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A Ditadura Dos Cartéis Anatomia De Um Subdesenvolvimento Biblioteca De Santo André

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A Ditadura Dos Cartéis Anatomia De Um Subdesenvolvimento Biblioteca De Santo André Kurt Rudolf Mirow A Ditadura dos Cartéis Anatomia de um Subdesenvolvimento Biblioteca de Santo André Direitos desta edição reservados à EDITORA CIVILIZAÇÃO BRASILEIRA S.A. 1977 Impresso no Brasil Sumário I — O JOGO DO PODER ECONÔMICO 1. A Divisão do Mundo 2. Economia em Escala e Curvas de Experiências 3. Domínio de Mercado 4. "Patent-Pool" e "Cross Licensing 5. Proteção de Mercado Cativo (Hunting ground agreements) 6. O Possível Concorrente 7. Inflação 8. "Pool" de Lucros II — A INDÚSTRIA ELÉTRICA É EXEMPLAR 1. O Cartel nos Estados Unidos 2. A Guerra Comercial 3. A Divisão do Mercado 4. Os Subornos 5. O Primeiro Cartel 6. A Eliminação dos Independentes e a GE concorrendo consigo própria 7. A Grande Conspiração 8. O Cartel na Alemanha 9. O Cartel de Lâmpadas e a OSRAM 10. O Cartel no Terceiro Reich e no após-guerra 11. O Cartel na Inglaterra e na França 12. Os Acordos Internacionais 13. O Cartel Internacional de Lâmpadas 14. A IEA (Internacional Electrical Association) 15. A IEA e o MCE (Mercado Comum Europeu) 16. As Corporações Japonesas e o Cartel de IEA 17. Os Acordos Especiais e o Brasil 18. O Cartel Internacional de Cabos Elétricos 19. O Caso Cônsul 20. O Cartel da Indústria Eletrônica 21. Cooperação entre Cartéis — a ACESITA e as chapas silicosas 22. A Indústria Nuclear e o Cartel de Urânio III — Os CARTÉIS DE AÇO E A INDUSTRIA DE BENS DE CAPITAL 1.O Cartel dos Trilhos 2. O Cartel dos Tubos de Aço 3. Os Cartéis de Aço e o Brasil 4. A Indústria de Bens de Capital e sua Dependência 5. A Associação de Fabricantes de Caldeiras e Máquinas Têxteis 6. Os Centros de Decisão 7. Turbinas Hidráulicas e Hidrogeradores 8. O Caso das Locomotivas 9. O Caso dos Motores Elétricos 10. As Turbinas a Vapor Mescli 11. A Opinião da ABDIB (Associação Brasileira para o desenvolvimento da Indústria de Base) IV — A INDÚSTRIA QUÍMICA 1. Soda Cáustica e Produtos de Álcalis 2. Pigmentos de Titânio 3. Corantes 4. Os Pólos Petroquímicos no Brasil V — As SETE IRMÃS 1. O Cartel Mundial de Petróleo 2. O CRA "Gatalitic Refining Agreement" 1939 2 3. Da Vantagem de Poços Secos 4. O Refino no Brasil VI — Os CARTÉIS DE FERTILIZANTES (DO "DUMPING" AOS SOBREPREÇOS, UMA SÓ POLÍTICA) 1. A Atuação dos Cartéis de Fertilizantes no Brasil 2. Selva de Pedra sobre Fosfatos 3. Estado Salva Ultrafértil 4. A Gangorra dos Preços 5. Reflexos Inflacionários: VII — Os CARTÉIS DA INDÚSTRIA TÊXTIL 1. A Indústria Brasileira de Fibras Sintéticas 2. A Indústria de Têxteis e o Abastecimento de Algodão 3. A Queda da Aurora 4. A Exportação de Tecidos 5. Os Acordos Internacionais de Produtos Têxteis de Algodão 6. Crise e Estatização da Indústria Têxtil Brasileira VIII — CARTÉIS IMPORTANTES 1. Concreto e Cimento — Denúncia Pública 2. Papel e Celulose 3. O Cartel de Alumínio 4. A Energia Elétrica 5. A Cartelização dos Transportes (Navegação Marítima) 6. "Containers", A Batalha das Multinacionais 7. A Desnacionalização do Transporte Rodoviário IX — Os CARTÉIS DOS ALIMENTOS 1. Os Produtos de Aveia 2. O Cartel de Trigo 3. A Soja e o Monopólio da Banana 4. A Guerra das Cervejas e Refrigerantes 