“Gunpowder Empires” of the Islamic World During the Early Modern Era (1450-1750)! India 3 Continents: SE Europe, N
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The Stage and Inheritance
1 The Stage and Inheritance he Indian subcontinent is the only subcontinent in the world. That in itself Ttells us that India possesses a unique geography while also being intrinsi- cally linked to the larger continent, Asia. These two impulses, a pull toward engagement as part of a larger whole and a push to be apart due to a unique ge- ography, have influenced India’s history and behavior through the ages and have determined the nature of her engagement with the world. Geography matters because it has consequences for policy, worldviews, and history. The “big geography” of Eurasia, to which the Indian subcontinent is at- tached, divides that landmass into a series of roughly parallel ecological zones, determined largely by latitude, ranging from tropical forest in the south to northern tundra. In between these extremes, are temperate woodlands and grasslands, desert-steppe, forest-steppe, the forest, and more open taiga. The zone of mixed grassland and woodland was the ecological niche for settled ag- riculture to develop in two areas—in southwest Asia, from the Nile valley to the Indus valley, and in southeast Asia including China—where civilizations, states, and empires grew. Of the two, its geography enabled southwest Asia to communicate easily. Throughout history, from the Nile to the Indus and later the Ganga, exchanges, migrations, and change were the rule with civilizations growing and developing in contact with one another even though they were separate geographically.1 The topography of the Indian subcontinent is open on three sides: the west, south, and east and is blocked off to the north by the Himalayan range. -
Tinker Emporium Tinker Emporium Vol. Firearms Vol. 7
Tinker Emporium Vol. 7 Firearms Introduction : This file contains ten homebrew firearms (based on real world) , each presented with a unique description and a colored picture. Separate pictures in better resolution are included in the download for sake of creating handouts, etc. by Revlis M. Template Created by William Tian DUNGEONS & DRAGONS, D& D, Wizards of the Coast, Forgotten Realms, the dragon ampersand, Player’s Handbook, Monster Manual, Dungeon Master’s Guide, D&D Adventurers League, all other Wizards of the Coast product names, and their respective logos are trademarks of Wizards of the Co ast in the USA and other countries. All characters and their distinctive likenesses are property of Wizards of the Coast. This material is protected under the copyright laws of the United States of America. Any re production or unauthorized use of the mater ial or artwork contained herein is prohibited without the express written permission of Wizards of the Coast. ©2018 Wizards of the Coast LLC, PO Box 707, Renton, WA 98057 -0707, USA. Manufactured by Hasbro SA, Rue Emile-Boéchat 31, 2800 Delémont, CH. Represented by Hasbro Europe, 4 SampleThe Square, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB11 1ET, file Not for resale. Permission granted to print or photocopy this document for personal use only . T.E. Firearms 1 Firearms Fire L ance Introduction and Points of Interest Firearm, 5 lb, Two-handed, (2d4) Bludgeoning, Ranged (15/30), Reload, Blaze Rod What are Firearms in D&D Firearms by definition are barreled ranged weapons that inflict damage by launching projectiles. In the world of D&D the firearms are created with the use of rare metals and alchemical discoveries. -
Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel Thomas J. Miceli
Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel University of Connecticut Thomas J. Miceli University of Connecticut Working Paper 2013-29 November 2013 365 Fairfield Way, Unit 1063 Storrs, CT 06269-1063 Phone: (860) 486-3022 Fax: (860) 486-4463 http://www.econ.uconn.edu/ This working paper is indexed on RePEc, http://repec.org THEOCRACY by Metin Coşgel* and Thomas J. Miceli** Abstract: Throughout history, religious and political authorities have had a mysterious attraction to each other. Rulers have established state religions and adopted laws with religious origins, sometimes even claiming to have divine powers. We propose a political economy approach to theocracy, centered on the legitimizing relationship between religious and political authorities. Making standard assumptions about the motivations of these authorities, we identify the factors favoring the emergence of theocracy, such as the organization of the religion market, monotheism vs. polytheism, and strength of the ruler. We use two sets of data to test the implications of the model. We first use a unique data set that includes information on over three hundred polities that have been observed throughout history. We also use recently available cross-country data on the relationship between religious and political authorities to examine these issues in current societies. The results provide strong empirical support for our arguments about why in some states religious and political authorities have maintained independence, while in others they have integrated into a single entity. JEL codes: H10, -
