A Medallion of Constantius II Julia Ruff Lawrence University
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Hadrian and the Greek East
HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way. -
Exiling Bishops: the Policy of Constantius II
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Classical Studies Faculty Publications Classical Studies 2014 Exiling Bishops: The olicP y of Constantius II Walter Stevenson University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/classicalstudies-faculty- publications Part of the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Stevenson, Walt. "Exiling Bishops: The oP licy of Canstantius II." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 68 (2014): 7-27. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classical Studies at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classical Studies Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Exiling Bishops: The Policy of Constantius II Walt Stevenson onstantius II was forced by circumstances to all instances in which Constantius II exiled bishops Cmake innovations in the policy that his father and focus on a sympathetic reading of his strategy.2 Constantine had followed in exiling bishops. While Though the sources for this period are muddled and ancient tradition has made the father into a sagacious require extensive sorting, a panoramic view of exile saint and the son into a fanatical demon, recent schol- incidents reveals a pattern in which Constantius moved arship has tended to stress continuity between the two past his father’s precedents to mold a new, intelligent regimes.1 This article will attempt to gather -
Who Was St. Helen, and Why Is There a Well Bearing Her Name in Farnhill ?
The Farnhill “Shelley Well” – the origin of this odd name Time and again have I pondered and sifted my thought in the prison of the night. From “Elene” by Cynewulf What is the Shelley Well ? For those of you that don’t know, “Shelley Well” is the local name for the stone trough, fed by a spring, and located on the road-side in front of Spout House, in High Farnhill. Fig 1: The curiously-named Shelley Well It’s an odd name, and some people in the village will tell you that it is properly called St. Helen’s Well. Of course this immediately poses two questions: who was St. Helen, and why is there a well bearing her name in Farnhill ? This article aims to offer some possible answers. Who was St. Helen ? It’s not an easy question to answer, because: There’s an historical St. Helen, the mother of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great. There’s also a mythologized St. Helen, where the basic facts associated with the historical Helen have been re-imagined, to provide a British origin. And, most confusingly, there’s a mythological Helen, whose mythology has subsequently been used to create an almost certainly imaginary early Welsh saint. The historical St. Helen, the mother of Constantine the Great Helen, or more correctly Helena, was born around 250AD, probably in Asia Minor, and was the daughter of an inn-keeper1. Around 270AD she married Constantius Chlorus, a Roman general. They had a one son, Constantine, who was born in 272 (or perhaps 274), but were divorced in 289 when Constantius made a politically advantageous marriage to the daughter of the emperor of the western half of the Roman empire, Maximian. -
Emperors and Generals in the Fourth Century Doug Lee Roman
Emperors and Generals in the Fourth Century Doug Lee Roman emperors had always been conscious of the political power of the military establishment. In his well-known assessment of the secrets of Augustus’ success, Tacitus observed that he had “won over the soldiers with gifts”,1 while Septimius Severus is famously reported to have advised his sons to “be harmonious, enrich the soldiers, and despise the rest”.2 Since both men had gained power after fiercely contested periods of civil war, it is hardly surprising that they were mindful of the importance of conciliating this particular constituency. Emperors’ awareness of this can only have been intensified by the prolonged and repeated incidence of civil war during the mid third century, as well as by emperors themselves increasingly coming from military backgrounds during this period. At the same time, the sheer frequency with which armies were able to make and unmake emperors in the mid third century must have served to reinforce soldiers’ sense of their potential to influence the empire’s affairs and extract concessions from emperors. The stage was thus set for a fourth century in which the stakes were high in relations between emperors and the military, with a distinct risk that, if those relations were not handled judiciously, the empire might fragment, as it almost did in the 260s and 270s. 1 Tac. Ann. 1.2. 2 Cass. Dio 76.15.2. Just as emperors of earlier centuries had taken care to conciliate the rank and file by various means,3 so too fourth-century emperors deployed a range of measures designed to win and retain the loyalties of the soldiery. -
