THE GOLDEN AGE OF INDUSTRY

ENGINEERS, MANUFACTURERS AND THEIR PRODUCTS IN VICTORIAN AND EDWARDIAN BRITAIN, 1837–1914

JOHN WALTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

First published in 2013 by INTRODUCTION NEVILL PUBLISHING www.archivingindustry.com/nevillpublishing

with the assistance of This attempt to list the principal manufacturing and distributing businesses The Canadian Museum of Making involved in British industry prior to the First World War centres (currently!) on the many facets of the ‘Golden Age of Engineering’. copyright © John Walter, 2008, 2013 The use of this phrase is highly subjective, of course, as each student of the development of technology will take a particular viewpoint. Many would The right of John Walter to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by champion the era of the Industrial Revolution—misleading term though it him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988. is—and the advent of the steam engine, the first reliable source of motive power to work independently of wind or water. Others, myself included, All rights reserved see the primary catalyst for growth as an improvement in the health of the No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a nation in general (and England in particular) in the middle of the eighteenth retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, century; this not only increased prosperity, but also renewed confidence in photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the future. It created an environment in which technological progress could the author and the publisher. begin, and, indeed, in which fortunes could be made—and lost—with ease. The eighteenth century gave engineering its first great heroes, though the reputations of some of them have been established largely with hindsight. Frontispiece: Thomas Newcomen was soon lost in the shadow of James Watt, though Watt himself may not have found success without the ability of Mathew Boulton to transform his engine into a practicable proposition for large- scale production. Richard Trevithick, that great maverick, is eclipsed by the Stephensons; William Murdock and Matthew Murray are long-forgotten, yet each made immense contributions to indistrial progress. There can be no doubt that, by the middle of the nineteenth century (and the Great Exhibition of 1851), the ready availability of power had greatly increased confidence in technology. However, huge tracts of the world remained untouched by such progress. Even Germany, still a disparate collection of states and principalities, was backward; and the huge distances involved in travel across the U.S.A., where the transcontinental railroad was not completed until 1865, had restricted the growth of manufacturing industry in all but the easternmost states. A major turning-point in the development of industry (and, by extension, PRODUCED IN GREAT BRITAIN of world trade) was the growth of precision engineering, particularly in the

PAGE 5 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN way in which replication was facilitated. During the nineteenth century, production techniques moved from reliance on man-power to an acceptance— by no means universal—that machines could undertake repetitive jobs faster, more efficiently and more accurately than any man. Yet this transition, which was still incomplete in some countries by 1945, depended on many interrelated influences. Not least were the advent of inexpensive self-contained power generators and belated recognition that extra-accurate measurement was essential to large-scale production. Accuracy of measurement, where engineering was concerned, was a nineteenth-century innovation. Henry Maudslay (1771–1831) had built a micrometer-like measuring tool capable of measuring to 1/10,000th of an inch and, by 1856, Joseph Whitworth could demonstrate his ‘Millionth Measuring Machine’. Whitworth also implacably championed the standardisation of screw threads; and the commercial availability of vernier-gauge tools spread knowledge rapidly. Much of the progress is ascribed to the arms industry—in particular, to the American gunmaker Eli Whitney—but other people had already taken considerable strides towards the development of efficient machine-tools, even though commercial success had been limited. An efficient screw- cutting lathe had been made in the eighteenth century only to be met with Above: by the time this advertisement was placed in Cassier’s Magazine, in August 1903, indifference, and even the desirability of standardised screw threads was the lathe had achieved a form that was still readily recognisable fifty years afterwards. deprecated for many years. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, however, turret lathes and effectual universal milling tools were just two of by the zeal with which James Watt tried to keep the existence of his engine the many labour-saving devices that could be obtained. indicator from rival engineers, but in others the brake of progress was simply In Britain, the efforts of Henry Maudslay and his many contemporaries— that the machines had been developed only to answer problems encountered Joseph Clement, James Fox, James Nasmyth, Richards Roberts and Joseph in one particular workshop. Whitworth, for example—helped to advance the design of mechanically- This was soon to change. The Great Exhibition included Sharps rifles and driven tools.[1] Maudslay associated with Samuel Bentham and Marc Brunel Colt revolvers, which were made in the U.S.A. largely by machine, alongside in the design of an automated block-making system for the Royal Navy, the more typical products of the British gunmaking industry—often little which successfully commenced work in Portsmouth Dockyard in 1803. more than craft-based, and greatly reliant on handwork. The exhibits of The younger men, Nasmyth and Whitworth, attained the greatest Robbins & Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont, were particularly interesting to commercial success: the former with his steam-powered hammer, and the the British government, which worried about the perceived inability of British latter with precision measurement and standardised screw-threads. But gunmakers to supply weapons in the quantities being demanded by the their stories were comparatively unusual prior to 1850, as Britons often kept Board of Ordnance: a fear that was wholly justified when war in the Crimea their designs to themselves. In some cases this was a deliberate ploy, typified commenced at the end of 1853. A Royal Commission, including Nasmyth and

