DOCSLIB.ORG

American Fear of Communist Attack, Truman's Dislike of Stalin, Russia's

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
American Fear of Communist Attack, Truman's Dislike of Stalin, Russia's Cold War 1949-1991 Causes of the Cold War: American fear of communist attack, Truman’s dislike of Stalin, Russia’s fear of the American's atomic bomb, Russia’s disliked of capitalism, Russia’s actions in the Soviet zone of Germany, America’s refusal to share nuclear secrets, Russia’s expansion west into Eastern Europe broken election promises guaranteed at the Yalta Conference, Russia’s fear of American attack, Russia’s need for a secure western border, and Russia’s aim of spreading world communism In diplomatic terms there are three types of wars. Hot War: this is actual warfare. All talks have failed and the armies are fighting. Warm War: this is where talks are still going on and there would always be a chance of a peaceful outcome but armies, navies etc. are being fully mobilized and war plans are being put into operation ready for the command to fight Cold War: this term is used to describe the relationship between America and the Soviet Union 1945 to 1991. Characteristics of the Cold War: • There were no direct conflicts between the two superpowers (The United States and Soviet Union). The consequences would have been too horrible but they did ‘fight’ for their beliefs using client states that fought for their beliefs and on their behalf in a series of proxy (substitute) wars. In these they fought each other through a third party. They would supply training, money, and military equipment so their client/partner country could wage war against the opposing side. Such as the Vietnam War and Afghan War. In Vietnam, South Vietnam was anticommunist and was supplied by America during the war while North Vietnam was pro-Communist and fought the south (and the Americans) using weapons from communist Russia or communist China. In Afghanistan, the Americans supplied the rebel Afghans after the Soviet Union invaded in 1979 while they never physically involved themselves thus avoiding a direct clash with the Soviet Union. Below is a list of some of these proxy wars fought during the Cold War. • Greek Civil War, 1946–1949 • Malaysian Emergency, 1948–1960 • Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948–Present • Korean War, 1950–1953 • Suez Crisis, 1956–1957 • Cuban Revolution, 1953–1959 • 1959 Tibetan uprising, 1959–1973 • Laotian Civil War, 1953–1975 • Vietnam War, 1957–1975 • Guatemalan Civil War, 1960–1996 • Congo Crisis, 1960–1965 • Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961 • Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 • Angolan Civil War, 1974–2002 • Ogaden War, 1977–1978 • Afghan-Soviet War, 1979–1989 • Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979 • Iran-Iraq war, 1980–1988 • Invasion of Grenada, 1983 • Nicaraguan Civil War, 1979–1990 • Salvadoran Civil War, 1980–1992 • Both the U.S. and USSR tried to gain influence over the other countries in the world and make them client states. To these they gave money and military aide. • The Cold War was to dominate international affairs for decades and many major crises occurred - the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Hungary, and the Berlin Wall being just some. • Characterized by distrust of each other and bad or chilly relations. Roots deep misunderstanding of what each side wanted. • Arms Race- The build-up of armies and military. This includes the nuclear arms race which is the reason that the two superpowers never fought a direct war. Remember, the U.S. policy during the cold was M.A.D. (mutually assured destruction). If you attack the U.S. with nuclear weapons they would respond with nuclear weapons and both sides would end up destroyed. This is the reason no direct fighting happen between the superpowers. Space race- was a mid-to-late twentieth century competition between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US) for supremacy in outer space exploration. It had its origins in the missile-based arms race that occurred just after the end of the World War II, when both the Soviet Union and the United States captured advanced German rocket technology and personnel. Soviet Union • Russia, USSR, CCCP • Symbols hammer and sickle, red star, bear • Marxist-Leninist Communist United States of America • US, USA, America • Symbols- Uncle Sam, Bald Eagle • Representative Democracy China- • Peoples Republic of China, PRC • Symbols red star and Dragoon • For the most part China was not involved in the Cold War with the United States. In the Korean War 1950-53 China had fought the United States and United Nations troops and had supplied North Korea. In Vietnam, they had helped supply the North Vietnamese against the South Vietnamese and the United States. But early on China and the Soviet Union had a falling out over who would control their country. Stalin wanted China to be under his control China did not. For the most part China had very little contact with until after the visit of President Richard Nixon in 1972 • After World War II, the Communists under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically and the room for personal choice has expanded, yet political controls remain tight. China since the early 1990s has increased its global outreach and participation in international organizations. • Maoism- Developed by Mao Zedong out of Marxist-Leninist Ideas. Continuous revolution necessary if leader is to keep in touch with the people • Largest communist country in the world and manufacturing power Joseph Stalin 1929-53 • Known for his aggressive policies and complete control over the Soviet Union. He was a totalitarian ruler and used terror, show trials, the secret police, and to army to rid himself of opposition. • Leader of the Soviet Union during WW2 • Signed the Hitler Stalin Pact to divide Poland, grab land in the Baltic States, and postpone war with Germany until the Soviet Union would be ready for war. • 1946 the Soviet Government under Stalin’s control decreed that all literary and scientific work must conform to the political needs of the state. Along with the anti- intellectual campaign came political terror. • Great Purges- he killed millions of people in the gulags, executions, and show trials. In the Ukraine man-made famine he killed 14 million people. The last great purge was averted by his death in 1953 • Five-Year Plans- there were 3 of them. The only part that was successful was his plan for industry. The third one was interrupted by ww2. His farm collectivization (taking private farms away and having the farmers all farm them together) plan was resisted by the farmers and it took way incentive to produce more. This was the reason that Stalin implemented the Ukrainian famine to kill off resisters to collectivization. • Focused on Heavy Industry (including military arms) and not on consumer goods. The result there was a lack of housing and consumer goods. • After WW2 he refused to hold free elections in the eastern European countries his army occupied instead these became Soviet Satellite States- even though many of them had a strong democratic tradition • He became even more paranoid near the end of his rule. Nikita Khrushchev 1956-64 • In 1956 condemned Stalin for his “administrative violence, mass repression, and terror”. The process of eliminating the more ruthless policies of Stalin became known as de-Stalinization. • He loosened government control on literary works. • He tried to put more emphasis on satisfying consumer by producing more consumer goods in order to do this he implemented the ninth “Five-Year Plan” • He attempted to increase agricultural output by growing corn and cultivating vast lands in the Urals. This attempt failed. Along with increased military spending hurt the Soviet economy. • Industrial growth declined dramatically in 1953 and 1964 • In August of 1961, realizing that East Berlin could not stop flow of people to West Berlin, East Berlin began to build a wall to keep them in. It included watch towers, barbed-wire, flood lights, machine-guns, minefields, and dog patrols. • Failures of his policies damaged Khrushchev’s reputation. • The final straw was the Cuban Missile Crisis- Khrushchev had wanted to put nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962. The United States would not allow them there. In October, 1962 President Kennedy found out about Soviet Ships carrying missiles and headed to Cuba. The U.S. set blockade of Cuba. In the end Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the fleet if the U.S. pledged not to invade Cuba. • He began the support North Vietnam as part of the Cold War. • Khrushchev’s political opponents were able to remove him from office 1964 because the embarrassment over the Cuban Missile Crisis and failures of his industrial and economic policies. After Khrushchev was removed from office in 1964, two men, Alexei Kosygin and Leonid Brezhnev replaced them. In 1970s Brezhnev became the dominant leader. • In 1968 the Alexander Dubcek was elected first secretary of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia. He introduced a number of reforms, including freedom of the press, speech, and travel. He relaxed censorship and began to pursue an independent foreign policy and promised a gradual democratization of the political system. • In August 1968 the Soviet Army invaded and crushed the reforms. Leonid Brezhnev 1970-1980 • He was determined to keep Eastern Europe in Communist hands and was uninterested in reform. • Brezhnev Doctrine- Brezhnev insisted on the right of the Soviet Union to intervene if communism was threatened in another communist state. • He benefited from détente, a relaxed tension and improved relations between the two superpowers. Both were roughly equal in nuclear arms • He continued to emphasize heavy industry.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Parallel Between Vietnam and Afghanistan Wars
    Parallel Between Vietnam and Afghanistan Wars Muhammad Karim * Abstract After the announcement of new US strategy for Afghanistan by President Trump’s administration, the Afghan War now resembles that of concluding phase of the Vietnam War. At the end of the Vietnam War, the United States widened the war zone to spread it to Cambodia and Laos. Since last few months, US officials are blaming Pakistan for its failure in Afghanistan. Think Tanks are churning out new studies and reports suggesting tough conditions for Pakistan for its alleged supports for the terrorist groups. President Trump’s Afghan strategy also suggests more pressure on Pakistan and favors sphere of influence for India in Afghanistan. In totality the United States wants to shift its focus towards Pakistan and Afghanistan is largely becoming a side show. The study argues that in overall context of the ground realities, similarities exist in Afghan and Vietnam Wars that may have long term implications for diplomatic, economic and security matrixes of Pakistan. On the face of emerging US policies for the region and prevailing circumstances the research makes an endeavor to foretell next phase of the Afghan War vis-à-vis its implications on Pakistan. Keywords: US military; Afghanistan; Vietnam; Military Strategy; war zones Introduction Parallels between Vietnam and Afghan war are increasingly being drawn in the academic and scholarly debates, particularly with regards to the growing US military presence in Afghanistan. Voices, even within the President Barack Obama's and now President Trump’s own party is advising that the US is risking being drawn into Afghanistan’s quagmire which analogous to the Nixon’s Vietnam and may become Trump’s Vietnam.
