne de Poslume (259-268) et le /émoignage des monnaies, in RBN, 98, 1952. p. 5-30; É. DEMOUGEOT, La {ormation de l'Europe el les invasions barbares. J. Des origines germaniques à l'avènement de Dioclétien, Paris, 1969, p. 463-507 and D. GRICOURT, Les invasions de pirates de 268 en Gaule sep­ tentrionale et leurs incidences sur la poliLique de Postume, in TM, 10, 1988, p. 9-43. 42 GIJS DE GREEF decennia C). Remarkable is that bath « believers » as « non-believers ) have based their arguments on very fragmentated and incomplete evi­ dence sirice no catalogues or maps including ail hoards from the period 253-269 existed. The map of H. Koethe is now completely out of date and offers no precise dating. No recent catalogue with the hoards of the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus exist while J. Lafaurie's map of hoards of silver coinage ending on Postumus includes no more than 77 finds. Only the hoards of bronze coinage have recently been published by D. Bollard C). Therefore a catalogue of a1l coin hoards with a terminus post quem un­ der Valerian, Gallienus and Postumus or ending with coins of the con­ temporary usurpators Ingenuus, Regalianus, Marcianus, Quietus, Aureolus and Laelianus was made. The area covered is Western Europe or the states of Belgium, Germany, France, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain. the UK and Switzerland ("). This resulted in a list of 767 hoards ending with a coin struck between 253 and 269. Belgium 102 Portugal 4 Gerrnany 46 Spain 19 France 533 UK 35 Luxemburg 11 Switzerland 13 Netherlands 4 TOTAL 767 Table 1. Number of coin hoards with a Lerminus between AD 253-269. These are strikingly large numbers, not only in absolute but also in relative terms. If we study the publications of the Corpus des trésors mo­ nétaires antiques de la France (TAF), we find that hoards from the period 253-269 represent sorne 10 % of aIl the ancient hoards found in regîons like Aquitaine, Pays de la Loire or Poitou-Charentes but 25 % in Picar­ die and ca. 34 °tfo in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais (in Belgium they con­ stitute sorne 20 % of aIl hoards). It is somewhat surprising ta find out that a relative insignificant period of 16 years can deliver up to a third of ail ancient hoards (including sorne 5 centuries of Roman reign). And (3) Sorne principal skeptics are: R. REECE, Coinage and Currency in the Third Centu­ l'y, in A. KING and M. HENIG (eds), The Roman West in the Third CenLury, Coniribu­ lions {rom Archaeology and History (Bar International Series, 109). l , Oxford, 1981, p. 79-88; J.P.C. KENT, lnlerpreiinç Coin-Finds, in J. CASEY and R. REECE (eds), Coins and the Archaeolcqisl, London, 1988, p. 201-217 and R. DELMAIRE, Les enfouissements monétaires. lémoignages d'insécuritéi, in ReuNord. 77, 31:i. 1995, p. 21-26. (4) H. KOETHE, op. cil. (n. 2), p. 199-224; J. LAFAURIE, L'Empire gaulois. Apport de la numismatique; in ANRW, II, Principal, 2, 1975, p. 853-1012 and O. HOLLARD, La lhésaurisoiion du monnayage de bronze de Poslume: structure et chronologie des dépôts, in TM, 13, 1992, p. 72-105. (5) The Italian hoards are not included in this study, for the depots of northern Ita­ ly, see L. O({AMURA, Hourds Los' during Third-Cenfury <l Wirren », in E. SCHALLMAYER (ed.), Niederbieber, Postumus und der Limesîall. Slalionen eines polilischen Prozesses. Be­ richl des erslen Saalburgkolloquiums, Bad-Hornburg, 1996, p. 37. ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 4·3 this while in other prosperous and densely populated regions hoards with a terminus between 253 and 269 are very rare (for example: only 4 in the Provence and relatively small numbers for Spain, Portugal and Britain). Within this mass of hoards there are however large geographical and chronological differences, as can he seen on fig. 1 and 2 for the periods 253-260 and 260-269 and on fig. 3 to 9 for the various sub periods. How can these obvious differences be explained? For exarnple, why does fig. 1 and 5 show us a large concentration of hoards in the Rhône-Saône region around 259-260 but not under the reign of Postumus? On the following pages we will try to find an answer to this question by proposing several hypothetical causes. As we will see, only the Germanie invasion-hypoth­ esis is able to give us a aU-embracing answer to the presence of geogra­ phical and chronological concentrations of our hoards (6). Interpreting the coin hoards 1) Basic conditions In 1981 R. Reece wrote : « If the coin hoards are to act as an indicator of unrest then it must be shown: a) that in the surrounding areas ai the same date ihere is an absence of similar hoards, b) iluü in the same arca at differ­ enL dates, but when sitnilar coins were in circulation, ihere is an absence of similar hoards. » C). A quick look at our maps shows that both conditions are met. The large differences in hoard-density between the different re­ gions and countries has already been pointed out, while the Rhône-Saône region is a beautiful example of the second condition: lots of hoards in 259-260 and very few under Postumus. 2) The influence of usurpations on hoarding Western Europe only knew 3 usurpations in the period 253-269: those of Postumus (june-july 260), of Laelianus (june-july 269) and of Marius (july-septernber 269) C). The latter usurpation plays no part here because (6) Remark that the ernphasis lies on concentrations of hoards and not on the hoards individually. We are looking for a theory that can explain the hiding and non-recupe­ ration of concentrations of hoards. This does not automatically mean that the theory can be applied ta ail individual hoards. When we conclude that Germanie invasions were the cause of this flood of coin boards it's obvious that we can't (or even shouldn't) involve every coin hoard in our analysis of the date and location of the invasions and raids as sorne authors have the habit ta do (e.g. Demougeot). (7) R. REECE, op. cil. (n. 3), p. 85. (8) We follow the chronology for the reigns of Valerian, Gallienus and Postumus as descrived by M. CHRISTOL, L'Empire romain du Ilr siècle. Histoire politique de 192, mort de Commodus, à 325, concile de Nicée, Paris, 1997. This publication cao also be used as an overall guide for this period or in arder to retrieve the references to the various Iitterary, epigraphical, ... sources. These cao also be found in X. LORIOT and D. NONV, La crise de l'Empire romain 235-285. Paris, 1997. 44 GIJS DE GREEF Fig. 1. Survey of ail coin hoards with a terminus post quem during the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus (AD 253-260). ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 45 Fig. 2. Survey of all coin hoards with a Lerminus post quem during the reign of Postu­ mus or the sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260-269).
Recommended publications
  • TIMELINE of ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE

    TIMELINE of ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE

    27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 B.C. AUGUSTUS 16 Jan 27 BC AUGUSTUS CAESAR Other title: e.g. Filius Augustorum Aureus 7.8g KEY TO METALLIC COMPOSITION Quinarius Aureus GOLD Gold Aureus 25 silver Denarii Gold Quinarius 12.5 silver Denarii SILVER Silver Denarius 16 copper Asses Silver Quinarius 8 copper Asses DE-BASED SILVER from c. 260 Brass Sestertius 4 copper Asses Brass Dupondius 2 copper Asses ORICHALCUM (BRASS) Copper As 4 copper Quadrantes Brass Semis 2 copper Quadrantes COPPER Copper Quadrans Denarius 3.79g 96-98% fine Quinarius Argenteus 1.73g 92% fine Sestertius 25.5g Dupondius 12.5g As 10.5g Semis Quadrans TIMELINE of ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE B.C. 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 A.D.A.D. denominational relationships relationships based on Aureus Aureus 7.8g 1 Quinarius Aureus 3.89g 2 Denarius 3.79g 25 50 Sestertius 25.4g 100 Dupondius 12.4g 200 As 10.5g 400 Semis 4.59g 800 Quadrans 3.61g 1600 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 19 Aug TIBERIUS TIBERIUS Aureus 7.75g Aureus Quinarius Aureus 3.87g Quinarius Aureus Denarius 3.76g 96-98% fine Denarius Sestertius 27g Sestertius Dupondius 14.5g Dupondius As 10.9g As Semis Quadrans 3.61g Quadrans 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 TIBERIUS CALIGULA CLAUDIUS Aureus 7.75g 7.63g Quinarius Aureus 3.87g 3.85g Denarius 3.76g 96-98% fine 3.75g 98% fine Sestertius 27g 28.7g
  • Hadrian and the Greek East