1. Joseph Clement (1779–1844), best known for his facing late of 1827, had worked for Maudslay, Sons & Field; James Whitworth, was sent to the U.S.A. to investigate the large-scale manufacture Nasmyth (1808–90) had been Maudslay’s personal assistant, responsible for the development of a nut-milling ma- of military weapons with fully interchangeable parts. A visit to Springfield chine in 1829 and a shaping machine in 1836; Richard Roberts (1789–1864), credited with the introduction of back- gearing on a lathe, had also worked for Maudslay, Sons, & Field; Joseph Whitworth (1803–87) had also worked for Armory, where ‘by the use of machine tools specially designed to execute Maudslay before striking out on his own. Only James Fox (1789–1859) had had no direct connection. with the most unerring precision all the details of muskets and rifles, they

PAGE 6 PAGE 7 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN were enabled to dispense with mere manual dexterity, and produce Arms to and fittings took much longer than had been allowed, and completion of the any amount’, convinced the commissioners that similar facilities should be contract was delayed many times. However, the muskets were all ultimately erected in Britain. The Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield Lock, completed delivered and the idea of series production had taken hold. in 1855, was equipped with a large number of U.S.-made machine-tools. Whitney had been helped by many men, including John Hall and Simeon British commentators, who had written scathingly about machine-made North, and others soon followed his lead. Among those who had been trained guns in general (and Colt in particular), were scandalised. Yet, in truth, the in Whitney’s New Haven Armoury were Horace Smith (of Smith & Wesson) imported machine tools were not only more efficient than anything available and Ira Gray, who, together with his brother Ziba, formed Gray, Silver & in Britain at the time, but were also being sold commercially. One immediate Company in North Chelmsford, Massachusetts, in the early 1830s. The Gray effect of this epiphany was the creation in 1861 of the first large-scale brothers had soon introduced the first milling-machine design to support the mechanised gunmaking business (the Birmingham Small Arms Company), outer end of the spindle. Improved first by employee Frederick Howe (1822– but only a handful of comparable facilities were operating in Britain in 1914. 91) and then by Howe and Elisha Root, later manufacturing superintendent of The rise of the North American machine-tool industry is widely credited Colt’s Patent Fire Arms Mfg Co., the ‘Index Milling Machine’ was to be made to Eli Whitney, who accepted a commission to make large numbers of in quantity by Robbins & Lawrence. When the Robbins & Lawrence business muskets in 1799. The need to make a huge variety of tools, gauges, fixtures failed in 1856, the machine was re-introduced as the ‘Lincoln Miller’ by the George S. Lincoln Company of Hartford, Connecticut. A slightly modified Below: another August 1903 Cassier’s Magazine advertisement, this was comparatively version subsequently laid the foundations for the success of Pratt & Whitney. unusual for its day: a half-tone photograph replaced the more typical line engraving of the In much the same era, just as the American Civil War began in 1861, type shown on the preceding page. Niles, an American toolmaking business, not only had Joseph Brown of J.R. Brown & Sharpe, working in Providence, Rhode Island, an outlet in Britain but also a separately constituted subsidiary in Germany. invented the first universal milling machine. He then developed a formed milling cutter protected by U.S. Patent 45294, granted on 29th November 1864, which finally solved the problem of cutting gears consistently. Joseph Whitworth had patented a gear-cutting machine in England as early as 1835, but the durability of the cutters, and the need to perpetually replace or re-cut them, had been a block to progress. A fully-automatic gear-cutting machine introduced in 1860 by Gage, Warner & Whitney of New Hampshire had also failed to prosper for this reason. An efficient screw-cutting lathe had been made in England by Jesse Ramsden as early as 1788, but, failing to find favour, it had had no commercial success. In 1845, however, Stephen Fitch of Middlefield, Connecticut, faced with the problem of machining screws for a large U.S. Army order for cap- lock pistols, designed the first turret lathe. The turret or tool holder, mounted on a horizontal spindle, could be turned in such a way that several operations on the work-piece could be undertaken sequentially. An improved version, credited to Frederick Howe and Henry Stone, which appeared in 1858 with a vertically-mounted turret, was to be the forerunner of many similar machines. The automatic lathe was developed in the early 1870s, near- simultaneously by the Swiss engineer Jacob Schweizer and the American Christopher Spencer; Schweizer’s machine had a sliding head-stock, whereas

PAGE 8 PAGE 9 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN the Spencer design had a fixed head-stock and what the designer called a ‘Brain Wheel’ to control the individual operations by cams and stops as the wheel revolved. Made initially by the Hartford Machine Screw Company, Spencer’s design was a resounding success commercially. By the end of the nineteenth century, improvements had been extended to planers, owing to the introduction in 1862 of ‘spiral drive’ by William Sellers & Company of Philadelphia, and to precision grinders. Machine-

