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Home , Gallienus, Postumus, Saloninus, Valerian II

REVUE BELGE

DE NUMISMATIQUE

ET DE SIGILLOGRAPHIE

BELGISCH TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR NlTMISMATIEI( EN ZEGELI(IJNDE

PUBLIÉE UI1'GEGEVEN SOllS LE HAllT PATRONAGE ONDER DE HOGE BESCHERMING DE S. M. LE ROI VAN Z. M. DE KONING

PAR LA DOOR HET SOCIÉTÉ ROYALE KONINKLIJK BELGISCH DE NUMISMATIQUE DE BELGIQUE GENOOTSCIIAP VOOR NUMISMATIEK

Directeurs

GHISLAINE MOUCI-IARTE, PIERRE COCKSHAW, FRANÇOIS DE CALLATAY et JOHAN VAN HEESCH

CXLVIII - 2002

BRUXELLES BRUSSEL GIJS DE GREEF (*)

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253·269. A STUDY OF THE WESTERN HOARDS FROM THE REIGNS OF , AND C)

Introduction

A lamanni, oastaiis Galliis, in ltaliam penelraueruni. Dacia, quae a Traiano ultra Danubium [ueral adiecia, amissa est. Graecia, Macedonia, , Asta, oasiaia est per Gothos. a Sarmatis Quadisque popu­ lata est. Germani usque ad peneiraoeruni et cioitaiem nobilem Tarraconem expugnaverunl. Parihi, Mesopolamia occupata, Syriam sibi coe­ perunl nitulicare. , Breuiarutn, IX, 8 With these dramatic words Eutropius and other Roman authors de­ scrîbed the events, which took place under the reign of the emperors Va­ lerian (253-260), Gallienus (253-268) and Postumus (260-269). However, the nature, the ehronologîeal and geographical spread and the impact of these invasions remain mostly unknown. The combined evidenee of texts, epigraphy, numismatics and archaeology has been proven incapable of solvîng these problems. This is why, from the beginning of the 20th cen­ tury, many scholars have sought a link between the Germanie invasions and the hundreds of coin hoards from this period which have been found ail over Europe e). This, in sorne cases aIl to automatically supposed, Iink between hoard and invasion has been severely critized over the last

(*) Gijs DE GREEF, Kloosterstraat 58, B-3150 Haacht. e-mail: [email protected] (1) This article is a résumé of my masters thesis Romeinse munLschatlen en Germaanse invallen 253-269 n.C. Een stuâie van de weslerse schaluondsien uit de regeerperiode van Valerian us, Gallienus en Postumus, presented at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in June 1999. Promotors were S. Scheers and J. van Heesch. (2) The most important publications in this view are: A. BLANCHET, Les trésors de monnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques en Gaule, Paris, 1900; A. BLANCHET, Les rapports entre les dépôts monétaires el les éoénemenis militaires, politiques el économi­ ques, in RN, s. 4, :39, 1936, p. 1-70 and p. 205-270; H. KOETHE, Zur Geschiclile Galliens im dritten Viertel des 3. Jahrhutuieris, in BRGI(, 32, 1942 (1950), p. 199-224; P. VAN GANSBEKE, Les invasions germaniques en Gaule sous le règne de Poslume (259-268) et le /émoignage des monnaies, in RBN, 98, 1952. p. 5-30; É. DEMOUGEOT, La {ormation de l'Europe el les invasions barbares. J. Des origines germaniques à l'avènement de Dioclétien, Paris, 1969, p. 463-507 and D. GRICOURT, Les invasions de pirates de 268 en Gaule sep­ tentrionale et leurs incidences sur la poliLique de Postume, in TM, 10, 1988, p. 9-43. 42 GIJS DE GREEF decennia C). Remarkable is that bath « believers » as « non-believers ) have based their arguments on very fragmentated and incomplete evi­ dence sirice no catalogues or maps including ail hoards from the period 253-269 existed. The map of H. Koethe is now completely out of date and offers no precise dating. No recent catalogue with the hoards of the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus exist while J. Lafaurie's map of hoards of silver coinage ending on Postumus includes no more than 77 finds. Only the hoards of bronze coinage have recently been published by D. Bollard C). Therefore a catalogue of a1l coin hoards with a terminus post quem un­ der Valerian, Gallienus and Postumus or ending with coins of the con­ temporary usurpators , , Marcianus, , and was made. The area covered is Western Europe or the states of Belgium, Germany, , Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Portugal, . the UK and ("). This resulted in a list of 767 hoards ending with a coin struck between 253 and 269. Belgium 102 Portugal 4 Gerrnany 46 Spain 19 France 533 UK 35 Luxemburg 11 Switzerland 13 Netherlands 4 TOTAL 767 Table 1. Number of coin hoards with a Lerminus between AD 253-269.

These are strikingly large numbers, not only in absolute but also in relative terms. If we study the publications of the Corpus des trésors mo­ nétaires antiques de la France (TAF), we find that hoards from the period 253-269 represent sorne 10 % of aIl the ancient hoards found in regîons like Aquitaine, Pays de la Loire or Poitou-Charentes but 25 % in Picar­ die and ca. 34 °tfo in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais (in Belgium they con­ stitute sorne 20 % of aIl hoards). It is somewhat surprising ta find out that a relative insignificant period of 16 years can deliver up to a third of ail ancient hoards (including sorne 5 centuries of Roman reign). And

(3) Sorne principal skeptics are: R. REECE, Coinage and Currency in the Third Centu­ l'y, in A. KING and M. HENIG (eds), The Roman West in the Third CenLury, Coniribu­ lions {rom Archaeology and History (Bar International Series, 109). l , Oxford, 1981, p. 79-88; J.P.C. KENT, lnlerpreiinç Coin-Finds, in J. CASEY and R. REECE (eds), Coins and the Archaeolcqisl, London, 1988, p. 201-217 and R. DELMAIRE, Les enfouissements monétaires. lémoignages d'insécuritéi, in ReuNord. 77, 31:i. 1995, p. 21-26. (4) H. KOETHE, op. cil. (n. 2), p. 199-224; J. LAFAURIE, L'Empire gaulois. Apport de la numismatique; in ANRW, II, Principal, 2, 1975, p. 853-1012 and O. HOLLARD, La lhésaurisoiion du monnayage de bronze de Poslume: structure et chronologie des dépôts, in TM, 13, 1992, p. 72-105. (5) The Italian hoards are not included in this study, for the depots of northern Ita­ ly, see L. O({AMURA, Hourds Los' during Third-Cenfury

Interpreting the coin hoards 1) Basic conditions

In 1981 R. Reece wrote : « If the coin hoards are to act as an indicator of unrest then it must be shown: a) that in the surrounding areas ai the same date ihere is an absence of similar hoards, b) iluü in the same arca at differ­ enL dates, but when sitnilar coins were in circulation, ihere is an absence of similar hoards. » C). A quick look at our maps shows that both conditions are met. The large differences in hoard-density between the different re­ gions and countries has already been pointed out, while the Rhône-Saône region is a beautiful example of the second condition: lots of hoards in 259-260 and very few under Postumus.

2) The influence of usurpations on hoarding Western Europe only knew 3 usurpations in the period 253-269: those of Postumus (june-july 260), of Laelianus (june-july 269) and of Marius (july-septernber 269) C). The latter usurpation plays no part here because

(6) Remark that the ernphasis lies on concentrations of hoards and not on the hoards individually. We are looking for a theory that can explain the hiding and non-recupe­ ration of concentrations of hoards. This does not automatically mean that the theory can be applied ta ail individual hoards. When we conclude that Germanie invasions were the cause of this flood of coin boards it's obvious that we can't (or even shouldn't) involve every coin hoard in our analysis of the date and location of the invasions and raids as sorne authors have the habit ta do (e.g. Demougeot). (7) R. REECE, op. cil. (n. 3), p. 85. (8) We follow the chronology for the reigns of Valerian, Gallienus and Postumus as descrived by M. CHRISTOL, L'Empire romain du Ilr siècle. Histoire politique de 192, mort de , à 325, concile de Nicée, Paris, 1997. This publication cao also be used as an overall guide for this period or in arder to retrieve the references to the various Iitterary, epigraphical, ... sources. These cao also be found in X. LORIOT and D. NONV, La crise de l'Empire romain 235-285. Paris, 1997. 44 GIJS DE GREEF

Fig. 1. Survey of ail coin hoards with a terminus post quem during the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus (AD 253-260). ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 45

Fig. 2. Survey of all coin hoards with a Lerminus post quem during the reign of Postu­ mus or the sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260-269). 46 GIJS DE GREEF

Legend : ~ Hoardwith reliabledating o Hoardwith unreliable dating

Fig. 3. Boards with a terminus post quem from AD 253 to 256.

Marius was elected emperor after the death of Postumus so he didn't had to fîght battles or plan military carnpaigns in order toestablish his reign. As such hîs usurpation shouldn't have any effect on the hoarding pro cess. As for the revoit of Postumus, he became emperor by laying siege on the fortified city of , seat of Gallienus' son . Once he had executed Saloninus his authority seems ta be recognized by all the military forces in the West (who fîrst remained neutral in the conflict between Postumus and Saloninus). We have no evidence that Postumus had ta carry out a conquering campaign in arder ta subdue the remain­ der of . This means that only sorne boards in the surroundings of Cologne can eventually be linked with his usurpation (9). The usurpation of Laelianus is less documented but his revoit seems to have been limited to the area of where he was sieged by Postumus. However, only one hoard (Alzey, n" 104) has the potential to be associated with this event. Our conclusion: at most a dozen of hoards has the potential of

(9) Hoards possibly linked with the revolt of Postumus could be Flamershaim (AD 258. n" 113), Gymnich (AD 258-260. n" 115) and Mürlenbach (AD 258-260, n" 124). ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMA NIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 47

Legend: 0 Hoardwithreliabledating o Severa! hoardswithreliabledating o Hoardwithunreliable dating

Fig. 4. Hoards with a terminus post quem from AD 256 ta 258. being linked with usurpations, Ior the other 99 % of the hoards an USUf­ pation-hypothesis can not be used in arder ta explain their burial and non-recovery.

3) The civil war between Gallienus and Postumus Gallienus has never been able ta defeat Postumus but we known frorn sorne authors that he tried. Is it possible that the large number of coin hoards with a terminus between 260 and 268 are a result of this war? During the actual usurpation of Postumus and the execution of Saloni­ nus, Gallienus was not able ta come to the reseue of his son and ta con­ front his rival because he was involved in the battle against the Alarnanni. However, once this problem was solved he led his arrny against Postumus, began ta lay siege on a city in Gaul where Postumus was residing but had ta wîthdraw because of an înjury (an event sorne­ Urnes associated with the second instead of the first campaign) CO). After sorne years of staius quo in which bath GaIlienus and Postumus were in-

(10) EUTR., Breoiarum, IX, 9, 1; , 32, 4 and , Gall., IV, 4. 48 GIJS DE GREEF

Legend: 0 Hoardwith reliable dating c Severa! hoards with reliable dating o Hoardwith unreliable dating

Fig. 5. Hoards with a terminus post quem AD 258 to 260. volved in campaigns against their Germanie enemies, Gallienus and his general Aureolus launched a second assault but were never able to obtain a definitive victory. The first campaign is usually dated around AD 261 CI), the second around AD 266 (based on types like Salus Posfumi aug, Fides exercitus, Salus exerciti and Salus aug). lt isn't easy to deter­ mine the location of these campaigns (possibilities are Spain or ) but the most probable battlefield is assumed to be Gaul where the Pl'O­ vincia Narbonensis seems ta have remained loyal to Gallienus in 260. Are there hoards which can be attributed to the first campaign of Gallienus? Looking at figure 6, the numismatic evidence for such a conflict in south­ ern Gaul seems minimal. Only the hoards of Saligny-sur-Roudon (n" 176) and Clermont-Ferrand Il (na 182), both in Auvergne and with a terminus post quem of 261, are candidates for a link with the fist conflict between the Gallic and the Central Empire. Of course this is highly speculative

(11) M. CHRISTOL, La Félicité de Poslutne (260-269J, in H. HUVELlN, M. CHRISTOL and G. GAUTHIER (eds), Melanges de numismatique offerts à Pierre Bastien â l'occasion de son 75" anniversaire, Wetteren, 1987, p. 112-115. ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 49

Legend: A Hoard with reliabledating .&. Severa!boardswith reliabledating 1>. Hoardwithunreliabledating

Fig. 6. Hoards with a terminus post quem from AD 260 to 261.

and their burial and non-recovery can as good be a consequence of ban­ ditism or accident. Also for the second campaign, the hoards are not very helpful. Only the region between Bourges and Autun contains 5 hoards with a possible terminus around AD 264-265 (fig. 7, n" 224, 248, 251, 269 and 271). Was the fortified city of Autun perhaps the place where Postumus was sieged by Gallienus as described by the H isioria Augusta? Or cari a group of 3 hoards (n" 426, 428 and 429) from the Limousin­ region and with a terminus of 266-267 be seen as evidence of continuing hostilities by Gallienus' general Aureolus in 267? Of course, ail these associations between hoards and the civil war are only speculative and we aren't even claiming they are historically correct. What matters is that only a very limited number of hoards can be linked with the civil war-hypothesis as an explanation for the burial and non­ recovery of hoards. Again this hypothesis cannot be used to explain the vast majority of finds and the large concentrations in e.g. the Rhône• Saône region (in 260) and in Northern Gaul, 50 GIJS DE GREEF

Legend: ... Hoardwilhreliabledaling A Severa! hoardswithreliahledating .. Ho3!rl wilhunreIiable daùng .l>. Severa!boardswilhunreliable daling

Fig. 7. Hoards with a terminus post quem from AD 262 to 265.

4) Robbers and bandits The activities of the latrones, including the Iarnous Gallic bandits called the Bacaudae or Baqauâae, have been presented by the non-believ­ ers of the invasion-hypothesis as an alternative theory that could explain the large number of hoards in Gaul. There are however at least two rea­ sons why this cannot be the case. First, banditism was a continuous oc­ currence in antiquity and can, as such, difficultly be used as a cause for 2 the enormous number of huards in the years 253-269 ( ). The term Ba­ gaudae is only known from the reign of Maximinianus Caesar ca). J.F. Drinkwater wrote: « Although an increase in bandiiry and the like ai this time is plausible, there is no cause to think thal the problem had gol out of hand. )) and « Thus ii would seem unuiise, ai least on the hasts

(12) CIl.., XIII, 259, 2267 and 2282; A.J.L. VAN HOOFF, Lalrones [amosi. Bandielen lussen rovers en rebellen in het Romeinse keizerrijk, in Lampas. Tijdschri[t ooor Neder­ landse Classici, 15, 1982. p. 171-194 and J.F. DRINKWATER, The . Separa­ lism and Conlinuily in the Norlh-Weslern Provinces of the . AD 260-274 (Historia Einzelschriften, 52). Stuttgart, 1987, p. 130-131. (13) AUR. Vtcr., Caesares, 39, 17; E UTR., IX. 20, 3 and OROS., H isioriae adversus paganos, VII, 25, 2. ROMAN COIN HOARD8 AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 51

Legend : Jo Hoardwithreliabledating Â&. Severa!hoardswithreliabledating A Hoardwithunreliable dating

Fig. 8. Hoards with a terminus post quem from AD 266 ta 267. of the epigraphic evidence, to characierize the mid-third cenlury as a period of pariicular lawlessness. ) (14). Secondly, while banditism, as a continuous occurrence, could eventually be used ta explain the presence of individual hoards it is incapable to do so for the obvious geographical and chrono­ logical concentrations. Both fig. 1 and 2 show us that a lot of the hoards are concentrated in northern Gaul. This is not a region where you would expect the presence of huge banditism given the fact that this was the best-secured area of the Roman West (with the nearby, bases of the Classis Briiannica and the Classis Germanica Pia Fidelis, and the Iirst fortifications of the Lilus Saxonicum and the Limes Belgicus).

5) The influence of the plague and epidemies One of the by R. Delmaire proposed causes for the burial and non-re­ covery of the hoards is the occurrence of pestilence or epidemies ('5). And indeed, we have evidence of the plague under the reign of Gallienus.

(14) J.F. DRINKwATER, op. cil. (n. 12), p. 20-21 and 130-131. (15) R. DELMAIRE, op. cil. (n. 3), p. 25. 52 GIJS DE GREEF

Legende :» Hoardwithreliabledating il. Severa!hoardswilhreliabledaling • HoardwithIlIII'Cliable daiing

Fig. 9. Hoards with a terminus post quem of AD 268.

Many authors wrote that, simultaneously with the Germanie invasions, Rome and Greece were vigorously struek by this dreaded disease (Hi). However we do not known if the pesiileniia also reached Gaul. But even if we assume that this was the case, wculd this have had an influence on the hoarding? If Gaul was struck by the plague, then why do we find 80 many hoards in sorne regions and not in other densely populated regions like the provincia Narbonensis? And let us not forget that pestilence or epidernics weren't that unusual in the Roman world. For example, we have knowledge of an other epidemie under the reign of Trebonianus Gal­ lus (251-253) Ci). Sa why would one epidemie cause numerous hoards and others not? Even the pla gue under Mareus Aurelius (AD 165-166), de­ seribed as one of the worst in antiquity, has never resulted in an abnor­ mal number of hoards (").

(16) Jlur. via: 33, 5; Historia Augusta. Gall.• V, 5; OIlOS., VII, 22, 1-2; Zos., His­ Loria nova, l, 37, 3. (17) EUTR., IX. 9, 5. (18) R.P. DUNCAN-JONES, The Impact of flle Antonine Plaque, in .IRA. 9. Hl96, p. 139-152. ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 53

6) Accidents, coincidence and coin hoards Until the 19th century it was, in the absence of banks, the custom to hide the savings somewhere at home: under the bed, in a hidden niche in the wall, in the garden, below the floor, ... This was also the case in anti­ quity. But also for the non-recuperation of these hoards it isn't always necessary to look for a cornplicated cause. The unexpected death of the pater familias, who took the secret of the hiding place of the savings to the grave, could have resulted in the loss of the savings for the entire family. The house or villa could have burnt down, maybe as a result of the careless handling of an oil lamp or the kitchen fires, because of a stroke of lightning or of the spontaneous combustion of grain, .,. Again however these accidents can only be used as an explanation for indivi­ dual cases, not for the whole of the hoards. They are marginal events, which can't explain geographical or chronological concentrations.

7) H oarding and devaluations The devaluation of the Roman in the third century AD is a well-known and well documented phenornenon, this both in the Gallic Empire of Postumus as in the Central Empire of Gallienus cg). It is also the most important alternative hypothesis (with regard to invasions) as an expianation for the hoarding phenomenon between 253 and 269. Del­ maire wrote: « Grâce à la datation précise des émissions, on peut constater

î exisience d'une brutale augmentation du nombre des trésors chaque fois que Tétat modifie la monnaie pour la dévaluer ou la réévaluer. D'ou les pics de thésaurisations en 238, 253J 256, 260-261, 266, 268, 274, ... » en). At first sight this seems to be a very acceptable theory. There are however three important objections. First, a devaluation is supposed to be a general phenomenon, but when we examine figures 1 to 9 we see this isn't the case. How can we explain that the devaluation of the year 260 resulted in massive hoarding in northern Gaul and the Rhône-Saône region but not in equally prosperous regions like Aquitaine, the Provence, Britain or Spain where the same (devaluated) coins were in circulation? How can we explain that the AD 260 devaluation resulted in hoarding in the south-east of Gaul but the devaluation of AD 268 didn't? The answer is quite simple: we can't. And let's not forget that devaluations weren't so unusual in the Roman

(19) A.o. G. DEPEYROT and D. HOLLARD, Pénurie â'arqeni-méial et crise monétaire au 11Je siècle. in Histoire & Mesure, II, 1, 1987, p. 57-85; D. HOLLARD, La crise de la mon­ naie au JJ( siecle après J.-C. Synthése des recherches et resultats nouveaux, in Annales. Histoire, Sciences sociales, 50. 5. 1995, p. 1045-1078 and L.H. CaPE. C.E. KING, J.P. NORTHOVER and T. CLAY, Melal AnaLysis of Roman Coins minted under the Empire (Bri­ tish Museum Occasional Paper, 120), London, 1997. (20) R. DELMAIRE, op. cii. (n. 3), p. 25. 54 GIJS DE GREEF

Empire, 50 why should the devaluations between 253 and 269 have re­ sulted in hoarding and those of the previous periods not? Secondly, even in theory the devaluation-hypothesis can only be used for a part of the hoards, namely those consisting of silver or bronze coins of which the coinage was indeed reformed. 1t can however not been used to explain the presence of (non-devaluated) golden coinage in sorne hoards and it is completely incapable of interpreting the presence of (ca. 60) hoards which include relatively large numbers of golden and silver jewelry and of precious silverware el). Hoards including aurei, jewels or silverware constitute only a srnall fraction of our 767 hoards (sorne 8 0/0, but since they have been relatively better documented the real percen­ tage is probably even lower)' but the fact that such objects were only owned by a small percentage of the population makes their presence highly significative. The third and maybe the most fundamental objective is that devalua­ tions are only capable in explaining the burial of hoards, but they can't explain their non-recovery. It is possible that large nurnbers of hoards in our catalogue have been buried because of devaluation-reasons but, in this study, that is irrelevant. What matters is that the owners of these hoards were never able to recover their savings and this can only be ex­ plained by assuming more violent causes like Germanie invasions, civil war or banditism. The conclusion is quite simple: usurpations, civil war, bandltism, pla­ gue, accident or devaluation, non of these alternative theories have pro­ ven to be campatîble with the image shawn by the hoards themselves. Although they can explain the burial of sorne individual coin boards they can not be used in order to interpret the geographical and chronological concentrations of our 767 hoards. Only the Germanie invasions-hypothe­ sis has this potential.