    Hadrian and the Greek East

    HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way.
  • Exiling Bishops: the Policy of Constantius II

    Exiling Bishops: the Policy of Constantius II

    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Classical Studies Faculty Publications Classical Studies 2014 Exiling Bishops: The olicP y of Constantius II Walter Stevenson University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/classicalstudies-faculty- publications Part of the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Stevenson, Walt. "Exiling Bishops: The oP licy of Canstantius II." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 68 (2014): 7-27. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classical Studies at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classical Studies Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Exiling Bishops: The Policy of Constantius II Walt Stevenson onstantius II was forced by circumstances to all instances in which Constantius II exiled bishops Cmake innovations in the policy that his father and focus on a sympathetic reading of his strategy.2 Constantine had followed in exiling bishops. While Though the sources for this period are muddled and ancient tradition has made the father into a sagacious require extensive sorting, a panoramic view of exile saint and the son into a fanatical demon, recent schol- incidents reveals a pattern in which Constantius moved arship has tended to stress continuity between the two past his father’s precedents to mold a new, intelligent regimes.1 This article will attempt to gather
  • Introduction

    Introduction

    INTRODUCTION It may be worth explaining why this collection has concentrated on a series of coins which has been, at least until quite re- cently, deeply unfashionable. It would be difficult to argue for the artistic merits of mid third-century coins, and the technical skills apparent in both die-engraving and striking are frequently low. The formation of this collection has passed through a number of successive phases, in fact, with different motivations in each case. When I first started to collect Roman coins, as a university student in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the main attraction of coins of emperors such as Gallienus and Claudius II was that many of them could be obtained without large financial outlay. Common types could be purchased for just a pound or two each. Once in paid employment I was able to expand the range of my collecting to some extent, but I very soon discovered that many of my colleagues in the archaeology and museum profes- sions were deeply opposed to the idea of those employed in this type of work forming private collections at all – an attitude which unfortunately still persists in some quarters today. I disagree with this fundamentally, as I believe that those who are fortunate enough to be able to accumulate numismatic knowledge in the course of their employment are best placed to carry out research on, and publish discussion of, interesting items which appear on the open market. I do, however, accept that it is at the very least unwise to collect in the same field as an institution where one is employed, as aspersions can be cast, however unjustly, and these may harm one’s reputation.
  • The Gallic Empire (260-274): Rome Breaks Apart

    The Gallic Empire (260-274): Rome Breaks Apart

    The Gallic Empire (260-274): Rome Breaks Apart Six Silver Coins Collection An empire fractures Roman chariots All coins in each set are protected in an archival capsule and beautifully displayed in a mahogany-like box. The box set is accompanied with a story card, certificate of authenticity, and a black gift box. By the middle of the third century, the Roman Empire began to show signs of collapse. A parade of emperors took the throne, mostly from the ranks of the military. Years of civil war and open revolt led to an erosion of territory. In the year 260, in a battle on the Eastern front, the emperor Valerian was taken prisoner by the hated Persians. He died in captivity, and his corpse was stuffed and hung on the wall of the palace of the Persian king. Valerian’s capture threw the already-fractured empire into complete disarray. His son and co-emperor, Gallienus, was unable to quell the unrest. Charismatic generals sought to consolidate their own power, but none was as powerful, or as ambitious, as Postumus. Born in an outpost of the Empire, of common stock, Postumus rose swiftly through the ranks, eventually commanding Roman forces “among the Celts”—a territory that included modern-day France, Belgium, Holland, and England. In the aftermath of Valerian’s abduction in 260, his soldiers proclaimed Postumus emperor. Thus was born the so-called Gallic Empire. After nine years of relative peace and prosperity, Postumus was murdered by his own troops, and the Gallic Empire, which had depended on the force of his personality, began to crumble.
  • PDF Historical References on Coins of the Roman