Below: one of the two three cylinder triple-expansion engines fitted in the British light cruisers Pique, Rainbow and Retribution, built by Palmer’s Shipbuilding & Iron Co. Ltd of Jarrow-on-Tyne in 1891. This engraving shows the starboard engine, which, during the eight-hour trials of Rainbow off Plymouth on 13th May 1892 indicated an average of 3914hp with minimal air-pressure in the stokehold. Engines of this size, before being hidden behind engine-room pipework, had an impressive, almost sculptural presence. Right: part of a triple-expansion engine fitted in the cruiser Powerful, built by the Naval Construction & Armaments Co.Ltd of Barrow-in-Furness and launched in July 1895. Powerful and her Clydebank-built sister Terrible were the first of their type to use Belleville water-tube boilers. Each engine had four cylinders: one high-pressure, one intermediate, and two low-pressure units, all working with a common stroke. Powerful’s two engines indicated 18433hp during a thirty-hour trial in the English Channel on 13th/14th October 1896.

tools had grown to enormous size, typified by a lathe made by the Niles Tool Works of Hamilton. Ohio, in 1893—capable of turning work-pieces 45 feet long, with diameters up to 91in. The advent of efficient machine tools was beneficially accompanied by advances in the generation of power, and among the most important improvements in steam-engine technology was the re-introduction of compounding. An old idea, first tried in the 1780s, it was successfully resurrected once sufficient knowledge of thermodynamics had been gained to allow the underlying principles to be understood. Compounding not only improved performance, but also reduced running costs considerably. One of its most important contributions to industrial development was the introduction of an improved form of marine engine. This freed the dependence of the steamship on supplies of coal which were so great that insufficient ‘paying cargo’ could be carried. Coaling stations were still very necessary—voyages of thousands of miles would often have been impossible without them—but steamships could at last

PAGE 10 PAGE 11 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

indicated about 18,400 horsepower. The main propulsion and 61 auxiliary engines together weighed 867.8 tons, or 1789 tons including the boilers.[2] Though the fivefold reduction in the use of fuel was counterbalanced by stupendous increases in power and the physical size of the engines, range and speed increased commensurately. Phoenix had attained a maximum of only a little over eight knots, whereas some of the torpedo-boat destroyers introduced prior to 1914 exceeded 35 knots during their full-power trials. Similar trends could be discerned in merchant shipping, where multi- stage expansion engines allowed bunkerage to be reduced; this in turn allowed more cargo space, or large numbers of passengers to be carried. The first successful triple-expansion engined ship, Aberdeen, on full-power trial in February 1882, indicated 2631hp at 13.74 knots. Coal consumption was calculated to be only 1.85lb/ihp/hr. Aberdeen duly left for Australia on 1st April 1882 and reached Melbourne 42 days later with only a short stop at Cape Town to replenish bunkers. The overall coal consumption was reckoned to be 1.7lb/ihp/hr—saving five hundred tons compared with a two- stage compound engine of similar power undertaking the same journey. The introduction of the multiple-expansion engine in the 1880s was the Above: HMS New Zealand, eclipsed soon after completion by Dreadnought, was among the single greatest influence on world trade. It assisted the mass-movement last Royal Navy battleships to be propelled by triple-expansion engines. From a painting of people from Europe to the New World and the Antipodes, not only by W. Frederick Mitchell (1840–1914). encouraging the diversification of industry, but also creating the markets that industry would strive to satisfy. The ease with which passenger steamships reach the extremities of the world, and return without battling against the could transport emigrants is well documented. In 1901 alone, the ships unpredictable timescale imposed by winds and tides. of Norddeutscher Lloyd (‘NDL’) transported 23,982 ‘cabin’ and 128,580 Statistics gathered from the performance of British naval vessels make ‘steerage’ passengers from Bremen and the Italian ports to North America; the point clearly. The oldest steamships, such as Phoenix, tested in 1848– cumulative totals for the NDL Atlantic services in 1899–1901 amounted to 9, consumed coal at the hourly rate of 6–8lb per indicated horsepower; 69,531 people in ‘cabin’ and 268,817 in ‘steerage’. The ten largest shipping the ironclad Warrior, driven by a Penn trunk engine, used coal at a rate of companies engaged in the North Atlantic trade in 1901 shipped 92,943 3.75–5lb/ihp/hr when tested in October 1861. Inflexible returned 2.38– ‘cabin’ and 360,219 ‘steerage’ passengers—little wonder, therefore, that the 2.74lb/ihp/hr on trial in November 1878, showing the value of a two-stage population of North America and many British colonies expanded rapidly. compound engine; the triple-expansion or three-stage compound engines of Some people simply sought a better life with more opportunities of success; Sans Pareil (tried in September 1888) gave 1.88–2.6lb/ihp/hr; and triple- some wanted to escape ethnic, political or religious intolerance. Not a few expansion engines of the pre-dreadnought battleship New Zealand, when had fled from famine or the threat of bad harvests. trials were run in March 1905, gave 2.1lb/ihp/hr. One obvious drawback to mass emigration, particularly from the British Boiler pressures had advanced from 6lb/sq.in—barely above atmospheric viewpoint, was the rapid establishment of competition. Many of the advances level—for Phoenix to 210lb/sq.in for New Zealand. The battleship’s two 2. Virtually every ship had auxiliary engines ranging from water-feed pumps and the simple ‘donkey’ employed to engines, made by Humphry’s, Tennant & Company, had four cylinders: high, keep vital services functioning when docked, to the large numbers of engines needed to keep a warship functioning. These could include steam-powered ash ejectors, water-distilling equipment, hoists and ‘barring engines’ used to intermediate, and two low-pressure cylinders fitted in an attempt (largely turn main machinery to the starting positiion. Few of these generated much power, but sixty of them were enough successful) to reduce overall dimensions. On trial, with natural draught, they to contribute many tons to the weight of shipboard machinery.