The Germanie invasions AD 253-269 In my thesis 1 tried to establish a clear picture of the Germanie inva­ sions under the reign of Valerian, Gallienus and Postumus, by making use, not only of the coin hoards, but also of literary, epigraphie, archae­ ological and numisrnatic sources. This was of course a lengthy assignrnent and it is impossible to repeat everything here. However, 1 would like ta share sorne interesting rernarks. Our literary sources give a dramatie description of the events between 253 and 269 (22). Among thern there seems ta he one cornmon tendency:

(21) E.g. (1 superhoards » Iike Éauze (Gers, n" 441). Talmont-Saint-Hilaire 1 (Vendée. n" 541), Saint-Genis-Pouilly (Ain. n" 650) and Chalain-d'Uzore (Loire, n" 673). (22) For the litterary sources and their reliability : J.F. DRTNKWATER, op. cil. (n. 12) and D. WHiTTAKER. L'importance des invasions du Bas-Empire: peul-on {aire confiance aux historiens't, in RevNord. 77. 313. 1995, p. 11-20. ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 55 blame Gallienus for aIl the problems and disasters (usurpations, inva­ sions, ...) and praise Postumus. This is however not what the coin hoards are showing us. Figures 3 to 9 give us rather a picture of relative rest under Gallienus and of distress under Postumus. We know that during the usurpation of Valerian in 253 the ­ frontier was less protected, a fact of which sorne Germanie tribes took 3 advantage in order to raid the Empire e). These problems seem however to be resolved rather quickly, partly because of the deployment of nexil­ laliones of the legio XX Valeria V icirix (CIL, XIII, 6780), normally sta­ tioned in Chester. Figure 3 shows us only a few scattered hoards, a sign of relative peace. Probably this rest was preserved during the 256-258 period. Figure 4 contains more hoards but these should probably be asso­ ciated with the invasions of 259-260 (same geographical concentrations). Indeed, the invasions of the and Alamanni around 260 have the 1 reputation to have been extremely vigorous e). Without going in too de­ tails (like the routes followed by these tribes), wc can get an idea of this catastrophe by looking at figure 5. However, if we should believe the literary sources, Postumus resolved aIl this. They praise his virtus and moderalio, write us how he successfully drove the Germant, the barbori and the hosles out of Gaul and how he restored the welfare of the provinces (2.'} Orosius wrote: « Posiumius in Gallia inoasit tyrranidem, mullo quidem rei publicae commodo: nam per de­ cem annos ingenli oirtuie ac moderatione usus, el dominantes hosles expulit G et perdiies provincias in pristinatn faciem reformavit. » e ). Looking at fig­ ures 6 to 9 we can hardly share this vision. Apart from the invasions during the periods 260-261 and 268, which have already received a lot of attention from modern scholars, we see that also between the years 262 and 267 there was a continuous distress in the Gallic Empire ("). Especially the Franks (and the Saxons or Frisii?) seemed to have caused a lot of havoc (with sometimes a remarkable association of hoards with

(23) Zos., I, 29 and ZONAR., Annales, XII, 22. For a rnap of the hoards ending with coins of , Volusian and Aernilianus see: R. DELMAIRE, Trésor d'an­ toniniens découvert d Bavay en 1990, in RevNord, 74, 296, 1992, p. 151, fig. 3. (24) A.o. AUR. VICT., 33, 3; EUTR., IX, 8 and OROS.• VII, 22, 7-8. (25) AUR. VICT., 33. 8; EUTR., IX, 7; Historia Augusta, Gall., IV, 5; Historia Augus­ ta, Trig. Tyr., Ill. 6 and V, 4. (26) OROS.• VII, 22, 10. (27) Sorne numhers support this image of relative peace under Valerian and Gallie­ nus and troubles under Postumus. Of our 767 hoards sorne 40 % end with coins of Valerian or Gallienus (7-year period or on average ca. 4:~ hoards a year) and sorne 60 % with coins of Postumus or of the sole reign of Gallienus (9-year period or on average ca. 51 hoards a year), The hoards of the period 260-269 have also a tendency to be more dispersed over time in cornparison with the hoards of the period 253-260 (of the dated hoards of the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus 65.5 % could he attribut­ ed to the years 258-260). 56 GIJS DE GREEF rivers what presumes that sorne attacks were carried out by boat). The Alamanni were less active after their heavy defeat near in 260. This brief example points out sorne of the difficulties when examining the invasions: literary and numisrnatic sources which sometimes contra­ dict each other and Roman authors who weren't always as good informed or objective as we might hope.

Conclusion The coin hoards of the reigns of Valerian, Gallienus and Postumus are very varied regarding their composition, way of burial and cause of hid­ ing or non-recovery. This makes that a study of these finds will always remain difficult. But that doesn't mean that a lot of historical informa­ tion can't be obtained, although our approach must always be critical or even skeptic. Not every hoard is the result of an invasion and not every hoard is of much use. However, the geographical and chronological con­ centrations of these hoards are very significant when studying the history of the troubled third century AD and the Germanie invasions.

Catalogue In this catalogue, consisting of 767 hoards, all coin hoards ending with coins of Valerian, Gallienus (and theîr family) or Postumus are included. Of the hoards ending with coins of II and Postumus, only those finds which couId be dated in the brief period of the joint reign of these two emperors, are included. Geographically the research was limited to 9 countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Por­ tugal, Spain, the United Kingdom and Switzerland eS). In the catalogue, ail hoards were published in the following order: first sorted on country, secondly on the name of the hoard (in alphabetical or­ der). An exception was made for the 533 French hoards which have first been sorted on regîon (in alphabetical order), secondly on department (in alphabetieal order) and only then on the name of the hoard (in alphabetîcal arder). Together with the name of the hoard (mostly the name or place under which it was published or is known) also an administrative indication 9 is given e). Then a short description of the hoard is given: usually date of finding, number and type of coins and the terminus post quem. References of coins are to Roman Imperial Coinage (RIC) and G. ELMER, Die Münzprâ• gung der gallischen Kaiser in Kôln, und Mai/and, in BJ, 146, 1941, p. 1-106. The followîng abbreviations are used:

(28) This catalogue was compiled in January 1999, hoards round or published alter this date are not included. (29) Belgium: province. Germany: ( Land 1), France: ( région ) and (( département 1), the Netherlands: province, Portugal: district, Spain: province. UK: county and Swit­ zerland: canton. ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMA NIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 57

A Anloninianus D AE Bronze Dp dupondius AR Silver S sesleriius AV Gold

The dating of the coins is based on:

1) for the coins of Valerian, Gallienus and famîly (AD 253-260): the catalogue in D. SCHAAD (ed.), Le trésor d'Éauze. Bijoux el monnaies du in" siecle aprés J.-c., Tou­ louse, 1992. 2) for the coins of the sole reign of Gallienus: the catalogue in D. HOLLARD, B. Fou­ CRA y and S. TASSINARI, Le tresor mulliple de deniers el anioniniens de Cranent (Y/Je­ lines ), in TM. 15, 1995, p. 74-114. 3) for the golden coins of Postumus: B. SCHULl'E, Die Goldpriigung der gallischen Kaiser oon Poslumus bis Teiricus (Typos Monographien zur Antike Numismatik, 4), Aarau ­ Frankfurt-arn-Main - Salzburg, 1983. 4) for the silver coins of Postumus: E. BEsLy and R. BLAND, The Cuneiio Treasure. Roman Coinaqe of the Third Cenlury AD, London, 1983 (abbreviated as « Cunetio lI) with the corrections of .I. LALLEMAND, Les trésors 17 et 18 de Tournai. Anloniniens de Viciorin et des Télricus (Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire. Monographie d'archéo­ logie nationale, 7), Brussels, 1992. 5) for the bronze coins of Postumus: D. HOLLARD, La thésaurisation du monnayage de bronze de Postumus: structure el chronologie des dépôts. in T 111, 13, 1992, p. 72-105.

Finally, one or more bibliographical reference(s) are given for each hoard. Usually this is limited to the most elaborate or most recent pu­ blication (where, if necessary, additional references can be found). The fol­ lowing abbreviations are used (apart from the «standard l) abbreviations used for historical, archaeological and numismatîcal periodicals and series as can be found in Numismatic Lileralure and L'Année philologique): BASTIEN P. BASTIEN and A. COTHENET, Tresors monétaires du Cher. Lignières (294-310). Osmery (294-313) (Numismatique romaine. Essais, recherches, et documents, 8), Wetteren, 1974. BI A. BLANCHET, Les trésors de monnaies romaines el les invasions germani­ ques en Gaule, Paris, 1900. BI suppl unpublished supplement to Blanchet (1900), Cabinet des médailles de la Bibliothèque nationale de France. BOST J.-P. BOST, M. CAMPO, D. COLLS, el al., L'epone Cabrera III (Majorque). Échanges commerciaux eL circuits monétaires au milieu du ]]r siêcle après J .-C. (Publications du Centre Pierre Paris, 23). Paris, 1992. CAVADA M. CAVADA NIETo, Halla:zgos monelarios dei siglo JI] en el ierriiorio de la Galicia aclual, in C. LOPEZ ARIAS (ed.), VI]1 Conqresso Nacional de Nu­ mismaiica. Auiles, 1-4 abril 1992. Madrid, 1994, p. 348. CHAL M. CHALANDRY, Le trésor de Yilliers-Saini-Grien: antoniniens de Gordien III ci Poslume, in Monnaies el trésors en pays Dunois. Journées de la So­ ciété Française de Numismatique, Châleaudun, 7-8 juin 1986 (Bulletin de la Société Dunoise, 19, 275-276), 1985-1986, p. 41-44. DE BOONE W.J. DE BOONE, De Franken nan bun eerste optreâen loi de dood nan Childerik (diss. doct.), Groningen, 1954. DOC documentation of the Belgian Coin Cabinet (Brussels). FERD A. FERDIÈRE. Répertoire des cacheiies monétaires d'Eure-et-Loir et des mon­ naies d'or gauloises, romaines el du haut Moyen Âge isolées, in Monnaies el 58 GIJS DE GREEF

trésors en pays Dunois. Journées de la Société Française de Numismatique, Châteaudun, 7-8 juin 1986 (Bulletin de la Société Dunoise, 19, 275-276), 1985-1986. FREY S. FREy-KuPPER and O.F. DUBOIS, AusgewiiLte Mûnzfunde. Kirchen­ {unde: eine Übersicht (Inventar der Fundmünzen der Schweiz, 1), Lau­ sanne, 1993. FRIEDL J. FRIEDLAENDER, Miscellen, in Berliner Blâller {ur Münz-, Siegel- und Waffenkunde, 3, 1866. p. 299-300. H&L H. HUVELIN and X. LORIOT, Les trouvailles de monnaies d'or dans l'Occi­ dent romain au Ilr siècle de noire ère. in C. BRENOT and X. LORIOT (eds), L'or monnayé lll. Trouvailles de monnaies d'or dans l'Occident romain. Acles de la Table Ronde tenue à Paris les 4 el 5 décembre 1987 (Cahiers Ernest Babelon, 4), Paris, 1992, p. 215-272. HIERNARD J. HIERNARD and J.-Cl. RICHARD, Les lrésors monétaires du Ilr siècle aprés Jc-C. d'Aigues-Mories el Saini-Laureni-d'Aiqouze (Gard), in Sympo­ sium Numistnalico de Barcelona, 27 y 28 [ebrero 1979, I, Barcelona, 1979, p. 153-189. HOLL D. HOLLARD. La thésaurisation du monnayage de bronze de Postumus: structure et chronologie des dépots, in TM, 13, 1992, p. 72-105. HUVELIN H. HUVELlN, Le trésor des « Carmes» à Reims (200-2158 AD), in H. Hu­ VELIN, M. CHRISTOL and G. GAUTHIER (eds), Mélanges de numismatique offerts à Pierre Bastien à l'occasion de son '75e anniversaire, Wetteren. 1987, p. 73-83. JACOB J.-P. JACOB, H. LEREDDE and X. LORIOT, Trésors monétaires gallo-ro­ mains du département de L'Yonne, in RAECE, 34,3-4, 1983, p. 301-327. KOETHE H. KOETHE, Zur Geschichle Galliens im drilien Viertel des 3. Jahrhunderls, in BRGK. 32. 1942 (1950), p. 199-224. LALL (1993) J. LALLEMAND, Gallaix. in L'Archéologie en Hainaul occidental, 1988-1993 (Amicale des archéologues du Hainaut occidental, 5), Ath, 1993, p. 79-83. LALL (1994) J. LALLEMAND, De munlschallen van Velzeke, in M. ROGGE and L. BEECK­ MANS (red.), Geld uit de grond. Tuieeduizend jaar muntgeschiedenis in Zuid­ Oost- Vlaanderen (Publicaties van het Provincîaal Archeologisch Museum van Zuid-Oost-Vlaanderen - site Velzeke. Buitengewone reeks, 2), Zot­ tegem, 1994, p. 74-78. LASER R. LASER, Die râtnischen und {rühbyzanlînù;chen Fundmünzen aus dem Ge­ blet der DDR (Schriften zur Ur- and Frühgeschichte, 28), Berlin, 1980, p. 144-145. LERAT L. LERAT, Les trésors de monnaies romaines en Franche-Comté, in RAECE. 19, 1968, p. 160-163. LORIOT X. LORIOT, Inventaire provisoire des trésors de monnaies romaines décou­ verts en Saône-et-Loire, in BSFN, 32, 6, 1977, p. 205-207. PEREIRA I. PEREIRA, J.-P. BOST and J. HIERNARD, Fouilles de Conimbriqa III. Les monnaies, Paris, 1974, p. 232, n" 3. PY M. Pv, J. HIERNARD and J.-Cl. RICHARD, Le trésor de Nages-el-Solorgues (Gard), in TM, 5, 1983, p. 117-123. ROURE A. ROURE y BONAVENTURA, et al., Troballa d'un conjuni monetari a Vi­ lauba (Camos, Pla de l'Estany), in Etnpurias, 48-50, 1986-1989, p. 268­ 281. SCHAAD D. SCHAAD (ed.), Le trésor d'Éauze. Bijoux et monnaies du Ilr siècle après J .-C .• Toulouse. 1992. STAHELIN F. ST'\HELtN, Die Scluueiz in rômisdien Zeil, Basel, 1931. SUTHERLAND C.H. V. SUTHERLAND, Coinaqe and Currency in Roman Brilain, Oxford­ London, 19:~7. ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 59

Th M. THIRION, Les tresors monétaires gaulois el romains trouvés en Belgique (Cercle d'études numismatiques, travaux, 3), Brussels, 1967. vH J. VAN HEESCH, De muntcirculaiie iijdens de Rotneinse iijd in hel noorduies­ ten oan . De civitates van de Neroiërs en de Menapiërs (ca. 50 v.C. - 450 n.C} (Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis, monografie voor nationale archeologie, Il), Brussels, 1998. VON KAENEL H.M. VON KAENEL, H. BREM, J.T. ELMER, ei al., Der Mûnzhor! aus dem Guisho] in Neflenboch, Anioniniane und Denare oon Sepiimius Seuerus bis Postumus (Zürcher Denkmalpflege Archâologische Monographien, 16), Zürich, 1993. WEDER M.R. WEDER, Del' Bachofensche Münzschalz (Augst 1884), in Jahres­ berichie aus Augst und Koiserauqst, 11, 1990, p. 53-72.

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. BELGIUM 1 Anderlecht (Brussel) (15)89, AR coins încluding Valerian, Gallienus BI 659, Th 7 and Postumus. 2 Arlon (Luxembourg) 1760, AR and AE coins of which only 7 are BI 731, Th 10 known. Terminus: Postumus (Elmer 593) = AD 265·266. 3 Asper (Oost-Vlaanderen) 1579, large number of coins including sorne of Th 12 Deciusand Postumus. 4 Autelbas (Luxembourg) 17th century, AR coinsfrom Valerianto Postu- Th 14 mus. 5 Barbeçon (Hainaut) Before 1873, ca. 250 AR coins of which only 5 BI 704,Th 18 are known. Terminus: Valerian and Gallienus (Elmer 74 + 85): AD 259-260. 6 Basècles (Hainaut) 1934, 513 coins of which 507 are known from Th 19, DOC, to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 335, vH p. 223 336,337: AD 264-265. 7 Belœil (Hainaut) 1839, coins from? to Valerian and Gallienus, BI 648b, Th 22 8 Belsele 1892, 1587AR coins of which 1527 are known, Th 23 (Oost-Vlaanderen) from ta Postumus. Termi- nus: Elmer 332 and 336: AD 263-265. 9 Ben-Ahin (Liège) 1883, 264 coins of which 247 AR are known, Th 24 (rom Septimius Severus ta Postumus. Terrni- nus: Elmer 593: AD 265-266. 10 Berlare 1776: several AV coins of Postumus. BI 681,Th 25 (005t-Vlaanderen) Il Blicquy II (Hainaut) 1968, 25 AR coins from lulia Maesa to Valeria- BCEN (1986) nus (RIC 72 + 126) and Gallienus (RIC 148 + p. 1-11 178). AD 255-256. 12 Bras (Luxembourg) 1981, 108coins(2 as, 1 S, 105A) from AB (1982) p. 94· to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 333: AD 263. 97, AB (1986) p.205-211 13 Casteau III (Hainaut) 1784, 600-700 coins, only 23 known from Mar- BI 648, Th 43 eus Aurelius to Gallienus (Victoria germanica). AD 259-260. 14 ClavierII (Liège) 1967, 8 coins (hoard'î) from to Th 47A Postumus (Elmer 130or 186). AD 261. 15 ClavierIII (Liège) 1967, 1085 D + 595 A from Commodus to Gal- Th 47B lienus.Terminus RIC 397, AD 253. 16 Dadizele l 1884, 6 or 7 kg of small bronze coinsincluding Th 52 (West-Vlaanderen) Gallienus, Salonina and Postumus. 60 GIJS DE GREEF n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 17 Dailly 1 (Namur) 1856, hoard of 316 coins, only 23 0 and 191 A BI 694, Th 54 from Commodus ta Postumus are Imown. Ter- minus: Elmer 313, AD 262. 18 Dailly Il (Namur) 1871 (100 m [rom Dailly 1), unknown number BI 695, Th 55 of coins.37 D and 50 A from SeptimiusSeverus ta Valerian are known. Terminus: Valerian (RIC 80) and Salonina (2nd western mint), ter- minus between AD 253 and 257. 19 Denderleeuw 1938. 40 AR coins, 3 0 and 17 A from Septi- Th 59 (Oost-Vlaanderen) mius Severus ta Postumus are known. Termi- nus: Elmer 336: AD 262-265. 20 Deux-Acren (Hainaut) 150 ft deniers ~ from Julia Maesa to Valerian 1 Th 63 and Il (list of emperors probably incomplete). 21 Dranouter 1858. hoard consisting of coins from Th 71 (West-Vlaanderen) to Postumus. 22 Drongen 1789, over 200 AR coinsof Postumus. BI 673, Th 72 (Oost-Vlaanderen) 23 Eben-Emael (Liège) Before 1896, 157 AR coins (possibly not the Th 74 complete hoard) from Gordian 1 (?) to Postu- mus. Terminus: Elmer 317: AD 263-265. 24 Elverdinge Before 1920,hoard of ± 700 AE coins, only 601 Th 80 (West-Vlaanderen) are known: 597 S, 3 Dp and 1 as from Vespa- HOLL, p. 96 sian to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 294 (AD 261) + imitation of type TR P IlII COS III (AD 269-270). 25 Fontaine-Valmont V Unknown number of AR coins. only 7 D and Th 97 (Hainaut) 13 A from to Valerian and Gallie- nus have been studied. Terminus: Gallienus (Elmer 82): AD 259,260. 26 Forest-lez-Frasnes 1835, hoard endîng with coins of Valerian and Bl648bis (Hainaut) Postumus. Also located in Mortagne. Th 98 27 Gallaix (Hainaut) 1969, 3 0 + 31 A from Septimius Severus to LJ\LL (1993) Valerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Elmer 40, 42, 55, 60. 68 =AD 259. 28 Givry l (Hainaut) 1981-1983. 1 AV, 56 0 and 5 A from Septimius Helinium (1984) Severus to Valerian. Terminus: Valerian (RIC p. 247-263; DOC 124-125-126): AD 254-256. 29 Givry II (Hainaut) Hoard consisting of at least 162 AE coins from Amphora (1993), ta Commodus. Attribution of 2 AE p.26-33 imitations of Postumus ta the hoard is uncer- DOC tain. 30 Givry III (Hainaut) 1992, 1014 A from Elagabalus ta Valerian and BCEN (1993) Gallienus. Terminus of AD 259 (Elmer 68, 69f p.25 107. 75. 82. 83). 31 Grotenberge 1950,2410 coinsof which 2381 A are identified Th 114 (008t-Vlaanderen) (from Gordian III ta Gallienus and Postumus). Terminus: Postumus (Elmer 561 and 593), Gal- lienus (RIC 206): AD 268. 32 Habay-la-Vieille 1 1990-1991, 99 A from Gordian 1II to Postumus. DOC (Luxembourg) Elmer 332 '" AD 263. 33 Habay-la-Vieille Il 1990-1991 (next to Habay-la-Vieille 1), 37 AE DOC (Luxembourg) and AR coins from to Postumus (Elmer 336). Terminus: AD 262-265 ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 61 n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 34 Han-sur-Lesse 1 1851, hoard of ± 50 coins of Postumus. Only 7 BI 692, Th 117 (Namur) A are known. Terminus: Elmer 130: AD 261. (= hoard of Éprave) 35 Harchies (Hainaut) 1858, 102 AR coins(24 D, 77 A, 1?) from Faus- BI 637, Th 119 tina 1 to Valerian, Saloninus and Gallienus. Terminus: AD 259-260. 36 Havré (Hainaut) 1886. 3 rings and 7 AE coins from Antoninus Th 123, DOC Pius to Postumus. 37 Hensies (Hainaut) 1914, in a tomb, a large number of coins. only Th 129 10 A from Gordian III ta Postumus are known. Terminus: Elmer 187: AD 260. 38 Herchies(Hainaut) 1837, ± 40 coins from Augustus ta Postumus. Th 130, Possîbly the same as the hoard of Harchies. vH p. 93 39 Herfelingen 1883-1884, hourd of AR coinsfrom Gordian III BI 656, Th 132 (Vlaarns-Brabant) to Postumus. 40 Howardries1 (Hainaut) 1842,2000 AR coins«from the period of the 30 BI 645, Th 139 tyrants ».a.o. Valerian,Gallienus and Postumus. Terminusof AD268accordingto Thirion(?) ,JI HowardriesII (Hainaut) 1855-1856, hoard of which 43 A from Gordian Th 140 III to Postumus are known. Terminus: Elmer 336 and 395 = AD 266. 42 HowardriesIII 1953,242 A from Elagabalus to Postumus. Ter- Th 141 (Hainaut) minus: Elmer 335, 336, 337 = AD 264-265. 43 Howardries IV 1989-1990, ± 30 A from Gordian III to Gallie- BCEN (1992) (Hainaut) nus (AD 253M2(0). p.34 44 Izenberge 1845. 10 AR coins from Gordian III ta Postu- BI 679. Th 145 (West-Vlaanderen) mus (Elmer 336), AD 262-265. 45 Kester 1988, ± 1700 D + A. only 800 studied (from vH, p. 104 (Vlaams-Brabant) Pertinax ta Postumus). Terminus AD 260. 46 Kortrijk Il 1897, ± 7 kg of AR coins of which only 300 are Th 155 (West-Vlaanderen) known. Hadrian to Postumus (AD 265·266, a.o. Elmer 593). 47 Leerbeek 1873. unknown number 01 coins. 7 D and 81 A Th 151 and 162 (Vlaams-Brabant) from Septimius Severus to Postumus have been '. identified. Elmer 314 and 336 = AD 262M265. '18 Lichtervelde 1849, 62 AR and 15 AE coins from to Th 166 (West-Vlaanderen) Postumus. Elmer 383 and 333 or 564-567 = artel' AD 266. 49 Liège (Liège) 1910, 7 A of Postumus (hoard?). Th 167 50 Lokeren 1810 or 1819, Clodius Albinus to Postumus Th 169 (Oost-Vlaanderen) (hoard?). 51 Longchamps-lez-Bas- 1896, 381 A from Elagabalus to Postumus. BI 688, Th 174 togne (Luxembourg) 52 Macquenoise (Hainaut) Possibly 2 boards (2.1 coins from Nera to Pos- Th 177 tumus and 144coins from Maximinus to Postu- mus)? 53 Maisières (Hainaut) Before 1910, known are 241 A from Elagahalus Th li8 ta Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 186 and 189: AD 261. 54 Malonne II (Namur) 1916,58 S + 115 A from Domitianus ta Vale- Th 180 rian, Saloninusand Gallienus (AD 259-2(0). 55 Mariakerke 1908, 25 Sand 50 (or 51?) A from ta (Oost-Vlaanderen) Postumus. 62 GIJS DE GREEF

