A Abbās the Great, 1 Abbāsid Revolution, 2 Abd el-Krim, 3 Abdelkader, 4 Abdullāh et Taāisha, 4 Abenaki Wars, 5 Abercromby, Ralph, 6 Aboukir, 7 Abrams, Creighton Williams, Jr., 8 Abū al-Abbās, 9 Abū Bakr ibn Umar, 9 Abu Klea, 10 Acre, 11 Actium, 12 Adowa, 12 Adrianople, 13 Aegospotami, 14 Æthelbald, 14 Æthelbald's Wars, 15 Aetius, 16 Afghan Expansion, Wars of, 17 Agathocles, 18 Agesilaus II, 19 Agincourt, 20 Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 21 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 22 Air Force, U.S., 23 Aircraft, military, 25 Aircraft carrier, 29 Akbar, 29 Alamo, 29 Alanbrooke, First Viscount, 31 Alaric, 32 Albanian-Turkish Wars, 33 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 34 Alcibiades, 35 Alesia, Siege of, 35 Alexander of Tunis, 36 Alexander I, 37 Alexander the Great, 38 Alexander's Wars of Conquest, 39 Alexandria, 43 Alexius I Comnenus, 44 Alfonso VIII, 46 Alfred the Great, 47 Algiers, 48 Aliwal, 48 Allen, Ethan, 49 Allenby, Lord, 49 Allied Intervention in Russia, 50 Alma, 51 Almohad conquest and rule of Muslim Spain, 52 Almoravid Empire, 53 Alp Arslan, 54 Alva, duke of, 55 Amazons, 56 Ambuila, 57 American Civil War, 58 American Indian wars, 67 American Northwest Indian wars, 71 American Revolution, 72 Amiens, 78 Amin, Idi, 79 Amoaful, 80 Amr ibn al-Ās, 80 Amritsar Massacre, 81 An Lushan's Rebellion, 82 Anawrahta, 82 Ancient warfare, 83 Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, 86 Anglo-Dutch Wars, 87 Anglo-French Wars, 88 Anglo-Irish War, 89 Anglo-Scottish Wars of 1290-1388, 91 Anglo-Scottish Wars of 1513-1560, 93 Anglo-Spanish War, 94 Angolan Civil War, 96 Angolan War of Independence, 97 Animals in war, 99 Ankara, 102 Antietam, 102 Antioch, 104 Antwerp, Siege of, 105 Anzio, 106 Apache Wars, 107 Appeasement, 108 Arabi Pasha, 109 Arafat, Yasir, 109 Archery, 111 Argentine Dirty War, 111 Armada, Spanish, 112 Armenian Massacres, 114 Armies: Organization and tactics, 116 Armistice, 120 Armor, 120 Arms race, 120 Army, 121 Army, U.S., 121 Arnhem, 123 Arnold, Benedict, 125 Arnold, H. H., 126 Arogee, 126 Arsenal, 127 Arsuf, 127 Art, war in, 128 Artillery, 132 Aryan Conquest of India, 135 Ashurnasirpal II, 136 Assaye, 137 Assyrian Empire, 137 Atatürk, 139 Athenian Empire, 140 Atlanta, 143 Attila, 144 Aurangzeb, 145 Austerlitz, 146 Australian military, 148 Austrian Succession, War,of,the, 149 Austro-Swiss Wars, 150 Austro-Turkish Wars, 151 Avars, 153 Ayacucho, 154 Ayn Jāhlūt, 154 Aztec Empire, 155

B Bābur, 158 Bābur, conquests of, 159 Babylonian Empire, 160 Bacon, Nathaniel, 161 Badajoz, Siege of, 162 Baghdad, 162 Bagration, Operation, 163 Bakufu, 164 Balaklava, 164 Balkan Wars, 165 Ballistic weapons, 167 Baltimore, 169 Ban Chao, 170 Bannockburn, 171 Barons' War, 171 Bart, Jean, 173 Basque War for Independence, 173 Bataan, 174 Battalion, 176 Bay of Pigs Invasion, 176 Bayinnaung, 177 Beachy Head, 177 Beauregard, P. G. T., 178 Beersheba, 179 Begin, Menachem, 179 Belgrade, 180 Belisarius, 181 Ben Bella, Ahmed, 183 Berezina River, 183 Berlin, 184 Berlin Blockade, 185 Berthier, Louis Alexandre, 186 Bin Laden, Osama, 187 Bismarck, Otto von, 188 Black Patch War, 189 Blenheim, 190 Blitzkrieg, 192 Blockade, 192 Blood River, 193 Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von, 193 Boer Wars, 195 Bogomils' Revolt and Pecheneg-Byzantine War, 197 Bohemian Civil War, 199 Bolívar, Simón, 200 Bolshevik Revolution, 201 Bombing, 203 Borodino, 203 Bosworth, 204 Botha, Louis, 205 Boudicca's Rebellion, 206 Boulogne, Sieges of, 207 Bouvines, 208 Boxer Rebellion, 209 Boyne, 211 Braddock, Edward, 211 Bradley, Omar N., 212 Brandywine, 213 Brant, Joseph, 214 Brazilian Antiregency Uprisings, 215 Brazilian Anti-Republican Uprisings, 216 Breda, Siege of, 218 Breitenfeld, 219 Brian Boru, 219 Britain, 220 British Colonial Wars, 222 British Dynastic Wars, 225 British India, 226 British military, 228 Brunanburgh, 230 Brunswick, Charles William Ferdinand, duke of, 230 Brunswick, Frederick William, duke of, 231 Brusilov, Aleksei, 232 Brusilov Offensive, 232 Budenny, Semyon Mikhaylovich, 233 Buena Vista, 234 Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars, 235 Bulgars, 237 Bulge, 237 Bull Run, First, 239 Bull Run, Second, 239 Buller, Redvers Henry, 241 Bunker Hill, 242 Burgoyne, John, 242 Burgundian-Frankish Wars, 243 Burmese-Chinese Wars, 244 Burmese Civil Wars of 1368-1599, 246 Burmese Civil Wars of 1948-1958, 248 Burmese-Laotian Wars, 250 Burmese-Manipuri Wars, 251 Burnside, Ambrose E., 252 Bushido, 253 Byzantine Civil War of 1321-1357, 253 Byzantine Empire, 254 Byzantine-Muslim Wars, 256 Byzantine-Ottoman Wars, 259 Byzantine-Persian Wars, 261 Byzantine-Seljuk Wars, 262