The Gallic Empire (260-274): Rome Breaks Apart
The Gallic Empire (260-274): Rome Breaks Apart Six Silver Coins Collection An empire fractures Roman chariots All coins in each set are protected in an archival capsule and beautifully displayed in a mahogany-like box. The box set is accompanied with a story card, certificate of authenticity, and a black gift box. By the middle of the third century, the Roman Empire began to show signs of collapse. A parade of emperors took the throne, mostly from the ranks of the military. Years of civil war and open revolt led to an erosion of territory. In the year 260, in a battle on the Eastern front, the emperor Valerian was taken prisoner by the hated Persians. He died in captivity, and his corpse was stuffed and hung on the wall of the palace of the Persian king. Valerian’s capture threw the already-fractured empire into complete disarray. His son and co-emperor, Gallienus, was unable to quell the unrest. Charismatic generals sought to consolidate their own power, but none was as powerful, or as ambitious, as Postumus. Born in an outpost of the Empire, of common stock, Postumus rose swiftly through the ranks, eventually commanding Roman forces “among the Celts”—a territory that included modern-day France, Belgium, Holland, and England. In the aftermath of Valerian’s abduction in 260, his soldiers proclaimed Postumus emperor. Thus was born the so-called Gallic Empire. After nine years of relative peace and prosperity, Postumus was murdered by his own troops, and the Gallic Empire, which had depended on the force of his personality, began to crumble. -
PDF Historical References on Coins of the Roman
Register Free To Download Files | File Name : Historical References On Coins Of The Roman Empire From Augustus To Gallienus PDF HISTORICAL REFERENCES ON COINS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE FROM AUGUSTUS TO GALLIENUS Tapa blanda 6 febrero 2020 Author : Historical references on coins of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Gallienus Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. Share to Twitter. ... Historical references on coins of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Gallienus by Sydenham, Edward Allen, 1873- 1948. Publication date 1917 Topics Coins, Roman Publisher Historical references on coins of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Gallienus by A. Sydenham, Edward The importance of the scientific study of ancient coins relative to that of history has long been recognised. In their historical aspect the coins of the Roman Empire present three phases of interest: 1.) As contemporary monuments the coins supply corroborative evidence of facts which are recorded by historians. 2.) In a number of instances the coins fill up gaps in the narrative and supply ... Historical references on coins of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Gallienus by Edward Allen Sydenham, 1968, Spink, Pegasus edition, in English - [1st ed. reprinted]. CONTENTS. Introduction. TheImperialCoinage. TheGrowthandDeclineofArt. TheBeginningoftheEmpire. B.C. 29 TheTriumphofOctavian. 28.OctavianandAgrippa. 27.Augustus . 27-24 ... Historical References on Coins of the Roman Empire: From Augustus to Gallienus (Classic Reprint) by Sydenham, Edward Allen Excerpt from Historical References on Coins of the Roman Empire: From Augustus to Gallienus The purpose of the following notes is obviously not new. But the writer ventures to state his experience as a collector and student of Roman coins to the effect that the interest which he derived from amassing varieties of types was as nothing compared with the reve lation of new interest which resulted .. -
Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy Charles Matson Odahl Boise State University