5. Leite Nestlé e Produtos Preparados 6. O Cartel da Água Mineral 7. Os Cartéis do Açúcar X — O CANSATIVO DIA-A-DIA DOS CARTÉIS 3 1. O Comitê de Fábricas ("Factory Committee") 2. O Fundo de Combate 3. Sabotagem 4. Boicote 5. As Cotas de Compra 6. Difamação, parte da Estratégia Empresarial 7. A Corrupção 8. Diretorias Interligadas 9. As Entidades de Classe no Brasil XI O SUBSÍDIO À IMPORTAÇÃO E A OCIOSIDADE DA INDÚSTRIA NACIONAL XII ATIVIDADES ESPECIAIS DOS CARTÉIS 1. Poder Econômico e Justiça 2. A Censura 3. Exércitos Particulares XIII — POLÍTICA CREDITÍCIA E MULTINACIONAL 1. O "Open-market" 2. A Discriminação Creditícia do Empresário Nacional 3.Os Vantajosos Créditos do Exterior 4.O BNDE-Banco Nacional do Desenvolvimento Econômico XIV — As "TRADING COMPANIES" BRASILEIRAS — SINÔNIMO DE FUTILIDADES 1. A Morte das Casas Importadoras e Exportadoras 2. O Controle dos Supermercados pelas Corporações Multinacionais Calçados e Exportação de mão-de-obra barata XV — CARTÉIS SIM OU NÃO XVI — COLONIZAÇÃO DO PAÍS, "KNOW-HOW" E DESEMPREGO Bibliografia Anexos 1. A Valorização do Cruzeiro 2. Saldo de Capitais 4 3. Depoimento de Wilkie Moreira Barbosa perante a CPI — Multinacionais 4. Regimento N.° 2 — Transformadores do Cartel da Indústria Eletroeletrônica 5. Cartéis de Exportação Registrados nos EUA em 31-12-72 6. Cartéis de Exportação Registrados na Alemanha em 30-12- 74 Agradecimentos O ESFORÇO deste livro representa mais uma contribuição para o estudo das causas que levaram algumas poucas corporações, às quais se atribui extraordinária capacidade tecnológica e administrativa, a dominar a economia mundial capitalista. Pesquisas realizadas demonstram que extensa rede de contratos restritivos, monopolizando tecnologia e mercados em escala mundial, determinam o desenvolvimento de uns países e o subdesenvolvimento de outros. O presente trabalho, longe de esgotar todos os ângulos do problema, ou de' sequer utilizar toda a documentação disponível (escrever livros não é exatamente a função de um empresário), somente pôde ser realizado, no entanto, devido à colaboração dedicada e conjugada de muitos amigos. O autor agradece a cooperação e fornecimento de informa- ções ao Prof. Gunnar Myrdal, Estocolmo; Prof. Helmut Arndt, Berlim; Prof. Wolgang Michalski, Hamburgo; Dr. H. Glismann, Kiel; Prof. Horace J. De Podwin, Nova York; Prof. Ronald Mueller, Washington; Prof. Claes Brundenius, Suécia; Profes- sor Carlos Maria Vilas, Buenos Aires. Meus agradecimentos especiais se dirigem ao amigo Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira, incansável defensor dos interesses brasileiros, e a Barbara Epstein, Professora da Universidade Fordham, de Nova York, autora dos primeiros estudos sobre a IEA e cujos conselhos de inestimável valor permitiram levar avante as investigações sobre o cartel mundial da indústria eletroeletrônica. 