C Cadet, 266 Caesar, Julius, 266 Calais, Siege of, 267 Çaldiran, 268 Cambodian Civil War, 268 Cambrai, 270 Camden, 271 Camouflage, 273 Campbell, Colin, 273 Camperdown, 273 Canadian military, 274 Cannae, 276 Cannons, 277 Cape-Xhosa Wars, 278 Caporetto, 279 Carleton, Guy, 279 Carlist Wars, 280 Carnatic Wars, 281 Carnot, Lazare, 283 Carolingian Empire, 284 Carrhae, 286 Carson, Kit, 287 Carthaginian-Syracusan War, 287 Carus, 288 Cassius, 289 Castilian Civil War, 290 Castle, 291 Castro, Fidel, 291 Casualty, 292 Cato the Censor, 293 Catraeth, 293 Cavalry, 294 Cawnpore, 295 Celtiberian Wars, 297 Celts, 298 Censorship, 298 Central American Federation Civil Wars, 299 Central Intelligence Agency, 300 Centurion, 300 Cerisolles, 300 Cerro Gordo, 301 Cetshwayo, 302 Chaco War, 303 Chadian Civil War, 304 Chaeronea, 338 b.c.e., 306 Chaeronea, 86 b.c.e., 306 Châlons, 307 Chalukyan Wars, 308 Champa Kingdom, 310 Champlain, Samuel de, 311 Chancellorsville, 311 Chandragupta Maurya, 312 Chapultepec, 313 Chariot, 313 Charlemagne, 314 Charlemagne, Wars of, 315 Charles Martel, 317 Charles the Bold, 318 Charles V (Holy Roman emperor), 319 Charles XII (king of Sweden), 320 Charleston, Siege of, 321 Château-Thierry/Belleau Wood, 322 Chemical and biological warfare, 322 Chiang Kai-shek, 283 Chickamauga, 327 Chilianwala, 327 Chinese Civil War, 328 Chinese Imperial Wars, 330 Chinese military, 333 Chinese Revolution, 334 Chola Kingdom, 336 Churchill, Winston, 337 Cid, El, 339 Cid's conquest of Valencia, 340 Cimon, 341 Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctus, 341 Civil war, 342 Civilians and war, 342 Clark, George Rogers, 345 Clark, Mark, 346 Clausewitz, Carl von, 346 Clive, Robert, 348 Clontarf, 348 Coast Guard, U.S., 349 Coastal defense, 350 Cochise, 352 Cochrane, Thomas, 353 Cod War, 353 Coehoorn, Baron Menno van, 355 Cohort, 355 Cold Harbor, 355 Cold War, 357 Colenso, 360 Coligny, Gaspard II de, 361 Collateral damage, 362 Collins, Michael, 362 Colombian Civil Wars, 363 Colombian Guerrilla War, 364 Combined operations, 366 Command, 366 Commando, 367 Commissar, 367 Communications, 367 Condé, the Great, 370 Congolese Civil War, 371 Congress of Vienna, 373 Conquistadores, 375 Conscription, 375 Constantine V Copronymus, 376 Constantine the Great, 377 Constantinople, Siege of, 717-718, 378 Constantinople, Siege of, 1453, 379 Containment policy, 381 Convoy, 381 Coral Sea, 381 Corbett, Julian, 383 Corinth, 383 Cornwallis, First Marquess, 385 Corps and corps system, 385 Cortés, Hernán, 385 Corunna, 387 Cossacks, 387 Courtrai, 388 Cowpens, 388 Crazy Horse, 389 Crécy, 390 Cretan Uprisings, 391 Crete, 392 Crimean War, 393 Croesus, 395 Cromwell, Oliver, 396 Cruise missile, 397 Crusades, 397 Cryptography, 401 Cuban Missile Crisis, 405 Cuban Revolution, 407 Cuban War of Independence, 409 Cuba's Ten Years' War, 410 Culloden, 412 Cunaxa, 412 Custer, George A., 413 Cynoscephalae, 414 Cypriot Wars, 415 Cyrus the Great, 416

D Danish-Swedish Wars, 418 Danish Wars with the Hanseatic League, 419 David, 420 Davis, Jefferson, 421 Davout, Louis, 422 Dayan, Moshe, 422 Delhi Sultanate, Wars of the, 423 Demobilization, 426 Denain, 426 Desertion, 427 Dewey, George, 427 Diadochi, Wars of the, 428 Dien Bien Phu, 429 Dieppe, Raid on, 431 Dingiswayo, 431 Diocletian, 432 Dionysian Wars, 432 Dionysius the Elder, 434 Disarmament, 434 Dockyards, 436 Dominican Republic, Civil War of the, 436 Don Juan de Austria, 438 Dönitz, Karl, 439 Doria, Andrea, 440 Dorian Invasion of Greece, 441 Dorylaeum, 443 Douhet, Giulio, 444 Dowding, Hugh, 444 Draft, 445 Dragoon, 445 Drake, Francis, 445 Dreadnought, 446 Dresden, 446 Dreyfus affair, 447 Drill, 448 Dunbar, 448 Dutch Colonial Wars, 449 Dutch Wars of Independence, 451