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 56 Marke 1757. a large number of small AE coins of Gal- Th 175and 185 (West-Vlaanderen) lienus. 57 Matagne-la-Grande 1 Before 1995,16 Sand 2 A from BCEN (1995) (Namur) ta Postumus. p. 14-15 58 Modave (Liège) 1802, :!: 1200 AR and AE coins from Severus BI 703. Th 201 Alexander to Valerian. Gallienus and Postu- mus. 59 Moerbeke-Waas AE coins from to Gallienus (huard?). Th 203, (Oost-Vlaanderen) vH p. 131 60 Mons (Hainaut) 1912. 242 AR coins from Philippus 1 ta Postu- Th 205 mus. 61 Montrœul-sur-Ha ine 1846, 3937 coins: 400 S. 600 D, 2037 A from BI 638, Th 207 (Hainaut) Trajan to Postumus. 62 Namur III (Namur) 1939, in a tomb: 6 D + 1 A (Republic ta Salo- Th 216 nina). Terminus: Salonina (RIC 29): AD 254- 258. 63 Namur (Namur) 1974, 55 A from Gordian III to Postumus. Ter- BCEN (1982) minus: Elmer 129and 133 =AD 261. p.50-58 64 Nismes (Namur) 26 S. 2 Dp, 2 as and 2 A from Domitian ta Gal- Th 219 lienus(RIC 1(3) and Postumus. AD 267-268. HOLL. p. 94 65 Noordschote 1857, 136 AR coins from Septirnius Severus ta BI 663. Th 224 (West-Vlaanderen) Gallienus. 66 Péruwelz (Hainaut) 1845, hoard ending with coins of Valerian or BI 648bis,Th 239 Postumus. 67 Petigny II (Namur) 1955. ± 8 tOO coins of which 93 are known: 88 Th 242, S from Domitian ta Maximinus, 1 A of Saloni- HOLL, p. 93 na and 2 A + 2 S (imitations) of Postumus. El- mer 129 or 185 =AD 261. 68 Petit-Rechain (Liège) 1883, 55 A from ta Valerian, Saloni- Th 244 nus and Gallienus, AD 259-260. 69 Ploegsteert 1970, unknown nurnber of coins (at least 42 ta HOLL, p. 100 (West-Vlaanderen) 45 AE). Only 5 identified: 1 S of SeptirniusSe- verus and 4 imitations of double S of Postu- mus. Terminus: AD 266-267. 70 Pommeroeul1 1969, 138 A from Gordian III to Valerian, Sa- BCEN (1982) (Hainaut) loninus, Valerian II divus and Gallienus. AD p. 70-83 258-260. 71 Pommeroeul III 179 A + 2 imitations, from Gordian III ta Pos- LALL (1982) (Hainaut) tumus, Terminus: Elmer 130 =AD 261. 72 Pommeroeul V 1980. 28 AR from SeptimiusSeverus ta GaIlie- Helinium (1984) (Hainaut) nus (Elmer 47). AD 257-258. p.53-67 73 Pommeroeul VIII 1970,99 A (complete?) from Elagabalus to Va- vH, p. 160 (Hainaut) lerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Elmer 81 =AD DOC 259-260. 74 Pommeroeul IX 100 m from Pommeroeul VIII, 1 D + 350 A vll, p. 160 (Hainaut) from Elagabalus ta Postumus. Elmer 123-125: DOC AD 260. 75 Pommeroeul X 1987, AR coins from Septimius Severus ta Gal- vH, p. 158 (Hainaut) lienus, only 37 are known. Terminus: Salonina DOC (Elmer 60): AD 257-258. 76 Quaregnon(Hainaut) 1976. 15 A from Gordian III ta Valerian and BCEN (1982) Saloninus. Terminus: Elmer 74 and 107 = AD p. 6-10 259-260. ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 63 n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 77 Riemst (Limburg) 1905, 200 coins including 110 A and 2 AE of Th 250, Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 568-569: AD 268. HOLL, p. 95 78 Saint-Mard III Before 1938, at least 35 A from Volusian to Th 258 (Luxembourg) Gallienus and Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 565 and 567: AD 268. 79 Sars-la-B uissière 1860, hoard of AR coins including Trebonius, Th 264 (Hainaut) Gallus (sic), Trajanus, (sic) and Vale- rian. 80 Sint-Truiden t9th century: AR «médailles ~ of Valerian II. BI 686bis, Th 271 (Limburg) Also located in Tongeren. 81 Thulin 1 (Hainaut) 1862, in a tomb: 535 AR coins from Septimius BI 639, Th 294 Severus ta Gallienus (Elmer 39). AD 257-258. 82 Thulin II (Hainaut) 1878, 1 D + 697 A from Iulia Maesa ta Postu- BI 640, Th 295 mus (only 157 coins have been identified). Ter- minus: Elmer 563 and 569: AD 268. (Also located in Montrœul-sur-Haine). 83 Tilff (Liège) 1893,± 300 A but only 20 known from Gordian BI 712, Th 160 III to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 187: AD 260. 84 Tournai III (Hainaut) 1826 or 1827. hoard ending with Valerian or BI 648bis, Th 304 Postumus. 85 Velzeke 1 1966-1967: unknown number of coins, 1 D and Helinium (1971) (Oost-Vlaanderen) 236 A have been identified. From ta p. 48-60. LALL Valerian, Saloninus and Gallienus, Terminus = (1994) p. 74-75 AD 259-260. (= hoard of Oombergen). 86 Velzeke II 1971, 593 D + 538 A from Trajan to Postumus. BCEN (1974) (Oost-Vlaanderen) Terminus: Elmer 335, 336, 337 = AD 264-265. p. 12-15; LALL (1994) p. 76-78 87 Velzeke IV 1997,91 D + 93 A from Clodius Albinusto Pos- DOC (Oost-Vlaanderen) tumus. Terminus: Cunetio le: AD 261. 88 Viesville (Hainaut) 1858, 64 A from Gordian III to Valerian rand BI 650, Th 311 Il, Saloninus and Gallienus. AD 258-260. 89 Villerot1 (Hainaut) 1841, AR coins of Septimius Severus, Gallienus Th 312 and Salonina. 90 Villerot Il (Hainaut) 1842, hundreds of AV, AR and AE coins from Th 313 Antoninus Pius to Postumus. 91 Virginal-Samme 1862, at least 800 A from Caracallato Gallienus BI 657, Th 314 (Brabant Wallon) (= hoard of Tubize). 92 Vitrival (Namur) Beîore 1859, 3 D + Il A from Severus Alexan- BI 696, Th 315 der to Gallienus. Terminus: Elmer 26: AD 257- 258. 93 Vlaanderen Found somewhere in Flanders, 221 coins from Amphora (1986) Gallienus III to Postumus (or Vîctorninus?)are p.29-36 known. Terminus: Elmer 571, 591, 597 = AD 269. 94 Waasmunster 1750. 22 A of Postumus, only 1 coin known: Th 319 (Oost-Vlaanderen) Elmer 381, AD 266. 95 Waudrez Il (Hainaut) 1970, 16 AR and AE coins from to Va- vH, p. 220 lerian and Gallienus (hoard1). Terminus: Elmer DOC 76, AD 259-260. 96 Werken 1898, hoard of 96 S, 1 Dp and 5 A from Dom- Th 331; (West-Vlaanderen) itianus to Gallienus and Postumus. AD 266- HaLL, p. 95 267. 64 GIJS DE GREEF

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 97 West-Vlaanderen 1994, sornewhere in the province, hoard of 303 vH, p. 223 A (complete?) from Gordian III ta Postumus, DOC Elmer 593. AD 265-266. 98 Wijtschate 1845, 1000 ta 1200 AR coins [rom Trajan to BI 664, Th 335 (West-Vlaanderen) Postumus. 99 Wodecq 1 (Hainaut) 1895-1900, only 288 AR coins known from a Th 91a total of ± 8 600. Vespasian ta Postumus (Elmer RBN (1980) 125 and 126). AD 260 (= hoard of Flobecq). p. 69-95. 100 Wodecq II (Hainaut) 217 D + A known(assumed ta be ± 2/7th of the Th 160 entire hoard) from Septimius Severus ta Vale- RBN (1980) rian (= hoard of Lahamaide). p.69-95 101 Wommelgem 1631,a large number of coinsfrom Caracalla to Th 341 (Antwerpen) Valerian and Gallienus. 102 Zingem 1858, ± 8 400 A from Philippus 1 ta Postumus. Th 345, Amphora (Oost-Vlaanderen) Terminus: Elmer 563, 565, 593 =AD 268. (1988) p. 34-36 GERMANY 103 Alzey 1938, hoard consisting of pearls, golden ear- FMRD, IV, 1005 (Rheinland-Pfalz) rings, 1 AE and 381 AR coins from to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 568 =AD 268. 104 Bingen 1912, numerous AR coins but only 76 known: FMRD, IV, 1059 (Rheinland-Pîalz) 47 D and :~O A from the Republic ta Trajan Decius or Postumus (uncertain). 263 AD. 105 Bollendorf Hoard ending with coins of Postumus (uncer- KOETBE, p. 213 (Rheinland-Pfalz) tain). 106 Bonn 1896, coinsof Gallienus (36), Salonina (2), Salo- BJ (1897) (Nordrhein-W.) ninus (14) and Postumus (2). Terminus: Elmer p.176-177 133-189 (Postumus) and RIC 61 (Salonina): 81748 AD 2B2-263. 107 Cottbus Alter 1850, unknown number of coins: only 13 FM RD, XI, 3039 (Brandenhurg) D + A are identified. From Caracalla ta Gallie- nus and Saloninus. Terminus: AD 258-260. 108 Daxweiler 1830, hoard ending with coins from Valerian Il (1942) (Rheinland-PfaIz) (AD 256-258). p. 157 KOETHE. p. 209 109 Diepholz 1910, 1 A of Gallienus and 6 A of Postumus. FMRD, VII, (Niedersachsen) Terminus: Elmer 566 and 567: AD 268-269. 4006 110 Ditzingen 1821, unknown number of coins: only 7 coins FMRD, II, '1296 (Baden-W.) from Gordian III to Saloninusare known. Pro- bable terminus: AD 258-260. 111 Donauwôrth 1949, Il A from Valerian to Postumus. Terrni- FMRD, 1, 7071 (Bayern) nus: Elmer 592 = AD 268. 112 Eining III Hoard supposed ta he found in the casiellum of FMRD. 1, 2036 (Bayern) Eining and associated with the invasionsof AD 259-260 (very doubtful). 113 Flamersheim 1881, hundreds of D and A from Septimius Se- BI 745 (Nordrhein-W.) verus to Gallienus. Terminus: AD 258 (?). 114 Giessma nnsdorf 1850,unknown numher of coins: only 7 A iden- FMRD, XI, 3028 (Brandenburg) tified, from Caracalla ta Valerian (RIC 117and 256), Gallienus (RIC 40) and Salonina (RIC 5). Terminus: AD 258. 115 Gymnich Befare 1866, 180 AR coins from Gordian III to FRIEDL., p. 299- (Nordrhein-W.) Valerian. Gallienus and Saloninus. Probable 300 terminus: AD 258-260. ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 65

n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 116 Halle-Dôlau Hoard (?) of ± 20 coins, only 4 A known from LASER, p. 250~ (Sachsen-Anhalt) Trajan Decius to Valerian and Gallienus. 251 117 Heidelberg-Neuenheim 1897, 130 (or 141) AR coins known (probably FMRD, II. 1064 (Baden-W.) half the completehoard) froma coin of the city of Terina (4th century BC) ta Postumus. Ter- minus: either Elmer 333 (AD 263) or Elmer 564 (AD 268). 118 Irnsing(Bayern) 7 A of the sole reign of Gallienus. FMRD, 1. 2045 119 Kempten-Burgtall 1852, ± 800 AR coins and 6 AV. Only a small FMRD, I. 7189 (Bayern) number of coins is known: from Septimius Se- verus ta Gallienus and Salonina. 120 Klugham 1852, unknown number of coins. Only 2 D and FMRD, I, lt78 (Bayern) 31 A have been identified, from Caracalla ta Valerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Gallienus (RIe 410 F) =AD 254-256. 121 Leimersheim Hl27, severalabjectsand 365D+AfromCaracal- FMRD, IV, 2069 (Rheinland-Pfalz) la ta Postumus.Terminus: Elmer385: AD266. 122 Mainz 1886, hoard of 3220 coins of which 1871 D + A BI 802 (Rheinland-Pfalz) are known. From Antoninus Pius to Postumus. FMRD, IV, 1164 Terminus: Elmer 336 and 337: AD 264-265. 123 Mettenbach Before 1846, small number of AR coins. 28 A FMRD, l, 2075 (Bayern) from Gordian III to Valerian are known. Ter- minus; Valerian (RIC 90): AD 255-256. 124 Mürlenbach 1886. hoard consisting of 226 D from Clodius Bl762 (Rheinland-Pfa Iz) Albinus to Gordian Ill, 426 A from Caracalla to Gallîenus and 2 S from Trajan and Antoni- nus Pius. Terminus: Saloninus: AD 258-260. 125 Neuhofen 1924. hoard of 353 A from Caracalla ta Vale- FMRD, IV, 2219 (Rheinland-Pfalz) rian and Gallienus. Terminus: Valerian (RIC 241) and Gallienus (RIC 377) =AD 254. 126 Niederbieber l 1900, in the caslelIum, sorne abjects and 192 A HJ (1901) p. 95- (Rheinland-Pfalz) from Caracalla ta Valerian (AD 254-256). It is 131 possible that alsoan AfromGallienus makespart of this huard (Iovi viclori imp ces, AD257-258). 127 Niederbieber II 1900, in the casiellum, 88 D and :JOI A from BJ (1901) p. 95- (Rheinland-Pfalz) Clodius Alhinus ta Valerian, Gallienus and Sa- 131 loninus. Terminus: AD 259-260. 128 Niederbieber III 1906,bronze kettle, sornesilver plates and 900 EJ (1911) p. 273 (Rheinland-Pfalz) AR coins. Hoard dated AD 259-260 (?). 129 Olgishofen 1797, a great number of AR coins. 1 D, 40 A FMRD, t, 7160 (Bayern) and 2 S from Caracalla to Gallienus are known. Dated AD 25-259. 130 Pfakofen Unknown number of coins, only 32 D and 3 A FMRD. 1, 3040 (Bayern) have been identified. From Antoninus Pius ta Salonina (RIC fi5): AD 258-260. 131 Poppelsdorf 1876, 1 D of and 211 A HJ (1876) p. 155- (Nordrhein-W.) from Gordian III ta Postumus (AD 260-262). 159; Bl 749 132 Ramsen 1892, over 1000 AH coins.A list of 1224 D + A FMRD, IV, 2120 (Rheinland-Pfalz) fromTrajan to Postumus was compiled. Termi- nus: Postumus (Elmer 337 =only type exactly known), AD 264-265. 66 GIJS DE GREEF

PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 133 Regensburg III 1832, a large number of coins, only 3 D and FMRD, l, 3081 (Bayern) 115 A which might belong ta this hoard have been identified. From Faustina 1 diva to Vale­ rian II âious and Saloninus: AD 259-260. 134 Regensburg IV 1864, over 300 coins but only 1 0 and 55 A FMRD, J, 3082 (Bayern) from Julia Domna to Gallienus' sole reign (or ?) are known, 135 Schlier-Oherankenreute 19th century, 46 AR coins, only 20 from Septi­ FMRD, II,3153 (Baden-W.) mius Severus ta Gallienus are known. 136 Schwarzenacker II 1915, hoard of 4811 0 and A from Caracalla to FlV!RD, III, 1023 (Saarland) Gallienus and Postumus. Terminus: Postumus, coins Irom the Cunetio-emissions lIa and Ilh: AD 262.' 137 Schwege 1907, hoard of 54 coinsof which 35 Wall Id have FMRD, VII,1070 (Niedersachsen) been struck between AD 253 and 268. 138 Spesbach 1898, 1 D + 41 A from ta Postu­ FMRD, IV, 2102 (Rheinland-Pfalz) mus. Terminus: coins of Cunetio-emission le of Postumus: AD 261. 139 Stegelitz 1845, possible hoard but only 4 coins are LASER, p. 144­ (Sachsen-Anhalt) known: Septimius Severus (1 0), 145 (1 D) and Gallienus (2 A). AD 259. 140 Steingaden 1902, hoard ± 2400 AR coins, mostly of Septi­ FMRD, I, 7196 (Bayern) mius Severus. Only 21 coins are known (Faus­ tina 1 ta Volusian), but another 463 D and A might belongto the same hoard (SeptimiusSe­ verus ta Valerian). 141 Süderbrarup Before 1926, 69 A and 2 AE from Elagabalus FMRD, vm, (Schleswig-Holstein) ta Gallienus and Postumus. 1081 142 Thüngersheirn 1885-1886, 8 aurei and a golden [ibula were FMRIJ, I, 6110 (Bayern) found. Antoninus Pius (1), Faustina II (1), Gal­ lienus (5), Valerian II (1). Terminus: Gallienus (RIC 5, 16,69 var, 74) = AD 263. 143 Trier 1969, hoard of at least 212 A from Valerian to TZ (1972) p. 127­ (Rheinland-Pfalz) Postumus. Terminus: Postumus Cunetio-ernis­ 133 sion V, AD 268. 144 Trier 1882,60 S from Vespasian ta Postumus. BI 769; HaLL (Rheinland-Pfalz) p. 101 145 Unterammergau II 19th century: tools and coins; 1854: a sword FMRD, 1, 1103 (Bayern) and 2 A of Gallienus (same hoardî). 146 WiesbadenII 1903, only 2 D and 12 A known: Iulia Mamaea FMRD, V, 1257 (Hessen) to Valerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Valerian (RIC 89), Gallienus (RIC 56), Salonina (RIC 7): AD 258-259. 147 Winnefeld 1879, hoard of 133 coins of which 117 AE are FMRD, VII, (Niedersa chsen) known (from Trajan ta Postumus). Terminus: 7051 Postumus RIC 107 and 179, AD 261. 148 Xanten (Nordrhein-W) 1848, hoard of 174 0 and 157 A from Comme­ BI 739 dus ta Gallienus. FRANCE 149 ? Hoard of unknownorigin,736 AE (almost ail of HOLL, p. 103 Postumus) but only 52 are known: 1 as of Phi- lippus land 51 doubleS or Postumus. AD 267. ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 67 n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. ISO Saverne 1880, 168 AR from Elagabalus ta Gallienus, BIsuppl 1302 (Alsace, Bas-Rhin) dated AD 260. BA (1926) p. 153-163 151 Lutterbach 1978, unknown numher of coins, only 182 D Gallia (1984) (Alsace, Haut-Rhin) and 602 A from Commodus to Gailienus are p.267 known (probably less than 1/3th of the entire hoard). Terminus: AD 258-259. 152 Ostheirn-Horburg 1634, 1800coinsof Valerian. Gallienus, Saloni- BI suppl 1328 (Alsace, Haut-Rhin) na and Postumus. 153 Raedersheim 5 kg of coins from GordianIII ta Gallienus (AD Pv, n° 1 (Alsace, Haut-Rhin) 253-260). 154 Saint-Amarin Between 1850and 1860: 50 coinsof Gallienus. BI suppl 1310. (Alsace, Haut-Rhin) 155 Sentheim1 1850, hoard of the reign of Gallienus. BI suppl 1311 (Alsace, Haut-Rhin) 156 Sentheim II 1909, 200 ta 300 coinsfrom Gordian III to Gal· BI suppl 1312 (Alsace, Haut-Rhin) lienus(AD 253-260). 157 Boisse Before 1851, large number of AE « médailles & TAF, VI, (Aquitaine, Dordogne) of Gordian and Postumus. Dordogne, 3 158 La Chapelle-Aubareil 1939, ± 200 D + A from Septimius Severus ta TAF. VI, (Aquitaine, Dordogne) Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 299 =AD 262. Dordogne, 4 159 Bordeaux 1866, find of 5 A: Philippus Il Caesar(1), Va- TAF, VI, (Aquitaine, Gironde) lerian (2), Salonina (2). Hoard? Gironde, 44 160 Bordeaux1 1801, hoard of 43 golden coins of which 41 TAF, VI, (Aquitaine, Gironde) AV from Vespasian ta Valerian and Gallienus Gironde, 6 are known. Terminus: Valerian (RIC 55) and Gallienus (RIC 73,93,97) =AD 257-259. 161 Escoussans 1957, unknown number of coins, only 26 A TAF, VI, (Aquitaine. Gironde) from Philippus1 ta Postumus are known. Dat- Gironde, 18 ed AD 260-262. 162 Vayres 1900, unknown hoard of (Roman?) coins. 4 Tf1F, VI, (Aquitaine, Gironde) known A might come from this Iind: from Gor- Gironde, 38 dian III ta Gallienus (AD253-2(0). 163 Momuy 1850, hoard of 3000 to 4000coins(A?) from the TAF, VI, (Aquitaine, Landes) reign of Gallienus. Landes.8 164 Poyartin Belore 1884, hoard of coins of Gallienus and TAF, VI. (Aquitaine, Landes) «empereurs contemporains ~. Landes, 12 165 Montaut (Aquitaine, 1900, findof 200 to 300 AE coinsof which only TAF, VI, Lot-et- Lot-et-Garonne) 10 (from Nerota Gallienus) arc known. Garonne, 12 166 Pyrénées 1865. somewhere in the department, 19kg of D TAF, VI, Pyr. Atiantiques (Aquitaine) and A from Sabina and Aelius Caesarta Gallie- Atlantiques,8 nus and Saloninus. 167 Avermes II 1986, hoard of 5 kg of coins(± 1200). Only 762 TAF, VII, Allier, (Auvergne, Allier) A from Gordian III ta Postumus and Claudius 2 II arc known. Terminus: AD 268-269. 168 Besson 1900, hoard of 193Sand 3 as or Dp, from Tra- TAF, VII, Allier, (Auvergne. Allier) jan ta Valerian. together with a small AR bra- 3 celet. 169 Broût-Vernet 1824, board or 493 D + A. from Marcos Aure- TA F, VII, Allier, (Auvergne, Allier) lius(Consecratio) ta Valerian 1and II, Saloninus 6 and Gallienus. 68 GIJS DE GREEF

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 170 Cindré Before 1898, unknown number of AR coins TAF, VII, Allier, (Auvergne, Allier) from Gordian, Philippus, Gallienus and ~ autres 49 empereurs de ce temps e. 171 Dompierre-sur-Besbre 1 1895, find of hundreds AR coins but only two TAF. VII, Allier. (Auvergne, Allier) small parts from the hoard are known. From 7 Elagabalus to Gallienus and Valerian II (and NumerÎan?). Probable terminus: AD 256-258. 172 Dornpierre-sur-Bresbre 1910, hoard of 19 kg of AR and AE coins TAF, VII, Allier, II (probably ± 2100 AR and 1500 AE). lnventory 8 (Auvergne, Allier) of 1750 coins from Trajan ta Quietus and Pos- tumus (or Claudius II?). 173 Mercy II 1891. ± 600 S from Trajan to Postumus. TAF, VII, Allier, (Auvergne, Allier) 14 174 Néris-les-Bains 1847, possible hoard of which only 4 A (Philip- TAF, VII, Allier. (Auvergne, Allier) pus II to Saloninus)are known (doubtrul). 56 175 Saint-Loup 1855, a large number of AR coins from Com- TA F. VII, Allier, (Auvergne. Allier) modus (?) to Postumus (= hoard of Echerolles 26 or La Ferté-Hautrive). 176 Saligny-sur-Ra udon 1888, ± 300 AR coins but only 243 (or 202?) A TA F. VII, Allier, (Auvergne, Allier) are known, from Geta or Maerinus to Postu- 27 mus. Dated AD 261. 177 Sauvagny 1892, hoard constisting of jewels in gold and TA F, VII, Allier, (Auvergne. Allier) silver and an uncertain number of AR and AE 28 coins (from ta Postumus). 178 Vichy l 1852, find of 122 D + A from Geta to Gallienus. TAF. VII, Allier, (Auvergne. Allier) 32 179 Allègre Some hundred coins from Hadrian to Valerian, TAF, VII, (Auvergne. Haute-Loire) Gallienus and Salonina. Haute-Loire, 16 180 Saint-Privat-d'Allier 1864, 16 AH and AE coins found in a tomb, TAF, VII, (Auvergne, Haute-Loire) from Trajan ta Valerian and Gallienus (AD Haute-Loire, 15 259-260). 181 Sanssac-l'Eglise 1975, hoard of 39 A from Gordian III to Vale- TAF, VII, (Auvergne. Haute-Loire) rian II (AD 256-258). Haute-Loire, 10 182 Clermont-Ferrand II Between 1880-1890: find of 600 ta 700 A. 579 TAF, VIl, (Auvergne, Puy-de-Dô- coins from Gordian III ta Postumus are known. Puy-de-Dôme. 3 me) Terminus: AD 261. 183 Miremont(Auvergne, 1859, hoard of 6 to 7 kg coins (probably A). TAF. VII, Puy-de-Dôme) « près tous les souverains de l'anarchie militaire Puy-de-Dôme. 5 comprise entre les années 211 et 268~. Men- tioned are Elagabalus and Gallienus. 184 Saint-Beauzire (Auver- 1826, find of 500 to 600 A. Only 123coins[rom TAF. VII. gne, Puy-de-Dôme) Gordian III ta Valerian, Gallienus and Saloni- Puy-de-Dôme, Il nus are known. 185 Carpiquet (Basse-Nor- 1970, unknown number of coins. Known are 52 HOLL. p. 100 mandie, Calvados) AE from Hadrian to Postumus. 186 Douvres-la-Dèlivrande II 1952, linard of 15 kg, coins mostly of Postu- CAG, Calvados. (Basse-Norm., Calvados) mus. 226 187 La Garenne (Basse-Nor- 1851, find of ± 40 S of which 2 of Cornmodus HOLL, p. 100 mandie, Calvados) and 7 or 8 of Postumus. 188 Le Manoir (Basse-Nor- 1850. hoard of ,125 S from Vespasian to Gallie- CAG. Calvados, mandie, Calvados) nus. 497 189 Mosles (Basse-Norman- 1878, ± 220 Roman coins [rom AD 244 to 267. CAG, Calvados, die, Calvados) 604 ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 69

PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 190 Courcy (Basse-Norman­ 1835, ± 200 coinsof Postumus. CAG, Manche, die, Manche) 140 191 Eurqueville (Basse-Nor­ 1809, small find of coins (A?) of the reign of BI suppl? mandie, Manche) Gallienus. 192 Lapenty (Basse-Nor- Unknownnurnber of AR and AE coins,only 25 BI suppl 1163 mandie,Manche) known from Antoninus Pius to Postumus. 193 Le Vicel (Basse-Nor­ 1772, find of 2 golden spoons, ± 1000AR coins CAG, Manche, mandie, Manche) until Gallienus and a large number of coins of 354bis Gallienus and his family. Only 10 coins are known (Augustusto Lucius Verus). Also known as the hoard of Valcanville. 194 Marigny (Basse-Nor- 1844, a large number of AE coins but only fi CAG, Manche, mandie, Manche) are known (Trajan ta Gallienus) (= hoard of 236 Carantilly). 195 Montmartin-en-Graignes 1800, find of ± 40 as and S of which 18 are HOLL, p. 100 (Basse-Normandie, Man­ known: Antoninus Pius (1), CAG, Manche, che) (1), Postumus (Hl). 401 196 Regneville-sur-Mer Hoard of ± 100 A from Caracalla ta Gallienus. CAG, Manche, (Basse-Normandie, Man­ 275 che) 197 Saint-Martin-de-Varre­ 1822, find of sorne 40 AR coins. Hoard either BI 429 ville (Basse-Normandie. from Septimius Severus to Gallienus or from CAG. Manche, Manche) SeptimiusSeverus to . 445 198 Sottevast (Basse­ 1819, find of 3000 to 5000 AR coins but only BI 426 Normandie, Manche) sorne 2000 are known, from Vespasian to Vale­ CAG, Manche, 99 rian 1 and II, Saloninus, Gallienus and Postu­ mus (only 1 coin - terminus AD 260?). 199 Urville (Basse-Norman­ 1836, hoard of 452 A from Caracalla ta Gallie­ BI suppl t166 die. Manche) nus and Postumus (probably = hoard of Monte­ GAG, Manche, bourg). 263 200 Valognes l (Basse-Nor­ 1705, hoard of ± 25 4 livres ~ of Roman coins GAG, Manche, mandie, Manche) from Hadrian ta Postumus. 570 201 Valognes II (Basse-Nor­ 1853, hoard or34t A from lulia Domna to Pos­ BI suppl 1164 mandie, Manche) tumus. GAG, Manche, 570 202 Ampilly-le-Sec Hoard of 310 coins from Gordian III ta Gallie­ Py, n" 17 (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) nus (AD 253-2(0). 203 Arceau Hoard of 185 coins from Elagabalus ta Gallie­ Py, n" 11 (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) nus (AD 253-260). 204 Beaune Small hoard with coins frorn to Vale­ Pv, n' 14 (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) rian and Gallienus (AD 253-2(0). 205 Clamerey 1974, hoard of 2 D and 1548 A from Caracalla TM (1980) (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) to Valerianand Gallienus. Terminus: Elmer 74­ p.9-29 75, 82-88, 96-97, 107=AD 259-260. 206 Esbarres 1979, Iind of 2 rings, a double hook in bronze TM (1993) (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) and 6 D, 224 A and 6 S from Trajan to Vale­ p.9-16 rian, Saloninus and Gallienus. Terminus: AD 259-260. 207 Fontaines-les-Sèches 1937, hoard of 103 AE coins (Trajan to Fausti­ BI suppl 1038 (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) na II) and a small number of AR coins (Balbi­ nus to Valerian and Gallienus). 208 Molesmes Find of a hundred coins from Gordian III to (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) Valerian and Gallienus (Ad 253-260). 70 GIJS DE GREEF n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 209 Montliot-et-Courcelles Hoard of 55 Sand 16 A from Trajan ta Gallie- Py, n" 18 (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) nus (AD 253-260). 210 Nuits-Sai nt-Georges 1931, hoard of 124 D and 1137A from Clodius BI suppl 1029 (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) Albinus to Gallienus and Valerian 1and Il. Ter- minus: AD 256-260. 211 Orgeux 1987, a unknown number of coins. Known are Gallia (1968) (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) 194A from Gordian III to Valerian and Gallie- p. 486 nus. 212 Plombières-lès-Dijon Hoard of 665 coins (Septimius Severus to Pos- BI suppl I03! (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) tumus). 213 Quèrnigny-sur-Seine 1896, hoard of 129 AR coins from Gordian III si seo (Bourgogne, COte-d'Or) ta Saioninus. Terminus: AD 258-260. 214 Varois-et-Chaignot Hourd of 1034 coins but only 180 are known BI suppl 1028 (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) ( to Valerian and Saloninus). Termi- nus: AD 258-260. 215 Vertault 1 1880, find of 45 A (Elagabalus ta Valerian). CH (1976) (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) p. 70, n" 281 216 Vertault II 1890, îind of 1 AE e médaille 0 of Lucius Verus CH (1976) (Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) and 169 AE coins from Augustus to Postumus. p. 69, n"259 HOLL, p. 101 217 Vitteaux Hoard consisting of over 200 coins [rom Anto- BI suppl 1040 (Bourgogne. Côte-d'Or) ninus Pius ta Valerian, Gallienus and Salonina. 218 Chatenay-Saint-Imbert 1885, find of 80 coins [rom Severus Alexander 81268 (Bourgogne, Nièvre) ta Valerian li and Saloninus. Terminus: AD 258-260. 219 Coulanges-les-Nevers 1802, hoard consisting of 2 golden rings, 1 sil- BI 269 (Bourgogne, Nièvre) ver neeklace, 1 of SeptimiusSeverusand 352 AR coins from Marcus Aurelius to Vale- rian, 220 Entrains 1890, hoard consistingof coinsof Postumus. BI 281 (Bourgogne, Nievre) 221 Luzy 1876. hoard of 80 AR coins and 200 S (Trajan BI 275 (Bourgogne. Nièvre) to Valerian and Gallienus). 222 Marié-le-Gra nd 187G, hoard (Elagahalus to Postumus). BI277 (Bourgogne, Nièvre) 223 Millay 1883, 16 S and AR coins from Hadrian to Va- BI 276 (Bourgogne, Nièvre) lerian. BI suppl 1048 224 Oisy Before 1939, :!: 70 A but only '14 examined. BSFN (1988) (Bourgogne. Nièvre) Gordian III to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer p. 341-345 322 and 336 = AD 263-265. 225 Raveau t957, hoard of 10 D and 179 A from Hadrian RN (1958) (Bourgogne, Nièvre) to Valerian, Gallienus and Saloninus. Terrni- p. 193-196; RN nus: AD 258-260 (= hoard of Forêt de Bre- (1961) p. 178 tagne). 226 Alleriot 11 (Bourgogne, 1858, board of200to 300ARcoinsfromHadrian BI suppl 1057 Saône-et-L.) or AntoninusPius ta Valerianand Gallienus. LORIOT, n" 2 227 Autun (Bourgogne, 1614, hoard of severaljewelsand silverware to- BSFN (1985) Saône-et-L.) gether with AH and AV coins (at least aurei p.603-G07 from Philippus II and Gallienus). 228 Autun V (Bourgogne, 1956. find of 63 coins from Elagabalus to Va- LORIOT, n°8 Saône-et-L.) lerian and Gallienus (AD 253-260). ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 71 n" PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 229 Curtil-sous-Burnand 1979, unknown number of coins, only 84 A TM (1993) (Bourgogne, were examined (Gordian ]JI to Valerian and p. 17-19 Saône-et-L} Gallienus). Terminus: Elmer 83 '" AD 259· 260. 230 Étrîgny 1 1844, hoard of 2 silver bracelets, 3 golden rings LORIOT, n" 24 (Bourgogne, and almost 200 AR coins from Gordian III to Saône-et-L) Valerian and Postumus.• Probable terminus: Saloninus: AD 258-260. 231 La Chapelle-sous-Bran­ 1951, small hoard of fi A from Gordian III to CAG, Saône-et• cion (Bourgogne, Gailienus and Valerianus II. Terminus: AD Loire, 528 Saône-et-L) 256-260. 232 La Comelle 1 1770, hoard consisting of coins from Gordian ta LORIOT, n" 19 (Bourgogne, Postumus. Saône-et-L) 233 Le Breuil (Bourgogne, 1858, several AR and AE coins. Only 3 AR LORIOT, n" 13 Saône-et-Lj coinsknown(Trajan, Iulia Mamaea, Gallienus). 234 Mâcon l 1764, hoard consisting of ± 30000 AR coins 81284, (Bourgogne, fr.om the Republic to Gallienus, ± 15 aurei and LORIOT, n" 32 Saône-et-L') several abjects in AE, AR and AV. 235 Mâcon II (Bourgogne, 1867, hoard consisting of 189 AR coins (Anto­ BI 289, Saône-et-L) ninus Pius to Gallienus). LORIOT, n" 13 236 Mâcon III (Bourgogne, 1873, find of 14 AR en 8 AE coins (Marcos LORIOT, n' 13 Saône-et-L) Aurelius ta Valerian 1 and Il) together with a silver bracelet and a golden ring. 237 Ouroux-sur-Sâone ] 1884, hoard of ± 50 AR coins (Gordian III ­ LORIOT, n"40 (Bourgogne, Valerian and Gallienus). Saône-ct-L) 238 Ouroux-sur-Sâone Il Hoard of 352 AR coinsfrom Faustina II to Va­ Pv, n" 42 (Bourgogne, lerian, Gallienus and Saloninus. Probable termi­ Saône-et-L) nus: AD 258-260. 239 Pierreclos 1898, hoard of 27 AR and 93 AE coins(Trajan LORIOT, n' 42 (Bourgogne, to Postumus). HÛLL, p. 102 Saône-et-L) 210 Saint-Boil 1980, hoard consisting of 7 D + 515 A (Septi­ CAG, Saône-ct• (Bourgogne, mius Severus ta Postumus) and several jewels. Loire, 39 Saône-et-L) Terminus: AD 263. 241 Verjux 1 1988-1990, 140S (Nerva to SeverusAlexander), Gallia lnîorm., (Bourgogne, 6 D and 644 A (AntoninusPius to Valerianand Bourgogne (1994­ Saône-et-L.) Gallienus), 1995), p. 176. 242 Verjux Il (Bourgogne, Before 1990, hoard consisting of 1 D of Cara­ CAG, Saône-et• Saône-et-L] calla and 572 A from Gordian III ta Valerian I Loire, 571 and Il, Gallienus and Saloninus. Probable ter­ minus: AD 258-260. 243 Chemilly-sur-Vonne 1950-1955, hoard of ± 200 A, only 50 studied JACOB, n" 17 (Bourgogne, Yonne) (Gordian III to Postumus). 244 Grimault 1952, hoard of 437 coins (mostly A) from Iulia Gallia (195:{) (Bourgogne, Yonne) Damna (reign of Caracalla) to Postumus (a.o. p. 163~164 coinsof the 9th TR P). Terminus: AD 268. 245 Joigny 1946-1954, group of 285 S (?) and 1 Dp from JACOB, n' 69 (Bourgogne, Yonne) an unknown hoard. Domitian to Valerian and Gallienus. 72 GIJS DE GREEF

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 246 Lailly 1903, hoard of over 120 AR coins but only 88 BI suppl 1042 (Bourgogne, Yonne) are known (Elagabalus ta Valerian II divus). JACOB, n"25 Alsocoin of Probus? 247 Migennes 1847, hoard of 1200to 1500coins(probably A) JACOB, n"31 (Bourgogne, Yonne) from Gordian III to Postumus. Location uncer- tain, possiblyin Laroche-Saint-Cydroine. 248 Noyers-sur-Serein 1952, 1 D and 436 A from lulia Domna (reign JACOB, n"38 (Bourgogne. Yonne) of Caracalla) to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 332 and 336 = AD 263~265. 249 Saint-Florentin 1969, hoard of 6,5 kg, 1173D + A from Marcus JACOB, n"47 (Bourgogne, Yonne) Aureliusta Gallienus and Postumus are known, 250 Senan II 1980, find of 200 to 300 Roman coins. Most re- JACOB, n"52 (Bourgogne, Yonne) cent coins probably of Gallienus. 251 VîIleneuve-sur-Yonne 1931, hoard of ± 5300 coins (A), only 30 A JACOB, n" 63 (Bourgogne, Yonne) known (Otacilia ~ Postumus). Terminus: Elmer 335 = AD 264-265. 252 Yonne 1859. only 48 A from Gordian III to Valerian, JACOB, n° 68 (Bourgogne, Yonne) Gallienus and Valerian II diuus are known (AD 258-260). It is not certain of these coins come from a new, unlmown hoard found sornewhere in the department or from an already known hoard. 253 Yonne Found somewhere in the department, 13 dou- HOLL, p. 97 (Bourgogne, Yonne) ble S (entire hoard?). Terminus: AD 269-271. 254 Pleumeur-Bodou 1869,find of several coinsof Gallienus and Pos- BI 454 (Bretagne, tumus. Côtes-du-Nord) 255 Saint-Brieuc 1 1847. find of coins of Valerian, Salonina and BI suppl 1171 (Bretagne, Postumus. Côtes-du-Nord) 256 Saint-Brieuc Il 1870, find of 262 A from Philippus l to Postu- BI 442 (Bretagne. mus. Côtes-d u-Nord) 257 Tonquédec 1825, find of 0 and A from ~ Antonin 0 (Anto- B1456 (Bretagne, ninus Pius or Caracalla) ta Trajanus Decius Côtes-du-Nord) and 1 A of Valerian. 258 Bourg-Blanc 1989, hoard of 1199S, 1 as and 4 A from Ves- HOLL, p. 94 (Bretagne, Finistère) pasian or Titus to Gallienus and Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 605-608 = AD 268. 259 Brest 1760, hoard of 20000 to 30000 AR coins (Se- Bl461 (Bretagne, Finistère) verus Alexander ~ Postumus). 260 Landevennec 1970, small hoard of AE coins. Only 38 are TM (1992) (Bretagne, Finistère) known (Nero ta Postumus). Terminus: AD p. 11-14 261. 261 Lervilly Hoard consisting of coins of Maximinus, Gor- RN (1935) (Bretagne, Finistère) dian III, Valerian, Gallienus and Salonina. p. 127-128. n"2 262 Locmariaquer 1676, hourd of ± 10000 coins (Caracalla - Pos- BI suppl 1183bis (Bretagne. Morbihan) tumus). 263 Plouhinec 1974. board of 629 A ending with Gallienus Gallia (1975) (Bretagne, Morbihan) (victoria qermonica. AD 259-2(0). p.345-346 264 Questembert 1879, over 6000 AR coins. Half the hoard was BI 465 (Bretagne, Morbihan) examined: Caracalla ta Postumus. Date given by Blanchet: AD 260. ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 73

a n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 265 Vannes 1962. hoard of 651 coins of which 458 S, 16 D HOLL, p. 98 (Bretagne. Morbihan) and 96 A are known ( - Postumus). Ter- minus: Elmer 333 = AD 263. Terminus gîven by Hollard for AE coins: AD 264-265. 266 Bourges (?) Found in unknown circumstances. 17 D, 172 A HaLL, p. 102-103 (Centre. Cher) and 1 double S from Trajan ta Gallienus (sole reign) and Postumus. Terminus: AD 268. 267 Bourges II 1843, find of 137 AR coins of which 97 are BI 546 (Centre, Cher) known (Pertinax ta Valerian and Gallienus. BASTIEN, na 10 Terminus: coins of Valerian II, non of Saloni- nus: probably AD 256-258. 268 Bourges III 1868. find of 3 S, 8 as or Dp and 1 A from Au- BI 548 (Centre, Cher) gustus to Postumus. BASTIEN, na Il 269 Bourges VIII 1956, a large number of S but only 12 exarni- BASTIEN, na 16 (Centre, Cher) ned (Titus to Postumus). AD 264-265. HaLL, p. 98 270 Cher Somewhere in the department, find of 200coins BASTIEN, 0° 62 (Centre, Cher) of which 1 of Postumus. 271 Clément-sur-Sauldre II 1898, ± 1200 coins from Elagabalus to Gallie- BASTIEN, na 24 (Centre, Cher) nus and Postumus. 0 272 Clemont-sur-Sauldre III 1901. an unknown number of coins, only 9 are BASTIEN, 0 25 (Centre, Cher) known (Etruscilla ta Postumus). Possibly a part of the hoard of Clément-sur-Sauldre II. 273 La Celle-Condé 1973, over 45 kg of S (± 1980 S) from Philippus CAG, Cher, 149 (Centre, Cher) ta Postumus. 274 Morogues (Centre. Cher) 1851, Iindof 75 A. 3 Dp and 10S (Augustus to BASTIEN, na 39 Gallienus). 275 Morthomiers 1969, ± 400 coins of which 1 D and 149 A are BSFN (1974) (Centre, Cher) known: Septimius Severusto Valerian 1and II, p.525, Gallienus. and Saloninus. Probable terminus: CAG. Cher. 57 AD 258-260. 276 Osmery 1 1876. ± 3000S and A from Caracalla to Gallie- BI 552 (Centre. Cher) nus. BASTIEN, na 44 277 Raymond Il 1880, unknown number of coins. Only3 A are BI suppl 1246 (Centre. Cher) »: 1{nown: Gordian III, Gallienus and Postumus BASTIEN, na 50 (Elmer 337 =AD 264-265). 278 Saint-Martin-des- Hoard of 80 AR coins but only 28 from Ha- BASTIEN, na 53 Champs drian ta Valerian II are known (hoard sorne- CAG, Cher, 224 (Centre, Cher) times located in Henry). 279 Allaines-Mervilliers 1857, board of 394 (probably AE) coins includ- FERD, na 1 (Centre, Eure-et-Loir) ing a large number of pieces of Sabina, Fausti- HOLL, p. 100 na and Postumus. 280 Belhomert-Guehouville 19th century, hoard of 163 kg of AE coins HaLL, p. 94 (Centre, Eure-et-Loir) (7000 - 7400 pieces). Sorne 200 coins from Tra- jan to Postumus known. 281 Châtaincourt 1928. hoard of239A (Gordian III to Gallienus). FERD, na 18 (Centre, Eure-et-Loir) Terminus AD 268. 282 Châteaudun Before 1723, ± 1000coins. mostly or Gallienus FERD. na 20 (Centre, Eure-et-Loir) but also 1 coin of Postumus and 1 of Laelianus (AD 269). 283 Chàteauneuf-en-Thy- 1993. hoard consisting of coins of , Se- CAG, Eure-et- merais verus Alexander and Postumus. Loir, 161 (Centre, Eure-et-Loir) 74 GIJS DE GREEF

n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 284 Dreux 1973. hoard of 2583 A from Caracalla to Gallie- FERD, na 28 (Centre, Eure-et-Loir) nus and Postumus. Dated AD 265-266. CAG. Eure-et- Loir. 204 285 Gas 1950. find of a silver mirror and 73 coins(Tra- FERD, n" 30 (Centre. Eure-et-Loir) janus Decius- Postumus). 286 Merouville II 1850or 1859, unknown number of coins(proh- Bl 469. 471, 472 (Centre, Eure-et-Loir) ably A), mostly of Gallienus and Postumus. and 473 Several other hoards have been wrongfully FERD, n° 45. 2 placed in Merouville by Blanchet. CAG, Eure-et- Loir. 264 287 Neuvy-en-Dunois 1913, hoard consisting of coins of Postumus. CAG. Eure-et- (Centre, Eure-et-Loir) Loir. 76 288 Nogent-sur-Eure 1843-1844, hoard of 610 A (Maximinus - Postu- BI 476 (Centre. Eure-et-Loir) mus). FERD.O"47 289 Saint-Laurent-la-Gâtine 1900, hoard of AE coins, 169 are Imown (Ves- HOLL, p. 100 (Centre, Eure-et-Loir) pasian or Titus ta Postumus). AD 266-267. 290 Thimert-Gàtelles 1993, hoard of 269 AE coins: 17 Dp or as and TM (1995) (Centre, Eure-et-Loir) 252 S. Domitian ta Postumus, AD 261. p.253-256. 291 Villiers-Sai nt-Orien 1863, unknown number of coins (max. 1500 or CHAL. p. 41-44 (Centre, Eure-ct-Loir) 2000). Only 108 still known (Gordian III to FERD, na 63 Gallienus and Postumus). AD 261. 292 Ymonville 1866, hoard of5830(mostly AR) coinsof which BI 475bis (Centre, Eure-et-Loir) 5130 are known from Galba to Valerian 1 and FERD, n" 65 Il, Gallienus and possibly Saloninus. Terminus: AD 256-260. 293 Sainte-Gemme 1974, find of A of Valerian (1), Gallienus (4) Gallia(1984) (Centre, Indre) and Postumus (2). Also 7 French coins to Na- p.323-324, poléon III (modern collection?) CAG, Indre, 155 2\1;1 Vèretz 1855, in a Roman villa: a skeletonand 3000 to CAG. Indre-et- (Centre, Indre-et-Loire) 4000 A. Only 200 coins known (Gordian III to Loire. 1t2 Postumus). 295 Billy 19th century, large hoard with coinsof Antoni- CAG, Loir-et- (Centre. Loir-ct-Cher) nus Pius, Faustina (S)and 1 A of Postumus. Cher. 24 296 Huisseau-sur-Cosso n 1834. hoard of 800 ta 900 coins:S from Vespa- CAG, Loir-et- (Centre. Loir-et-Cher) sian to Maximinus and AR from Gordian III ta Cher. 69 Valerian. 297 l\'lillanç3Y Before 1833, a large numher of coins (A) of CAG, Loir-et- (Centre. Loir-ct-Cher) Gallienus and Postumus. Cher, 19 298 Soings-en-Sologne 1882. ± 285 AR of which 275 are known: Mar- CAG. Loir-et- (Centre, Loir-et-Cher) eus Aurelîus to Postumus. Cher, 28 299 Beaugency Befare 1838, ± 1100 coins of Otacilia Severa. CAG, Loiret, 97 (Centre. Loiret) Gallienus, Postumus. etc. 300 Bannée(Centre, Loiret) Before 1878. ± 1000A of Gallienus and Postu- CAG. Loiret, 32 mus. 301 Briare 1836, ± 100 coins, only8 known from Augustus CAG. Loiret. 6 (Centre. Loiret) to Vespasian (hîghly unlikely). 302 Chambon-la-Forêt 1 1857. a large numberof AE coinsof Postumus. CAG. Loiret. 152 (Centre, Loiret) 30:1 Chambon-la-Forêt II 1867. ± 30 A of Gallienus, Salonina and Postu- CAG, Loiret. 152 (Centre, Loiret) mus (a.o. Elmer 301, AD 262). 304 Chilleurs-aux-Bois II 1900 or 1910, hourd of 647 S, 7 Dp, 7 as and 8 RN (1972) (Centre, Loiret) A from Vespasien to Postumus. Also 3 « lin- p. 169; gots ~ in bronze. HOLl•• p. 102 ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 75