    [Show full text]
  • Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spread of Violent Civil Conflict: Rare, State-Driven, and Preventable
    1 The Spread of Violent Civil Conflict: Rare, State-Driven, and Preventable by Nathan Wolcott Black B.A. History Rice University, 2006 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITCAL SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JUNE 2012 © 2012 Nathan Wolcott Black. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: __________________________________________________ Department of Political Science April 30, 2012 Certified by: __________________________________________________________ Kenneth A. Oye Associate Professor of Political Science Thesis Supervisor Accepted by:__________________________________________________________ Roger Petersen Arthur and Ruth Sloan Professor of Political Science Chairman, Graduate Program Committee 2 3 The Spread of Violent Civil Conflict: Rare, State-Driven, and Preventable by Nathan Wolcott Black Submitted to the Department of Political Science of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on April 30, 2012 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science ABSTRACT This dissertation advances and tests an explanation for the spread of violent civil conflict from one state to another. The fear of such “substate conflict contagion” is frequently invoked by American policymakers as a justification for military intervention in ongoing substate conflicts — the argument these policymakers often make is that conflicts left uncontained now will spread and become a more pertinent security threat later. My State Action Explanation is that substate conflict contagion is not the sole product of nonstate factors such as transnational rebel networks and arms flows, nor of the structural factors such as poverty that make internal conflict more likely in general.
    [Show full text]
  • The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War
    Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page i The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War COLUMBIA GUIDES TO AMERICAN HISTORY AND CULTURES Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page ii Columbia Guides to American History and Cultures Michael Kort, The Columbia Guide to the Cold War Catherine Clinton and Christine Lunardini, The Columbia Guide to American Women in the Nineteenth Century David Farber and Beth Bailey, editors, The Columbia Guide to America in the 1960s Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page iii The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War David L. Anderson columbia university press new york Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page iv Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 2002 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Anderson, David L., 1946– The Columbia guide to the Vietnam War / David L. Anderson. p. cm. — (Columbia guides to American history and cultures) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–231–11492–3 1. Vietnamese Conflict, 1961–1975. I. Title. II. Series. DS557.5 .A54 2002 959.704Ј3—dc21 2002020143 ∞ Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Anderson_00FM 5/3/02 9:25 AM Page v contents Introduction xi List of Abbreviations xiii part i Historical Narrative 1 1. Studying the Vietnam War 3 2. Vietnam: Historical Background 7 Roots of the Vietnamese Culture and State 7 The Impact of French Colonialism 10 The Rise of Vietnamese Nationalism 11 The Origins of Vietnamese Communism 12 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Untitleddocument