E Earthworks, 455 Eastern Question, 455 Economic warfare, 455 Edgehill, 458 Edington, 458 Education, military, 459 Edward, the Black Prince, 462 Edward I, 463 Edward III, 464 Egyptian Empire, 464 Egyptian Insurrection, 467 Egypto-Turkish Wars, 468 1812, War of, 469 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 473 El Alamein, 475 Electronic warfare, 476 Engineering, military, 478 English Civil War of 1215-1217, 482 English Civil War of 1642-1651, 483 Enver Pasha, 485 Epaminondas, 486 Ethics of warfare, 486 Ethiopia, 488 Ethiopian Conflicts, 491 Etruscan-Roman Wars, 494 Eugene of Savoy, 496 Explosives, 497

F Fabius Maximus, Quintus, 500 Falkenhayn, Erich von, 501 Falkirk, 501 Falkland Islands, 502 Falkland Islands War, 502 Fallen Timbers, 505 Famagusta, Siege of, 505 Farragut, David Glasgow, 506 Feng Yuxiang, 507 Fenians, 508 Fernández de Córdoba, Gonzalo, 508 Ferozeshah, 509 Feudalism, 510 Films, war in, 510 Finances, military, 515 Finnish War of Independence, 518 Firearms, 519 Fireship, 524 Fisher, John, 524 Flodden, 524 Florentine Wars, 525 Foch, Ferdinand, 526 Fontenay, 527 Fontenoy, 528 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 528 Fort Donelson, 529 Fort Duquesne, 529 Fort Sumter, 531 Fort Ticonderoga, 1758, 532 Fort Ticonderoga, 1775, 532 Fortification, 534 France, 534 Franco, Francisco, 535 Franco-Austrian War, 536 Franco-Burgundian Wars, 537 Franco-German War, 538 Franco-Spanish War, 539 Frankish Civil Wars, 541 Frankish-Moorish Wars, 543 Franks and Burgundians, 544 Frederick I Barbarossa, 544 Frederick II, 545 Frederick the Great, 546 Frederick William, the Great Elector, 547 Frederick William I (king of Prussia), 548 Fredericksburg, 548 French, John, 549 French and Indian War, 550 French Colonial Wars, 552 French Foreign Legion, 556 French Revolution, 557 French Revolutionary Wars, 559 French Wars of Religion, 562 Friedland, 565 Fronde, Wars of the, 566 Fulk III Nerra, 568 Fuller, J. F. C., 568 Funan and Chenla, 569

G Gage, Thomas, 571 Galley, 571 Gallic Wars, 572 Galliéni, Joseph-Simon, 573 Gallipoli Campaign, 574 Galtieri, Leopold, 576 Gamelin, Maurice, 576 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 577 Garrison, 578 Gates, Horatio, 578 Gaugamela, 579 Gaulle, Charles de, 581 Gempei War, 582 General staff, 584 Geneva Conventions, 584 Genghis Khan, 585 Genocide/ethnic cleansing, 586 German Civil War of 1077-1214, 586 German Civil War of 1314-1283, 588 German Civil War of 1400-1411, 589 German Colonial Wars, 590 German Wars of Unification, 592 Germantown, 595 Geronimo, 596 Gettysburg, 596 Ghanaian Empire, 598 Ghaznavid Empire, 599 Gibraltar, Siege of, 601 Glendower, Owen, 601 Glendower's Revolt, 602 Gneisenau, August von, 603 Golan Heights, 604 Goose Green, 605 Gordon, Charles George, 606 Göring, Hermann, 607 Gorlice-Tarnow, 608 Gothic War, 608 Goths, 609 Gowon, Yakubu, 610 Grand Alliance, War of the, 611 Granicus, 612 Granson, 613 Grant, Ulysses S., 614 Grasse-Tilly, Count, 615 Gravelines, 616 Great Northern War, 617 Great Wall of China, 618 Greco-Persian Wars, 619 Greco-Turkish War, 621 Greek Civil War, 622 Greek War of Independence, 624 Greene, Nathanael, 626 Grenada Invasion, 627 Grenadier, 628 Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste Vacquette de, 628 Grotius, Hugo, 630 Guadalajara, 630 Guadalcanal, 631 Guam, 632 Guard, 633 Guatemalan civil unrest, 633 Guderian, Heinz, 634 Guernica, bombing of, 635 Guerrilla warfare, 636 Guevara, Che, 639 Guinea-Bissauan War of Independence, 640 Guise, François de Lorraine, second duke of, 643 Gujerat, 643 Gulf War, 644 Gupta Empire, 646 Gustavus II Adolphus, 647

H Habash, George, 649 Habsburg-Bohemian War, 650 Habsburg Dynastic War, 651 Hadrian, 652 Haig, Alexander M., 653 Haig, Douglas, 654 Haitian Civil War, 654 Haitian Insurrections, 655 Halberd, 657 Halleck, Henry W., 657 Halsey, William F., 657 Hamilcar Barca, 658 Hamilton, Ian, 659 Han Wudi, 659 Hancock, Winfield S., 660 Hannibal, 661 Harpers Ferry, 662 Harris, Arthur Travers, 662 Harrison, William Henry, 663 Harsha, 665 Hārūn ar-Rashīd, 665 Hasegawa, Yoshimichi, 666 Hastings, 666 Hattin, 668 Hawaiian Wars, 668 Hawkwood, John, 670 Henry II, 670 Henry V, 671 Heraclius, 671 Herzog, Chaim, 672 Hill, A. P., 673 Hindenburg, Paul von, 674 Hirohito, 675 History, military, 676 Hitler, Adolf, 680 Hittite Empire, 681 Ho Chi Minh, 682 Hochkirch, 684 Hohenlinden, 685 Holy Roman Empire, 685 Holy Roman Empire-Papacy Wars, 688 Honduran-Nicaraguan War of 1907, 690 Hong Xiuquan, 691 Honors and awards, military, 692 Hood, John Bell, 694 Hooker, Joseph, 695 Hoplite, 696 Hostage, 696 Houston, Sam, 696 Howe, Richard, 697 Howe, William, 698 Hue, 698 Hukbalahap Revolt, 700 Hull, Isaac, 701 Hundred Years' War, 701 Hungarian Civil Wars, 704 Hungarian Revolt, 705 Hungarian-Turkish Wars, 707 Hungarian-Venetian Wars, 708 Hungarian War with the Holy Roman Empire, 710 Huns, 711 Hunyadi, János, 712 Hurrian Empire, 712 Hussars, 713 Hussein, Saddam, 714 Hussite Wars, 714 Hydaspes, 716

