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1. Siemens in Japan Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften (Dr. rer. pol.) Analyse der internationalen Unternehmenstätigkeit des Hauses Siemens in Ostasien vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Vorgelegt von: Dipl.-Kfm. Dennis Kirchberg Anschrift: Hallstädter Weg 22 90425 Nürnberg Eingereicht bei: Rechts- und Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Seite | I Erstreferent: Prof. Dr. Wilfried Feldenkirchen Zweitreferent: Prof. Dr. Kai-Ingo Voigt Promotionstermin: 18. Mai 2010 / Tag der letzen mündlichen Prüfung: 4. Mai 2010 Seite | II INHALTSVERZEICHNIS INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ................................................................................... III ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS ........................................................................... VI ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS .......................................................................... X I. EINLEITUNG ................................................................................................... 1 1. THEMENHINFÜHRUNG UND PROBLEMSTELLUNG ............................................... 2 2. QUELLENLAGE UND FORSCHUNGSSTAND ........................................................ 7 3. AUFBAU DER ARBEIT ................................................................................... 12 II. SIEMENS IM IN- UND AUSLAND ................................................................ 15 1. DIE ENTWICKLUNG DES HAUSES SIEMENS IM ÜBERBLICK VON DER GRÜNDUNG BIS ZUM BEGINN DES ZWEITEN WELTKRIEGS ................................................ 16 2. DAS AUSLANDSGESCHÄFT DES UNTERNEHMENS BIS ZUM BEGINN DES ZWEITEN WELTKRIEGS .............................................................................................. 31 III. DAS OSTASIENGESCHÄFT DES HAUSES SIEMENS ............................. 36 1. SIEMENS IN JAPAN ....................................................................................... 37 1.1 Die Rahmenbedingungen .................................................................... 37 1.1.1 Geographischer und historischer Hintergrund ............................... 37 1.1.2 Allgemeinwirtschaftliche Entwicklung ............................................ 52 1.1.3 Branchenentwicklung .................................................................... 58 1.2 Die Anfänge des Japangeschäfts bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg ................ 64 1.2.1 Markteintritt und erste Schritte ...................................................... 65 1.2.2 Die Entwicklung der Siemens-Schuckert Denki Kabushiki Kaisha (SSDKK) bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs ........................... 74 1.2.2.1 Die Ausweitung der Geschäftstätigkeit ................................... 74 1.2.2.2 Das Unternehmen in der Krise ............................................... 86 Seite | III 1.2.3 Ausgewählte Aspekte der Geschäftstätigkeit ................................ 94 1.2.3.1 Die Rahmenbedingungen für das Unternehmergeschäft in Japan .................................................................................... 94 1.2.3.2 Unternehmergeschäft: Das Bahnprojekt in Tokio ................... 97 1.2.3.3 Unternehmergeschäft: Das Kraftwerksprojekt in Tokio ......... 105 1.2.3.4 Unternehmergeschäft: Anleihe für Furukawa ....................... 110 1.2.3.5 Pläne für den Aufbau einer eigenen Produktion ................... 112 1.2.3.6 Bedeutende Aufträge bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg ................... 119 1.2.4 Bewertung der Geschäftsergebnisse .......................................... 122 1.3 Das Japangeschäft in der Zwischenkriegszeit ................................... 125 1.3.1 Die Entwicklung der Fusi Denki K. K. bis zum Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs ..................................................................... 130 1.3.1.1 Die Gründung des Joint Venture und Probleme in den Anfangsjahren ..................................................................... 130 1.3.1.2 Restrukturierung und geschäftlicher Durchbruch.................. 155 1.3.2 Ausgewählte Aspekte der Geschäftstätigkeit bis 1939................ 175 1.3.2.1 Die Fusi Tsushinki ................................................................ 175 1.3.2.2 Die Goto Fuundo .................................................................. 186 1.3.2.3 Bedeutende Aufträge bis 1939 ............................................. 188 1.3.3 Bewertung der Geschäftstätigkeit und der Geschäftsergebnisse 192 2. SIEMENS IN CHINA ..................................................................................... 199 2.1 Die Rahmenbedingungen .................................................................. 