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_wars Modern (1800–1945)[edit] ​ ​ ​ ● Argentine Civil Wars, 1814–1880 ​ ● Zulu Civil War, 1817–1819 ​ ● Greek Civil War, 1824–1825 ​ ● Liberal Wars (Portugal), 1828–1834. ​ ​ ​ ● Chilean Civil War, 1829–1830 ​ ● Ragamuffin War (Brazil), 1835–1845 ​ ​ ​ ● Carlist Wars (Spain), 1833–1839, 1846–1849, and 1872–1876 ​ ● Uruguayan Civil War, 1839–1851 ​ ● Māori War (New Zealand), 1845–1872 ​ ● Sonderbund war (Switzerland), November 1847 ​ ● Revolutions of 1848; numerous European countries, 1848–1849 ​ ● Revolution of 1851 (Chile) ​ ​ ​ ● Taiping Rebellion (China), 1851–1864 ​ ● Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1858 ​ ● Indian rebellion, 1857 ​ ● War of Reform (Mexico), 1857–1861 ​ ● American Civil War (United States), 1861–1865 ​ ● Klang War (Malaysia); also known as Selangor Civil War, 1867–1874 ​ ​ ​ ● Boshin War (Japan), 1868–1869 ​ ● Satsuma Rebellion (Japan), 1877 ​ ● Jementah Civil War (Malaysia), 1878 ​ ​ ​ ● The North-West Rebellion (Canada), 1885 ​ ​ ● Chilean Civil War, 1891 ​ ● War of Canudos (Brazil), 1896–1897 ​ ​ ​ ● Banana Wars (Central America), 1898–1934 ​ ​ ​ ● Boxer Rebellion (China), 1899–1901 ​ ● Thousand Days War (Colombia), 1899–1902 ​ ​ ​ ● Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920 ​ ● Warlord Era; period of civil wars between regional, provincial, and private armies in ​ China, 1912–1928 ● Russian Civil War, 1917–1921 ​ ● Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, 1918–2003 ​ ● Finnish Civil War, 1918 ​ ● German Revolution, 1918–1919 ​ ● Irish Civil War, 1922–1923 ​ ● Paraguayan Civil War, 1922–1923 ​ ● Nicaraguan
    [Show full text]
  • Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)
    War Legacy Issues in Southeast Asia: Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) June 3, 2019 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45749 SUMMARY R45749 Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) in Southeast June 3, 2019 Asia: War Legacy Issues and U.S. Relations Michael F. Martin, More than 40 years after the end of the Vietnam War, unexploded ordnance (UXO) from Coordinator numerous conflicts, but primarily dropped by U.S. forces over Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam Specialist in Asian Affairs during the Vietnam War, continues to cause casualties in those countries. Over the past 25 years, the United States has provided a total of over $400 million in assistance for UXO clearance and Ben Dolven related activities in those three countries through the Department of Defense (DOD), Department Specialist in Asian Affairs of State (DOS), and United States Agency for International Development (USAID), as well as funding for treatment of victims through USAID and the Leahy War Victims fund. Although casualty numbers have dropped in recent years, no systematic assessment of affected areas has Andrew Feickert been done, and many observers believe it may still take decades to clear the affected areas. Specialist in Military Ground Forces War legacy issues such as UXO clearance and victim assistance may raise important considerations for Congress as it addresses the impact of U.S. participation in conflicts around Thomas Lum the world and how the U.S. should deal with the aftermath of such conflicts. The continued Specialist in Asian Affairs presence of UXO in Southeast Asia raises numerous issues, including appropriate levels of U.S. assistance for clearance activities and victim relief; coordination in efforts among DOD, DOS, and USAID; the implications of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ro- at 5 X9 Ade- V "Old , Your *Eels
    Mo-k Rohr() e Alps-co in J OK_ 64-cyk h 5,08 s"-c) AA/ 3o, If jS- .7 ci( tk_ t'06A-S" qfrici ho 406,1 y 0 v k Qof s _ 5 AR-cy 1::k1 r_o v I 0-- qk .12 e so o e y 0 v 1:3 te )7/ irodgi kit_i 4:0 kr, Q-71— -77_ q eg iyov k-e_ co-32. 71AT 74- kr.rrif,s- 7i° /‘IPS 0455- (24-/ kcs kfc/ y At ((J.-- ivfr/71/49____ 1)--4 , .11sy 74--e 671/bz...._____,Fthel_pte_ki-,,,;hg//:01.„___716_ 49/ /:/k. r TILL_ ./P6_c ks Lcr pr• 7L- (00* (1_3i///7 h • frpgr i-La/ ic.cce -4 A, k 11 6411 e-CS 6 ).-7 -e- q 551' -rs; q //ei kescw-citv, G 6 A 1-1-34-s 11 7-:- 4-k X 0 71- - I aL ±ir-,s A 1.4_1/ 74 /-€ S7:717_ sXdki— 71-i-Q/77 /6. yo q Ce_e_ L-e-#e yo ✓ cte At q reffroh-s- -Q. r•e4 /1-1}, 71-A_ co vs 7/-Z.v;ri r. 01_7- p p e—s 4e. phciAer — (lox y- v5 A y 'Lye- 1s2.47". _is m f fryi p_0)e 717_ k--11G 45 e.--1 i,;%. 7 ileiv.s per_ I A9 fr"-S. ro- At 5_ X9 Ade- v "old , Your *eels. is 49 hettsl • 001.2-= The McCarthy hearings in the early fifties bred an anti-communiet hate into the mainstream of Middle American Mentality.