I Ia Drang Valley, 718 Illyrian Wars, 718 Imjin River, 719 Inca Empire, 720 Inchon Landing, 721 India, Partition of, 723 Indian border conflicts, 724 Indian Civil War, 726 Indian military, 727 Indian Mutiny, 729 Indochina War, 731 Indonesian Civil War, 733 Indonesian War of Independence, 734 Indo-Pakistani Wars, 736 Infantry, 738 Inkerman, 741 Inönü, 742 Intelligence, military, 742 Iphicrates, 746 Iran-Iraq War, 747 Iranian military, 750 Iranian Revolution, 751 Iraqi military, 753 Irish Question, 754 Irish Rebellion, Great, 754 Iroquois-French Wars, 756 Isandhlwana, 757 Isonzo, Eleven Battles of the, 758 Israeli-Arab October War, 759 Israeli-Arab Wars, 760 Israeli military, 764 Issus, 765 Italian Colonial Wars, 766 Italian Wars, 768 Italian Wars of Unification, 769 Ivan the Great, 773 Ivan the Terrible, 774 Ivry, 774 Iwo Jima, 775

J Jackson, Andrew, 777 Jackson, Stonewall, 778 Jacobite Rebellions, 779 Janissaries, 780 Japanese Civil Wars of 1331-1392, 781 Japanese Civil Wars of 1450-1550, 782 Japanese Colonial Wars, 783 Japanese military, 786 Japanese Wars of Unification, 788 Java War, Great, 789 Javanese Wars of Succession, 791 Javelin, 792 Jayavarman VII, 792 Jellicoe, John, 793 Jemappes, 793 Jena and Auerstädt, 794 Jericho, 796 Jerusalem, Siege of, 796 Jewish Revolts, 798 Jihad, 799 Joan of Arc, 800 Jodl, Alfred, 801 Joffre, Joseph-Jacques-Césaire, 802 John I Zimisces, 802 John II Comnenus, 803 John III Sobieski, 803 Johnston, Albert Sidney, 804 Johnston, Joseph Eggleston, 805 Jomini, Antoine Henri, baron de, 805 Jones, John Paul, 807 Joseph, Chief, 808 Josephus, Flavius, 809 Joubert, Petrus Jacobus, 809 Joust, 810 Juel, Niels, 810 Junot, Andoche, 810 Just war, 811 Justinian I, 811 Jutland, 812

K Kadesh, 814 Kalmar Wars, 814 Kandahar, 816 Kanem-Bornu Sultanate, 816 Kangxi, 818 Karageorge, 818 Kars, 819 Kashmir, 820 Kearny, Philip, 820 Kearny, Stephen W., 821 Keitel, Wilhelm, 821 Kesselring, Albert, 822 Kett's Rebellion, 823 KGB, 824 Khair ed-dīn, 824 Khālid ibn-al-Walīd, 825 Khalkin-Gol, 826 Kharkov, 826 Khartoum, Siege of, 827 Khe Sanh, Siege of, 828 Khmer-Cham Wars, 829 Khmer-Thai Wars, 830 Kiev, 832 Kigeri IV, 832 Killiecrankie, 833 Kim Il Sung, 833 Kimberley, Siege of, 834 Kimmel, Husband Edward, 835 King, Ernest, 836 King's Mountain, 837 Kinsale, Siege of, 838 Kitchener, Lord, 838 Kléber, Jean-Baptiste, 839 Knights and chivalry, 840 Kolchak, Aleksandr, 842 Konev, Ivan, 843 Könnigrätz, 843 Korean (North) military, 844 Korean War, 845 Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 849 Kosovo, 851 Kruger, Paul, 852 Ksar el-Kebir, 853 Kublai Khan, 854 Kuropatkin, Aleksei, 855 Kursk, 855 Kut-al-Amara, 857 Kutná Hora, 857 Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich, 858

L La Hogue and Barfleur, 860 La Rochelle, Siege of, 860 Ladysmith, Siege of, 861 Lafayette, marquis de, 862 Lake Champlain, 863 Lake Erie, 863 Lake Trasimene, 864 Lannes, Jean, 865 Laotian Civil War, 866 Las Navas de Tolosa, 868 Laswari, 868 Latin American Wars of Independence, 869 Latin Empire-Byzantine Wars, 871 La Trémoille, Louis II de, 873 Laupen, 873 Lawrence, T. E., 874 Laws of war, 875 Lebanon, 878 Lechfeld, 880 Lee, Henry, 881 Lee, Robert E., 882 Lefebvre, Francis Joseph, duke of Danzig, 883 Legion, 884 Legnano, 884 Leipzig, 885 LeMay, Curtis, 885 Leningrad, Siege of, 886 Leo III, 888 Lepanto, 888 Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul Emil von, 890 Leuctra, 890 Leuthen, 891 Lexington and Concord, 892 Leyte Gulf, 893 Li Hongzhang, 894 Li Shimin, 895 Li Zongren, 896 Liberia, 896 Liddell Hart, Basil, 897 Light Brigade, Charge of the, 898 Lin Biao, 899 Lincoln, Abraham, 899 Lissa, 900 Literature, war in, 901 Little Bighorn, 905 Livonian War, 906 Lloyd George, David, 908 Lobengula, 908 Lodi, 909 Logistics, 910 Lombard League, Wars of, 910 Long Island, 912 Long March, 912 Longbow, 913 Longstreet, James, 913 Louis XIV, 914 Louisbourg, Siege of, 915 Louvois, François-Michel Le Tellier, marquis de, 915 Luccan-Florentine War, 916 Ludendorff, Erich, 917 Lützen, 918 Luxembourg, 918 Luxembourg, François-Henri de,Montmorency-Bouteville, duke of, 919 Lyautey, Louis H. G., 919 Lysander, 920