0 n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 305 Crottes-en-Pithiverais 1914, lind of 150 A of Valerian, Gallienus and GAG, Loiret, 204 (Centre, Loiret) Postumus. 306 Dampierre-en-B urly Find of two hoards: 1) 990 coins until Postu- CAG, Loiret, 29 (Centre. Loiret) mus, 2) ending with coins of and Pro- bus. Two seperate hoards or two parts of the sarne hoard? 307 Ingrannes Small hoard, terminus given: AD 269. Gallia (1972) (Centre, Loiret) p. 317 308 Lailly-en-Val 1953. Iind of 71 A (Balbinus ta Valerian and CAG, Loiret, 100 (Centre. Loiret) Gallienus). 309 Lion-en-Sullias 1845, hoard of 240 coinsbut only 65 are known CAG. Loiret. 23 (Centre, Loiret) (probably ail A). Volusian ta Postumus. 310 Montargis 1822, AR coins of which only 5 A are known GAG, Loiret, 131 (Centre. Loiret) (Philippus- Valerian). 311 Montigny 1894, 2 rings(1 in gold,1 in silver)together with GAG, Loiret, 203 (Centre, Loiret) an unknownnumberof AR coins: 170piècesare known(Septimius Severus- Postumus). 312 Nancray-sur-Rimarde 1857. large number of A, mostiy or Postumus. HOLL, p. 100 (Centre, Loiret) Terminus uncertain: AD 261 or 268? CAG, Loiret, 153 313 Noyers 1987, hoard of 368 Sand 1 as (Nero - Postu- HOLL, p. 93 (Centre, Loiret) mus). AD 260-261. :114 Outarville 1890, board of 3891 coins, A of Gallienus and GAG, Loiret, 215 (Centre, Loiret) Postumus. 315 Pannes 1940, several skeletonsand 130coins, partly of CAG, Loiret, 133 (Centre, Loiret) Gallien us. :{16 Pithiviers-le-Vieil 1986, hoard of 1892 AE coins from Vespasian HOLL, p. 94 (Centre, Loiret) or Titus ta Postumus. AD 260-261. 317 Sceaux-du-Gâtinais IV 1871, hoard of 75 coins (A). Antoninus Pius ta GAG, Loiret, 147 (Centre. Loiret) Postumus. 318 Sceaux-du-Gâtinais VI 1977, find of 501 A (Julia Damna - Gallienus), GAG, Loiret, 147 (Centre. Loiret) 319 Givet (Champ.-Ard., Ar- 18th century, hourd with coinsof Gallienus and BI 98 dermes) Postumus. 320 Le Theux Before 1864. hoard of 60 coins from Septimius BI suppl 935 (Champ.-Ard .. Al" Severus ta Gallienus. dermes) 321 Maubert-Fontaine 1814, hoard of 1700coins from Gordian III to BllOO (Champ.-Ard., Ar- Postumus. dermes) 322 Sachy (Champ-Ar- Hoard of 22 coinsfrom Domitian to Valerian. Hl suppl 939 d., Ardennes) 323 Signy-l'Abbaye 1865, hoard of 2605 AR coins From Comrnodus BI 95 (Champ.-Ard .. Ar- ta Valerian, Gallienus and «Salonin s. Termi- dermes) nus: AD 256-260. 324 Villers-Semeuse 1740 and t770, hoard of ± 2500 coins «depuis BI suppl 936 (Champ-Ard., Ardennes) le Haut-Empire jusqu'à Gallien ». 325 Châtres 1833, hoard of 3,5 kg with coinsof Postumus. BI suppl? (Champ.-Ard.. Aube) 326 Gumery 1922, 17 Roman coinsof which 1 of Valerian II RN (1923) (Champ.-Ard., Aube) âiuus. Hourd? p. 226 327 Mailly-le-Camp Find of 79 or 80 AE coins Irorn Nerva to Pos- BI suppl 969 (Charnp-Ard., Aube) turnus. 76 GIJS DE GREEF

n. PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 328 Torvilliers 1708, hoard of over 2000 coins from Gordian BI 155 (Champ-Ard., Aube) III to Gallienus and Postumus (500ta 600). 329 Troyes 1862, hoard of 650 AR coins from Septimius BI suppl 972 (Champ-Ard., Aube) Severusta Postumus. 330 Vauchonvilliers 1881, in unknown circurnstances. Knownare 71 BSFN (1988) (Champ.-Ard., Aube) A from Gordian III ta Gallienus (solereign)and p.309-313. Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 186and 290:: AD 262. 331 Hallignicourt t951, hoard of 62 coins, 30 are known: 1 D of Gallia (1967) (Champ.-Ard., Hante- Elagabalus and 29 A from Gordian III to Vale- p.292-293 Marne) rian 1 and II, Salonina and Saloninus, Termi- nus: AD 259. 332 Marcilly-en-Bassigny 1880, hoard of ± 150AR coinsfromGordianIII RN (1938) (Charnp-Ard., Haute- ta Gallienus (sole reign) and Postumus. Date p. 105, n° 1 Marne) given: AD 262 (coin of Gallienus). 333 Bermericourt Hoard round in unknown circumstances, 55 D CahN (1998) (Champ.-Ard., Marne) and 128A known from an unknown total. Sep- p. 11-29. timius Severus ta Valerian 1 and II and Gallie- nus. Probable terminus: AD 256-258. 334 Billy-le-Grand 1859, hoard of 465 coins from Antoninus Pius BI 145,CN (Champ-Ard., Marne) to Valerian and Gallienus. (1970) p. 88 335 Boult-sur-Sui ppe 1849, hoard of 1200 coins from Philippus ta BI 135 (Champ.-Ard., Marne) Gallienus together with a golden bracelet and a golden necklace. 336 Bouy 1927, hoard consisting of ± S (a.o. of Postu- CahN (1971) (Champ.-Ard.. Marne) mus),sornesmaller AE coins,± 1200AR coins, p. 51 5 golden rings and a golden necklace. Terminus under Postumus uncertain. 337 Damery 1830, over 2000 AR coins(at least 1500 of Pos- BI 141, CahN (Champ-Ard., Marne) tumus), (1970) p. 89 338 Frignicourt Several abjects and ± 80 coins from Gordian r Gallia (1967) (Champ-Ard., Marne) ta Salonina. p.286 339 Lavannes 19th century, over 5000 coins (D + A) from BI 130 (Champ.-Ard., Marne) SeptimiusSeverus to Gallienus. 340 Reims (1851) 1851, ± 1250 AR coinsfrom Caracalla to Gallie- BI 121 (Champ-Ard., Marne) nus. 341 Reims(1854) 1854, hoard of 1100 AR coinsfrom Gordian III BI 122 (Champ-Ard., Marne) to Gallienus. 342 Reims (1875) 1875, hoard of 2600 coins from Elagabatus ta BI 126 (Champ-Ard., Marne) Gallienus. 343 Reims (1971) 1971, hoard of 70 D + A, SeptimiusSeverus to HUVELIN (Champ-Ard., Marne) Valerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Elmer 8,34, 40, 61, 63 = AD 257-258. 344 Tours-sur-Marne 1982, find of 161 S (Vespasian - Postumus). HOLL, p. 94-95 (Charnp-Ard., Marne) Terminus: AD 267. 345 Trigny 1821, hoard of 14000 AR coins from Comme- BI 132, CairN (Champ-Ard., Marne) dus to Gallienus. (1970) p. 88 346 Ville-sous-Orbais 1908, hoard of over 1500coins from Septirnius BI suppl 965, (Champ.-Ard., Marne) Severusand his family to Gallienus (?). RN (1908) p. 407, n° 49 347 Sancey-le-Grand 1959, hoard of 137 D (Trajan ta Gordian III), LERAT, n" 24 (Franche-Comte. Doubs) 286 A (Gordian III to Saloninus) and 1 S. Ter- minus: AD 258~260. ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 77

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 348 Luxeuil 1877, a least 30 kg coins (± 14000) from Gor­ BI 165, (Franche-Comté, Haute­ dian III to Valerian, Gallienusand «Salonnale­ LERAT, n" 26 Saône) diamus & (= Saloninus?). 349 Ouge (Franche-Comté, 1839. a large number of A from Trajan ta Va­ LERAT, n" 27 Haute-Saône) lerian and Gallienus. 350 Charchilla 1806or 1810, hoard of ± 1800coins of «Ostac­ BI suppl 977, (Franche-Comté, Jura) eila Il, «Severa» (sic), Philippus, Gallienus, Sa­ LERAT, n" 29 lonina and Postumus. 351 Dammartin-les-Pesmes 1770, ± 4000 coins, mostly of the 3th century LERAT, n" 28 (Franche-Comté, Jura) from Philippus to Postumus. 352 La Marre 1836, find of 45 coins, haIf Sand half A. From BI 167, (Franche-Comté, Jura) the Antonini to Salonina. LERAT, n' 25 353 L'Aubèpin Before 1868, A of Gallienus (hoard1). BI suppl? (Franche-Cornté, .J ura) 354 Saint-Claude 1810, hoard ending with Valerian (?). KOETHE, p. 211 (Franche-Comté, Jura) 355 Beaumont-le-Roger 1 1830.find of 200 to 400 A from Gordian III ta TA F, IV, Eure, (Haute-Normandie, Postumus. Il Eure) 356 Beaumont-le-Roger III 1832. hoard of 4000 to 5000 A. mostly frorn the TA P, IV, Eure. (Haute-Normandie, reign of Gallienus. 13 Eure) 357 Bémécourt 1850. ± 2000 A of Gallienus, Postumus and TAF, IV. Eure, (Haute-Normandie, «d'autres empereurs gaulois li (= hoard of 14 and 86 Eure) Beaux-de-Breteuil, 1852). 358 Bonneville-A ptot 1845, a large number of coins from the Repub­ TAF, IV, Eure, (Haute-Normandie. lie ta Gallîenus (unlikely). 15 Eure) 359 Dardez 1874, hoard of 116 S (Nerva - Postumus). AD TAF, IV, Eure, (Haute-Normandie, 260-261. 27 Eure) 360 Évreux VI 1950-1951, unknown number of AR coins, 183 TAF, IV, Eure, (Haute-Normandie, D + A known (Antoninus Pius ta Postumus). 34 Eure) 361 Fouqueville Before 1849, large hoard of AR coins,a.o, A of TAF, IV, Eure, (Haute-Norrnandie, Gordian III, Valerian, Gallienus and Postumus 37 Eure) (mostly), 362 Heuqueville 1810, hoard consistingof several jewelsand ob- TAF, IV, Eure, (Haute-Normandie, jects, 2 aurei (Nero and Lucius Verus), ± 50 AE 43 Eure) coins (S1) and sorne10 kg of coins (A) of which 250 are known. Most recent coin mentioned: Quietus: AD 2BO-261. 363 Les Andelys III 1887, hoard of ± 2000 A from Caracalla ta Pos- TAF, IV, Eure, 7 (Haute-Normandie, turnus. Terminus: Elmer 332, 334, 336 = AD Eure) 263-265. It is possible that also 1 coin of the type Concord equiL (AD 268) belongs ta the same hoard. 364 Les Authieux 1860, ± 300 A from Elagabalus ta Postumus. TA F, IV, Eure, 9 (Haute-Norma ndie, Terminus: AD 263-265. Eure) 365 Les Baux-de-Breteuil 1820, sorne 500 A from Gordian III to Postu- TA F, IV, Eure, (Haute-Normandie. mus, together with a few S. 10 Eure) 78 GIJS DE GREEF

PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 366 Les Préaux 18thcentury, hoardofover600coins(probablyD TA F, IV, Eure, (Haute-Normandie, + A) round together with a ring and a spoon in 57 Eure) silver. Theonlycoindescrihed isofthe type Marli paci[ero (Gallienus, RIe 236:: AD265-266). 367 Saint-Germain-la-Cam­ 1931, hoard of 270 S. Only 28 are known: Ha­ TAF, IV, Eure, pagne (Haute-Norman­ drian to Postumus. 66, die, Eure) HOLL, p. 101 368 Anneville-Ambourville 1975. at least 231 AR coins: 8 D and 223 A TAF, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) from Septimius Severus to Gallienus (joint and Maritime, 3 sole reign) and Postumus. Terminus: Gallienus (mint of Milan): AD 262. 369 Arques-la-Bataille 1 1863, find of 49AE coinsand a balance. Domi­ TA F, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) tian to Postumus. Hoard? Maritime,95 370 Arques-la-Bataille II 1900, hoard of 250 S and A, mostly of Postu­ TAF, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) mus. Terminus: Elmer 316 = AD 263. Maritime, 6 371 Bosc-le-Hard 1822, hoard of AE and AR coins, at least one TAF, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) of Gallienus and one of Postumus. Maritime, 12 372 Dampierre-en-Bray 1822, hoard of ± 6000 coins (probably D + A). TAF, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) Only 220 coins from Iulia Damna to Postumus Maritime,21 are known. 373 Dancourt 18BO, hoard of ± 500 coins (A?) from the 3th TA F, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) century, a.o. coins of Philippus and Postu­ Maritime, 22 mus. 374 Dieppe 1854, in unknown circumstances, 173 D + A TAF, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) from Maximinus to Postumus. Unknown hoard Maritime, 87 or a part of the hoards of Bourg-Dun, Dieppe 1II or Sauchay? 375 Elbeuf 1850-1851, possible hoard of 12 to 15 kg of TA F, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norm., Seine-l'vIar.) coins of Postumus but probably the sarne as Maritime, 103 the hoard of Caudebec-lès-Elbeuf round in 1846 (Gordian III ta Claudius Il and Vietori­ nus, TAF, IV, Seine-Maritime, 17). 376 Eu 1 1863, hoard of 1040 A. Philippus or Trebonia­ TAF, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norrn., Seine-Mar.) nus Gallus ta Postumus. 131 A known, termi­ Maritime, 33 nus: Elmer 560-56 r, AD 268. 377 Eu II 1864, in unknown circumstances, 62 S of Pos­ TA F, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) tumus. Maritime, 34 378 Fécamp 1924, ± 500 AR coins, but only 10 D and 10 A TAF, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norrn., Seine-Mar.) are known. Septimius Severus ta Valerian. El­ Maritime, 35 mer Il, 13 or 16 ::: AD 257-258. 379 Hattenville 1840, hoard (?) of 200 AR coins from Antio­ TAF, IV, Seine­ (1-1 te-Norm., Seine-Mar.) chos III and the Republic to and Maritime, 107 (unlikely). 380 La Londe 1884, hoard of ± 120 AE coins (rnostly S) from TA P, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norrn., Seine-Mar.) Trajan to Postumus. Maritime, 45 381 Lillebonne 1826-1828, ± 510 (AR) coinsfrom the Celts(Ar­ TAF, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) verni) ta Valerian and Saloninus(unlikely). Maritime,43 382 Oissel I 1899, ± 26 kg (500-600 coins). Only 72 Sand 6 TA F, IV. Seine­ (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) A are known (Trajan ta Gallienus), Maritime, 54 383 Rouen 1714, 120 ~ marcs ~ (± 29 kg) of Roman AR Tl1F, IV, Seine­ (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) coins: D and A from SeptimiusSeverus to Pos­ Maritime,86 tumus. ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 79 n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 384 Rouen III 1858, hourd of AR coins from Gordian III ta TAF, IV, Seine- (Hte-Norrn.,Seine-Mar.) Valerian and Gallienus. Maritime, 61 385 Rouen VIII Before 1908, unknown number of AE coins(S), BI suppl 1110 (Hte-Norrn., Seine-Mar.) 32 are known from Trajan to Postumus. (in- TAF, IV, Seine- cluding6 coinsof ~ Aurélius ~, probably Marcus Maritime, 66 Aurelius or Lucius Verus but interpreted as Aurelianusby Blanchet). 386 Rouen IX 1934. hoard of652 AR coins(AntoninusPins to TA F. IV, Seine- (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) Valerian and Gallienus) and ± 100 AE (Nera to Maritime, 67 Trajan Decius). Dated AD 254-256. 387 Saint-Pierre-envVal 1872, ± 80 A from Gordian III to Postumus. TIl F, IV, Seine- (Hte-Norm., Seine-Mar.) Maritime, 77 388 Boissy-la-Rivière Before 1950. hoard of Roman coins,a.o. of Gal- TAF, IX, Es- Ile-de-France, Essonne lienus and Salonina. sonne, 1 389 Merobert 1882, hoard of 356 D + A, only 158ta 162could TAF, IX, Es- Île-de-France, Essonne he identified,from Caracallata Postumus. sonne, 9 390 ?ouzy-Ia-Briche 1974, hoard of 5455 AR coins(266 D + 5189A) TAF, IX, Es- lle-de-France, Essonne from Septimius Severus ta Postumus. Terrni- sonne, 12 nus: coins from Cunetio-ernission IVa and EI- TM (1996) mer 593 =AD 266. p.35-70 391 Nanterre 1 1904, hoard of 1968 AR coins of which 219 D TAF, IX. Hauts- (Île-de-France, and 1643 A could be identified. Septimius Se- de-Seine. 2 1-1 auts-de-Seine) verus ta Valerian and Gallienus, Terminus: AD 254-255 (before the opening of the mint of Trier). 392 Paris V(' Before 1899, hoard of an unknown number of TAF, IX, Paris, (Île-de-France, Paris) AR coins (rom Gordian III to Gallienus, 6 393 Paris Ve 1937, hoard of 71 S (Titus to Septimius Se- TAF, IX, Paris, (Île-de-France, Paris) verus) and 71 A (Gordian III ta Valerian and 10 Gallienus). 394 Châteaubleau (Île-de- 1964-1981,23 AE coinsof Postumus (including TAF, IX, Seine- France. Seine-et-Marne) several imitations). et-Marne, -11a 395 Châtenay-sur-Seine 1963, ± 2000 coins from Elagabalus to Postu- RN (1963) (Ile-de-France, Seine-et- mus. Only 701 A are known. Terminus: AD p. 153-158 Marne) 263. TA F, IX, Seine- et-Marne. 7 396 1.:a Chapelle-Moutils 1850, unknown number of coins, only 13 l'rom TA F, IX. Seine- (Ile-de-France, Seine-et- Trajan ta Postumus are known. et-Marne, 5 Marne) 397 Melun 24 A from Gordian III to Postumus, the con- TAF, IX, Seine- (Île-de-France, Seine-et- tence of a purse or a part of a larger hoard? et-Marne, p. 110 Marne) Terminus: AD 262. 398 Orly-sur-Morin Before 1860, hoard of 132 AR coins from Mar- TA F, IX, Seine- (Ile-de-Franee, Seine-et- eus Aurelius ta Valerian, Gallienus and Saloni- et-Marne, 26 Marne) na. 399 Puisieux 1906, find of 440 AR coins from Hadrian to TA F, IX. Seine- (Île-de-France, Seine-et- Valerian) and Il, Gallienus and Saloninus. Ter- et-Marne, 29 Marne) minus: AD 258-260. 400 Noisy-le-Sec 1911, over 300 coins, rnostly AE but also ± 40 TAF, IX, Seine- (Ile-de-France, Seine- AR, known are 72 AE and ltl D + A, from Ti- Saint-Denis, l Saint-Denis) berius to Postumus. 401 Rosny-sous-Bois 1935, unknown numher of coins of which 18 A TAF, IX, Seine- (Ile-de-Franec, are identiîied: Volusian to Postumus. Terrni- Saint-Denis,2 Seine-Saint-Denis) nus: Elmer 593: AD 265-266. 80 GIJS DE GREEF n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 402 Ermont (Ile-de-France, 1884, find of 2000 à 2500 AR coins of which TAF, IX, Val-d'Oise) 308 are published: 160 D, 140 A, 8 D or A Val-d'Oise, 6 (Septirnius Severus- Postumus). 403 Guivry-en-Vexin 1987-1988, 606 A from Balbinus to Postumus. TAF, IX, (Île-de-France, Terminus: imitation of type Elmer 288: after Val-d'Oise, 7 Val-d'Oise) AD 263. 404 ~averny 1964-1965, hoard of 2000 to 3000 coins includ- TAF, IX, (Ile-de-France, ing Gallienus and Postumus. Val-d'Oise, 10 Val-d'Oise) 405 '-;allangoujard 1958 and 1961-1962. find of 2 D and 30 A (Iulia TAF, IX, (Ile-de-France, Maesa - Postumus).Terminus: Elmer 124=AD Val-d'Oise, 11 Val-d'Oise) 263. Possibly a part of a larger hoard. 406 Choisy-le-Roi (Île-de- Before 1909,find of 7 A of Postumus. TAF, IX, France, Val-de-Marne) Val-de-Marne, 4 407 Vitry-sur-Seine (Ile-de- 1985, hoard of 72 S, 2 doubleSand 2 as. Domi- TAF,IX, France, Val-de-Marne) tian to Postumus. Val-de-Marne, 8 408 Arnouville-lès-Mantes 1990. hundredsof coins of the 2nd and 3th cen- TAF, IX, (Île-de-France, Yvelines) tury AD, 179 S (rnostlyunidentified) and 33 A Yvelines, 1 of Postumus are known. Of the coins of Postu- mus only 17 have been identified, ail of first Cunetio-ernission: AD 260-261. 409 Bazemont 1810, hoard of ± 150coins,mostlyof Postumus. TAF, IX, (Île-de-France, Yvelines) Yvelines, 2 410 ~oissy-sans-A voir 1849, hoard of ± 2600 AR coins of which 1431 TAF, IX, (Ile-de-France, Yvelines) are known (Caracalla ta Postumus). Terminus: Yvelines, 5 4th TR P, Cunetio IIIa = AD 263. 411 Cravent 1983, hoard of 4399 (TI1F) of 4401 (TM) AR TAF, IX, (Île-de-France, Yvelines) coins from Antoninus Pius ta Postumus (small Yvelines, 7 differences betweenthe lists of TAF and TM). TM (1995) Terminus: Cunetio V and VI, 1 A of Postumus p.71·114. of the mint of Milan and coinsof the 6th emis- sion of Gallienus and Salonina (Rome) = AD 268. 412 ~ eauphle-le-Vieux 1887, small board, knownare 16 A (Gordian III TAF, IX, (Ile-de-France, Yvelines) - Postumus). Terminus: Postumus, Vil'lus aug, Yvelines, 12 AD 260-266. 413 Sonchamp 1842, hoard of aimas! 1200 S, from Vespasian TAF,IX, (Île-de-France, Yvelines) to Postumus. Yvelines, 18 414 Barbaira (Languedoc- Hoard of 280 coins from Gordian III to Valer- Pv, nD 83 Roussillon, Aude) ian and Gallienus. 415 Bize-Minervois (Langue- ln a tornb: small hoard, terminusgiven: Gallie- Pv. nD 82 dcc-Rousslllon, Aude) nus, AD 260. 416 Aigues-Mortes (Langue- 1955. hoard of ± 100 coins of which 55 D and HIERNARD doc-Roussillon, Gard) A are known, from Caracalla (reign of Septi- mius Severus) to Valerianand Gallienus. Prob- able terminus: Valerian Il divus: AD 258- 260. 417 Nages-et-Solorgues 1981, hoard of 19 A of Valerian. Gallienus and TM (1983) (Languedoc-Roussillon, their family (including Valerian II divus). Ter- p. 117-123. Gard) minus: AD 258-260. 418 Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze 1860, hoard of ± 200 coins of which 150 AR HIERNARD (Languedoc-Roussillon, coins are known from Caracalla to Valerian Gard) and Gallienus. Terminus: AD 256-258. ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 81 n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 419 Alignan-du-Vent 19th century, hoard of ± 50 A of Gallienus. Pv, nD 81 (Languedoc-Roussillon, Hérault) 420 Béziers Hoard of ± 50 coins, mostly unidentified A, CahN (1968) (Languedoc-Roussillon, known are 19 AE and AR coins from the Re- p.537 Hérault) public to Gallienus. 421 Saint-Étienne-du-Val- 1921, in a tomb, ± 30 coinsincludlng ± 10 A of CahN (1984) donnez (Languedoc- Valerian and Postumus. p.17 Roussillon, Lozère) 422 Corrèze 1927, sornewhere in the department, hoard con- TAF, 1, Corrèze, (Limousin, Corrèze) sisting of coinsof Gordianus III, Valerian, Gal- lO lienus and Postumus. 423 Rilhac-Treignac 1961, at least 40 A of Valerian, Gallienus and TAF, l, Correze, (Limousin, Corrèze) Postumus. 3 424 Bénévent-l'Abbaye 1814. hoard of ± 60 AR coinsfrom Otaeilia Se- TAF, l, Creuse, 2 (Limousin, Creuse) vera to Postumus. Elmer 316 =AD 263. 425 Evaux-les-Bains 1858, small hoard of which only 1 A of Postu- TAF. I, Creuse, (Limousin, Creuse) mus is known: Elmer 133 or 189= AD 261. 11 426 Le Bourg-d'Hem 1856, in unknown circumstances, hoard of ± TAF, I. Creuse, 4 (Limousin, Creuse) 300 coins of which 196 have been identilied: 2 S,ID and 193A from Faustina l ta Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 593, AD 265·266. 427 Sannat 1 1783, hoard of over 300 AR coinsfrom Severus TAF, 1, Creuse, (Limousin, Creuse) Alexander ta Saloninus, Terminus: Saloninus 17 Augustus: AD 260. 428 Sannat III 1934, find of 17 AR (Gordian 1II - Postumus). TAF, L Creuse, (Limousin, Creuse) Terminus: Elmer 394a =AD 267. 19 429 Limoges V 1926, hoard of over 7000 AR coins (possibly ± TAF, r, (Limousin, 12000?). Known are 6391 D + A from Antoni- Haute-Vienne, 9 Haute-Vienne) nus Pius ta Postumus. Dated AD 267. 430 Pont-à-Mousson IM8, hoard of 207 «deniers» of Valerian, Gal- BlIOô (Lorraine, lienus, Saloninaand Postumus. Meurthe-et-Moselle) 431 Baâlon 1931, ± 1200(or 2500?) D + A from Pupienus BI suppl 950 (Lorraine, Meuse) and Balbinus to Valerian and Gallienus. Ab- sence ai coins of Valerian Il and Postumus: AD 253-256. 432 Ernècourt 1870-1880, AR coins from Gordian III to Pos- HOLL, p. 103 (Lorraine. Meuse) tumus. 433 Naix-aux-Forges Il Hoard consisting of severa] jewels, abjects, 5 BSFN (1992) (Lorraine, Meuse) aurei (Hadrian to the Severi)and AR coins (Se- p.346 veri ta Gallienus). 434 Saint-Laurent-sur-Othain 1851, find of 24 S (Domitien - Postumus). HOLL, p. 103 (Lorraine, Meuse) 435 Senon 1924, small hoard of 96 AR coins. Septimius RN (1924) (Lorraine, Meuse) Severus to Valerian, Gallienus and Valerian II p. 237, n' 3 or Saloninus. AD 256-260. 436 Senon 1924, hoard of sorne Sand at least 10000 AR Gallia (1946) (Lorraine, Meuse) coins, of which± 3000have been seen: Hadrian p.363 ta Valerian (many),Gallienus (many), Salonina and Saloninus. Probable terminus: AD258-260. 437 Vic-sur-Seille 1937, over 306 coins of Postumus (15 different BI suppl 877 and (Lorraine, Moselle) types). 954 82 GIJS DE GREEF

