Parallel Between Vietnam and Afghanistan Wars
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Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr. -
The Spread of Violent Civil Conflict: Rare, State-Driven, and Preventable
1 The Spread of Violent Civil Conflict: Rare, State-Driven, and Preventable by Nathan Wolcott Black B.A. History Rice University, 2006 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITCAL SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2012 © 2012 Nathan Wolcott Black. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: __________________________________________________ Department of Political Science April 30, 2012 Certified by: __________________________________________________________ Kenneth A. Oye Associate Professor of Political Science Thesis Supervisor Accepted by:__________________________________________________________ Roger Petersen Arthur and Ruth Sloan Professor of Political Science Chairman, Graduate Program Committee 2 3 The Spread of Violent Civil Conflict: Rare, State-Driven, and Preventable by Nathan Wolcott Black Submitted to the Department of Political Science of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on April 30, 2012 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science ABSTRACT This dissertation advances and tests an explanation for the spread of violent civil conflict from one state to another. The fear of such “substate conflict contagion” is frequently invoked by American policymakers as a justification for military intervention in ongoing substate conflicts — the argument these policymakers often make is that conflicts left uncontained now will spread and become a more pertinent security threat later. My State Action Explanation is that substate conflict contagion is not the sole product of nonstate factors such as transnational rebel networks and arms flows, nor of the structural factors such as poverty that make internal conflict more likely in general. -
Timeline of the Cold War
Timeline of the Cold War 1945 Defeat of Germany and Japan February 4-11: Yalta Conference meeting of FDR, Churchill, Stalin - the 'Big Three' Soviet Union has control of Eastern Europe. The Cold War Begins May 8: VE Day - Victory in Europe. Germany surrenders to the Red Army in Berlin July: Potsdam Conference - Germany was officially partitioned into four zones of occupation. August 6: The United States drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima (20 kiloton bomb 'Little Boy' kills 80,000) August 8: Russia declares war on Japan August 9: The United States drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki (22 kiloton 'Fat Man' kills 70,000) August 14 : Japanese surrender End of World War II August 15: Emperor surrender broadcast - VJ Day 1946 February 9: Stalin hostile speech - communism & capitalism were incompatible March 5 : "Sinews of Peace" Iron Curtain Speech by Winston Churchill - "an "iron curtain" has descended on Europe" March 10: Truman demands Russia leave Iran July 1: Operation Crossroads with Test Able was the first public demonstration of America's atomic arsenal July 25: America's Test Baker - underwater explosion 1947 Containment March 12 : Truman Doctrine - Truman declares active role in Greek Civil War June : Marshall Plan is announced setting a precedent for helping countries combat poverty, disease and malnutrition September 2: Rio Pact - U.S. meet 19 Latin American countries and created a security zone around the hemisphere 1948 Containment February 25 : Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia March 2: Truman's Loyalty Program created to catch Cold War -
The Sino-Soviet Rift and Chinese Policy Toward Vietnam, 19641968
KBreahooking the Ring of Encirclement Breaking the Ring of Encirclement The Sino-Soviet Rift and Chinese Policy toward Vietnam, 1964–1968 ✣ Nicholas Khoo Introduction The “secret speech” delivered by Nikita Khrushchev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), at the CPSU’s Twentieth Congress in February 1956 was viewed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as a serious error.1 The disagreements that emerged between Moscow and Beijing on this issue ushered in an extended period in which the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Soviet Union actively competed for inºuence both inside and outside the Communist world.2 Perhaps the most signiªcant consequence of their rivalry was the de facto termination of the Sino-Soviet alliance, a development that altered global and regional power re- lations.3 How did the failure of the Sino-Soviet alliance affect the triangular rela- tionship between the Chinese, Soviet, and Vietnamese Communist parties 1. A discussion of Mao’s immediate reaction to Khrushchev’s speech can be found in Yang Kuisong, Mao Zedong yu Mosike de enen yuanyuan (Jiangxi, China: Jiangxi renmin chubanshe, 1999), pp. 371– 400. See also, Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution, Vol. 1, Contradictions among the People 1956–57 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), pp. 39–56. For an analysis of the escalating Sino-Soviet conºict before the de facto termination of the alliance, see Donald Zagoria, The Sino-Soviet Conºict, 1956–61 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962). 2. For contemporary analysis of the escalating Sino-Soviet conºict after the de facto termination of the alliance, see Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conºict (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Uni- versity Press, 1967), pp. -
Learning from Our Past How a Vietnam-Era Pacification Program Can Help Us Win in Afghanistan