M MacArthur, Douglas, 921 Maccabees, Revolt of the, 922 McClellan, George B., 924 McDowell, Irvin, 925 Macedonian Wars, 926 Machel, Samora, 928 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 929 Mackensen, August von, 929 McNamara, Robert S., 930 Magdeburg, Siege of, 930 Maginot Line, 932 Magsaysay, Ramón, 933 Magyars, 934 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 934 Mahmūd of Ghazna, 935 Majorian, 936 Malayan Emergency, 937 Maldon, 939 Mali Empire, 939 Malplaquet, 940 Malta, Siege of, 941 Mamlūk-Ottoman War, 942 Mamlūks, 943 Manchu Expansion, Wars of, 944 Mandalay, 946 Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf, 946 Manstein, Erich von, 947 Mansura, 948 Mantinea, 949 Manzikert, 949 Mao Zedong, 950 Maps and cartography, 952 Marāthā-Mogul Wars, 954 Marāthā Wars, 956 Marathon, 957 Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 958 Marcus Aurelius, 959 Marengo, 960 Marignano, 961 Marines, 962 Marines, U.S., 962 Marion, Francis, 964 Marius, Gaius, 965 Marlborough, first duke of, 965 Marne, 967 Marshall, George C., 968 Marston Moor, 969 Martial law, 970 Martinet, Jean, 970 Masada, Siege of, 971 Masséna, André, 971 Masurian Lakes, 972 Matthias I Corvinus, 973 Mau Mau Rebellion, 973 Maurice, 975 Maurice of Nassau, Prince, 976 Mauryan Empire, 977 Maximilian I, 978 Mayan Empire, 979 Meade, George G., 980 Medici, Giovanni de' (1475-1521), 981 Medici, Giovanni de' (1498-1526), 982 Medicine, military, 982 Medieval warfare, 985 Megiddo, 1469 b.c.e., 988 Megiddo, 1918, 989 Mehmed II, 989 Menelik II, 990 Mercenaries, 991 Meroë, Kingdom of, 991 Messenian Wars, 992 Metz, Siege of, 1552-1553, 994 Metz, Siege of, 1870, 994 Meuse-Argonne, 995 Mexican-American War, 996 Mexican Civil Wars, 999 Mexican Revolution, 1001 Mexican Wars of Independence, 1003 Mexico, U.S. Invasion of, 1005 Miani, 1006 Midway, 1006 Miguelite Wars, 1008 Miles, Nelson A., 1009 Militarism, 1010 Military academy, 1010 Military organization, U.S., 1011 Military theory, 1013 Militia, 1019 Milvian Bridge, 1019 Minamoto Yoshitsune, 1020 Minden, 1020 Mitchell, Billy, 1021 Mithridatic Wars, 1022 Mobilization, 1024 Mobutu Sese Seko, 1024 Mogul Conquest of the Deccan, 1025 Mogul-Persian War, 1026 Mogul-Sikh Wars, 1027 Mogul Wars of Succession, 1028 Mohács, 1030 Moltke, Helmuth von (1800-1891), 1031 Moltke, Helmuth von (1848-1916), 1032 Monck, George, 1033 Mongol Empire, 1033 Monitor vs. Virginia, 1035 Monmouth, 1036 Monongahela, 1037 Mons Graupius, 1037 Montcalm, Louis-Joseph de, 1038 Monte Cassino, 1038 Montenegrin Wars of Independence, 1040 Monterrey, 1041 Montgomery, Bernard Law, 1041 Montmorency, Anne, duke of, 1042 Montrose, James Graham, marquess of, 1043 Morat, 1044 Moscow, 1044 Moscow, Retreat from, 1045 Mount Badon, 1046 Mountbatten, Louis, 1047 Mozambican Civil War, 1048 Mozambican War of Independence, 1049 Mubarak, Hosni, 1052 Muhammad Ahmad, 1052 Muhammad Alī Pasha, 1053 Muhammad of Ghor, 1054 Muhammad of Ghor, conquests of, 1055 Muhammad I Askia, 1056 Mühlberg, 1056 Mukden, 1057 Mulhouse, 1058 Munda, 1058 Murad I, 1059 Murat, Joachim, 1059 Mūsā ibn Nusayr, 1060 Music, martial, 1061 Musket, 1063 Muslim Civil War of 657-661, 1064 Muslim Civil War of 861-870, 1065 Muslim Conquests, 1067 Muslim unrest in China, 1071 Mussolini, Benito, 1072 Mustard gas, 1074 Muster and review, 1074 Mutiny, 1074 My Lai Massacre, 1074 Mysore Wars, 1075