PAGE 12 PAGE 13 DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

elsewhere soon became critical. It was quicker to ship to Australia and New Zealand from San Francisco than from Britain, even though the Suez Canal shortened the route that had once passed around the Cape of Good Hope. In addition, the emergence as a technological power of Germany, and to a lesser extent France and Belgium, began to erode markets in the Middle East and parts of Africa. Against the backcloth of the Boer War, which did much to foster anti- British feeling in Europe, English-language periodicals and newspapers began a campaign to discredit ‘foreign goods’. The government even investigated the affairs of the railways in Egypt, then nominally a British protectorate, and published a White Paper (Cd. 1010) entitled Correspondence Respecting the Comparative Merits of British, Belgian, and American Locomotives in Egypt. The conclusion, predictably, was that British was best; however, protracted delivery of goods was severely criticised on the grounds that it ‘left the door open’ for foreign competitors. Above: the Webb-type compound locomotives, built in surprisingly large numbers by A letter published in Engineering in 1901, from an engineer describing the London & North Western Railway prior to 1902, never achieved their goals. Badly his experience on the ‘Koyloff, Voroneja, Rostoff railway…worked chiefly proportioned cylinders and quirky design features (e.g., two driven axles without coupling with Belgian-made engines’, expressed the popular view: “I may say at once rods) masked improvements in fuel consumption, and they were either rapidly scrapped that these proved a failure, the cylinders and smokeboxes got slack, the valve or converted to simple expansion by Webb’s successor. motion [was] unsatisfactory, and the material of a poor quality, particularly the boiler plates… About this time our goods traffic was completely blocked, in engineering that occurred in the U.S.A. were due to skilled immigrants from and had it not been for two or three old Neilson engines [made in Glasgow] central Europe, and the emergence of industries in India and Australia, in which worked the traffic from the coal mines to the port, I do not know what particular, began to threaten British trade. By the beginning of the twentieth the consequences would have been… We also had about twenty American century, nearly two hundred cotton mills were operating in British India, engines, which did good work, but gave us a lot of trouble with their boilers, mostly in and around Bombay; daily employment was estimated at 156,000 fireboxes, and water-tube fire-bars, designed for burning anthracite. The men, women and children. Though the first Indian mill had been opened workmanship of these engines was rough in the extreme, the wearing parts only in 1851, capacity had more than tripled in the 1880–1900 period. of the link motion much too light, and too much cast iron was used in their Yet the effects on the exports of the Lancashire cotton industry, faced construction, instead of cast steel. Some Sigl (Vienna) engines we had did with a home-grown competitor operating with far lower costs, were mirrored first-rate work, and their casehardening I have never seen excelled and in India: ‘the export of raw cotton to Japan is now a very important item,’ seldom equalled. noted the same report, ‘with the consequence that the products of the “My next experience was on the Moscow Kursk Railway, where most Japanese mills are rapidly cutting out those of the Indian mills in the Far of the engines were built by Borsig (Berlin); but for heavy work they could Eastern markets…’ not be compared with the Beyer and Peacock engines, employed for the By this time, Canadian railways had grown to a ‘main line’ track-length same service. I ought to say here, however, for the Borsig engines, that of more than eighteen thousand miles, owned by 163 separate operators, and both the material and the workmanship were good, but that the design was had carried almost 37 million tons of freight in the year to 30th June 1901. too scientifically accurate; not a sufficient margin being allowed for wear Canada had never been a strong market for British locomotives, rolling stock and tear… I next moved to the Nicolai railway, where I had a still better or rails—the proximity of the U.S.A. was largely responsible—but the situation opportunity of comparing British, German, American, and French-built