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis and Dissertation Collection 2009-09 Learning from our past how a Vietnam-era pacification program can help us win in Afghanistan Bumgarner, Amy S. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4662 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS LEARNING FROM OUR PAST: HOW A VIETNAM-ERA PACIFICATION PROGRAM CAN HELP US WIN IN AFGHANISTAN by Amy S. Bumgarner September 2009 Thesis Co-Advisors: Thomas H. Johnson Sophal Ear Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2009 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Learning from our Past: How a Vietnam-era 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Pacification Program Can Help us Win in Afghanistan 6. AUTHOR(S) Amy S. Bumgarner 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. -
American Fear of Communist Attack, Truman's Dislike of Stalin, Russia's
Cold War 1949-1991 Causes of the Cold War: American fear of communist attack, Truman’s dislike of Stalin, Russia’s fear of the American's atomic bomb, Russia’s disliked of capitalism, Russia’s actions in the Soviet zone of Germany, America’s refusal to share nuclear secrets, Russia’s expansion west into Eastern Europe broken election promises guaranteed at the Yalta Conference, Russia’s fear of American attack, Russia’s need for a secure western border, and Russia’s aim of spreading world communism In diplomatic terms there are three types of wars. Hot War: this is actual warfare. All talks have failed and the armies are fighting. Warm War: this is where talks are still going on and there would always be a chance of a peaceful outcome but armies, navies etc. are being fully mobilized and war plans are being put into operation ready for the command to fight Cold War: this term is used to describe the relationship between America and the Soviet Union 1945 to 1991. Characteristics of the Cold War: • There were no direct conflicts between the two superpowers (The United States and Soviet Union). The consequences would have been too horrible but they did ‘fight’ for their beliefs using client states that fought for their beliefs and on their behalf in a series of proxy (substitute) wars. In these they fought each other through a third party. They would supply training, money, and military equipment so their client/partner country could wage war against the opposing side. Such as the Vietnam War and Afghan War. -
The American Bombardment of Kampuchea, 1969-1973 Ben Kiernan
Vietnam Generation Volume 1 Number 1 The Future of the Past: Revisionism and Article 3 Vietnam 1-1989 The American Bombardment of Kampuchea, 1969-1973 Ben Kiernan Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/vietnamgeneration Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Kiernan, Ben (1989) "The American Bombardment of Kampuchea, 1969-1973," Vietnam Generation: Vol. 1 : No. 1 , Article 3. Available at: http://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/vietnamgeneration/vol1/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vietnam Generation by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The A m erican BoMbARdMENT of K a m puc Nea, 1969-197? B e n K iE R N A N On March 18,1969, the United States Air Force began its secret B-52 bombardment of rural Cambodia'. Exactly one year later, that country's ruler. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, was overthrown and the Vietnam War, com bined with a new civil war, to tear the nation apart for the next five years. The United States bombing of the countryside continued (now publicly) and increased from 1970 to August 1973. when Congress imposed a halt. Nearly half of the US bom bing tonnage was dropped in the last six months. The total was 540,000 tons. Rural Cambodia was destroyed, and 'Democratic Kampuchea' rose in its ashes. The emergent Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) regime, led by Pol Pot, had profited greatly from the U.S. -
Teaching the Lessons of the Vietnam War and Applying Them to the War in Afghanistan: Lesson Plans for a Sophomore US History Class
Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU Honors Projects Honors College Spring 4-24-2021 Teaching the Lessons of the Vietnam War and Applying Them to the War in Afghanistan: Lesson Plans for a Sophomore US History Class Zoe Bond [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/honorsprojects Part of the Asian History Commons, Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Diplomatic History Commons, Military History Commons, Secondary Education Commons, and the United States History Commons Repository Citation Bond, Zoe, "Teaching the Lessons of the Vietnam War and Applying Them to the War in Afghanistan: Lesson Plans for a Sophomore US History Class" (2021). Honors Projects. 570. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/honorsprojects/570 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. Bond 1 TEACHING THE LESSONS OF THE VIETNAM WAR AND APPLYING THEM TO THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN: LESSON PLANS FOR A SOPHOMORE US HISTORY CLASS ZOE BOND HONORS PROJECT Submitted to the Honors College at Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with UNIVERSITY HONORS APRIL 2022 Benjamin Greene, History Department, Advisor Art Lewandowski, Education Department, Advisor Bond 2 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Lesson 1 Rationale 6 Lesson 1 Objectives and Assessment 7 Lesson 1 PowerPoint Slides 8 Lesson 1 Choice Board 10 Lesson 1 Procedure 13 Lesson -
NEW EVIDENCE on the WAR in AFGHANISTAN Introduction