199 2.1.1 Geographischer und historischer Hintergrund ............................. 199 2.1.2 Allgemeinwirtschaftliche Entwicklung .......................................... 218 2.1.3 Branchenentwicklung .................................................................. 224 2.2 Die Anfänge des Chinageschäfts (1862-1919) .................................. 229 2.2.1 Markteintritt und erste Schritte .................................................... 229 2.2.2 Das Unternehmen in der Krise .................................................... 238 2.2.3 Ausgewählte Aspekte der Geschäftstätigkeit .............................. 243 2.2.3.1 Die Chinesische Elektrizitätsgesellschaft (CEG) .................. 243 2.2.3.2 Bedeutende Aufträge bis 1919 ............................................. 247 Seite | IV 2.2.4. Bewertung der Geschäftstätigkeit und der Geschäftsergebnisse ................................................................... 253 2.3 Das Chinageschäft in der Zwischenkriegszeit (1919-1939) .............. 254 2.3.1 Die Entwicklung der S.Ch.Co. bis 1939 ...................................... 254 2.3.2 Ausgewählte Aspekte der Geschäftstätigkeit bis 1939................ 271 2.3.2.1 Gründung der Tseng Hua Electrical Manufacturing Co. ....... 271 2.3.2.2 Bedeutende Aufträge bis 1939 ............................................. 276 2.3.3 Bewertung der Geschäftstätigkeit und Geschäftsergebnisse ...... 291 IV. RESÜMEE................................................................................................. 295 QUELLEN- UND LITERATURVERZEICHNIS ................................................. XII ARCHIVQUELLEN ............................................................................................ XIII Deutsche Bank Archiv, Frankfurt am Main ............................................... XIII Siemens Med Archiv, Erlangen ................................................................ XIII Siemens Corporate Archives, München ................................................... XIII LITERATUR .................................................................................................. XXIX ANHANG ........................................................................................................ XLI Seite | V ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS Abbildung 1: Aufbau der Arbeit ...................................................................... 12 Abbildung 2: Übersichtskarte Japan .............................................................. 37 Abbildung 3: Ausländische Generatoren-Importe nach Japan ....................... 61 Abbildung 4: Kooperationen führender japanischer Unternehmen mit internationalen Elektrokonzernen ........................................... 62 Abbildung 5: Importabhängigkeit Japans in ausgewählten Bereichen der Elektrotechnik ......................................................................... 63 Abbildung 6: Vertriebsnetz von Siemens in Japan 1914 ................................ 80 Abbildung 7: Beschäftigte bei Siemens in Japan 1914 .................................. 85 Abbildung 8: Rahmenbedingungen des Unternehmergeschäfts in Japan ..... 96 Abbildung 9: Das Siemens-AEG-Konsortium Straßenbahn (Oktober 1899) 103 Abbildung 10: Übersicht ausgewählte Aufträge von Siemens Japan Teil 1 . 120 Abbildung 11: Übersicht ausgewählte Aufträge von Siemens Japan Teil 2 . 122 Abbildung 12: Umsatz und Gewinn von Siemens in Japan 1892 bis 1914 .. 123 Abbildung 13: Niederlassungen der SSDKK 1938 ....................................... 128 Abbildung 14: Vertragliche Ausgestaltung der Fusi Denki Seizo K. K. ........ 149 Abbildung 15: Ursachen und Sanierungsmaßnahmen für die finanziellen Schwierigkeiten der Fusi ...................................................... 151 Abbildung 16: Entwicklung des eingezahlten Kapitals der Fusi ................... 153 Abbildung 17: Faktoren für den Geschäftserfolg der Fusi ............................ 155 Abbildung 18: Fusi-Standorte 1930 ............................................................. 166 Abbildung 19: Das Satsuki-Kai-Kartell im Mai 1931 ..................................... 168 Seite | VI Abbildung 20: Umsatz und Reinergebnis der Fusi vom ersten Geschäftshalbjahr 1932 bis zum ersten Geschäftshalbjahr 1940 ..................................................................................... 172 Abbildung 21: Standorte der Fusi 1938 ....................................................... 174 Abbildung 22: Meilensteine der Entwicklung der Fusi Tsushinki ................. 177 Abbildung 23: Umsatz der Fusi Tsushinki vom ersten Geschäftshalbjahr 1935 bis zum ersten Geschäftshalbjahr 1940 ............................... 185 Abbildung 24: Umsatz der Goto Fuundo ...................................................... 188 Abbildung 25: Bedeutende Aufträge in Japan bis 1939 Teil 1 ..................... 189 Abbildung 26: Bedeutende
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