    PDF Historical References on Coins of the Roman

    Register Free To Download Files | File Name : Historical References On Coins Of The Roman Empire From Augustus To Gallienus PDF HISTORICAL REFERENCES ON COINS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE FROM AUGUSTUS TO GALLIENUS Tapa blanda 6 febrero 2020 Author : Historical references on coins of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Gallienus Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. Share to Twitter. ... Historical references on coins of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Gallienus by Sydenham, Edward Allen, 1873- 1948. Publication date 1917 Topics Coins, Roman Publisher Historical references on coins of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Gallienus by A. Sydenham, Edward The importance of the scientific study of ancient coins relative to that of history has long been recognised. In their historical aspect the coins of the Roman Empire present three phases of interest: 1.) As contemporary monuments the coins supply corroborative evidence of facts which are recorded by historians. 2.) In a number of instances the coins fill up gaps in the narrative and supply ... Historical references on coins of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Gallienus by Edward Allen Sydenham, 1968, Spink, Pegasus edition, in English - [1st ed. reprinted]. CONTENTS. Introduction. TheImperialCoinage. TheGrowthandDeclineofArt. TheBeginningoftheEmpire. B.C. 29 TheTriumphofOctavian. 28.OctavianandAgrippa. 27.Augustus . 27-24 ... Historical References on Coins of the Roman Empire: From Augustus to Gallienus (Classic Reprint) by Sydenham, Edward Allen Excerpt from Historical References on Coins of the Roman Empire: From Augustus to Gallienus The purpose of the following notes is obviously not new. But the writer ventures to state his experience as a collector and student of Roman coins to the effect that the interest which he derived from amassing varieties of types was as nothing compared with the reve lation of new interest which resulted ..
  • Coin Hoards from the British Isles 2015

    Coin Hoards from the British Isles 2015

    COIN HOARDS FROM THE BRITISH ISLES 2015 EDITED BY RICHARD ABDY, MARTIN ALLEN AND JOHN NAYLOR BETWEEN 1975 and 1985 the Royal Numismatic Society published summaries of coin hoards from the British Isles and elsewhere in its serial publication Coin Hoards, and in 1994 this was revived as a separate section in the Numismatic Chronicle. In recent years the listing of finds from England, Wales and Northern Ireland in Coin Hoards was principally derived from reports originally prepared for publication in the Treasure Annual Report, but the last hoards published in this form were those reported under the 1996 Treasure Act in 2008. In 2012 it was decided to publish summaries of hoards from England, Wales, Scotland, the Isle of Man, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the Channel Islands in the British Numismatic Journal on an annual basis. The hoards are listed in two sections, with the first section consisting of summaries of Roman hoards, and the second section providing more concise summaries of medieval and post-medieval hoards. In both sections the summaries include the place of finding, the date(s) of discovery, the suggested date(s) of deposition, and the number allocated to the hoard when it was reported under the terms of the Treasure Act (in England and Wales) or the laws of Treasure Trove (in Scotland). For reasons of space names of finders are omitted from the sum- mary of medieval and post-medieval hoards. Reports on most of the English and Welsh hoards listed are available online from the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) website: select the ‘Search our database’ bar under finds.org.uk/database, and type in the treasure case number without spaces (e.g.
  • Eleventh Session, Commencing at 9.30 Am

