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Introduction to Serial Verb Constructions Serial Verbs in White Hmong Brill’s Studies in Language, Cognition and Culture Series Editors Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (Cairns Institute, James Cook University) R.M.W. Dixon (Cairns Institute, James Cook University) N.J. Enfield (Department of Linguistics, University of Sydney) VOLUME 12 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bslc Serial Verbs in White Hmong By Nerida Jarkey LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Hmong working life in Laos, embroidery by an anonymous artist. Photograph by Thomas A. Roberts. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jarkey, Nerida, author. Serial verbs in White Hmong / by Nerida Jarkey. pages cm. — (Brill’s studies in language, cognition and culture, ISSN 1879-5412; volume 12) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Investigates verb serialization, a highly productive grammatical strategy in this dynamic Southeast Asian language in which multiple verbs are simply concatenated within a single clause to depict a single event. The investigation identifies four major types of serial verb construction (SVC) in White Hmong and finds that the key function of all these types is to depict a single event in an elaborate and vivid way, a much-favoured method of description in this language. These findings concerning the nature and function of SVCs in White Hmong contribute to broader discussions on the nature of events as both cognitive and cultural constructs”—Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-90-04-29240-6 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-29239-0 (e-book) 1. White Hmong dialect—Verb phrase. I. Title. PL4072.95.W45J37 2015 495.9’72—dc23 2015014547 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1879-5412 isbn 978-90-04-29240-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-29239-0 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. In memory of my mum, Bette ∵ Contents Acknowledgements xi List of Figures xii List of Tables xiii List of Abbreviations xiv Introduction 1 1 Introduction to White Hmong Language 7 1.1 About the Language Family and the Locations of its Speakers 7 1.2 Phonology and Orthography 11 1.2.1 The Consonant Phonemes and their Allophones 11 1.2.2 The Vowel Phonemes and their Allophones 13 1.2.3 Tones 14 1.2.4 Syllable Structure 22 1.3 Syllables, Morphemes and Words 23 1.3.1 Sub-Syllabic Morphotonemes 23 1.3.2 Polysyllabic Morphemes 26 1.3.3 Multi-Morphemic Words 26 1.4 The Noun Phrase 31 1.4.1 The Basic Structure of the Noun Phrase 31 1.4.2 Classifiers and Measures 33 1.5 The Locative Phrase and Spatial Deictics 40 1.6 Simple Clause Types 43 1.6.1 Existential Clauses 43 1.6.2 Nominal Subject Complement Clauses 45 1.6.3 Intransitive Clauses 46 1.6.4 Reciprocal Clauses 47 1.6.5 Transitive Clauses 48 1.6.6 Ditransitive Clauses 53 1.7 Operations on the Simple Clause: Mood, Modality, and Aspect 56 1.7.1 Imperative 56 1.7.2 Interrogative and Uncertainty with puas 57 1.7.3 Negative with tsis and txhob 58 1.7.4 Certainty with twb 59 1.7.5 Future, Likelihood, and Intention with yuav 59 1.7.6 Likelihood and Obligation with yuav-tsum and yuav-tau 62 1.7.7 Deontic Modality with a Complementation Strategy 63 viii contents 1.7.8 Deontic Modality with Postverbal tau 63 1.7.9 Achievement with Preverbal tau 65 1.7.10 Imperfective Aspect 67 1.7.11 The Perfect with lawm 68 1.8 Conclusion to Chapter One 69 2 Introduction to Serial Verb Constructions 70 2.1 The Term ‘Serial Verb Construction’ 72 2.1.1 The Term ‘SVC’ Used for Distinct Actions 74 2.1.2 The Term ‘SVC’ Used for a Single Action/Event 75 2.2 The Notion of a Single Event 76 2.2.1 Construal as a Single Event 78 2.2.2 Packaging as Single Event 80 2.3 The Notion of Joint Predication 82 2.4 Syntactic Framework for the Analysis of SVC Types in White Hmong 84 2.4.1 Key Notions for the Analysis 85 2.4.2 The Syntactic Analysis of White Hmong SVCs Proposed 92 2.5 Conclusion to Chapter Two 101 3 Productive Serial Verb Constructions in White Hmong 102 3.1 Cotemporal Serial Verb Constructions 106 3.1.1 Cotemporal Motion Serial Verb Constructions 106 3.1.2 Cotemporal SVCs