5 O esforço dedicado pelos procuradores do CADÊ, José Antô- nio de Souza Fernandes, Elbruz Moreira de Carvalho e Vicente Tourinho, ao esclarecimento da verdade, merece todo o meu respeito. A Edwin P. Rome, de Filadélfia, advogado, conselheiro, Ênio Silveira, da Editora Civilização Brasileira e Freimut Duve da Rororo (Hamburgo), os meus agradecimentos. As seguintes entidades colaboraram, também, para o presente estudo, fornecendo informações e documentos. Bundeskartellamt, Berlim — Alemanha Office of Fair Trading, Londres — Inglaterra OECD, Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, Paris, França UNCTAD, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Genebra — Suíça Kartellkommission, Berna — Suíça Bureau of Competition Policy, Ottawa — Canadá Hamburger Weltwirstschaftsarchiv HWWA Hamburgo — Alemanha Weltwirtschaftsinstitut, Kiel — Alemanha Institut fuer Konzentrationsforschung der Freien Universi- taet, Berlim — Alemanha Ecole Supcrieure des Sciences Economique et Commercia- les, Cergy, Paris — França Antitrust & Monopoly Subcommittee — U.S. Senate Wash- ington Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations U.S. Senate, Washington Federal Trade Commission, Washington U.S. Department of Justice, Washington ABDIB, Associação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento da In- dústria de Base — São Paulo ABINEE — Associação Brasileira da Indústria Eletroeletrônica CEBRAP — Centro Brasileiro de Análise e Planejamento, São Paulo 6 CPI — Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito para Investigar o Comportamento e as Influências das Empresas Multinacionais e do Capital Estrangeiro no Brasil — Brasília Redatores de economia de renomados jornais e revistas que realizaram investigações, colocaram à minha disposição informações e documentos inéditos. Agradeço assim, aos meus amigos do Trend-Áustria, Nationalzeitung, Tagesanzeiger, Weltwoche (Suíça), Le Monde (França), The Times (Inglaterra), Der Spiegel, Der Stern, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Deutsches Allgemeines, Sonntagsblatt (Alemanha), Business Week, New York Times, The Wall Street Journal (Estados Unidos), e Crisis (Argentina). Jornalistas, redatores e editores de jornais e revistas brasi- leiras merecem destaque especial. A Censura e as dificuldades econômicas não conseguiram fazê-los desviar-se de seu dever profissional de informar e esclarecer o povo brasileiro. Cabe assim mencionar o corpo de colaboradores de Cifrão, Crítica, Opinião, Movimento, Jornal do Comércio, Jornal do Brasil, O Globo, Tribuna de Imprensa, O Estado de São Paulo, Jornal da Tarde, Gazeta Mercantil, Folha de São Paulo, Revista Eletricidade. Brasileiros, muitos anônimos, revoltados com o presente es- tado de colonização econômica do País pelas corporações multinacionais, colaboram, fornecendo documentos e informações, essenciais ao prosseguimento inclusive de outras pesquisas ainda em curso e cujos resultados serão publicados oportunamente. Da metodologia. A fim de reduzir ao mínimo a publicação de erros sempre possíveis, enviei cartas registradas umas, proto- coladas outras, a corporações e diretores de cartéis, colocando à disposição das mesmas para crítica, correção ou complementação os textos documentados ora apresentados. Finalmente, por um dever de lealdade, é preciso frisar que a ajuda de todas essas entidades e pessoas não significa endosso de minhas opiniões. K. R. M. 7 Abreviaturas Usadas ABDIB — Associação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento da Indústria de Base ABINEE — Associação Brasileira da Indústria Elétrica e Eletrônica AEG — Allgemeine Electricitats-besellschalt AEI — Associated Electrical Industries AID — Agência Interamericana de Desenvolvimento ANDA — Associação Nacional para Difusão de Adubos
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