n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 438 Lamerey 1830, hoard of ± 1000AR coinsfrom Augustus BI 109 (Lorraine, Vosges) ta Valerian and Gallienus. 439 Sainte-Suzanne 1752, hoard of ± 60000 coins ~ from lulia Pia Gallia (1972) (Midi-Pyrénées. Ariège) and Caracalla to Gallienus ». Only 1 A of Tre- p.469-470 bonianus Gallus is known. Also known as the hoard of Foix. 440 La Couvertoirade (Midi- 1942. find of 16 AR coins and sorne abjects. RAN (1983) Pyrénées, Aveyron) Reign of Postumus. p.156 441 Eauze 1985. hoard consistingof 53 [ewelsand precious SCHAAD (Midi-Pyrénées. Gers) abjects (in AV, AR and AE), 6 aurei, 4706 D, CAG, Gers,89 13398 A and 45 AE coins. From Augustus to Postumus and Gallienus. Terminus: Gallienus (sole reign), RIC 462 and 478 = AD 261-262. 442 Lectoure Hoard of 3000 « deniers» (Septimius Severus - BI 609 (Midi-Pyrimées. Gers) Gallienus), 443 Manciet 1907, hoard of 47 D + A from Caracalla ta Va- CAG, Gers. 337 (Midi-Pyrénées. Gers) lerian. Terminus: Valerian, RIC 74 and 92 = AD 254. 444 Mouchés Before 1993. hoard of 91 A of Gallienus and CAG. Gers. 331 (Midi-Pyrénées. Gers) Salonina. 445 Vic-Fezensac 1861, large number of S and sorne AR coins. CAG. Gers, 461 (Midi-Pyrénées, Gers) From Trajan ta « Postumus père », 446 Artigue (Midi-Pyrénées, Before 1951, hoard of 21 A (Gordian III to Va- Gallia (1951) Haute-Garonne) lerian and Gallienus). Date given: AD 258-260. p.135 447 Saint-Cisy (Midi-Pyré- 1885, hoard of ± 3000 ~ deniers n from Septi- BI 622 nees. Haute-Garonne) mius Severus ta Gallienus and Postumus. 448 Toulouse(Midi-Pyrè- 1981, hoard found in unknown circumstances, BSFN (1989) nees. Haute-Garonne) only 7 D and 6 A are known: Septimius Se- p. 50-51 verus to Gallienus (Elmer 59c and 83). AD 259-260. 449 Bétaille 1610, hoard of 2000 to 3000 AR coins from lu- CAG, Lot. 325 (Midi-Pyrénées. Lot) lia Domna ta 0 les enfants de Gallien ~. 450 Aubigny-au-Bac 1885, hoard of 337 A. of which 198 are known TA F. Il, Nord. 2 (Nord-PdC, Nord) (Gordian III ta Postumus). 45t Bailleul 1846-1847, hoard of ± 450 AR coins from Ves- BI 26 and 642, (Nord-PdC, Nord) pasian ta Postumus. Hoard located in Bailleul, Th 17, RBN Belgium (BI 642 and Th 17) and in Bailleul. (1981) p. 143- France (BI 26). The French location is now as- 144. TAF, II. sumed ta he correct (TAF and Delmaire, REN, Nord,3 1981). 452 Bavay IV 1810, found in unknown circumstances,only 33 TAF, II, Nord. 7 (Nord-PdC. Nord) D + A are known: Iulia Damna ta Gallienus and Postumus. 453 Bavay VI 1819, hoard of 1800ta 2000 A. from ~ Sévère » TA F. II. Nord, 9 (Nord-PdC. Nord) ta Valerian and ~ Cornelius»(mayby Saloninus or Valerian II?). 454 Bavay IX Before 1939, hoard of ± 580 A (Gordian III ta TA F, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC. Nord) Gallienus and Postumus). Terminus: Gallienus 12 (solereign): AD 268. 455 Bellignies 1979, hoard of ± 200 A of which 165 are TAF. II. Nord. (Nord-PdC, Nord) known: Philippus ta Gallienus and Postumus. 17; vH. p. 246 Terminus: Gallienus (émission du bestiaire) and Postumus (Elmer 569) = AD 268. ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 83 n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 456 Berlaimont 1881, hoard consisting of sorne jewels and 550 TAF, Il, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) coins of which only the number of types are 18 known: 3 types of quinarii, 62 of D and 66 of A (Lucius Verusta Valerian l and Il, Gallienus and Saloninus). AD 258-260. 457 Bermerain 1902, huard of ± 200coinsfrom Antoninus Pius RevNord (1994) (Nord·PdC, Nord) to Postumus together with sorne jewels and ob- p.147, jects. Hoard also located in Bavay. CAG, Nord,69 458 Bollezeele 16th century, hoard of over 2000 coins of Pos- TAF, Il, Nord, (Nord-PdC. Nord) tumus. 19 459 Bouvines 1 1869. over 900 A from Elagabalusta Postumus TAF, Il, Nord, (Nord-Pdû, Nord) (over 600). 22 460 Bouvines II 1871, hoard of 141 or 144 coins including an TAF. II, Nord. (Nord-PdC. Nord) AE Germanus Indulilli L and an A of Postu- 23 mus. Part of Bouvines 1 or an new hoard? 461 Bruille-Saint-Amand 1847, ± 1200 A of Postumus and of « contem- TA F, Il. Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) porary emperors and tyrants ~. 24 462 Château-l'Abbaye 1818, hoard of 2000 to 3000 or 5000 to 6000 TAF, II, Nord. (Nord-PdC, Nord) AR coinsfromSeverus Alexander ta Postumus. 28 463 Cousolre 1874, hoard of ± 100 or 300 coins but only 25 Bl suppl 878 (Nord-PdC, Nord) are known from Gordian III ta Postumus. A TAF, II, Nord. second hoard located in Cousolre (1911) by 29 Blanchet does not exist (find of only 1 A of Postumus). 464 Curgies 1827, hoard of 449 D ± A from Septimius Se- TAF, II. Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) verus ta Valerian and Gallien us. 32 465 Douai l 1872, large number of imitationsof Sand clou- TAF, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) hie S of Postumus. 36 466 Douai III 1923, hoard of which only 1 coin is known: TAF, II, Nord. (Nord~PdC, Nord) Postumus (Elmer 314) = AD 262. 38 467 Douai IV 1924, hoard of56 imitationsof double S of Pos- TAF, II, Nord. (Nord-Pdû, Nord) turnus of which 26 are known. Terminus: Pax 39 augand Vir/us aug: not beforeAD 263.

468 Etrun Before 1888, huard of coins (1 datant de 268 à TA F, II. Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) 269 G without further information (Postumus"). 40 469 Famars II Belore 1963, hoard of 251 A from Iulia Domna TA F, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) (reign of Caracalla) ta Gallienus (émission du 42 bestiaire) and Postumus (Elmer 565{567). Ter- minus » AD 268. 470 Fressain 1804, hoard of ± 1800 A, mostlyof Postumus. TA F, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) 45 471 Gommegnies 1724, over 6000 A from lulia Damna ta Postu- TAF, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) mus. 46 472 Hazebrouck 1983, srnall hoard consisting of 9 A of Gallienus RevNord (1985) (Nord-PdC. Nord) and 14 of Postumus. Terminus: Gallienus (a.o. p.212, RIC 255-256) and Postumus (Elmer 125 and CAG. Nord, 295 132) =: AD 260-261. ,173 Lewarde 1984, hoard of 108 A from Gordian III ta Gal- TM (1986) (Nord-PdC. Nord) lienus and Postumus. Terminus: Gallienus (sole p.47-50 reign, émission du bestiaire) = AD267-268. 474 Lille 1874, several objects and ± 40 coins of Postu- RcvNord (1994) (Nord-PdC, Nord) mus. p. 197. CAG, Nord,350 84 GlJS DE GREEF

n" PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 475 Maulde 1835, hoard consisting of coins from the 3th TAF, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) century (Valerian. Gallienus and Postumus). 58 476 Mortagne-du-Nord 1846, ± 600 AR coins from Commodus to Pos­ TAF, II, Nord. (Nord-Pdû, Nord) tumus. 60 177 Neville-en-Avesnois 1780, hoard of 300 AR coins from Septirnius TAF. II, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) Severusto Postumus, 61 478 Nord 1850-1880, somewhere in the department, TAF, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) hoard consistîngof at least 258 AR coinsof Vo­ 80 lusianus, Gallienus, Postumus, etc. 479 Pont-à-Marcq 1808, hoard of 18 A from Gordian III to Postu­ TA F, Il. Nord. (Nord-PdC, Nord) mus. 62 480 Rombies-ct-Marchipont 1840, hoard of S from Hadrian to Postumus. TAF, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) 63 481 Santes 1810, hoard of 1 Sand 80 AR coins from Ves­ TAF, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) pasian to Postumus. 65 482 Sin-le-Noble 1819, find of 200 to 300 coins from Pupienus to TAF, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) Postumus. 66 483 Vieux-Conde II 1843, large number of D and A of which 133 TAF, Il, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) are known: Septimius Severus ta Valerian and 72 Gallienus. Terminus: Saloninus: AD 258-260. 484 Wallers Il 1866, hoard of 145 A from Gordian III ta Pos­ TAF, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) tumus. Terminus: Elmer 332 (AD 263)and El­ 76 mer 336 (AD 262-265). 485 Wavrin 1820, hoard consisting of coins from Severus TA F, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC. Nord) Alexander to Salonina. 77 486 Wervicq-Sud 1821, hoard consisting of coins from Volusian TA F, II, Nord, (Nord-PdC, Nord) to Postumus. 79 487 Ardres 1 1760, hoard of 400 coins from the 3th century, TA F, Il, Pas-de­ (Nord-PdC, a.o. A of Philippus and Postumus. Calais, 4 Pas-de-Calais) 488 Ardres II (Nord-PdC, 1767, large number of coinsof Postumus. TAF, II, Pas-de­ Pas-de-Calais) Calais. 5 489 Ardres III 1873, hoard of 718 AR and AE coins from Ela­ TAF, II. Pas-de­ (Nord-PdC. gabalus to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 332 and Calais, 6, Pas-de-Calais) 336 =AD 263-265, AE coins: AD 264. HaLL, p. 97 1\90 Ardres IV 1980-1982. unknown number of AE coins from TA F. II, Pas-de­ (Nord-PdC, Marcus Aureliusto Postumus. Of Postumus 1 S Calais.7, Pas-de-Calais) and 19 double Sare known: AD 267-268. Hoi.i, p. 95 491 Arras II 1988, find of 22 A (Gordian III ta Valerian and RevNDrd (1987) (Nord-PdC, Postumus) and of 1 S of Postumus. AD 260­ p.225, Pas-de-Calais) 261. HalL. p. 93 492 Arras III 1995. hoard of 14 Sand 9 A from Trajan ta CahN (1997) (Nord-PdC, Postumus. AD 269. p. 20-31 Pas-de-Calais) 493 Avion 1865-1870, large number of coins of Gallienus TitF, II, Pas-de- (Nord-Pdû, und of « autres empereurs du même temps ~. Calais, Il Pas-de-Calais) 494 Baralle 1970. unknown number of coins. only 1 coin is RevNDrd (1990) (Nord-PdC. known: Postumus. Elmer 333 (AD 263). p. 180 Pas-de-Cu lais) 495 Biache-Saint-Vaast 1953, hoard of 80 AR and sorne AE coins. TAF, II, (NOl'd-PdC, From « Antoninus ~ to Valerian. Pas-de-Calais, 13 Pas-de-Calais) ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 85

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 496 Billy-Montigny 19th century, in a tornb, hoard eonsisting a.o. TA F, Il. Pas-de- (Nord-PdC, of coins of Gallienusand Postumus. Calais. 14 Pas-de-Calais) 497 Boursin 1771, hoard of over 200 A of Valerian, Gallie- TA F, II, Pas-de- (Nord-PdC, nus, Salonina and Postumus. Calais, 18 Pas-de-Calais) 498 Buissy 1969, unknown number of coins. 27 A known CAG, Pas-de-Ca- (Nord-Pdû, from Valerian to Postumus. Terminus: Postu- lais, 554 Pas-de-Calais) mus, Elmer 383 and Salonina, RIC 16 ::: AD 267-268. 199 Courrièresl Before 1835, large number of coins from Philip- TAF, II, Pas-de- (Nord-Pdû, pus to Postumus. Calais,20 Pas-de-Calais) 500 Créquy (Nord-Pdû, Belote WW Il, huard, a.o. coins of Gallienus. TAF, II. Pas-de- Pas-de-Calais) Calais, 23 501 Dourges 1914-1918. hoard of 450 to 500 coins of which TAF, II. Pas-de- (Nord-PdC, 46 A are known: Trebonianus Gallus to Gallie- Calais, 25 Pas-de-Calais) nus and Postumus. Terminus: Postumus, El- mer 593 ::: AD 265-266. 502 Ervillers (Nord-PdC, 1871, ± 600 coins from Gallienus to Postumus. TA F, II. Pas-de- Paa-de-Calais) Calais, 26 503 Estrée-Cauchy 1879, hoard of ± 20000, only 490 are known: TA F, II, Pas-de- (Nord-PdC, 3.0. Saloninus, Gallienusand Postumus (326). Calais, 27 Pas-de-Calais) 504 Estrée-Wamin 1935, hoard of 108 double S of Postumus. AD TAF, II, Pas-de- (Nord-PdC. 269-270. Calais, 28, Pas-de-Calais) HOLL, p. 97 505 Étaples III 1841, board of over 1500 coins, only 100 are TAF, II, Pas-de- (Nord-PdC, known from Septimius Severus to Gallienus. Calais, 31 Pas-de-Calais) 506 Étaples IV 1842, hoard of ± 3080 coins from Hadrian to TAF, II, Pas-de- (Nord-PdC, Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 562-563 and 593 Calais, 32 Pas-de-Calais) ::: AD 268. 507 Étaples VII 1914-1918, large number or S from Maximinus TA F, II, Pas-de- (Nord-PdC, ta Postumus. Calais, 35 Pas-de-Calais) 508 Étaples X 1964.over 4000 D + A of which 10 D and 3823 TA F, II, Pas-de- (Nord-PdC, A are known. Septimius Severus to Postumus. Calais, 38 Pas-de-Calais) Terminus: Elmer 565", AD 268. 509 Gouy-Saint-Andre 1771, unknown number of A of Postumus. TA F, II, Pas-de- (Nord-Pde, Hoard? Calais, 103 Pas-de-Calais) 510 Harnes 1972, hoard of Il D and 145 A from Septimius TA F, II, Pas-de- (NOl'd-PdC, Severus to Gallienusand Postumus. Terminus: Calais, 45 Pas-de-Calais) Postumus, Elmer 569 and Gallienus, RIC 181 ::: AD 267-268. 511 Lens 1 1820,large numher of coins of Valerian, Gallie- TAF. II, Pas-de- (Nord-PdC, nus and Salonina. Calais, 47 Pas-de-Calais) 512 Meurchin 1861, hoard of 225 A but only a srnall number TA F, Il, Pas-de- (Nord-PdC, of coins from Gordian III ta Postumus are Calais, 54 Pas-de-Calais) known. Terminus: Elmer 334 and 335 '" AD 264-265. 86 GIJS DE GREEF

PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 513 Neuville-sous-Montreuil 1911, hoard of 26AE of Postumus. Terminus: TAF. II, Pas-de­ (Nord-PdC, AD 267. Calais. 55. Pas-de-Calais) HOLL, p. 95 514 Oisy-le-Verger 1859, in a tomb, huard of 152coins of which TAF, TI, Pas-de­ (Nord-PdC, 128 have been identified: 12 Sand 116 AR Calais, 58 Pas-de-Calais) from Nerva to Postumus. 515 Oppy 1961. find of 17 A, probably a part of a larger TA F, II, Pas-de­ (Nord-PdC. hoard. Gordian III to Postumus. Terminus: El­ Calais, 59 Pas-de-Calais) mer 395 =AD 266. 516 Sailly-en-Ostrevent Iind of 3 D and 49 A. probably a part of a lar­ RevNord (1989) (Nord-PdC, ger hoard. Antoninus Pius ta Postumus. p. 225; CAG, Pas-de-Calais) Pas-de-Calais, 790 517 Sauchy-Cauchy Before 1878, «de nombreux dépôts de me­ TA P, II, Pas-de­ (Nord-PdC, dailles», Reign of Gallienus and Postumus. Calais, 111 Pas-de-Calais) 518 Saulty 1874. large number of coins from the 3th cen­ TA F, II, Pas-de­ (Nord-PdC, tury but only 2 D and 37 A are known: Severus Calais. 67 Pas-de-Calais) Alexander ta Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 565~ 567: AD 268. 519 Wissant 1990, hoard of 479 A from Gordian III to Gal­ CAG. Pas-de-Ca­ (Nord-PdC, Pas-de-Ca­ lienusand Postumus. Terminus: AD 267. lais, 589 lais) 520 Pas-de-Calais or Somme Hoard found in the south of the department TAF, Il. Pas-de­ (Nord-PdC. Pas-de-Ca­ Pas-de-Calais or in the northeast of the depart­ Calais, 83 lais or Picardie. Somme) ment Somme, a.o. coins of Postumus. 521 Asserac (Pays de la 1861, find of 5 A from Gordian III ta Postumus TAF. III, Loire­ Loire, Loire-Atlantique) (Elmer 567). AD 268. Part of a larger hoard or Atlantique, 32 purse? 522 Guérande (Pays de la Find of several objects and coins from Claudius TAF, III, Loire­ Loire, Loire-Atlantique) ta Postumus. Probably no hoard. Atlantique, 41 523 Angers l (PHYS de la 1814, hoard of AV and AR coins and of sorne TAF, III. Maine­ Loire, Maine-et-Loire) 4,5 kg of AE coins of Postumus. In 1810 a AV et-Loire. 1 coin of Postumus was already found on the same spot: Elmer 307 =AD 261. 524 Brain-sur-Allonnes 1978, find of 8 A from Gordian III to Postu­ TAF. III, Maine­ (Pays de la Loire. mus. Hoard? et-Loire. 30 Maine-et-Loire) 525 Doue-la-Fontaine 1 1817, over 4000 coinsof SeverusAlexanderand TAF, III, Maine- (Pays de la Loire, of his successors, including Postumus. et-Loire, 13 Maine-et-Loire) 526 Sainte-Gemmes-sur-Loi­ 1873, find of 26 AE coins from Antoninus Pius TAP, III, Maine­ re (pays de la Loire, ta Postumus. AD 264~265. et-Loire, 22; Maine-et-Loire) HOLL. p. 98 527 Jublains III (Pays de la 1905, hoard of 821 (or 842) A from Valerian to TAF, III, May­ Loire, Mayenne) Postumus. enne, 8 528 Allonnes 1 (Pays de la 1961, hoard of 1031 coins of which 1 D and TA F, Ill. Sarthe, Loire, Sarthe) 1015 A are known. Elagabalus ta Postumus. 2 Terminus: Elmer 593 = AD 265-266. 529 Le Mans 1 (Pays de la 1795-1798, hoard of 460 AR coins from Gor­ TA F, III. Sarthe, Loire, Sarthe) dian III ta Valerian. 174 coins, probably from 15 this hoard, are known: Dornitian ta Valerian I and II, Gallienus and Salonina, ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 87

PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 530 Le Mans III (Pays de la 1864. hoard of at least 838 A of which 810 are BI 507; TAP, Loire, Sarthe) known: Gordian III ta Postumus. Date given III, Sarthe, 18 by Blanchet: AD 265. 531 Mayet, (Pays de la 1828-1835, hoard of 410 AE coins from Augus­ TAF. Ill. Sarthe, Loire, Sarthe) tus to Postumus. 22 532 Saint-Mars-d'Outille Before 1800, find of coins including Gordian TAF. III, Sarthe, (Pays de la Loire, III, Salonina, Gallienus and Postumus. Hoard? 62 Sarthe) 533 Saint-Rémy-de-SiIlé 1799,large number of AE coins [rom Trajan ta TA F, III, Sarthe, (Pays de la Loire, Postumus. 35 Sarthe) 534 Spay (Pays de la Loire, Before 1800, find of coins from Domitian ta TAF, III, Sarthe, Sarthe) Gallienus and Postumus. Hoard? 66 535 Château-d'Olonne II Before 1856,hoard ending with coins of Postu- TAF, III. (Pays de la Loire, Ven­ mus. Vendée,5 dée) 536 Curzon 1822-1862, hoard ending with coins of Postu- TAF. Ill, (pays de la Loire, Ven­ mus. Vendée, 7 dée) 537 Longèves Find of AR coins from Philippus ta Postumus, TAF, Ill, (Pays de la Loire. Ven­ Hoard? Vendée.40 dée) 538 Olonne-sur-Mer 1 1813, hoard ending with coins of Postumus. TAF, III, (Paysde laLoire,Vendée) Vendée,20 539 Saint-Benoist-sur-Mer 1839. ± 20 ~ deniers» from Gordian III to Pas- TAF, III, (Pays de la Loire, Ven­ tumus. Vendée,24 dée) 540 Saint-Jean-de-Monts 1754, board consisting of 1 ring, 6 aurei and TAF, III, (Pays de la Loire, Ven­ 217 AR coins from Severus Alexander to Pos­ Vendée, 26 dée) tumus. Terminus: Elmer 155or 575 (AV) = AD 260 or 267. 541 Talmont-Saint-Hilaire l 1856. hoard consisting of severa! AV and AR TAF, III, (pays de la Loire, Ven­ jewels, sorne precîous abjects, 8 or 10 aurei, 3 Vendée. 28 dée) S. 1 AE medaillon, 2 doubleS of Postumus and 25000to 30000 AR coins from the Republic ta Postumus. Terminus: Cunetio IVa = AD 266. Link with the hoard of Talmont-Saint-Hilaire II (7426 A from Gordian III ta )? 542 Berzy-le-Sec 18th century, hoard consisting of coins of Va­ TA F. VIII, 2. (Picardie, Aisne) lerian and Gallienus. Only 2 A are known: Va­ Aisne, Il lerian (RIC 12 or 13)and Gallienus (joint reign, RIC 18) = AD 258-259. 543 Bony 1837. hoard of 583 A from Gordian III to Pos­ TA F, VIII, 2, (Picardie. Aisne) tumus. Aisne, 13 544 Braine 1977, hoard of which only 1 D and 15 A [rom TAF, VIII, 2, (Picardie. Aisne) Gordian III to Postumus are known. Aisne. 14 545 Brécy 1850, hoard of over 1500A. Only 1 A of Postu­ TA F, VIII, 2, (Picardie. Aisne) mus is known but it is possible that coins of Aisne, 15 Constantine also were part of this hoard. 546 Brunehamel 1850, small hoard of 26 AR coins from Septi­ TAF, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Aisne) mius Severusta Valerian and Salonina. Aisne, 16 547 Chalandry 1 1865, severalobjectsand 202A fromGordianIII TA F, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Aisne) ta Postumus.Terminus: Elmer 414= AD266. Aisne, 19 88 GIJS DE GREEF

n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 548 Chalandry II Before 1868. hoard of 54 A of Postumus. Aliof TAF, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Aisne) type Elmer 335 or 598 = AD 264-265. Aisne. 20 549 Chalandry III 1884, hoard of 76 A from Balbinus ta Postu- TAF. VIII. 2. (Picardie, Aisne) mus. Aisne, 21 550 Chaudardes 1868. ± 750 AR coins from Claudius ta Valerian TA F, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Aisne) andGallienus.Terminus: Saloninus: AD258-260. Aisne, 23 551 Chauny 1925. hoard of 135S from Vespasian to Postu- TA F, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Aisne) mus. Aisne, 24 552 Clermont-les-Fermes 1849, over 1000AR and AE coins from Septi- TAF, VIII, 2. (Picardie. Aisne) rnius Severusta Valerian and Gallienus. Termi- Aisne, 29 nus: Saloninus: AD 258-260. 553 Corbeny 1959. hoard of 94 AE coinsof which2 Sand 80 TA F. VIII, 2, (Picardie, Aisne) doubleS of Postumusare known,mostlyof the Aisne, 31 types Laelilia aug, Victoria aug. Fides miliium, etc. AD 260. 554 Couvron-et-A umencourt 1877. hoard of 685 A from Caracalla ta Postu- TA F. VIII, 2, 1 (Picardie. Aisne) mus.Dated in the first part of the reign of Pos- Aisne. 33 tumus. 555 Crézancy 1910, hoardof31S. 1bronzeofCaracalla and 281 TA F, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Aisne) ARcoins. Vespasian to Valerian II (AD256-260). Aisne. 37 556 Grougis 1782, hoard of 700 ta 800 coinsfrom Elagaba- TAF, VIIl, 2. (Picardie, Aisne) lus ta Postumus. Aisne, 44 557 Gruny 1876, large number of coins including several TA F. VIII, 2, (Picardie, Aisne) coins of Valerian of the type Elmer 77 (AD Aisne, 123 259-260). Hoard? 558 Itancourt 1845, hoard of whichonly 615 arc known, from TAF, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Aisne) Gordian III ta Postumus. Aisne, 46 559 Iviers 1873, large numberof coins of which 161 D and TAF, VIII, 2, (Picardie. Aisne) A are known. Septimius Severus ta Postumus. Aisne. 47 560 Lesges 1891, 3 rings and 2334 D and A from Antoni- Til F, VIII, 2. (Picardie, Aisne) nus Pius ta Gallienus and Postumus. Aisne. 52 5&1 Mon tigny-l'A llier 1901. hundreds of coins of which 150 (1 Op, TA F, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Aisne) 149 0 and A)are known, from Marcus Aurelius Aisne, 62 to Postumus. 562 Soissons 1 1836. a plate in silver and 73 AR coins from TA F, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Aisne) Vespasian ta Valerian Il (at Ieast 1 as divus) = Aisne, 78 AD 258-260. 563 Soissons 1732, in the surroundings of Soissons, hoard TAF. VIII, 2. (Picardie. Aisne) endingwith coinsof Postumus. Aisne. 104 564 Vendhuile 1838, hoard of 583 or 585 A.R and AE coins TAF, VIII, 2. (Picardie. Aisne) from Gordian III ta Postumus. Aisne. 83 565 Angicourt l 1899. ± 5400 AE coins, mostly S. Sorne 156 TAF, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Oise) coins from Galba ta Postumus are known. Oise, 1 566 Angicourt II 1900, small hoard of 50 or 51 AR coins until TAF, VllI, 2, (Picardie. Oise) Postumus. Oise. 2 567 Angivillers 1886, hoard of ± 1800 coins, only 315 are t s». VIII, 2. (Picardie. Oise) known: from Philippusta Postumus. Oise, 3 568 Carlepont Before 1856. ± 20 coinsof the period of Gallie- TAF, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Oise) nus. Hoard? Oise, 98 569 Chevincourt 1838. hourd of 35 AE coins from Nera ta Pos- TAF, VIII, 2. (Picardie, Oise) turnus. Oise, 14 570 Crépy-en-Valois 1892, ± 10 kg of Roman coinsof Gallienus and TAF, VIII, 2, (Picardie. Oise) the Gallic Emperors. Oise. 74 ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 89 n° PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 571 Elincourt-Sainte-Mar- Before 1789, sorne 400 S of whîch 77 are TAF, VIII, 2, guerite known: Nerva or Trajan ta Postumus. Termi­ Oise, 27 (Picardie, Oise) nus: AD 260-261. 572 Flavacourt Before 1803. an unknown number of AR coins TAF, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Oise) from Galba ta Postumus. Hoard? Oise, 105 573 Forêt de Compiègne: Found in unknown circurnstances, 269 coins TA F, VIII, 2. Lacroix-Sa int-Ouen from Nera to Postumus are known. annexe 1, p. 99 (Picardie, Oise) 574 Forêt de Compiègne: Found in unknown circumstances, known are TAF, vm,2, Morienval 1 90 AE coins(mostly S) from Tiberius to Postu­ annexe r. p. 99 (Picardie, Oise) mus. 575 Forêt de Compiègne: Found in unknown circumstances, 6 D and 93 CAG, Oise. 430 Morienval II AE coins (mostly S) from ta Postu­ (Picardie, Oise) mus. Terminus: AD 261-263. 576 Forêt de Compiègne: Found in unknown circumstances, 2 hoards or CAG, Oise, 481 Orrouy 2 parts of the same hoard? 1) 4 as and 80 S TA F, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Oise) [rom Vespasian ta Postumus, 2) 25 AE, 1 D annexe r, p. 100 and 1 A from Claudiusto Postumus. 577 Forêt de Compiègne: Found in unknown circumstances, known are CAG, Oise. 572 Pierrefondsor Saint­ 200 AE coins(as, Dp and S), 3 D and 2 A from T11F, VIII, 2, S Étienne-Roilaye the t ( century to Postumus. According to annexe r, p. lOO (Picardie, Oise) CAG. the 2 A of Postumus do not belong ta this hoard. 578 Guiscard 1961, find of 1 S of Hadrian and 21 double S of TAF. VIII. 2, (Picardie, Oise) Postumus. Purse? Oise, 31 579 Laigneville Before 1789, unknown number of coins of TA F, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Oise) which 11 A have been studied: Valerian (2), Oise, 37 Gallienus (2) and Postumus (7). Terminus: El­ mer 384 and 385 = AD 266. 580 Lassigny 1975, hoard of whichonly 2 D and 122 A from TAF, VIII. 2. (Picardie, Oise) Geta ta Gallienus and Postumus are known. Oise, 38 AD 263. 581 Montherlant 1803, hoard of 1 AE of Domitian and 300 D + A TAF, vrn, 2. (Picardie, Oise) from AntoninusPius ta Valerianand Gallienus. Oise, 42 582 Morienval rn 1867, hoard consisting of 2 rings, 64 S from CAG, Oise. 430 (Picardie, Oise) Vespasian to Macrinus and 77 D + A from Sep­ TA F, VIII, 2, timius Severus ta Valerian and Gallienus. Oise, 45 583 Muirancourt 1950, hoard of 90 S, known are 46 coins from TAF, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Oise) Trajan ta Postumus. AD 261. Oise, 46 584 Nery 1977, hoard of 76 S, 4 as or Dp and 1 A from TAF, VIII, 2, (Picardie. Oise) Vespasian ta Gordian III and of 65 AE coins of Oise, 47 Postumus. AD 265. 585 Noyon 1980, hoard of 1147 D + A from Septimius Se­ TA F, VIII, 2, (picardie, Oise) verus to Gallienus. AD 267. Oise. 49 586 Noyon Between 1900 and 1940, hoard consisting of TA F. VIII, 2, (Picardie, Oise) hundreds A. Found on the same spot in 1952: Oise, 115 an A of Gallienus (RIC 511, AD 266-267). 587 Pierrefonds or Sainl­ Before 1789, find of coinsof Valerian,Salonina, TAF. vm, 2, Étienne-Roilaye Postumus, etc. Hourd? Oise, 118 (Picardie, Oise) 588 Pont-Sainte-Maxence Before 1834, 20 ta 25 kg of Roman AE coins, TAF, VlIl, 2. (Picardie, Oise) a.o. of Tiberius, Nero and Postumus. Oise. 55 589 Rocquencourt Hoard of 7 D and 4906 A from Caracalla to TA F, VIII, 2. (Picardie, Oise) Postumus. Oise, 57 90 GIJS DE GREEF

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 590 Rouvroy-lès-Merles II 1953, hoard of 642 AR coins: 74 D from Septi- TAF, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Oise) mius Severus ta Gordian III, 384 A from Gor- Oise, 59 dian III ta the solereign of Gallienus and 184 A of Postumus. AD 263. 591 Saint-Saveur 1968, hoard of which 196 A could be identified, TA F. VIII, 2. (Picardie, Oise) from Gordian III ta Valerian and Gallienus. Oise,66 Terminus: Saloninus: AD 258~260. 592 Sommereux 1846, almost 1600coins but only 1 A of Gallie- TA F, VIII, 2, (Picardie, Oise) nus is known: RIC 226 ;:; AD 262-263. Oise, 68 593 Abbeville 1 1795, hoard consisting of coins of Postumus TA P, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) and of des a medailles carthaginoises» (mayby Somme, 1 imitations of Gallienus' «type du bestiaire s? AD 267-268?).· 594 Abbeville Before1988, in unknown circumstances, find of TAP, VIII. 1, (Picardie, Somme) an unknown number of AE coins of Postumus. Somme, 143 Only 2 Sand 7 double Sare knawn: AD 266. 595 Abbeville Before 1988, 5 AE coins, 2 of the 1st or 2nd TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie. Somme) century and 3 double S of Postumus. Hoard? Somme, 158 596 Amiens IV 1837, ± 40 coins (A?) from Gordian III ta Pos- TAF. VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) tumus. Somme, 8 597 Amiens VII 1875, severa! thousands of coins(mostly of Pos- TAF, VIII. 1. (picardie, Somme) tumus?). Somme, Il 598 Amiens X 1891, hoard consistingof AR ring and 308 A of TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) which 267 are known (Gordian III ta Postu- Somme, 14 mus). Terminus: Gallienus (RIC 163-164) and Postumus (Elmer 568) ;:; AD 268. 599 Barly 1894, ± 100 coins from Trajan ta Postumus. TAF. VIII, i, (Picardie, Somme) Somme, 26 600 Beaucourt-en-Santerre 18th century, unknown number of coins,only 1 TAP, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) as or Dp of Maximinus and Il or 12 A from Somme, 28 Gordian III ta Gallienus are known. 601 BeuvraignesII 1989. hoard of 8 D and 212 A from Septimius TAF, VIII, i, (Picardie, Somme) Severus ta Valerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Somme, 31 Valerian (RIC 72 and 106) and Elmer 9 := AD 257-258. 602 BeuvraignesIII 1989. hoard of 956 A and imitations. From TAF, VIll, 1, (Picardie. Somme) Gordian III ta Postumus. Terminus: Cunetio Somme,32 VIa:= AD 268. 603 Boves 1 1847, hoard of ± 635 coins, from Nerva to Pas- TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) tumus. Somme,36 604 Camon 1834, ove!' 800 coins, mostly AE from Domi- TAF, VIII, 1, (picardie, Somme) tian to Postumus but also at least 1 D and Somme,39 several A from Gordian III to Postumus. Ter- minus: Elmer 332;:; AD 263. 605 Cartigny 1931, hoard of ± 250 D + A from Antoninus rst: VIII. r, (Picardie, Somme) Pius to Valerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Sa- Somme,40 loninusand Valerian II divus ;:; AD 258~260. 606 Caulières 1846, large number of coins of Gallienus and TAF, VIII. 1, (Picardie, Somme) Postumus. Somme.41 607 ContaImaison 1895, hoard of 600 coins from Caracallata Pos- TAF, VIII, t, (Picardie. Somme) tumus. Somme. 49 608 Cottenchy 1879. hoard of 300 to ,100 coins, mostly of Pos- TAF. VIII. 1, (Picardie, Somme) tumus, Somme, 50 ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253·269 91 n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 609 Epagne-Epagnette III 1981, hoard of thousandsof D and A from the TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie. Somme) 1st century AD to Gallienus. Somme, 59 610 Feuquières-en-Vimeu 1878, hoard of which 23 A from Gordian III ta TAF. VIII, i, (Picardie, Somme) Postumus and 2 double S of Postumus are Somme. 62 known. Terminus: Elmer 415-416,418 and 593 = AD 266. 611 Flaucourt 1916, hoard of which only 5 A of Postumusare TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie. Somme) known: ail Elmer 326 = AD 262-265. Somme, 63 612 Fluy 1880, hoard of 1000ta 2000A endingwith Pos- TA F, VIII, 1, (Picardie,Somme) tumus (t 450 coins). Somme, 65 613 Fricourt 1874, severa! thousands of coins, ending with TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) Postumus. Somme, 69 614 Gruny 1933, hoard of 900coins from ft Sévère ~ to Pos- TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie,Somme) tumus. Somme, 72 615 Heudicourt 1878, hoard of hundreds of Roman coins: only TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) 1 D and 43 A are known, from Elagabalus ta Somme, 76 Postumus.Terminus: Elmer326 = AD262-265. 616 Hornoy-le-Bourg II 1869, ± 300 A of Postumus. TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) Somme, 78 617 Huppy 1888, 2 vases of which 1 consisted of 82 A of TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) Gallienus, Salonina and Postumus. Somme, 79 618 Lancheres 1764, :!: 300 coins (AE and AR) of which only TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) 17 are known: Hadrian ta Gallienus (joint Somme, 80 reign). Terminus: at least 1 RIC 18 = AD 257- 258. 619 Le Crotoy 1877, hundredsai AE coinsand A fromTrajan TAF. VIII, l, (Picardie,Somme) ta Postumus. Somme, 51 620 Lihons 1892, one AR ringand 1360A fromGordian III TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) ta Postumus. Somme, 82 621 Longueau 1839, hoard of :!: 700 coins from Augustus ta TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) Valerian: mostly AE but also AV and AR Somme, 86 coins. 622 Méricourt-l'Abbé 1) 1983, hoard of 6 D and 2498 A from TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie. Somme) Caracalla ta Gallienus and Postumus. Termi- Somme, 89 nus: Gallienus (RIC 163-164) = AD 267-268. 2) 1984, 20 m Iurther: 2nd part of the huard: 600 to 700 AE (as, Op. mostly S) of which 482 are known from Augustus ta Postumus. 623 Mont-Boubert 1982, hoard consisting of severa! jewels (AV TAF, VIII. 1, (Picardie,Somme) and AR), of 22 D and of 550 A. From Luci\Ia Somme, 91 ta Gallienus and Postumus. Terminus: Gallie- nus (émission du bestiaire) and Postumus: El- mer 568 = AD 268. 624 Morchain 1967-1970, sorne coins (AR and AE) fromTitus TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie. Somme) ta Postumus. Hoard? Somme, 178 625 Muille-Villette 1873, large number of A but only 4 are known TA F, VIII, 1, (Picardie. Somme) from Gordian III ta Postumus (Elmer385. AD Somme, 92 266). 626 Peronne 1805, sorne 400 6 marcs» (= :!: 98 kg) of AR TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) coins from Clodius Albinus to Postumus (20000 Somme, 148 ta 300000 + A). 627 Picquigny 1914, hoard of 951 S from Augustus ta Postu- TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) mus. Somme, 98 92 GIJS DE GREEF

n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 628 Rollot III 1895. several precious abjects and ± 1000 AR TAF, VIII, l, (Picardie, Somme) coins from Septimius Severus ta Valerian and Somme, 118 Gallienus. 629 Roye l 1919,hoard of 225 D + A from MarcusAurelius TAF, VIII, i, (Picardie, Somme) ta Valerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Saloni- Somme, 119 nus: AD 258-260. 630 Rue III 1988, hoard of 655 A from Elagabalus to Pos- TAF, VIII, i, (Picardie, Somme) tumus. Terminus: AD 261. Part of a larger Somme, 123 hoard, together with Rue IV. 631 Rue IV 1988-1989, hoard of ove!'6000 coins of which 2 TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie, Somme) D and 5744 A from Caracalla to Valerian and Somme, 124 Gallienus are known. Terminus: AD 258. Part of a larger board, together with Rue III. 632 Soues 19th century, hoard of ± 3000 A, mostly of Pos- TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie. Somme) tumus (= most recent emperor). Somme, 129 633 Thievres II 1880, ± 13,5 kg of coins (sorne 3500) from Gor- TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie. Somme) dian III to Gallienus. Somme, 131 634 Woignarue 1 Before 1820, large number of AR coins, mostly TAF, VIII, 1, (Picardie. Somme) of Postumus. Somme, 139 635 Reignac 1994,hoard of 1937 A from Caracalla ta Postu- information re- (Poitou-Charentes, Cha- rnus. AD 262-263. ceived from rente) D. Hollard 636 Deux-Sèvres 1873, somewhere in the departrnent, hoard of TAF,l, (Poitou-Charentes, 37 AR coins from Nero ta Postumus. Terrni- Deux-Sèvres. 19 Deux-Sèvres) nus: Elmer 382 or 383 = AD 266-267. 637 Landrais 1913, hoard of ± 300 coins from Gordian II TA F, 1, Cha- (Poitou-Charentes, Cha- (probably Gordian III) ta Valerian, Mariniana rente-Maritime,6 rente-Maritime) and Salonina. 638 Le Thou 1841, find of 7 A: 1 of Elagabalus (uncertain) TAF,I, (poitou-Charentes, Cha- and 6 of Postumus. Possibly a purse or a part Charente-Mari- rente-Maritime) of a large!' hoard. lime, 14 639 Soubise 1891, several thousands AR coins from Septi- TAF, r. (Poitou-Charentes, Cha- mius Severus ta Postumus. Terminus: Elmer Charente-Mari- rente-Maritime) 586 = AD 268. time,12 640 Curçay-sur-Dive (Poi- 1868, find of 2 AR and 39 AE, ail of Gallienus TAF,!, tou-Charentes, Vienne) (coinsfound together or not?). Vienne,8 641 Loudun (Poitou-Cha- Befare 1865, ± 60 AR coins. rnostly of Gallie- TAF, !, rentes. Vienne) nus. Vienne, 12 642 Poitiers 1 (poitou-Cha- Beîore 1825, large number of coins of «Posthu- TAF,!, rentes, Vienne) mius » (sic). Vienne, 17 643 Cimiez 1883, hoard of 950 AR coins, probably from Bt 232. (Provence, Alpes Mari- Caracalla ta Gallienus. 289 A from Gordian III RAN (1988) limes) ta Valerian and Gallienus.have been identified. p. 161-19,1 Terminus: Gallienus (Elmer 80) and Saloninus = AD 259-260. 644 Chorges (Provence, 18RO-1881, AVcoinsfrom Augustusand Antoni- BI 221 Hautes-Alpes) nus Pius and a quinarius of Gallienus. Hoard? 645 Hyères 1926, known are 168 coins (at lcast 25 D and BI suppl 1024 (Provence, Val') 130 A) from Septimius Severus ta Gallienus. BSFN (1976) The presence of coins of the type Driens aug p. 128-130 could point to ;\ of Valerian 1 or to A of Vale- rian Il or Saloninus (in this case: terminus = AD 256-2(0). ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 93

n" PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 646 Digne (Provence. Alpes 1633, hoard of 300 coinsof the periodof Gallie­ CahN(1972) de Haute-Provence) nus, p.77 647 Ceyzériat 1931, AE and AR coins from the Antonini to BSFN (1986) (Rhône-Alpes, Ain) Valerian and Gallienus, An uncertain number p. 45-47; TIIF, of large bronze coins of the Antonini are no V, 1. Ain, 10; longer known but 9 AE. 9 D and 189 A from TM (1997) SeptimiusSeverus ta Valerian II and Saloninus p.25-34 still are, Terminus: AD 259-260. M8 Izernore 1 Befare 1803,in unknown circumstances, a large TAF, V. l, Ain, (Rhône-Alpes, Ain) number of coins including 4 Livie », «Julie n, 24 Geta...., Postumus, 649 Loyettes 1843, hoard of 313 A from Gordian III. Philip­ TAF, V. i, Ain, (Rhône-Alpes, Ain) pus, Trebonianus Gallus and Salonina (list in­ 28 complete) and Il S of Marcus Aurelius, Gordian III and Valerian II. 650 Saint-Genis-Pouilly 1821, hoard consisting of AV and AR jewels, TAF, V, 1, (Rhône-Alpes, Ain) silverware, 3 aurei (a.o. 1 of Galba). 12 or 13 Ain. 26; BSFN AE coinsand 200 or 216 D + A from Vespasian (1991) p. 81-83 to Valerian. 651 Saint-Paul-de-Varax 1853, hoard consistîng of golden[ewels,sorneS TAF, V, 1, Ain. (Rhône-Alpes, Ain) (a.o,of Trajan, ..'. SeverusAlexander) and ± 400 38 Dand AfromSeverus Alexanderta Valerian and Salonina,Terminus: not beforeAD256. 652 Sault-Brénaz 1862, AV and AR jewelstogether with 6 gold­ TAF, V. 1, Ain, (Rhône-Alpes, Ain) en coins(4 aurei and 2 « multiple d'or ~), 1 S of 41 Hadrian and 485 AR coins (of which 382 are known) from Nero to Postumus. 653 Seyssel 1860, several hundered D + A from Trajan or TAF. V, l, Ain, (Rhône-Alpes. Ain) Plautilla ta Postumus. 42 654 Lagorce 1906, hoard consisting of jewels,silverware and TAF, v.r, (Rhône-Alpes, Ardèche) coins of Gallienus, Salonina and «empereurs Ardèche. 13b contemporains&. 655 Saint-Pèray Before 1837. unknown number of AR coins of TAF, V.I, (Rhône-Alpes, Ardèche) which 2 D and 21 A are known: Caracalla to Ardèche, 5 Saloninus. Terminus: Elmer 69 == AD 260. 656 Andancette 1 1845 or 1846, hoard of ± 150 A of which only TAF, V. 2, (Rhône-Alpes, Drôme) 12 are known, ail Valerian. type Oriens augg Drôme. 3 (Elmer 5) and Valerian Il, type Consecralio. Terminus: AD 258-260. 657 Chatuzange-le-Goubet 1849, over 2000 S from Hadrian to Gallienus. TAF. V, 2, (Rhône-Alpes, Drôme) Drôme, 10 658 Donzere 1977, hoard of 3 D and 42 A from Caracalla to TAF. V, 2, (Rhône-Alpes, Drôme) Valerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Saloninus: Drôme. 16 AD 258-260. 659 La Roche-sur-le-Buis 1870, hoard of 218 or 318 AR coins from the TAF, V, 2, (Rhône-Alpes, Drôme) Antonini ta Postumus. (probably coins Drôme. 31 of Valerian,a memherof the gens Licinia) and (?). 660 Montélimar 1807. several coins of which Il are known: TAF. V, 2. (Rhème-Alpes. Drôme) Gordian III. Philippus, Gallienus and Salonina Drôme, 24 (probably A). Same hoard as that of Notre­ Dame-d'Aigu (Gallienus ta the children of Con­ stantine)? 94 GIJS DE GREEF