N Nādir Shāh, 1078 Nagashino, 1078 Naguib, Muhammad, 1079 Nagumo, Chuichi, 1079 Nahāvand, 1080 Namibian War of Independence, 1081 Nanjing, Rape of, 1083 Napier, Charles James, 1083 Napier, Robert, 1084 Napier, William, 1085 Napoleon I, 1085 Napoleonic Wars, 1087 Narses, 1091 Narva, 1092 Naseby, 1093 Nashville, 1094 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 1095 National Guard, 1096 Naval weapons, 1096 Navarro, Pedro, 1100 Navies: Organization and tactics, 1100 Navy, 1105 Navy, U.S., 1105 Nelson, Horatio, 1108 Německý Brod, 1109 Nero, Gaius Claudius, 1109 Neutrality, 1110 Neville's Cross, 1110 New Orleans, 1111 Ney, Michel, 1112 Nez Perce War, 1112 Nicaragua, Walker's invasion of, 1114 Nicaraguan Civil War of 1925-1933, 1115 Nicaraguan Civil War of 1977-1989, 1117 Nicephorus II Phocas, 1119 Nicholas, Grand Duke, 1119 Nicopolis, 1120 Nieuport, 1120 Nigeria-Biafra Civil War, 1121 Nimeiri, Gaafer Muhammad al-, 1123 Nimitz, Chester W., 1123 Nivelle, Robert, 1124 Nogi, Maresuke, 1125 Nongovernmental organizations' roles in warfare, 1126 Nördlingen, 1128 Norman-Byzantine Wars, 1129 Norman Conquests, 1130 Normandy Invasion, 1132 North Atlantic, 1134 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1135 Northern Ireland Civil War, 1136 Northern War, 1138 Northumberland, duke of, 1139 Novgorod, Muscovite Conquest of, 1140 Nuclear and atomic weapons, 1141 Nuremberg Trials, 1144 Nurhaci, 1144

O Oda Nobunaga, 1146 Offa's Wars, 1147 Officer, 1148 Ogatai, 1148 Okinawa, 1149 Omani Conquest of Eastern Africa, 1150 Omdurman, 1152 Ōnin War, 1152 Opium Wars, 1153 Orléans, Siege of, 1156 Osaka Castle, Siege of, 1157 Ostend, Siege of, 1157 Ostrogoths, 1158 Otto I, 1158 Ottoman Civil Wars, 1159 Ottoman-Druze Wars, 1160 Ottoman Empire, 1162 Oudenarde, 1163 Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, 1164

P Pacific, War of the, 1166 Pacifism, 1167 Panipat, 1399, 1167 Panipat, 1526, 1168 Parachute troops, 1168 Parma, Alessandro Farnese, duke of, 1169 Parthian Empire, 1169 Patriotism, 1170 Patton, George S., 1171 Pavia, 1172 Pax Romana, 1173 Pearl Harbor attack, 1173 Peloponnesian Wars, 1174 Pequot War, 1177 Pericles, 1178 Perry, Matthew C., 1179 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 1180 Pershing, John J., 1181 Persian-Afghan Wars, 1182 Persian Civil Wars, 1184 Persian Empire, 1185 Persian Revolution, 1187 Persian Wars of Expansion, 1188 Peruvian Guerrilla War, 1191 Peruvian Wars, 1193 Pétain, Henri-Philippe, 1194 Peter the Great, 1194 Petersburg, 1196 Phalanx, 1196 Pharsalus, 1197 Philip, King (Metacomet), 1197 Philip II (king of France), 1198 Philip II (king of Macedonia), 1198 Philip II (king of Spain), 1199 Philippi, 1200 Philopoemen, 1201 Phraates IV, 1201 Pickett, George E., 1202 Pinkie, 1203 Piracy, 1203 Pitt, William, the elder, 1205 Pizarro, Francisco, 1206 Plassey, 1207 Plataea, 1208 Plevna, Siege of, 1209 Poitiers, 1209 Polish Campaign, 1939, 1210 Polish Civil War, 1211 Polish Partition, Wars of, 1212 Polish Rebellion of 1830-1831, 1214 Polish-Swedish Wars for Livonia, 1215 Polish-Turkish Wars, 1216 Polish Wars of Expansion, 1217 Poltava, 1219 Pompey the Great, 1221 Pontiac, 1221 Pontiac's Rebellion, 1222 Pope, John, 1223 Pork Chop Hill, 1224 Port Arthur, Siege of, 1224 Portuguese-Castilian War, 1226 Portuguese Colonial Wars, 1227 Potemkin, Grigori Aleksandrovich, 1230 Powell, Colin, 1230 Powhatan, 1231 Powhatan War, 1232 Prague, 1233 Preston, 1234 Princeton, 1234 Prisoners of war, 1235 Propaganda, military, 1237 Propellants, 1243 Ptolemy Soter, 1245 Pugachov's Revolt, 1246 Pułaski, Count Kazimierz, 1247 Punic Wars, 1248 Pusan Perimeter, 1250 Pyramids, 1251 Pyrrhus, 1251

Q Qaddafi, Muammar al-, 1253 Qi Jiguang, 1253 Qianlong, 1254 Qin Shihuangdi, 1255 Quadruple Alliance, War of the, 1255 Quatre Bras, 1257 Quebec, 1257 Quebec, Siege of, 1258 Quiberon Bay, 1259