PAGE 14 PAGE 15 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN engines, and I say again…that the British-built engines more than held their own, though the German engines—“Kessler’s”—were much the best I have seen from that country, and came nearest to our own…” It would be fair to say that the British locomotives of the 1870s were often superior to their foreign rivals, but also that the superiority was eroding fast by 1900 and had disappeared by 1914. British locomotives, generally well built, were too often handicapped by aesthetic considerations: they looked good, with complex multi-colour liveries, and were almost always acceptably reliable. But few British railways worried unduly about maintenance prior to 1914, as labour was plentiful and sufficient motive power existed to answer most traffic demands. These conditions were not always paramount elsewhere, where ease of maintenance and sometimes also technical sophistication (especially in France) prevailed. American locomotives often looked ungainly to British eyes, and were rarely designed to have service lives of comparable longevity, but they were simple and easy to maintain. In addition, as long as the purchaser accepted the manufacturer’s standards, locomotives built in the U.S.A. were usually supplied quickly and inexpensively. In 1901, the ten principal British railway-locomotive builders employed nearly fourteen thousand men, and tens of thousands were involved in the Above: despite a calamitous first year of trading, Clayton & Shuttleworth soon rose among ancillary industries or trades. Three of the four largest companies worked in the leading British manufacturers of agricultural machinery and road locomotives. This Glasgow: Neilson, Reid & Co., Dübs & Co., and Sharp, Stewart & Co. But even decorative catalogue dates from the 1920s. Publications of this type are vital sources of these three, when amalgamated in 1903 to form the North British Locomotive information about an individual company and its product range, and may also contain lists Co. Ltd, were unable to compete with the output of North American giants of distributors (for example) which may in turn open new avenues of research. such as Baldwin or the American Locomotive Company (‘Alco’). The three components of NBL had made about 15,437 locomotives prior need of a suitable boiler, perpetual maintenance, mandatory inspection to the 1903 amalgamation; by the time the last order had been completed and insurance. In addition, lavish engine-houses or boiler rooms were in 1958, NBL had made an additional 11,318. Baldwin had made eighteen needed to house engines which had become colossal. The machinery of thousand locomotives by 1900; the 30,000th dated from February 1907, and HMS Dreadnought weighed nearly 1900 tons; engines installed in 1905– the 50,000th from September 1918.[3] 6 by John Musgrave & Sons Ltd of Bolton in the London County Council The introduction of hot-air engines, internal-combustion engines and power station in Greenwich were 47ft 6in high, measured from the bottom electric motors, which all became commercial realities in the years between of the flywheel pit, and about 48 feet long; and each of the four-crank six- the Great Exhibition and the First World War, released some of the shackles cylinder quadruple-expansion engines fitted to the Hamburg-Amerika-Linie imposed by the steam engine. Though by far the largest and most powerful steamship Deutschland (completed in 1900) indicated 36,940hp. power-generator available in 1914, steam engines were hamstrung by the There is little argument that the ease with which the internal-combustion engine could be installed and the rapidity with which it could be started were 3. According to James W. Lowe, British Steam Locomotive Builders (1975); NBL began to number its output from 15723 onward, the discrepancy arising from the provision of stationary boilers, etc, prior to 1903. The figures for major factors in its success, even though power was initially very modest. Baldwin come from Harold Davies, North American Steam Locomotive Builders and Their Insignia (2005). The American Another major attraction, even though accidents occurred with flammable Locomotive Company reached construction number 50000 in the summer of 1910, but had begun from 25000 in recognition that the business was an amalgamation of smaller manufacturers. fuel, was the comparative lack of regulation.

PAGE 16 PAGE 17 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

The use of steam plant had been regulated in Britain by the Boiler Explosions Impressive rises in output also seem to suggest that 1865–1914 was a ‘Golden Acts of 1882 and 1890 (and many subsequent amendments). Insurance Age’. Indeed, in some individual industries, the rates of growth were never and annual inspection had become obligatory, but casualties had remained bettered. The commentators of the day delighted in recording the growth surprisingly constant: the ever-increasing use of steam engines had been of exports; the effects of changes in the prices of raw materials; and the accompanied, unsurprisingly, by a rise in the number of failures. fluctuations of the market for labour at a time when neither workers’ rights The annual report on the workings of the acts showed that 72 explosions nor the effects of industry on its environment merited much thought in the had been investigated in the year ending 30th June 1901. These had caused 33 struggle for industrial primacy. deaths and 60 injuries, and had been contributed by a variety of equipment. Yet, for Britain at least, true supremacy, achieved in the middle of the The greatest number of failures had occurred in steam pipes and valve nineteenth century, was actually very short-lived. Industrial output in the chests, though there hasd been eight locomotive boilers anong the casualties. U.S.A., in particular, rapidly overhauled British efforts. Production of iron The Board of Trade report concluded that the causes were ‘deterioration ore in Britain in 1872 reached 5.9 million tons, compared with only 1.67 or corrosion’(25 cases); ‘defective design or undue working pressure’ (16); million tons in the U.S.A.; by 1900, the figures had risen to 8.82 million tons ‘defective worksmanship, material or construction’ (11); ‘excessive pressure, and 14.8 million tons respectively. In 1901, the Mesaba district of the Lake defective safety vales, or mountings’ (2); ‘improper management by owners’ Superior ore fields alone mined 8,991,278 tons—almost exactly comparable (4); and ‘ignorance or neglect of attendants’ (10). The remaining four were to the entire British output for the same period. attributed to ‘miscellaneous’. The first decade of the twentieth century was also unsettled economically. The preception that manufacturing businesses not only made colossal profits Below: many early internal-combustion engines, regardless of whether they ran on gas, oil but also did so year-after-year is misleading. Some British manufacturers or petrol, followed the familiar lines of a small horizontal steam engine. This advertisement really did make their fortunes, but many others struggled to maintain trade. from the October 1894 US edition of Cassier’s Magazine shows a typical example. Fairbanks- This was usually due to ever-increasing competition, though the Boer (or Morse later became renowned for large-scale diesel engines. Second South African) War of 1899–1902 fostered considerable anti-British feeling in Germany and the Netherlands. At the first annual meeting of the shareholders in Clayton & Shuttleworth Ltd, held in Lincoln on 30th April 1902, the Chairman reported that ‘the results of the [1901] year’s business was a profit of 46,851l. [£46,851]’, but that it was also ‘a keen disappointment and regret that at the termination of the first year in the history of the company he had to put before the proprietors an unwelcome statement, but the difficulties in earning a profitable return had been very great. The business was a fluctuating one, but such a collapse in trade during the past year was never anticipated. The reasons which had combined to produce this result had been acute commercial depression in Europe, disappointing harvests on the Continent and in other parts of the world, a sudden fall in the prices of raw materials in January 1901, and onwards, and the loss of South African trade in consequence of the war… With regard to the future, he did not regard the outlook as very rosy, and he did not think that matters had turned the corner on the Continent, to which the company looked for a large portion of its trade…’ Enthusiasm for expensive international exhibitions—Paris in 1900, Düsseldorf in 1900, St Louis in 1904—was often simply a way of allowing