Modern Guns and Smokeless Powder
BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg W. Sage 1S91 /\:,JM^n? ^I'tClfl ofseo Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030760072 : : MODERN GUNS AND SMOKELESS POWDER. ARTHUR RIGG JAMES GARVIE. LONDON E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND. NEW YORK SPON & CHAMBERLAIN, 12, CORTLANDT STREET. 1892. MODERN GUNS AND SMOKELESS POWDER. PART I. INTRODUCTION. Gunpowder, the oldest of all explosives, has been the subject of many scientific investigations, sup- ported by innumerable experiments ; but Nature guards her secrets well ; and to this day it cannot be said that the cycle of chemical changes brought about by the combustion of gunpowder is thoroughly understood. Its original components vary, but are generally about 75 parts potassium nitrate, 15 parts carbon, and 10 parts sulphur, with other ingredients some- times added. These materials, when simply mixed together, burn with considerable vigour, but cannot rank as an explosive until they have been thoroughly incorporated, so that the different molecules are brought into such close proximity that each finds a neighbour ready and willing to combine on the smallest encouragement. Heat furnishes the necessary stimulus, by pro- 2 MODERN GUNS AND SMOKELESS POWDER. moting chemical activity ; and, when combined with concussion, the molecules are driven closer to- gether, and this intimate association accelerates their combination. The effect of mere concussion is shown to greater advantage when any of the more dangerous ex- plosives, such as iodide of nitrogen, are subjected to experiment. -
Quantitative Dynamics of Human Empires
Quantitative Dynamics of Human Empires Cesare Marchetti and Jesse H. Ausubel FOREWORD Humans are territorial animals, and most wars are squabbles over territory. become global. And, incidentally, once a month they have their top managers A basic territorial instinct is imprinted in the limbic brain—or our “snake meet somewhere to refresh the hierarchy, although the formal motives are brain” as it is sometimes dubbed. This basic instinct is central to our daily life. to coordinate business and exchange experiences. The political machinery is Only external constraints can limit the greedy desire to bring more territory more viscous, and we may have to wait a couple more generations to see a under control. With the encouragement of Andrew Marshall, we thought it global empire. might be instructive to dig into the mechanisms of territoriality and their role The fact that the growth of an empire follows a single logistic equation in human history and the future. for hundreds of years suggests that the whole process is under the control In this report, we analyze twenty extreme examples of territoriality, of automatic mechanisms, much more than the whims of Genghis Khan namely empires. The empires grow logistically with time constants of tens to or Napoleon. The intuitions of Menenius Agrippa in ancient Rome and of hundreds of years, following a single equation. We discovered that the size of Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan may, after all, be scientifically true. empires corresponds to a couple of weeks of travel from the capital to the rim We are grateful to Prof. Brunetto Chiarelli for encouraging publication using the fastest transportation system available. -
The Ottoman Gunpowder Empire and the Composite Bow Nathan Lanan Gettysburg College Class of 2012
Volume 9 Article 4 2010 The Ottoman Gunpowder Empire and the Composite Bow Nathan Lanan Gettysburg College Class of 2012 Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj Part of the Islamic World and Near East History Commons, and the Military History Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Lanan, Nathan (2010) "The Ottoman Gunpowder Empire and the Composite Bow," The Gettysburg Historical Journal: Vol. 9 , Article 4. Available at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ghj/vol9/iss1/4 This open access article is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Ottoman Gunpowder Empire and the Composite Bow Abstract The Ottoman Empire is known today as a major Gunpowder Empire, famous for its prevalent use of this staple of modern warfare as early as the sixteenth century. However, when Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq visited Constantinople from 1554 to 1562, gunpowder was not used by the Sipahi cavalry who stubbornly, it seems, insisted on continuing to use the composite bow that the Turks had been using for centuries. This continued, despite their fear of European cavalry who used “small muskets” against them on raids. Was this a good idea? Was the composite bow a match or contemporary handheld firearms? Were Turkish tactics incompatible with firearms to the point that the Ottomans would have lost their effectiveness on the battlefield? Could the -
Prices of Weapons and Munitions in Early Sixteenth Century Holland During the Guelders War1