    Eleventh Session, Commencing at 9.30 Am

    Eleventh Session, Commencing at 9.30 am 2632* ANCIENT GOLD COINS Lesbos, Mytilene, electrum Hekte (2.56 g), c.450 B.C., obv. diademed head of a Satyr to right, with full beard and goat's ear, rev. Heads of two confronted rams, butting their heads together, above a palmette all within incuse square, (S.4244, GREEK BMC 40. Bodenstedt 37, SNG Fitz.4340). Fine/very good, scarce. $300 2630* 2633* Macedon, Kingdom of Philip II, (359-336 B.C.), gold stater, Ionia, Phokaia, (c.477-388 B.C.), electrum hekte or sixth (8.64 g), Pella mint, struck under Antipater, Polyperchon stater, (2.54 g), issued in 396 B.C. [Bodenstedt dating], or Kassander (for Philip III and Alexander IV), c.323-315 obv. female head to left, with hair in bun behind, wearing a B.C., obv. head of Apollo to right with laureate wreath, rev. diadem, rev. quadripartite incuse punch, (S.4530, Bodenstedt galloping biga to right, driven by charioteer holding kentron 90 (obv. h, rev. φ, SNG Fitz. 4563 [same dies], cf.SNG von in right hand, reins in left hand, bee above A below horses, in Aulock 2127). Very fi ne with off centred obverse, rare. exergue ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ, (cf.S.6663, cf.Le Rider 594-598, Group $400 III B (cf.Pl.72), cf.SNG ANS 255). Traces of mint bloom, of Ex Geoff St. Clair Collection. fi ne style, has been mounted and smoothed, otherwise good very fi ne and very scarce. The type is known from 7 obverse and 6 reverse dies and only 35 examples of type known to Bodenstedt.
  • The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great

    The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great

    Graeco-Latina Brunensia 24 / 2019 / 2 https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2019-2-2 The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great Stanislav Doležal (University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice) Abstract The article argues that Constantine the Great, until he was recognized by Galerius, the senior ČLÁNKY / ARTICLES Emperor of the Tetrarchy, was an usurper with no right to the imperial power, nothwithstand- ing his claim that his father, the Emperor Constantius I, conferred upon him the imperial title before he died. Tetrarchic principles, envisaged by Diocletian, were specifically put in place to supersede and override blood kinship. Constantine’s accession to power started as a military coup in which a military unit composed of barbarian soldiers seems to have played an impor- tant role. Keywords Constantine the Great; Roman emperor; usurpation; tetrarchy 19 Stanislav Doležal The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great On 25 July 306 at York, the Roman Emperor Constantius I died peacefully in his bed. On the same day, a new Emperor was made – his eldest son Constantine who had been present at his father’s deathbed. What exactly happened on that day? Britain, a remote province (actually several provinces)1 on the edge of the Roman Empire, had a tendency to defect from the central government. It produced several usurpers in the past.2 Was Constantine one of them? What gave him the right to be an Emperor in the first place? It can be argued that the political system that was still valid in 306, today known as the Tetrarchy, made any such seizure of power illegal.
  • The Cambridge Companion to Age of Constantine.Pdf

    The Cambridge Companion to Age of Constantine.Pdf

    The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine offers students a com- prehensive one-volume introduction to this pivotal emperor and his times. Richly illustrated and designed as a readable survey accessible to all audiences, it also achieves a level of scholarly sophistication and a freshness of interpretation that will be welcomed by the experts. The volume is divided into five sections that examine political history, reli- gion, social and economic history, art, and foreign relations during the reign of Constantine, a ruler who gains in importance because he steered the Roman Empire on a course parallel with his own personal develop- ment. Each chapter examines the intimate interplay between emperor and empire and between a powerful personality and his world. Collec- tively, the chapters show how both were mutually affected in ways that shaped the world of late antiquity and even affect our own world today. Noel Lenski is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Colorado, Boulder. A specialist in the history of late antiquity, he is the author of numerous articles on military, political, cultural, and social history and the monograph Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century ad. Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 The Cambridge Companion to THE AGE OF CONSTANTINE S Edited by Noel Lenski University of Colorado Cambridge Collections Online © Cambridge University Press, 2007 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo Cambridge University Press 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, usa www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521818384 c Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright.
  • Collector's Checklist for Roman Imperial Coinage