PAGE 18 PAGE 19 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN governments to advertise their trading positions at the taxpayers’ expense. The reality was that even well-established companies could fail to prosper. Even though the imperative was to expand, this could often seem reckless: for example, the French engineering Compagnie Fives-Lille could report a profit equivalent to £29,375 for the year ending 30th June 1901, but its DIRECTORY Conseil d’Administration was unable to recommend payment of a dividend on the grounds that unresolved litigation could affect long-term business. A claim for £233,263 against the South of Spain Railway Company had been met with a counter-claim for £216,000, and the matter had been submitted Periodicals such as The Engineer and Engineering recorded industrial affairs to arbitation—which, even though reckoned likely to resolve in Fives-Lille in prodigious detail, and left a valuable legacy in the form of advertisements. favour, had yet to complete. The skill of the illustration-engraver had reached its peak by 1914, and the Other disputes involved the Long-Chéou & Tonquin Frontier Railway (in accompanying text often gives a comprehensive description of the output of which the Chinese government had been cited for ‘bad faith’), the Santa Fé each advertiser. The names of inventors and patentees may also be featured, Railway Company, and the San Pedro Alcantara Sugar Company. The editor together with lesser (but sometimes no less important) details of factory of Engineering commented that ‘there was certainly no lack of enterprise’ locations, overseas agencies or telegraph addresses. about the administration of Fives-Lille, but [the company] seems to run The preliminary list that follows has been adapted from a variety of great risks on order to secure business…’ sources, including the classified-advertising supplements for January–June The four years of the First World War did little to change things, excepting 1901 published in Engineering on 19th July 1901. These inserts provide a that the struggle to meet ever-escalating demands for military weapons snapshot of British industry as the Victorian era gave way to a new century, placed great emphasis on quantity at the expense of quality. Technological but are now rarely found; they were almost always discarded before the advances were made, but, in virtually every case, the germ of the idea could issues were bound in half-year volumes, but the index to the advertisers be discerned prior to hostilities. In addition, many a fortune made quickly remains a useful source of information…even if confined to comparatively from arms or munitions dissipated just as rapidly in the post-war economic simple headings. gloom. Yet the war did have important long-term effects. First, the way in which the map of Europe was re-drawn contributed greatly to the inevitability of ABBOT–AVONSIDE the Second World War; secondly, great strides were made in the design of the internal-combustion engine, particularly as a result of aerial use; and, Abbot & Co. (Newark) Ltd; Newark on Trent, Nottinghamshire. A maker of steam boilers thirdly, the employment of large numbers women precluded an easy return (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). to pre-1914 labour affairs. John Abbot & Co. Ltd; Park Works, Gateshead on Tyne, Northumberland. Makers of ships’ The tremendous losses sustained by the merchant marine ensured that anchors; iron and steel bars; steam boilers; brass founders and finishers; iron castings; British trade was not what it had been in the first decade of the twentieth chains and cables; colliery machinery; coppersmiths; creosoting plant and machinery; century, and the loss of trade in turn contributed to a perceptible loss of steam pumping engines; stationary steam engines; steam winding engines; iron and steel influence on the world scene. If there was any major beneficiary of the war, forgings; hydraulic machinery; lifts; pipe-founders; pumps and pumping machinery; iron, it was the U.S.A.—which had inherited the title ‘workshop of the world’ that steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). had once been undeniably British. Joseph Aird; Great Bridge, Staffordshire. A maker of lap-welded pipes, large (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). E.P. Alexander; 36 Southampton Buildings, London WC. Working as a patent agent (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 20 PAGE 21 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Amberg File & Index Company; 27 Little Britain, London EC. Maker of files for correspondence (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). American Blower Company [The]; 70 Gracechurch Street, London EC. Maker of drying apparatus; fans and blowers; feedwater heaters; heating apparatus; machine tools; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). American Bridge Company [The]; 110 Cannon Street, London EC. Maker of bridges; girders; iron buildings; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). American Pulley Company [The]; 29th & Bristol Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Maker of wrought-iron and steel pulleys (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). J.E.H. Andrews & Co. Ltd; Reddish, nr Stockport. Makers of gas engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Geo. Angus & Co. Ltd; St John’s Works, Newcastle upon Tyne. Makers of asbestos goods and fittings; leather, canvas and other types of belting; engine and hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Anti-Attrition Metal Co. Ltd [The]; Emerson Street, Southwark, London SE. Maker of phosphor alloys and similar metals (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). James Archdale & Company; Ledsam Street, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Armstrong, Stevens & Son; Whittall Street, Birmingham. Makers of bolts, nuts, rivets and screws (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Sir William Arrol & Co. Ltd; Dalmarnock Ironworks, Bridgeton, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of Above: an advertisement from the British-market version of Cassier’s Magazine, bridges; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; girders; hydraulic machinery; Library Edition, August 1903. hydraulic presses; riveting machines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Arrol’s Bridge & Roof Co. Ltd; Germiston Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Maker of bridges; Edgar Allen & Co. Ltd; Imperial Steelworks, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of steel castings; files girders; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and rasps (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Joseph Ash & Son; Rea Works, Rea Street South, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of W.H. Allen, Son & Co. Ltd; Queen’s Engineering Work, Bedford. Makers of steam-engine galvanised ironwork; iron buildings; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising condensers; electric-lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos; electrical engineers; supplement, 1900). stationary steam engines; fans and blowers; gas exhausters; ice-making machines; Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. Ltd; Openshaw, Manchester, Lancashire. Maker of centrifugal pumps; pumps and pumping machinery; refrigerating machinery (Engineering bridges; railway carriages; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; girders; advertising supplement, 1900). iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Allen & Barker Ltd; Taunton, Somerset. Oil engines (Engineering advertising supplement, Askham Brothers & Wilson Ltd; Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of steel castings; disintegrators; 1900). gold-crushing and amalgamating machinery; grinding machinery; mining machinery Alley & Maclellan; Sentinel Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of steam boilers; marine (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). steam engines; stationary steam engines; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Atlas Engineering Company [The]; Levenshulme, Manchester, Lancashire. Maker of machine Edward P. Allis Company [The]; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Maker of air compressors; steam tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). blowing engines; steam pumping engines; stationary steam engines; ice-making machines; David Auld & Sons; Whitevale Foundry, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Makers of reducing machinery for corn, flour and rice mills; refrigerating machinery (Engineering advertising valves (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Auto-Machinery Co. Ltd; Coventry, Warwickshire. Maker of ball bearings (Engineering