Boise State University ScholarWorks History Faculty Publications and Presentations Department of History 1-1-2007 Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy Charles Matson Odahl Boise State University Publication Information Odahl, Charles Matson. (2007). "Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy". Connections: European Studies Annual Review, 3, 89-113. This document was originally published in Connections: European Studies Annual Review by Rocky Mountain European Scholars Consortium. Copyright restrictions may apply. Coda: Recovering Constantine's European Legacy 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 Constantine the Great and Christian Imperial Theocracy Charles Matson Odahl, Boise State University1 rom his Christian conversion under the influence of cept of imperial theocracy was conveyed in contemporary art Frevelatory experiences outside Rome in A.D. 312 until (Illustration I). his burial as the thirteenth Apostle at Constantinople in Although Constantine had been raised as a tolerant 337, Constantine the Great, pagan polytheist and had the first Christian emperor propagated several Olympian of the Roman world, initiated divinities, particularly Jupiter, the role of and set the model Hercules, Mars, and Sol, as for Christian imperial theoc di vine patrons during the early racy. Through his relationship years of his reign as emperor -
Ba-350Te/350Ste
1 ” ” BA-350TE/350STE /2 -2 BRONZE BALL VALVE MSS SP-110 THREE-PIECE, FULL-PORT 600 WOG / 150 SWP EXTENDED TUBE ENDS INLINE REPAIRABLE* MATERIALS LIST AVAILABLE 15 6” FEMALE 6” MALE 14 ITEM PART MODEL MATERIALS ASTM SPEC. END END 1 Body 350 & 350S Bronze B584 2 End Cap 350 & 350S Bronze B584 B’ 350 Brass B16 3Stem 350S 316 Stainless Steel B276 4 Packing Nut 350 & 350S Brass B16 5 Packing 350 & 350S PTFE RPTFE 6 Thrust Washer 350 & 350S (25% Glass Reinforced) 13 12 350 CP Brass B16 9 7Ball OPEN 350S 316 Stainless Steel B276 11 MILWAUKEE VALVE BA-350 L RPTFE 8 Seat 350 & 350S (15% Glass Reinforced) 9 Handle 350 & 350S Steel w/ Zinc Plating B633 R 10 Handle Nut 350 & 350S Steel w/ Zinc Plating B633 11 Handle Grip 350 & 350S Vinyl 12 Body Bolt 350 & 350S Steel (Gr 8) w/ Zinc Plating B633 13 Body Nut 350 & 350S Steel (Gr 8) w/ Zinc Plating B633 14 Stub End, 6"M 350 & 350S Copper Tube, Type "K" 15 Stub End, 6"F 350 & 350S Copper Tube, Type "L" 10 3 Pressure temperature charts contain valve seat 5 4 7 and body ratings for standard valves. Solder 8 6 end valves are de-rated by the limitations of the 2 2 H joint as specified in ASME 16.18. Brazing installations can be likewise derated. Consult ASME 16.18 and the American Welding Society for the actual joint ratings of the material being used for the specific application. Pressure and Temperature ratings may be further derated in accordance with the pressure rating associated with the type of copper tube 1 A used for the stub end. -
Fertile in Tyrants Call for Papers
‘A Province Fertile in Tyrants’ Representations of Roman Emperors and Usurpers on the Island of Britain from the Second Century AD Onwards Call for Papers Statue of Constantine the Great near York Minster (work of Philip Jackson, 1998) In around 415 AD, Saint Jerome, from his retreat in Jerusalem, described the Isle of Britain, at the other end of the Roman world, as a ‘province fertile in tyrants’: ‘Britannia fertilis provincia tyrannorum’ (Jerome, Ep. 133). A century later, the monk Gildas repeated this phrase, ascribing it mistakenly to Porphyry, in his admonitory De Excidio Britanniae (§4.4.). Indeed, from the end of the second century AD onwards, numerous usurpations originated among the legions stationed on the Island. We can cite Clodius Albinus (193-197), Carausius (286-293), his assassin and successor Allectus (293-296), Magnus Maximus (383-388) and finally, in rapid succession, Marcus (406-407), Gratian (407) and Constantine III (407-411). On a completely different level, but remarkably similar in the way he was perceived by posterity, Constantine I (306-337), son of Constantius Chlorus, was proclaimed emperor at York in 306 and launched his imperial bid for power in Britain; the usurpers at the end of the fourth, beginning of the fifth century were keen to drape themselves in his mantle. The history and posterity of those emperors and usurpers will be the object of a one day (or more, if response to this call for papers warrants it) symposium, to be held in Boulogne-sur-Mer on Friday, February 9th 2018 (and the following day if necessary). -
The Function of Christian Letters of Recommendation; from Paul to Julian