    [Show full text]
  • Hmong American Students in College Admissions: Disaggregating Asian America
    Hmong American Students in College Admissions: Disaggregating Asian America Randolf Arguelles, Director, Elite Prep San Francisco (CA) Toni Marie O’Daniel, College & Scholarship Manager, Hmong College Prep Academy (MN) Mai Nhia Xiong-Chan, VP of Enrollment Management, Hamline University (MN) Vince Upang Moua, Admission Counselor (AAPI Liaison & LGBTQ+ Liaison), Stanford University (CA) #NACAC20 We begin with the takeaway ⬡ Colleges need to be acutely aware of the different histories, cultures, and experiences found in the monolithic category “Asian American” ∙ East Asia ∙ Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian ∙ South Asia ∙ Bangladeshi, Bhutanese, Indian, Nepalese, Pakistani, Sri Lankan ∙ Southeast Asia ∙ Burmese, Cambodian, Filipino, Hmong, Indonesian, Karen, Laotian, Malaysian, Thai, Vietnamese 2 #NACAC20 Exodus from China to Southeast Asia 1790s to 1860s ⬡ ∙ The Miao Rebellion (1795-1806) and Taiping Rebellion (1850-64) took place when Imperial Chinese rulers tried to suppress ethnic minorities within its borders ∙ These and other conflicts resulted in mass exodus of Hmong from China to mountainous regions of SE Asia (Laos, Myanmar/Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam) 3 #NACAC20 The Hmong in Laos 1893-1940 ⬡ ∙ In 1893, France colonized Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Kingdom of Laos, calling the territory French Indochina ∙ The Hmong of Laos (approx. 30,000) were heavily taxed and oppressed by French and Laotian authorities ∙ In the 1900s, French and Laotian authorities start ceding authority to Hmong leaders on Hmong issues 4 #NACAC20 World War
    [Show full text]
  • LAOS 1960-January 1963
    A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files LAOS 1960-January 1963 Internal Affairs and Foreign Affairs Confidential U.S. State Department Central Files LAOS 1960-January 1963 INTERNAL AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 751J, 851J, and 951J and FOREIGN AFFAIRS Decimal Numbers 651J and 611.51J Project Coordinator Robert E. Lester Guide Compiled by Blair D. Hydrick Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Laos, 1960-January 1963 [microform] : internal affairs and foreign affairs / project coordinator, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels. Accompanied by a printed guide, compiled by Blair Hydrick and Barbara Brown, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Laos, 1960-January 1963. ISBN 1-55655-810-4 1. Laos--History--20th century--Sources. 2. Laos--Foreign relations--United States--Sources. 3. United States--Foreign relations--Laos--Sources. 4. United States--Foreign relations--1945-1989--Sources. I. Title: Confidential U.S. State Department central files. II. Title: Laos, 1960-January 1963. III. Lester, Robert. IV. Hydrick, Blair. V. Brown, Barbara. VI. United States. Dept. of State. VII. University Publications of America (Firm) VIII. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of Confidential U.S. State Department central files. Laos, 1960-January 1963. DS555.8 2002022622 CIP The documents reproduced in this publication are among the records of the U.S. Department of State in the custody of the National Archives of the United States. No copyright is claimed in these official records. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction vii Scope and Content Note xxv Source Note xxvii Organization of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Secret War in Laos: America's Time in South East Asia and Its Impacts
    The Secret War in Laos: America's Time in South East Asia and its Impacts A Senior Project presented to the Faculty of the Social Sciences Department California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Social Sciences by Michael Prokop December, 2009 © 2009 Michael Prokop The Vietnam War was a tumultuous time in America's history. Summarized by brutal combat and civilian protest, the conflict remains an important part of our history. The war was not merely fought in Vietnam alone, however. A tiny landlocked country by the name of Laos shaped and determined many of the outcomes faced in South Vietnam. With the Ho Chi Minh trail running through northern Laos, the CIA took advantage of the Hmong hill tribe people to help fight against communism. More bombs were dropped on Laos during this period than on Germany and Japan combined during World War II. Despite this fact, many Americans still have little knowledge on Laos and the Secret War that