PAGE 22 PAGE 23 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

advertising supplement, 1900). Bayliss, Jones & Bayliss Ltd; Victoria Works, Wolverhampton. Makers of bolts, nuts, rivets and Aveling & Porter Ltd; Rochester, Kent. Makers of cement-making plant and machinery; steam screws; iron castings; cast- and wrought-iron fencing; lock-nuts and nut-locking appliances traction engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Avonside Engine Company; Bristol. Locomotive steam engines (Engineering advertising William Beardmore & Company; Parkhead Ironworks, Glasgow. Makers of iron and steel supplement, 1900). bars; crankshafts; iron and steel forgings; iron and steel plates (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). J.H. Beardshaw & Son Ltd; Baltic Steel Works, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of saws (Engineering BAGNALL–BUTTERWORTH advertising supplement, 1900). R. Becker & Company; 50A Rivington Street, Great Eastern Street, London EC. Makers of W.G. Bagnall Ltd; Castle Engine Works, Stafford. Maker of locomotive steam engines; electric-lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos; portable forges; machine tools; permanent way; railway and contractors’ plant; light and portable railways (Engineering punching and shearing machines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Bedford Engineering Company [The]; Bedford. Maker of cranes, travellers, winches and J. Bagshaw & Sons Ltd; Batley, Yorkshire. Makers of friction clutches; shaft couplings; cast-iron associated machinery; hoisting machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). pulleys; wrought-iron and steel pulleys; shafting and shaft fittings (Engineering advertising John Bellamy Ltd; Millwall, London E. Maker of steam boilers; iron and steel buoys (Engineering supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Bagshawe & Company; 3 Tower Royal, Cannon Street, London EC. Makers of gearing-chains Belliss & Morcom Ltd; Ledsam Street Works, Birmingham. Makwers of air compressors; air (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). pumps; steam-engine condensers; electric-lighting plant; electrical engineers; air engines; W.H. Bailey & Co. Ltd; Albion Works, Salford, Manchester. Makers of air compressors; boiler steam blowing engines; steam pumping engines; stationary steam engines (Engineering mountings; brass founders and finishers; electric bells and signals; engine and boiler fittings; advertising supplement, 1900). air engines; steam pumping engines; stationary steam engines; feedwater heaters; pressure Bell’s Asbestos Co. Ltd; 59½ Southward Street, London SE. Maker of asbestos goods and gauges; hoisting machinery; hydraulic machinery; hydraulic presses; hydraulic rams; fittings; boiler mountings; brass founders and finishers; disincrustants; engine and boiler steam-engine indicators; injectors; lifts; lightning conductors; mountings for locomotive fittings; hosepipes; indiarubber goods; jointing materials; oils and lubricants; lubricators; engines; lubricators; mining machinery; pulley blocks; centrifugal pumps; colonial pumps; non-conducting compositions; engine and hydraulic packing; paints and varnishes donkey pumps; pumps and pumping machinery; reducing valves (Engineering advertising (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Edward Bennis & Co. Ltd; Lancashire Stoker Works, Bolton, Lancashire. Makers of furnaces Baker Blower Engineering Company; Stanley Works, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Brass founder and and furnace fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). finisher; maker of iron castings; steel castings; cranes, travellers, winches and associated F. Berry & Sons; Calderdale Ironworks, Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire. Makers of machine tools; machinery; steam blowing engines; stationary steam engines; fans and blowers; feedwater punching and shearing machines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). heaters; iron and steel forgings; gas exhausters; gunpowder and guncotton machinery; mill Henry Berry & Co. Ltd; Croydon Works, Hunslet, Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of hydraulic capstans; gearing, shafting and associated machinery; propellers; pumps and pumping machinery cotton presses; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; steam pumping (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). engines; forging plant; hoisting machinery; hydraulic machinery; hydraulic presses; lifts; Baker’s Patent Appliances Co. Ltd; 13 Huntriss Row, Scarborough. Maker of oil extractors machine tools; pumps and pumping machinery; punching and shearing machines; riveting (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). W. Barns & Son; Perforating Works, Chalton Street, London N. Mechanical engravers; makers of Bertrams Ltd; St Katharine’s Works, Sciennes, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Suppliers of oils and lubricants; perforated metals; screens (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machine tools; tools, second-hand (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). F.C. Barron & Co. Ltd; 9 St Mildred’s Court, Poultry, London EC. Cement makers (Engineering Henry Bessemer & Co. Ltd; Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of axles; iron and steel bars; steel advertising supplement, 1900). castings; crank axles; crankshafts; iron and steel forgings; hydraulic presses mill gearing, Barrows & Company; Banbury, Oxfordshire. Makers of portable steam engines (Engineering shafting and associated machinery; shafting and shaft fittings (Engineering advertising advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900).