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 661 Saint-Marcel-lès- 1955, small hoard of 2 Sand 28 A from Severus TAF, V, 2, Valence Alexander to Postumus. Drôme,35 (Rhône-Alpes. Drôme) 662 Haute-Savoie(Rhône- Before WW Il, somewhere in the department TAF. V, 2, Alpes. Haute-Savoie) (Annecy?), unknown number of coins, only Haute-Savoie, 36 100 A from Elagabalus to Valerian II are known. AD 256-260. 663 Minzier (Rhône-Alpes, 1873, hoard consisting of ± 180 A from Pupie- TAF, V, 2, Haute-Savoie) nus to Valerian and Gallienus. Haute-Savoie.21 664 Sillingy (Rhône-Alpes, 1863, hoard, [rom Gordian III ta Valerian, Gal- TAF, V, 2, Haute-Savoie) lienusand Salonina. Haute-Savoie, 27 665 Auherives-en-Royans 1850. hoard of 43 kg of AR coins (over 8000 D TAF. V, 2, Isère, (Rhône-Alpes. Isère) + A) from Hadrian to Valerian II. Probable ter- 1 minus: AD 256-260. 666 La Rivière 1857, ± 3000 AR coinsfrom Gordian 1II to Gal- TAF, V, 2, Isère, (Rhône-Alpes, Isère) lienus (?), together with an AR plate. 24 667 Nivolas-Vermelle 1837, hoard consistingof jewels,silverware and TAF, V, 2, Isère, (Rhône-Alpes, Isère) 6 aurei from Hadrian to Valerian (RIC 238- 19 239) and Gallienus (RIC 77) =AD 254-257. 668 Royas 1851, board of 140 Sand 10 A from Vespasian TAF, V, 2, Isère, (Rhône-Alpes, Isère) to Gallus or Gallienus. 25 669 Saint-Romans l 1850-1860, thousands of coins ending with Va- TAF, V, 2, Isère, (Rhône-Alpes, Isère) lerian and Gallienus. 35 670 Veurey-Voroize 1988, over 8 kg (:t 2000 A) of which only 515 TAF. V, 2, Isère. (Rhône-Alpes, Isère) are known: Valerian ta Postumus and Claudius 43 II wt emission of Rome and Milan) = AD 268. 671 Vinay III 1895, hoard of ± 1400 AR coins (1352 A are TAF, V, 2, Isère. (Rhône-Alpes. Isère) known) from Caracalla to Valerian and Gallie- 48 nus. 672 Boisset-lès-Montrond 1864, hoard of ± 1500 D + A from Septimius TAF, V, 1. (Rhône-Alpes, Loire) Severus to Valerian, Gallicnus and Saloninus. Loire, 1 AD 258-260. 673 Chalain-cl'Uzore 1889, hoard consisting of AV and AR jewels, TAF, V, i, (Rhone-Alpes. Loire) silverware, several bronze abjects, 1 «potin ~ Loire,2 of the Aedui, 395 AReoins [rom Septimius Se- verusta Saloninusand ± 1080AE coins(mostly S) from Titus to Trajan Decius. AD 259-260. 674 Montbrison II 1886, hoard consisting of 1 ring and 1328 A TAP. V. 1. (Rhône-Alpes, Loire) from Caracalla to Valerian 1 and Il. Gallienus Loire. 7 and Saloninus, AD 258-260. 675 Villerest 1912. hoard of 134 AR coins of whieh 6 D and TAF,V, l, (Rhône-Alpes, Loire) 125 A are known, from Hadrian to Valerian Loire, 15 and Gallienus. Terminus: Elmer 68, 75, 83, 97 =AD 259-260. 676 Lyon (9th arr.) Before 1836, « des médailles du temps de Valé- TAF, V, 1, (Rhône-Alpes. Rhône) rien ~. Hoard? Rhône, 42 677 Lyon Hoard of 122 coins of Valerian and Gallienus, TAF,V,l. (Rhône-Alpes, Rhône) Existence is doubtful. Rhône, 45 678 Ouroux 1945-1946, hoard of 353 AR coins from Fausti- TAF, V, 1, (Rhône-Alpes, Rhône) na 1 to Valerian (RIC 124)=AD 253-254. Rhône, 19 679 Saint-Georges-de-Reneins 1880 and 1901, find of 2 parts of the same TAF, V, 1, (Rhône-Alpes, Rhône) hoard: 1) 150AR, 2) ± 500AR of which 104are Rhône. 25 known from Marcus Aurelius ta the sole reign of Gallienus. Alsoa coin of Magnia Urbica? ROMAN COIN I-IOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 95 n" PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 680 Sainte-Colombe 1870. hoard of 113 AR coins from Gordian III TAF, v.r, (Rhône-Alpes, Rhône) ta Valerian and Gallienus. Rhône, 20 681 Vaise Hoard of 81 AR coins ending with Valerian to- Survey (1997) (Rhône-Alpes, Rhône) gether with jewels and silverware. Same hoard as n° 676? LUXEMBURG 682 Contern 1860, hoard of 109 A from Gordian III ta Pos- FMRL, 1, 72 tumus. Terminus: Elmer 567 =AD 268-269. 683 Dalheirn 1 1850, board of ± 150 coins of which 50 AR are FMRL, 1. 78 known: Septimius Severus to Valerian (RIe 99 and 142c). AD 255-256 684 Dalheim Il 1952, hoard of 300 A, ail of the sole reign of FMRL, 1, 79 Gallienus. Only 5 coins are known: RIe 179. 245 (x2), 283, 617 '" AD 267-268. 685 Echternach 1884,hoard of many D and A from Gordian III FMRL. r, 99b to Gallienus. 686 Ettelbruck 1856, hoard of ± 600 coins of which 592 A are FMRL,I,123 known. Terminus: Postumus, Elmer 568 '" AD 268. 687 Filsdorf At least 25 coins including 1 A of Postumus FMRL, t. 133 (part of a larger hoard?). 688 Grosbous 1843, hoard of hundreds of coins from Geta to FMRL, 1,15-1 Valerian and Gallienus. 689 Marner 1973, hourd of 41 coins: 1 A of Valerian Il and FM HL, II, 134 40 imitations of Gallienus' Elmer 55. Alter AD 257-258. 690 Medernach 1863, unknown number of coins, only 19 A of FMRL, r, 233 Postumus are known: Cunetio HIa and HIb (AD 264-265) and Virlus aug (AD 260, 262 and 2(6). 691 Beichlange 1892. hourd of ± 1600 AR coins. ail of Postu- FMRL, I, 289 mus. 500 of thèse coins are known: terminus: Elmer 337 '" AD 264-265. 692 Tetelbierg 1955, find of 8 A, probably part of a larger FM RL, II, 200 hoard. 3 A of Gallienus and 5 of Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 569 '" AD 268. NETHERLANDS 693 Nijmegen 1893, hoard ending with Postumus or Claudius DE BOONE, (Gelderland) n. p. 30 and 208 694 Noord-Brabant 1848.somewhere in the province, hoard of ± 50 JMP (1963) AV and AR coins from ta Postumus. p. 53, na 46 695 St.-Oedenrode 1942.hoard of 102 D and 66 A from Septimius JMP (1963) (Noord-Brabant) Severus to the joint reign of Gallienus. p. 56-57, n" 60

PORTUGAL 696 Panoias Hoard with coins of Salonina. PEREIfiA. p. 233, (Guarda) n" 25. 697 Portugal Unknown location in southern Portugal. possi- HOST (1992), bly endîng with coins of Gallienus. p.104 698 Serra Hoard, most recent coin is of the sole reign of PEREIRA, p. 233, (Alentejo) Gallienus. n" 51. 96 GIJS DE GREEF

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 699 Serra do Condao (Coim- 1870, hoard of 1 aureus of the sole reignof Gal- PEREIRA, p. 233, bra) lienus and 30 A from Philippus to Gallienus n" 21. and Postumus. SPAIN 700 Aigara 1916, hoard of over 1500Roman coins. Only 1 Numisma (1955) (La Coruna) D and 76 A are known, from Caracalla to Va- p. 9-23 lerian, Gallienus (a.o. RIC 175), Valerian Il (RIC 3 and 13). AD 257-258. 701 Altafulla 1905, hoard of ± 1000 coinsof which 230 A are PEREIRA, p. 233, (Tarragone) known, [rom Gordian III to the sole reign of n" 44; Numisma Gallienus (and Salonina) and Postumus (1 A). (1978) p. 313-515 Terminus: Salonina (RIC 25 and (8) = AD 263-264. 702 Bares 1 1942, hoard of 60 coins (A?) including 13 of sn (1953) (La Coruna) Valerian and Salonina (= hoard of Manon). p. 279, n" 646. 703 Bures Il t948. hoard of 40 A from Gordian III to the PEREIRA, p. 233. (La Coruna) sole reign of Gallienus (RIC 221. 256 and 299) n"3 = AD 262-263. 704 Cabrera III 1985. on the island of Cabrera. hoard of 965 S BOST (1992) (Baléares) and 2 A from Domitian to Valerian and Gallie- nus. Terminus: AD 256. 705 Castellon de la Plana 1947, hoard of 144 A of which 122 are known: NC (1998) (Castellon de la Plana) Gordian III ta the sole reign of Gallienus (RIC p.63-77 205) and Salonina (RIC 25 and 90var) = AD 265-266. (= hoard al Les Alqueries) 706 Chantada Hoard consisting of A from Gordian III ta the CAVADA, (Lugo) sole reign of Gallienus. p. 348 5t 707 Crcvillente Board of 53 S from the 1 century AD ta Va- BOST (1992) (Alicante) lerian and Gallîenus. p. 104 708 Gibraltar 1930-1940. large board, also known ais the Ne (1962) hourd of Jirnena de la Frontera or of La Serra- p.335-408; nia de Ronda. Known are 29883 A (2/3th to 31 BSFN (1970) 4th of the entire hoard). From Gordian III ta p.526-528 Gallienus (20529 coins) and Postumus (only 73 coins). Terminus: AD 266-267. 709 Honcalada Hoard of 26 AR coins. Dated AD 260. CH (1981) (Valladolid) p. 31, n" 143 710 Jaén 1957, hoard of e denarios Il of Gallienus. NH (1958) (Jaén) p.73.n0919 711 Pontevedra Hoard of « denarii ~ of Gallienus. PEREIRA. (Pontevedra) p. 233, n° 30 712 Sangüesa 1867, hoard consisting of coins from Gordian PERE.IRA, (Pamplona) III to Gallienus and Postumus. p. 233. n" 42 713 Santa Pola Find of 2 aurei of the sole reign of Gallienus. H & L, (Alicante) Hoard? p. 267. n" 16 714 l A and possibly also AE coins of Gallienus and PEREIRA, (Tarragona) Salonina. p. 233. n"46 715 Tarragona Il 1888, hoard of several hundrcds of coins of PEREIRA, (Tarragona) which 105 A are known from Gordian III to p. 233, n' 45; coins of the sole reign of Gallienus (RIC 206) Numisma (1978) and Salonina (RIC 31). Terminus: AD 267. p. 315 716 Valsadornin Hoard consîsting of coins of the 3th century NI-! (1952) (Palencia) AD, rnostly of Gallienus and Salonina. p. 245. n" 537 ~Ir :::::::::::

...... ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANie INVASIONS AD 253-269 97

n" PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

717 Valverde dei Camino Hoard of ± 800 A from Gordian III to the joint PEREIRA, (Huelva) reign of Gallienus, p. 232, n" 2 718 Vilauba 1988, hoard of 47 AR and AE coins from ROURE (Barcelona) Antoninus Pius to Valerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Valerian (Oriens augg), AD 258­ 259. '1 UNITED KINGDOM 719 Alcester 1967, hoard of 95 A and 51 S from Trajan to NC (1990) (Warwickshire) Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 396,414 and 593 = p. 123-128; AD 266. HOLL, p. 98-99 720 Austerfield 1963, hoard of 9 D and 25 A from Caracalla ta NC (1964) (Yorkshire) Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 336 and 337 =AD p.139 264-265. 721 Beachy Head II 1964. hcard of 3173 AR coinsfrom Caracallato NC (1968) (East Sussex) Gallienus and Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 562, p. 67-81 563, 565 and 593 = AD 268. 722 British Museum Found in unknown circurnstances, now in the NC (1939) British Museum, 29 D and 290 A from Septi­ p.32-33 rnius Severus ta Valerian and Gallienus, Termi­ nus: Saloninus = AD 258-260. 723 Burwell Farm 1983, hoard of 50 D and 23 A from from Septi­ CHRB (1986) (East Riding) mius Severusto Valerian and Gallienus. Termi­ p.59-63 nus: Saloninus = AD 258-260. 724 Caerwent (Monmouth­ Hoard, dated AD 253~269. SUTHERLAND, shire) p.159 725 Caister-by-Yarmouth 1946, hoard of at least 654 D and 192 A from NC (1947) (Norfolk) Marcus Antonins to Postumus. Terminus: El- p. 175-179 mer 382 =AD 266. 726 Chorlton Hoard with coins of Valerian and Postumus. SUTHERLAND, (Cheshire) p. 50 727 Coleford (Gloucester- Hoard of ± 3000 coins of Valerian, Gallienus SUTHERLAND, shire) and Postumus. p. St 728 Crowmarsh 1991-1992, hoard of 25 D and 312 A from Clo­ CHRB (1997) (Oxîordshire) dius Albinus to Postumus. Terminus: Cunetio p. 191-205. IV =AD 266-267. 729 Dorchester 1936. huard of 22121 coinsof which20748 have NC (1939) (Dorset) been identified (sorne D, mostly A) from Cara­ p.30-61 calla to Valerian and Gallienus, Terminus: Va­ lerian (Pm Irp cos II II pp) and Valerian II (or Saloninus?). After AD 257-258. 730 Earnley Hoard, dated AD 253-269. SUTHERLAND, (West Sussex) p.159 731 Edlington Wood 1935,find of 2 parts of the same hoard: 1)80 D NC (1935) (Yorkshire) from Antoninus Pius to Maxirninus and 1 A of p.202-207 Philippus II, 2) 356 D and 172 A from Septi­ mius Severus to Valerian and Gallienus. Dated 258-259. 732 Exeter 1715, hoard consisting of coins from Trajan ta NC (1948) (Devon) Gallienus and Postumus. p.219-223 733 Flneshade 1994,hoard of 90 D and 172 A from Septirnius CHRB (1997) (Northamptonshire) Severus to Postumus (Cunetio 1). Terminus: p. 180-190. AD 260-261. 98 GIJS DE GREEF

0 Il PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL. 734 Flaggrass (I and II) 1949-1951, probably three parts of the same CH (1978) (March) hoard: 1) Iulia Mamaea to Gallienus, 2) Ha- p.47-48 drian to Postumus and 3) Severus Alexander ta Victorînus and Claudius II. Joint terminus: AD 268-270. 735 Frampton 1759. hoard of ± 3000 coins(AR and AE) from NC (1935) (Gloucestershire) Antoninus Pius ta Gallienus, Macrianus (AD p.207 260-261) and e Aelianus ~ (Laelianus?, AD269). 736 Ham Hill Hoard consistingof S from Vespasien or Titus REEcE, (Somerset) to Postumus. according ta R. Reece. Also see p.94-95 NC (1936). p. 30-42and NC (1949), p. 172-173. 737 Ile Agois 1974, Iind of 18 A from Valerian ta Postumus. CH (1976) (Jersey) Date given:'AD 268. p. 70, n" 267 738 Leysdown 1969, hoard of 500 coins (mostly S) from Titus NC (1971) (Kent) to Postumus. Terminus: AD 260-261. p. 189-197; HOLl., p. 94. 739 Llanddeiniolen 1992-1993, hoard of 3 D, 21 A and 1 S from NC (1996) (Gwynedd) Septimius Severus to Valerian and Gallienus. p. 284-285. n" Dated AD 256. 115 740 Llandovery 1755, at least 12 AR coins from Gordian III to CH (1977) (Dyfed) Gallienus. p. 61, n" 169 741 Long Ashton Hoard consisting of ± 500 coins from the Re- SUTHERLAND. (Somerset) public to Gallienus, p.Sl 742 Mattishall 1968, huard of ± 1100 AR coins of which 1095 CH (1969) (Norfolk) are known. Antoninus Pius to Postumus. Ter- p. 129-142 minus: Elmer 129/185 and 130/186 =AD 261. 743 Oliver's Orchard l 1983. hoard of 1558 0 + A from Septimius Se- CHRB (1986) (Essex) verus to Postumus. This is however probably a p. 65-118 part of a group of hoards together with Oliver's Orchard II (terminus: Postumus, AD 269) and Oliver'sOrchard III (terminus: Victorinus), 744 Piercebrîdge 1974, hoard of 1 D and 129 A from Maximinus CH (1977) (Durham) to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 593 = AD 265- p.72-76 266. 745 Poole Harbour 1936, hoard of 34 A from Gordian III to Vale- Ne (1938) (Dorset) rian, Terminus: Valerian (RIC 125)=AD 254. p. 300 746 Portsdown Hill 1976, hoard of 10 A: Valerian (2), Gal1ienus CH (1976) (Hampshire) (joint reign, 3) and Postumus (5). Terminus: p. 60. n" 165 Pax aug: Elmer 333 (AD 263~264) or Elmer 564-567 (AD 267~268). 747 Preston Hoard (Gordian III to Postumus). SUTHERLAND. (Dorset) p.Sl 748 Ramsgate 1969, hoard of 34 S of which 27 are known: NC (1971) (Kent) Hadrian ta Postumus. AD 260-261. p. 199-201 749 Sharrow Point 1980, find of 7 A from the sole reign of Gallie- CHRB (1992) (Cornwall) nus and Salonina. Terminus: émission du bes- p.86 tiaire =AD 267-268. 750 Stevenage 1986, hoard of 2579 0 + A from SeptimiusSe- CHRB (1988) (Hertfordshire) verus to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 336 "" AD p.43-73 262-265. 751 Stowting Hoard (Vespasian ta Postumus). SUTHERLAND, (Kent) p.51 ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMANlC INVASIONS AD 253-269 99 n PLACE DESCRIPTI0 N BIBL. 752 UlnesWarton 1884, hoard of ± 200 coins but only 65 A are SUTHERLAND, (Lancashire) known, Terminus: Postumus, Fidus miliium p.51 (sic), AD 264. 753 Wateringbury 1872. unknown number of coins,known are 2 A CH (1978) (Kent) of Gallienus and 8 A of Postumus. Terminus: p. 38, n° 142 Elmer 395 and 593 ::: AD 266. SWITZERLAND 754 Astano 1914. hoard of 49 A. only 6 are known: Gor- Pv, p. 123 (Ticino) dian (III) to Gallienus and Salonina (joint reign). 755 Augst 1884, ~ Bacholen'sche Münzschatz D, known are STAHEI.IN, p. 254 (Baselland) 500 to 600 A from Trebonianus Gallus to Pos- and WEDER tumus, Terminus: Cunetio V = AD 268. 756 Coeuv(r)e Hoard ending with Saloninus (AD 258-260). STAHELlN, p. 254 (Jura) 757 Diessenhofen 1893, Iind of 200 ta 250 coins of which 204 A BI 852; (Thurgau) are known. From Trebonianus Gallus to Postu- FREY, p. 86-107 mus and Claudius II. The most recent coinsare not of Claudius II but of Postumus, AD 269. 758 Gebenstorf Hoard ending with Postumus (uncertain), KOETliE, p. 215 (Aargau) 759 Gurnigel 1770. hoard (?) ending with Postumus. STAliELlN, p. 254; KOETliE, p.215 760 Kôlliken 1750, hoard of 300 coins from Elagabalus ta BI 838; STAHE- (Aargau) Postumus. LIN, p. 254 761 Neftenbach 1986,hoard of 4 D and 1239 A from Septirnius VON KAENEL (Zürich) Severus to Postumus. Terminus: Cunetio 1II: AD 264-265. 762 Orbe Hoard ending with Gallienus. STAHELlN, p. 254 (Vaud) 763 Sous-Vent 1886, ± 650 (?) coins from Gordian III to Salo- BI 832; KOETHE, (Vaud) ninus (AD 258-260), together with 2 AR brace- p.209 lets (= hoard of Bex). 764 Villars-sous-Yens Hoard of over 1000 coinsfrom Iulia Damna ta Py, p. 121 (Vaud) Gallienus. 765 Weidenhub 1831,± 6000 AR coinsfrom Vitellius to Gallie- BI 851. KOETHE, (Sankt Gallen) nus, p. 209 766 Zürich Hoard ending with Gallienus. KOEl'HE. p. 212 (Zürich) ADDENDUM 767 Helmond Part of a hoard: 23 A and 2 D from the Repub- JMP (1963) (Noord-Brabant, lie to Postumus. AD 262-265. p. 56-57. n"60 Netherlands)