James P. Ward Prices of Weapons and Munitions in Early Sixteenth Century Holland during the Guelders War1 1. Introduction The adage that to have peace one has to prepare for war may not be of Classical antiquity but the principle was known to Livy and the Ancients,2 and so the influence of the weapons industry on world peace and economy hardly needs to be emphasized now. The purpose of this article is both to present data on retail prices of individual weapons and munitions of war in the first decades of the sixteenth century in Holland, and to show how the magistrates there prepared to defend their cities against an aggressor by purchasing weapons to arm the citizens. Prices quoted here for strategic commodities of war in the early sixteenth century complement those given by Posthumus in his survey of prices for the later sixteenth century and beyond.3 Kuypers published inventories of weapons maintained in castles and elsewhere in Holland and the Netherlands in the first half of the sixteenth century, but the cities of Holland were not included in his descriptions.4 A recent study by De Jong reveals the growth of the early modern weapons industry in the Republic of the United Netherlands in the period 1585-1621 as part of a process of state formation based on entrepreneurship, economic growth and military reform.5 As sources for the present investigation accounts of the Treasurer for North-Holland at The Hague, and of the city treasurers of Haarlem, Leiden, Dordrecht and Gouda were examined for expenditures on weapons and munitions. -
Antique Arms, Modern Sporting Guns & Exceptional Firearms
Antique Arms, Modern Sporting Guns & Exceptional Firearms Montpelier Street, London I 3 December 2020 Antique Arms, Modern Sporting Guns & Exceptional Firearms Montpelier Street, London | Thursday 3 December 2020 Antique Arms: Lots 1 - 116 at 10.30am Modern Sporting Guns & Exceptional Firearms: Lots 117 - 363 at 2pm BONHAMS ENQUIRIES SALE NUMBER IMPORTANT INFORMATION Montpelier Street Antique Arms & Armour 25987 Please note that lots of Iranian Knightsbridge, Director London SW7 1HH Please see page 2 for bidder and Persian origin are subject David Williams to US trade restrictions which www.bonhams.com +44 (0) 20 7393 3807 information including after-sale collection and shipment currently prohibit their import +44 (0) 7768 823 711 mobile into the United States, with no VIEWING [email protected] exemptions. BY APPOINTMENT ONLY Please see back of catalogue for important notice to bidders Sunday 29 November Modern Sporting Guns Similar restrictions may apply 11am – 3pm William Threlfall to other lots. Monday 30 November Senior Specialist ILLUSTRATIONS 9am – 7pm +44 (0) 20 7393 3815 Front cover: Lots 345 & 337 It is the buyers responsibility Tuesday 1 December [email protected] Back cover: Lot 38 to satisfy themselves that the 9am – 4.30pm Inside front cover: Lot 98 lot being purchased may be Wednesday 2 December Administrator Inside back cover: Lot 56 imported into the country of 9am – 4.30pm Helen Abraham destination. +44 (0) 20 7393 3947 REGISTRATION BIDS [email protected] IMPORTANT NOTICE The United States Government +44 (0) 20 7447 7447 Please note that all customers, has banned the import of ivory To bid via the internet Junior Cataloguer irrespective of any previous activity into the USA. -
Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal Empires Notes
The Muslim World Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals SSWH12 Describe the development and contributions of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. 12a. Describe the development and geographical extent of the Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Empires. 12b. Describe the cultural contributions of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires. The Ottoman, Safavid & Mughal Empire were Muslim empires extending from Anatolia (Modern Day Turkey) to India They were know as “gunpowder empires” because they had learned to weaponize gunpowder by using it in cannons with which they could destroy walls around cities These empires also used cavalry and composite bows to increase their military success Ottoman Empire: Osman (Othman) (1300-1326) Ottoman Empire named for him Established small Muslim state in Anatolia Ottoman Empire The Turko-Mongol ruler Timur challenged Ottoman expansion when he captured the Sultan and took Ottoman land This caused a civil war in the Ottoman Empire and Murad II seized power and continued expansion. Ottoman Empire: Mehmed II (1444-1446, 1451-1481) Conquered Constantinople - 1453 Opened it to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds Rebuilt city – renamed it Istanbul Ottoman Empire: Selim the Grim (1512-1520) Mehmed’s grandson Defeated Safavids in 1514 - Battle of Chaldiran Swept into Syria, Palestine, & North Africa Captured Mecca & Medina Finally captured Cairo (intellectual center of Muslim world) *Given title of “Lawgiver” for simplifying system of taxation & reducing government Ottoman Empire: bureaucracy -
The Gunpowder Age and Global History