transpired within its borders. The secret war in Laos played out as though it were a wonderful piece of fiction. As history has shown itself to be stranger than fiction numerous times over, the tale involving the Kingdom of Laos during the Vietnam war is no different. And just as every good story has an extensive list of interesting and intricate characters, the conflict in Laos brings two particularly intricate individuals to light. Colonel William Lair, after serving in World War II, Lair joined the CIA and during the Korean War was assigned to train the Thai national police in guerilla warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Magill's Guide to Military History Table of Contents Publisher's Note, ix Introduction, xi Contributors, xiii List of Maps, xix A Abbās the Great, 1 Abbāsid Revolution, 2 Abd el-Krim, 3 Abdelkader, 4 Abdullāh et Taāisha, 4 Abenaki Wars, 5 Abercromby, Ralph, 6 Aboukir, 7 Abrams, Creighton Williams, Jr., 8 Abū al-Abbās, 9 Abū Bakr ibn Umar, 9 Abu Klea, 10 Acre, 11 Actium, 12 Adowa, 12 Adrianople, 13 Aegospotami, 14 Æthelbald, 14 Æthelbald's Wars, 15 Aetius, 16 Afghan Expansion, Wars of, 17 Agathocles, 18 Agesilaus II, 19 Agincourt, 20 Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, 21 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 22 Air Force, U.S., 23 Aircraft, military, 25 Aircraft carrier, 29 Akbar, 29 Alamo, 29 Alanbrooke, First Viscount, 31 Alaric, 32 Albanian-Turkish Wars, 33 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 34 Alcibiades, 35 Alesia, Siege of, 35 Alexander of Tunis, 36 Alexander I, 37 Alexander the Great, 38 Alexander's Wars of Conquest, 39 Alexandria, 43 Alexius I Comnenus, 44 Alfonso VIII, 46 Alfred the Great, 47 Algiers, 48 Aliwal, 48 Allen, Ethan, 49 Allenby, Lord, 49 Allied Intervention in Russia, 50 Alma, 51 Almohad conquest and rule of Muslim Spain, 52 Almoravid Empire, 53 Alp Arslan, 54 Alva, duke of, 55 Amazons, 56 Ambuila, 57 American Civil War, 58 American Indian wars, 67 American Northwest Indian wars, 71 American Revolution, 72 Amiens, 78 Amin, Idi, 79 Amoaful, 80 Amr ibn al-Ās, 80 Amritsar Massacre, 81 An Lushan's Rebellion, 82 Anawrahta, 82 Ancient warfare, 83 Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, 86 Anglo-Dutch Wars, 87 Anglo-French Wars, 88 Anglo-Irish War, 89 Anglo-Scottish Wars of 1290-1388, 91 Anglo-Scottish Wars of 1513-1560, 93 Anglo-Spanish War, 94 Angolan Civil War, 96 Angolan War of Independence, 97 Animals in war, 99 Ankara, 102 Antietam, 102 Antioch, 104 Antwerp, Siege of, 105 Anzio, 106 Apache Wars, 107 Appeasement, 108 Arabi Pasha, 109 Arafat, Yasir, 109 Archery, 111 Argentine Dirty War, 111 Armada, Spanish, 112 Armenian Massacres, 114 Armies: Organization and tactics, 116 Armistice, 120 Armor, 120 Arms race, 120 Army, 121 Army, U.S., 121 Arnhem, 123 Arnold, Benedict, 125 Arnold, H.
    [Show full text]
  • Hmong Americans' Protest Movements and Political Incorporation in the United States, 1980-2012
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Hmong Americans' Protest Movements and Political Incorporation in the United States, 1980-2012 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9cr079m0 Author Xiong, Yang Sao Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Hmong Americans’ Protest Movements and Political Incorporation in the United States, 1980-2012 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology by Yang Sao Xiong 2013 © Copyright by Yang Sao Xiong 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Hmong Americans’ Protest Movements and Political Incorporation in the United States, 1980-2012 by Yang Sao Xiong Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Min Zhou, Chair This dissertation examines the political participation and political incorporation of Hmong American communities across three states—California, Minnesota, and Wisconsin— between 1980 and 2012. This study asks two main questions: First, given Hmong Americans’ particular contexts of exit and contexts of reception, how and to what extent have Hmong former refugees and their U.S.-born children been incorporated into the U.S. political system? Second, how do broader political contexts or homeland circumstances shape Hmong American politics and the state’s treatment of Hmong in the U.S. and abroad? I address these questions through two historical analyses of Hmong Americans’ non- electoral and electoral participation and two detailed case studies of Hmong Americans’ social movements. The first historical analysis focuses on Hmong Americans’ protest events from 1980 to 2011.
    [Show full text]