Involving Actions 115 3.1.3 Nexus and Level of Juncture in Cotemporal SVCs 118 3.2 Cause-Effect Serial Verb Constructions 124 3.2.1 Constraints on the Verbs Appearing in Cause-Effect SVCs 127 3.2.2 The Type of Causation Described by Cause-Effect SVCs in White Hmong 134 3.2.3 Nexus and Level of Juncture in Cause-Effect SVCs 136 3.2.4 Cause-Effect SVCs: One Subject or Two? 139 3.3 Attainment Serial Verb Constructions 147 3.3.1 Introduction 147 3.3.2 Types of Predicate in Attainment SVCs 148 3.3.3 Components Common to All Attainment SVCs 159 3.3.4 Comparison of Attainment SVCs with ‘Resultative Verb Compounds’ in Mandarin 160 3.3.5 Rules for Deriving Attainment SVCs: Syntactic or Lexical? 161 3.3.6 Nexus and Juncture in Attainment SVCs 164 3.3.7 Grammaticalization of V2 tau to Express Deontic Modality ‘can’ 166 Contents ix 3.4 Disposal Serial Verb Constructions 170 3.4.1 Introduction 170 3.4.2 The Semantic Relationship Between the Verbs 171 3.4.3 The Position of the Shared Object 173 3.4.4 Nexus and Juncture in Disposal SVCs 174 3.4.5 Disposal SVCs Compared with Other SVC Types 175 3.4.6 Disposal SVCs with muab ‘take’ 177 3.4.7 V2 Introducing an Unshared Argument 179 3.5 Conclusion to Chapter Three 181 3.5.1 SVCs Express Various Facets of a Single Event 181 3.5.2 Linked Serial Verb Constructions 183 3.5.3 Relationship Between Lexical Complexity and Serialization 186 4 Valency-Increasing SVCs and Grammaticalization 188 4.1 The Phenomenon of Valency-Increasing SVCs 188 4.1.1 Adposition or Verbs? 188 4.1.2 Criteria for Part-of-Speech Classification 190 4.1.3 Part-of-Speech Constraints vs Environmental Constraints 192 4.1.4 Part-of-Speech Change: Discrete or Gradual? 193 4.2 Valency-Increasing Serialization in White Hmong 196 4.2.1 Introduction 196 4.2.2 Criteria Relevant to Part-of-Speech Classification in White Hmong 198 4.2.3 Examination of Valency-Increasing Serialization in Hmong 202 4.3 Conclusion to Chapter Four 230 5 Superficially Similar Constructions 233 5.1 Elaborate Expressions 233 5.2 Juxtaposed Clauses 237 5.3 Complementation Resembling Cause-Effect SVCs 241 5.3.1 Complements of Non-Implicative Manipulative Verbs that Appear without a Complementizer 242 5.3.2 Complements of the Causative Verb ua and the Permissive Verbs 246 5.3.3 Complements of Perception Verbs 248 5.4 A Complementation Strategy with Modal Verbs 249 5.5 Purpose Constructions 253 5.5.1 Semantic and Lexical Differences Between SVCs and Purpose Constructions 254 5.5.2 Syntactic Differences Between SVCs and Purpose Constructions 261 x contents 5.5.3 Syntactic Similarities Between SVCs and Purpose Constructions 264 5.6 State Verbs Used Attributively and Adverbially 266 5.6.1 State Verbs Used Attributively 266 5.6.2 State Verbs Used Adverbially/Depictively 267 5.7 Transitive Verbs Used Descriptively and Adverbially 270 5.7.1 Transitive Verbs Used Descriptively 270 5.7.2 Transitive Verbs Used Adverbially 272 5.8 Conclusion to Chapter Five 273 6 Conclusion 275 6.1 The Notions of a Single Event and of Joint Predication 275 6.2 The Syntactic Analysis of SVCs in White Hmong 276 6.3 The Common Properties of SVCs in White Hmong 277 6.4 The Functions and Semantics of SVCs 278 6.5 The Relationship Between Function and Part of Speech 281 6.6 Superficially Similar Constructions 282 6.7 Directions for Further Research 284 Sources for White Hmong Examples 287 Bibliography 288 Index of Authors 298 Index of Languages and Language Families 300 Index of Subjects 302 Acknowledgements This study began as my PhD project in 1985. I’m so pleased to have this oppor- tunity to say thank you again to my dear Hmong friends who acted as my lan- guage teachers and consultants at that time. My most sincere gratitude goes to Cua Lee for her kind patience and her joyful laugh as we worked together with our babies and toddlers tumbling around us. Special thanks also to Cua’s brother-in-law, Yeeb, for many fascinating discussions on Hmong language. For additional enthusiastic help, I am obliged to Cua’s husband Sao, his broth- ers Gary (Nkaj Yia) and Yue (Ntxawg), their much-loved, late mother Maiv Yaj, to Ge and Niaj Pov Lis, Charlie Sayaxang, Sourivan Thongpao, and Maiv Dub Yaj.
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