The Age of Gunpowder 1 Introduction: The Gunpowder Age and Global History Tonio Andrade Professor of History, Emory University When Chinese alchemists invented the “fire drug” in the 800s AD, they unleashed one of the most transformative technologies in world history. Early gunpowder was not the explosive that it later became. It took centuries of development before it became capable of propelling projectiles. The Chinese used the early gunpowder mixtures for weapons, of course, but they were conflagratives and fire spewers, used for burning structures and people. Proper guns emerged in the 1200s, and by the mid-1300s the new weapons had begun transforming warfare, used in huge numbers in the fierce battles that led, eventually, to the triumph of the Ming Dynasty, which has been rightly referred to as the world’s first gunpowder empire.1 Guns and gunpowder quickly spread beyond China, and this issue of Emory Endeavors in History is devoted to exploring their effects – and other issues of military modernization and innovation – in world history. China’s closest neighbors found themselves forced to adapt to gun warfare quickly, and one of the pioneers of early gunpowder history, historian Sun Laichen of California State University, Fullerton, has famously described this process for Vietnam and other parts of Southeast Asia.2 Yet equally important, but much less well understood, is the adoption of guns by China’s northeastern neighbors, Korea and Japan. Although Japan is not usually considered an early gun adopter (it is known much more for its later adoption of Portuguese-style arquebuses in the 1 Sun Laichen, “Ming-Southeast Asian Overland Interactions, 1368-1644,” Ph.D. -
2021-22 AP World History Summer Assignment Mr. Le Clainche Hello
2021-22 AP World History Summer Assignment Mr. Le Clainche Hello everyone, Click on the link below to watch a presentation about the AP World History course. You will have to complete a small task on Loom after watching the video. Then, proceed with the rest of your summer assignment. https://www.loom.com/share/2fe7877bd1b04215b2da85b912f3ea60 2021-22 AP World History Summer Assignment Mr. Le Clainche Welcome to AP World History! The redesigned course in 2019-20 is a college level course that will cover over 800 years of human history. It is designed to develop your critical thinking and reading skills in preparation for not only the AP Exam but also for other AP and college courses you will take throughout your academic career. With this class comes a great deal of responsibility including maintain rigorous reading habits schedule, preparing for several challenging quizzes and tests, retaining knowledge throughout the year, and learning from critique so that you can improve your skills. If you do not think you are ready for these responsibilities, then I would encourage you to look for an alternate course. Our drop-add period is the first two weeks of school, August 31st - September 11th. During this period you will have opportunity to drop this course if you feel it is in your best interest. I would encourage you to at least wait out the first week and to speak with both myself and your academic advisor before you make the decision. For this class, you will need a laptop and Microsoft Word. You will use pen/pencils on the AP quizzes and tests in class. -
Ottoman-Aceh Relations As Documented in Turkish Sources
CHAPTER IV Ottoman-Aceh relations as documented in Turkish sources İsmail Hakkı Göksoy Despite the distance between them, Turkey and Aceh managed to establish commercial, diplomatic and military relations, most extensively in the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. The main aim of this chapter is to examine these rela- tions using Ottoman sources. Most of these sources for sixteenth-century rela- tions can be found in the Mühimme records issued by the Divan-ı Humayun (Ottoman Imperial Council), some of which are now available in published form. These offi cial records document the arrival of Aceh envoys in Istanbul and their request for military aid from Turkey, as well as the preparation of a navy campaign to Sumatra in support of Aceh in 1567. As for nineteenth- century relations, Ottoman sources focus on the arrival of Aceh delegations in Istanbul in 1851 and 1873. These sources come from various government offi ces, and mention the renewal of Acehnese promises of loyalty from the six- teenth century and Acehnese requests for protection from the Ottoman Empire. Connections with Southeast Asia go back as far as the twelfth century. Turkic traders, following the Arabs, Persians and Indian Muslims, began to participate in the international trade between West Asia and China after the establishment of the Seljuk rule in western Asia in the second half of the eleventh century. As demonstrated by Affan Seljuk, Turkic participation in this trade with the Indonesian Archipelago took place during the last period of the Abbasids in Baghdad (Seljuk 1980:302-3). The presence of the Turks in the region was recorded by the famous North African Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta (d.