R Rabin, Yitzhak, 1260 Race in the U.S. military, 1260 Radar, 1263 Raeder, Erich, 1263 Rājput Rebellion, 1264 Ramillies, 1266 Ramleh, 1266 Rank in the military, 1267 Raphia, 1270 Ravenna, 1270 Rawlings, Jerry John, 1271 Razin's Revolt, 1272 Rearmament, 1273 Reconnaissance, 1273 Reconquest of Spain, 1274 Recruitment, 1277 Refugees, 1277 Religion and war, 1278 Reparations, 1283 Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), 1283 Reserves, 1283 Resistance, 1284 Revolutions of 1830-1831, 1284 Revolutions of 1848, 1285 Rhine Crossings, 1287 Rhodes, Siege of, 1288 Richard I, 1289 Richard III, 1291 Richelieu, cardinal de, 1291 Richtofen, Baron Manfred von, 1292 Rickenbacker, Eddie, 1293 Rickover, Hyman G., 1293 Ridgway, Matthew B., 1294 Riel's Rebellions, 1295 Rivoli, 1297 Robert Guiscard, 1298 Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, 1298 Robins, Benjamin, 1299 Rochambeau, comte de, 1300 Rocroi, 1301 Rodney, George, 1301 Rokossovsky, Konstantin, 1302 Roland, 1302 Rollo, 1303 Roman Civil Wars of 88-30 b.c.e., 1303 Roman Civil Wars of 235-394, 1306 Roman Empire, 1308 Roman Empire, Wars of the, 1311 Roman Republic, Wars of the, 1315 Rommel, Erwin, 1317 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1318 Roosevelt, Theodore, 1319 Rorke's Drift, 1320 Rosecrans, William S., 1320 Roses, Wars of the, 1321 Rossbach, 1323 Rundstedt, Gerd von, 1324 Rupert, Prince, 1283 Russian Civil War of 1425-1462, 1283 Russian Civil War of 1918-1921, 1327 Russian Colonial Wars, 1330 Russian military, 1334 Russo-Chechen Conflict, 1335 Russo-Japanese War, 1337 Russo-Polish War of 1919-1921, 1339 Russo-Polish Wars of 1499-1667, 1341 Russo-Swedish Wars of 1590-1658, 1342 Russo-Swedish Wars of 1788-1809, 1344 Russo-Turkish Wars, 1345 Rwanda and Burundi, Civil Wars of, 1347

S Sadat, Anwar el-, 1350 St. Gotthard Abbey, 1351 St. Mihiel, 1351 Saint-Quentin, 1352 Saipan, 1353 Sajó River, 1354 Saladin, 1355 Salamanca, 1356 Salamis, 1356 Salerno, 1357 Salvadoran Civil War, 1358 Samnite Wars, 1360 Samoan Civil Wars, 1361 Samory Toure, 1362 Samudra Gupta, 1363 Samurai, 1364 San Jacinto, 1365 San Juan/El Caney, 1365 San Martín, José de, 1367 Sandino, Augusto César, 1368 Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 1369 Santo Domingan Revolution, 1370 Saragossa, Siege of, 1371 Saratoga, 1371 Sargon of Akkad, 1373 Sasanid Empire, 1373 Savannah, 1375 Savannah, Siege of, 1376 Saxe, Maurice, comte de, 1376 Saxon Raids, 1378 Scandinavian War, 1379 Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von, 1380 Schlieffen, Count Alfred von, 1381 Schmalkaldic War, 1381 Schutzstaffel, 1382 Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, 1383 Scipio Africanus, 1384 Scott, Winfield, 1385 Scythians, 1387 Search-and-destroy mission, 1388 Sedan, 1388 Sedgemoor, 1388 Seeckt, Hans von, 1389 Sekigahara, 1390 Selim I, 1390 Sempach, 1391 Sennacherib, 1391 Sepoy, 1392 Serbo-Ottoman Conflict, 1393 Sevastopol, Siege of, 1394 Seven Days' Battles, 1395 Seven Years' War, 1396 Severus, Lucius Septimus, 1400 Shaka, 1400 Shāpūr I, 1401 Shāpūr II, 1402 Sharon, Ariel, 1402 Shell shock, 1403 Sheridan, Philip H., 1403 Sherman, William T., 1404 Shiloh, 1405 Shimabara Revolt, 1406 Short, Walter C., 1407 Shrapnel, 1408 Siam, 1408 Siamese-Burmese Wars, 1409 Siamese-Cambodian Wars, 1411 Siamese-Vietnamese Wars, 1413 Sicilian-Byzantine Wars, 1414 Sīdī Barrāni, 1415 Sieges and siege weapons, 1416 Sikh Golden Temple, Siege of, 1419 Sinai, 1419 Singapore, 1420 Sino-Japanese War, 1421 Sino-Korean Wars, 1422 Sino-Soviet Border Disputes, 1423 Sioux Wars, 1424 Sitting Bull, 1427 Six-Day War, 1427 Skirmish, 1429 Slavs, 1429 Slim, William Joseph, 1430 Sluys, 1431 Smolensk, 1431 Smuts, Jan Christian, 1432 Sobraon, 1433 Soldiers and society, 1434 Solferino, 1436 Somalia, 1437 Somerset, Edward Seymour, first duke of, 1439 Somme, 1439 Son Tai, 1441 Sonar, 1442 Songhai Empire, 1442 Sonni Alī, 1443 Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, 1444 South American Wars of Independence, 1444 Soviet-Afghan War, 1448 Soviet Union's dissolution, 1449 Spanish-American War, 1451 Spanish Civil War, 1454 Spanish Conquest, 1458 Spanish-Portuguese Wars, 1460 Spanish Succession, War of the, 1461 Spartan-Achaean Wars, 1464 Spartan Empire, 1465 Spotsylvania Court House, 1466 Spruance, Raymond A., 1467 Sri Lankan Civil War, 1467 Śrivijaya Kingdom, 1469 Stalin, Joseph, 1470 Stalingrad, 1471 Stamford Bridge, 1473 Stealth weapons, 1473 Steuben, Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von, 1474 Stilicho, 1474 Stilwell, Joseph Warren, 1475 Stimson, Henry L., 1476 Stirling Bridge, 1476 Strategy, 1477 Stuart, James Ewell Brown, 1477 Student, Kurt, 1478 Submarine, 1479 Sudanese Civil War, 1479 Suez War, 1480 Süleyman I, 1482 Sulla, 1483 Sundiata, 1484 Sunzi, 1484 Surrender, 1485 Suvorov, Aleksandr V., 1486 Svalde, 1487 Swinton, Ernest, 1488 Syracuse, Siege of, 1488 Syrian-Egyptian Wars, 1490