THE FUNCTION OF CHRISTIAN LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION; FROM PAUL TO JULIAN Jason File A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in t he Department of Religious Studies. Chapel Hill 2006 Approved by: Bart Ehrman Zlatko Plese Peter Kaufmann ABSTRACT THE FUNCTION OF CHRISTIAN LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION; FROM PAUL TO JULIAN (Under the Direction of Bart D. Ehrman) This paper explores the function of Christian letters of recommendation, from the time of Paul (c. 50 CE) to the time of Emperor Julian (c. 350 CE). The first chapter provides background information concerning the function of letters of recommendation generally in antiquity. It is argued that the primary functions of such letters in Greco -Roman society was to provide hospitality for the traveler, and to testify to their trustworthiness. Where pagans used such letters for business or filial purposes, the early Chri stian church used them to build religious networks across the wide span of the Mediterranean world and the Levant. The second chapter of the thesis takes up the subject of hospitality practices in the Christian mission, and the third explores the use of letters of recommendation in the writings of the apostle Paul. Letters of recommendation were extremely important for the growth, spread and development of the Christian church. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….1 II. LETTER S OF RECOMMENDATION IN GRECO -ROMAN SOCIETY…...7 Overview of Letter -Writing in the Ancient Near East…………..………….…7 The Hellenistic Period and Letter -Writing Manuals…………...……………...9 The Form and Structure of the Letter of Recommendation………………….14 The Function of the Letter of Recommendation……………………………..19 Summary……………………………………………………………………..26 III. -
Bibliotheca Sacra
618 Atha11usius and his Times. [Oct. ARTICLE VI. ATHANASIUS THE COPT, AND HIS TIMES.1 BY NORVELLE WALLACE SHARPE, M.D., F.A.C.S., ST. LOUIS, MO. I. THE Athanasian epoch occurred in the htter portion of the third century and the major portion of the fourth. The predomi nating world power was the Roman Empire, vast in extent, polyglot in its constituents, notably J..acking in the virility and co hesive stability of the preceding centuries, - its art, its science, its literature, its politics, its philosophy, and its religion frankly manifesting the evidence of decadence that but foreshadowed its final doom. Speculative philosophy was the fashion of thought in extra-ecclesiastic circles; speculative religion the vogue prac ticed by the intra-ecclesiastic world. The sound and enduring things are seen to have been masked by casuistic embroid eries; the Spirit of the Law has been smothered by the Let ter: - while Reason of the Forum, Logic of the Schools, and simple Faith of the Sanctuary have been supplanted by Co) liquative Verbiage,.- clamorous progenitor of Confusion. With the exception of the far distant civilizations of China, Japan, and India, the Civilized World may be held, at this period, to be synonymous with the Roman Empire. A single instance will suffice as illustration: Britain was invaded by Julius Cresar B.C. 55; Claudius attempted further conquest nearly a century later; under Julius Agricola A.D. 78-84 1915. ] Athanasius and his Times. 619 Rome attained her maximum of control. In the Athanasian epoch (297-373) the English segment of the Teutoni<; peo ples yet resided on the Continent, crude in civilization, and worshipers of divers gods, of which Tiw, \Voden, Thor, Frea, Saetere, and Eastre spring readily to mind. -
The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great
Graeco-Latina Brunensia 24 / 2019 / 2 https://doi.org/10.5817/GLB2019-2-2 The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great Stanislav Doležal (University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice) Abstract The article argues that Constantine the Great, until he was recognized by Galerius, the senior ČLÁNKY / ARTICLES Emperor of the Tetrarchy, was an usurper with no right to the imperial power, nothwithstand- ing his claim that his father, the Emperor Constantius I, conferred upon him the imperial title before he died. Tetrarchic principles, envisaged by Diocletian, were specifically put in place to supersede and override blood kinship. Constantine’s accession to power started as a military coup in which a military unit composed of barbarian soldiers seems to have played an impor- tant role. Keywords Constantine the Great; Roman emperor; usurpation; tetrarchy 19 Stanislav Doležal The Political and Military Aspects of Accession of Constantine the Great On 25 July 306 at York, the Roman Emperor Constantius I died peacefully in his bed. On the same day, a new Emperor was made – his eldest son Constantine who had been present at his father’s deathbed. What exactly happened on that day? Britain, a remote province (actually several provinces)1 on the edge of the Roman Empire, had a tendency to defect from the central government. It produced several usurpers in the past.2 Was Constantine one of them? What gave him the right to be an Emperor in the first place? It can be argued that the political system that was still valid in 306, today known as the Tetrarchy, made any such seizure of power illegal.