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN, ISSUE 14/15 NEW EVIDENCE ON THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN Introduction By Christian Friedrich Ostermann hat was behind the Soviet decision in December a substitute foothold in Afghanistan and worried about main- 1979 to invade Afghanistan? And when and why taining its credibility with communist world allies. Soviet lead- Wdid Mikhail Gorbachev decide to pull out Soviet ers were genuinely concerned that Afghan strongman troops nearly ten years later? What was the role of the US Hafizullah Amin was either a US agent or prepared to sell out covert assistance program, in particular the Stinger missiles? to the United States. At the CWIHP conference, former US What role did CIA intelligence play? How did the Afghan Charge d’Affaires J. Bruce Amstutz as well as other partici- War’s history, a key step in the rise of militant Islam, intersect pants forcefully refuted allegations of Agency links to Amin. with the history of the final decade of the Cold War? These In his five conversations with Amin in the fall of 1979, Amstutz were among the questions addressed at a major international remembered, the Afghan leader did not in any way suggest conference, “Towards an International History of the War in that he was interested in allying himself with the United States. Afghanistan,” organized in April 2002 by the Cold War Inter- US relations with successive communist regimes in Af- national History Project (CWIHP) in cooperation with the ghanistan had been volatile since the April 1978 communist Woodrow Wilson -
The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War
Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page i The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War COLUMBIA GUIDES TO AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURES Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page ii Columbia Guides to American History and Cultures Michael Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War Catherine Clinton and Christine Lunardini, The Columbia Guide to American Women in the Nineteenth Century David Farber and Beth Bailey, editors, The Columbia Guide to America in the 1960s Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page iii The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War David L. Anderson columbia university press new york Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page iv Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 2002 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anderson, David L., 1946– The Columbia guide to the Vietnam War / David L. Anderson. p. cm. — (Columbia guides to American history and cultures) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–231–11492–3 1. Vietnamese Conflict, 1961–1975. I. Title. II. Series. DS557.5 .A54 2002 959.704Ј3—dc21 2002020143 ∞ Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page v contents Introduction xi List of Abbreviations xiii part i Historical Narrative 1 1. Studying the Vietnam War 3 2. Vietnam: Historical Background 7 Roots of the Vietnamese Culture and State 7 The Impact of French Colonialism 10 The Rise of Vietnamese Nationalism 11 The Origins of Vietnamese Communism 12 3. -
The Ethics of Unwinnable War
Swarthmore College Works Political Science Faculty Works Political Science 2017 The Ethics Of Unwinnable War Dominic Tierney Swarthmore College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-poli-sci Part of the Political Science Commons Let us know how access to these works benefits ouy Recommended Citation Dominic Tierney. (2017). "The Ethics Of Unwinnable War". Moral Victories: The Ethics Of Winning Wars. 123-139. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198801825.003.0008 https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-poli-sci/656 This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 8 The Ethics of Unwinnable War Dominic Tierney INTRODUCTION By 2004, the Iraq War had become unwinnable. Iraq had descended into sustained civil conflict, involving rival sectarian militias. A1 Qaeda in Iraq targeted US and Iraqi security forces, Shiites, and the United Nations. In April 2004, the Abu Ghraib scandal revealed systematic American mistreatment of prisoners, eroding the legitimacy of the campaign. Given the worsening security conditions, there was no plausible path for Washington to create a stable Iraq at a sufficiently low cost to count as victory. The United States began a tortuous journey to extricate itself from a quagmire, involving the initial ‘leave-to-win’ policy that only worsened Iraq’s strife, the surge of US troops in 2007 that helped to create fragile stability, the exit of US soldiers in 2011, and the invasion of Iraq by ISIS in 2014, which triggered the reinsertion of thousands of American ground personnel. -
People on War Reports
PEOPLE ON WAR Country report Cambodia ICRC worldwide consultation on the rules of war Report by Greenberg Research, Inc. EVEN WARS HAVE LIMITS EVEN WARS HAVE LIMITS EVEN WARS HAVE LIMITS EVEN WARS HAVE INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS About the People on War project To mark the 50th anniversary of the modern Geneva Conventions (on 12 August 1999), the ICRC launched its People on War project with the aim of building greater respect for fundamental humanitarian principles. At centre stage is a worldwide consultation giving the general public a chance to air their views on the many facets of war. The idea was that civilians and combatants alike would be able to share their experiences, express their opinions on what basic rules should apply in war, discuss why those rules sometimes break down and look at what the future holds. With this in mind, the ICRC commissioned Greenberg Research, Inc. to design a research programme that would enable people to be heard in the most effective way possible. Under the guidance of Greenberg Research, ICRC staff and Red Cross and Red Crescent volunteers carried out this consultation in 12 countries (Afghanistan, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cambodia, Colombia, El Salvador, Georgia/ Abkhazia, Israel, the occupied territories and the autonomous territories, Lebanon, Nigeria, Philippines, Somalia and South Africa), conducting in-depth, face-to-face interviews, group discussions and national public opinion surveys. Surveys on the basis of a questionnaire only were conducted in a further five countries (France, Russian Federation, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States) in order to reflect these people’s perceptions of war.