T Tactics, 1492 Taginae, 1494 Taiping Rebellion, 1495 Talas River, 1496 Talavera, 1497 Tall al Kabīr, 1497 Tamerlane, 1498 Tanks, 1500 Tannenberg, 1410, 1502 Tannenberg, 1914, 1503 Tanzanian-Ugandan War, 1503 Taranto, 1505 Tarawa, 1505 Tāriq ibn-Ziyād, 1507 Taylor, Zachary, 1507 Tecumseh, 1508 Terauchi, Hisaichi, 1510 Terrorism, 1510 Tet Offensive, 1513 Teutoburg Forest, 1515 Teutonic Knights, 1516 Teutonic Knights' Wars with Poland, 1517 Teutonic tribes, 1518 Tewkesbury, 1519 Tewodros II, 1520 Texan War of Independence, 1521 Thai Wars, 1523 Thames, 1525 Thermopylae, 1525 Thirteen Years' War, 1526 Thirty Years' War, 1527 Thomas, George H., 1531 Thousand Days, War of a, 1532 Thutmose III, 1533 Tiananmen Square, 1534 Tiberius, 1535 Tibet, Chinese Occupation of, 1535 Tiglath-Pileser III, 1537 Tigranes the Great, 1537 Tilly, Count Johan Tserclaes, 1538 Timoleon's War, 1539 Timoshenko, Semyon, 1540 Tinian, 1541 Tippu Tib, 1541 Tirpitz, Alfred von, 1542 Tito, 1543 Tobruk, 1544 Tōgō, Heihachirō, 1546 Tojo, Hideki, 1546 Tokugawa Ieyasu, 1547 Torgau, 1548 Torstenson, Lennart, 1549 Toulon, Siege of, 1550 Tours, 1550 Toussaint-Louverture, Wars of, 1551 Towton, 1553 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 1554 Trafalgar, 1555 Training, 1556 Trajan, 1557 Transport, 1557 Trebia, The, 1557 Trench warfare, 1558 Trenton, 1558 Tribal warfare, 1559 Triple Alliance, War of the, 1561 Tripolitan War, 1563 Trojan War, 1565 Tromp, Maarten, 1566 Trotsky, Leon, 1567 Trung Sisters, Rebellion of the, 1569 Tsushima, 1569 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 1570 Turenne, 1571 Turkish War of Independence, 1572 Turkish Wars of European Expansion, 1574 Turko-Persian Wars, 1577 Turks, 1578 Tyre, Siege of, 1579

U Ulster, 1580 Umar Tal, 1580 Uniforms, 1581 United Irishmen Rebellion, 1583 United Nations and conflict resolution, 1584 Uthman dan Fodio, 1586

V Valmy, 1588 Valois-Habsburg Wars, 1589 Vandals, 1590 Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre de, 1591 Vegetius Renatus, Flavius, 1592 Venetian-Genoese Wars, 1592 Venetian-Milanese Wars, 1594 Venezuelan Civil Wars, 1596 Vercingetorix, 1597 Verdun, 1597 Vespasian, 1599 Vexillology, 1599 Vicksburg, Siege of, 1599 Vienna, Siege of, 1529, 1600 Vienna, Siege of, 1683, 1601 Vietnam Conflict, 1602 Vietnamese-Cham Wars, 1606 Vietnamese Civil War, 1608 Vijayanagar Wars, 1609 Vijayanagar Wars with Bahmani, 1610 Viking Raids, 1611 Vikings, 1613 Villa, Pancho, 1615 Vimy Ridge, 1616 Visigoths, 1616 Vitoria, 1617 Vo Nguyen Giap, 1617 Vouillé, 1619

W Wagram, 1621 Wainright, Jonathan, 1621 Walker, William, 1622 Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel von, 1623 War college, 1623 War crimes, 1624 War reporting, 1627 Warring States, 1628 Warsaw, 1629 Warships, 1630 Washington, George, 1633 Waterloo, 1635 Wavell, Archibald, 1636 Wayne, Anthony, 1637 Wazir, Khalil al-, 1638 Wellington, duke of, 1639 Western Sahara, 1640 Westmoreland, William, 1641 Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano, 1642 Whiskey Rebellion, 1642 White Mountain, 1644 White Plains, 1644 Wilderness, 1645 William the Conqueror, 1646 William II, 1647 Wilson, Woodrow, 1647 Wolfe, James, 1648 Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, First Viscount, 1649 Worcester, 1649 World War I, 1650 World War II, 1656

X Xanthippus, 1669 Xenophon, 1669 Xerxes I, 1670

Y Yalu River, 1671 Yamagata, Aritomo, 1671 Yamamoto, Isoroku, 1672 Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 1673 Yan Xishan, 1673 Yang Jian, 1674 Yang Xuiqing, 1675 Yangzhou, Siege of, 1675 Yarmūk, 1676 Yellow Ford, 1676 Yellow River, 1677 Yellow Sea, 1678 Yemenite Civil War, 1678 Yi Sun-shin, 1680 Yonglo, 1681 Yorktown and Virginia Capes, 1682 Ypres, 1683 Yuan Shikai, 1684 Yue Fei, 1685 Yugoslavian Civil Wars, 1685

Z Zama, 1688 Zapata, Emiliano, 1689 Zeng Guofan, 1689 Zenta, 1690 Zheng Chenggong, 1691 Zhu De, 1692 Zhukov, Georgy, 1693 Zia-ul-haq, Mohammad, 1694 Zimbabwean Independence, 1694 Zionist Movement, 1696 Žižka, Jan, 1697 Zulu Kingdom, 1698 Zulu War, 1699 Zulu Wars of Empire, 1701 Zumwalt, Elmo, 1703 Zuo Zongtang, 1703

Time Line of Wars and Battles, 1705 Wars and Battles by Geographical Area, 1743 Military Leaders by Geographical Area, 1756 Selected Military History Web Sites, 1766 Bibliography, 1769

List of Entries by Category, III Personages Index, XIX Battles and Wars Index, XLIX General Index, LXXIII