    Collector's Checklist for Roman Imperial Coinage

    Liberty Coin Service Collector’s Checklist for Roman Imperial Coinage (49 BC - AD 518) The Twelve Caesars - The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians (49 BC - AD 96) Purchase Emperor Denomination Grade Date Price Julius Caesar (49-44 BC) Augustus (31 BC-AD 14) Tiberius (AD 14 - AD 37) Caligula (AD 37 - AD 41) Claudius (AD 41 - AD 54) Tiberius Nero (AD 54 - AD 68) Galba (AD 68 - AD 69) Otho (AD 69) Nero Vitellius (AD 69) Vespasian (AD 69 - AD 79) Otho Titus (AD 79 - AD 81) Domitian (AD 81 - AD 96) The Nerva-Antonine Dynasty (AD 96 - AD 192) Nerva (AD 96-AD 98) Trajan (AD 98-AD 117) Hadrian (AD 117 - AD 138) Antoninus Pius (AD 138 - AD 161) Marcus Aurelius (AD 161 - AD 180) Hadrian Lucius Verus (AD 161 - AD 169) Commodus (AD 177 - AD 192) Marcus Aurelius Years of Transition (AD 193 - AD 195) Pertinax (AD 193) Didius Julianus (AD 193) Pescennius Niger (AD 193) Clodius Albinus (AD 193- AD 195) The Severans (AD 193 - AD 235) Clodius Albinus Septimus Severus (AD 193 - AD 211) Caracalla (AD 198 - AD 217) Purchase Emperor Denomination Grade Date Price Geta (AD 209 - AD 212) Macrinus (AD 217 - AD 218) Diadumedian as Caesar (AD 217 - AD 218) Elagabalus (AD 218 - AD 222) Severus Alexander (AD 222 - AD 235) Severus The Military Emperors (AD 235 - AD 284) Alexander Maximinus (AD 235 - AD 238) Maximus Caesar (AD 235 - AD 238) Balbinus (AD 238) Maximinus Pupienus (AD 238) Gordian I (AD 238) Gordian II (AD 238) Gordian III (AD 238 - AD 244) Philip I (AD 244 - AD 249) Philip II (AD 247 - AD 249) Gordian III Trajan Decius (AD 249 - AD 251) Herennius Etruscus
  • A Tale of Two Periods

    A Tale of Two Periods

    A tale of two periods Change and continuity in the Roman Empire between 249 and 324 Pictured left: a section of the Naqš-i Rustam, the victory monument of Shapur I of Persia, showing the captured Roman emperor Valerian kneeling before the victorious Sassanid monarch (source: www.bbc.co.uk). Pictured right: a group of statues found on St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice, depicting the members of the first tetrarchy – Diocletian, Maximian, Constantius and Galerius – holding each other and with their hands on their swords, ready to act if necessary (source: www.wikipedia.org). The former image depicts the biggest shame suffered by the empire during the third-century ‘crisis’, while the latter is the most prominent surviving symbol of tetrar- chic ideology. S. L. Vennik Kluut 14 1991 VB Velserbroek S0930156 RMA-thesis Ancient History Supervisor: Dr. F. G. Naerebout Faculty of Humanities University of Leiden Date: 30-05-2014 2 Table of contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Sources ............................................................................................................................................ 6 Historiography ............................................................................................................................... 10 1. Narrative ............................................................................................................................................ 14 From