PAGE 24 PAGE 25 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Best Belting Co. Ltd; 13 Cullum Street, London EC. Maker of leather, canvas and other types machinery; cast-iron pulleys (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). of belting. Bolling & Lowe; Laurence Pountney Hill, London EC. Suppliers of permanent way; rails; railway Bever, Dorling & Co. Ltd; Union Foundry, Dewsbury, Yorkshire. Makers of friction clutches; and contractors’ plant; light and portable railways (Engineering advertising supplement, stationary steam engines; steam winding engines; pumps and pumping machinery 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Joseph Booth & Brothers Ltd; Rodley, Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of cranes, travellers, winches Bickford Burners Company; 1 Bassett Road, Camborne, Cornwall. Maker of furnaces and and associated machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). furnace fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). A. Borsig; Berlin-Tegel, Gerrmany. Maker of locomotive steam engines (Engineering advertising Bifurcated Rivet Co. Ltd; 10 Wool Exchange, London EC. Makers of belt fasteners; bolts, nuts, supplement, 1900). rivets and screws (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Bradbury & Co. Ltd; Wellington Works, Oldham, Lancashire. Makers of machine tools Bignell & Keeler Mfg Co.; Edwardsville, Illinois, USA. Makers of machine tools; screwing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Thomas Bradford & Company; High Holborn, London WC, and Crescent Ironworks, Billington & Newton; Longport, Staffordshire. Makers of asbestos goods and fittings; boiler Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of disinfectors; heating apparatus; laundry machinery mountings; brass founders and finishers; phosphor alloys and similar metals Engineering( (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Bradley Pulverizer Company; 37 Walbrook, London EC. Maker of disintegrators; ore-crushing John Birch & Co. Ltd; 10 & 11 Queen Street Place, London EC. Iron merchants; suppliers of machinery; pulverisers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). permanent way; railway and contractors’ plant; light and portable railways (Engineering Bradley & Craven Ltd; Westgate Common Foundry, Wakefield, Yorkshire. Makers of brick- and advertising supplement, 1900). tile-making machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Birmingham Battery & Metal Company; Birmingham, Warwickshire. Coppersmiths Isaac Braithwaite & Son; Kendal, Westmorland. Makers of engine governors; laundry (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery; wooden pulleys; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising Blackburn, Starling & Co. Ltd; Gresham Works, Nottingham. Makers of electric bells and supplement, 1900). signals; lightning conductors (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Brazil, Holborow & Straker Ltd; Vulcan Ironworks, Bristol, Somerset. Makers of marine Blackwall Galvanized Iron Co. Ltd [The]; Corbet Court, London EC. Maker of galvanised steam engines; stationary steam engines; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering ironwork; iron buildings; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, advertising supplement, 1900). 1900). John A. Bremner & Company; Albert Street, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of oils and Blair, Campbell & McLean; Scotland Street Copper Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Coppersmiths lubricants (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Brewer & Son; 33 Chancery Lane, London WC. Patent agents (Engineering advertising John Blake Ltd; Oxford Street Works, Accrington, Lancashire. Maker of hydraulic rams supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). David Bridge & Company; Engineering Works, Castleton, nr Manchester, Lancashire. Makers Blake & Knowles Steam Pump Works Ltd; 179 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Makers of friction clutches; shaft couplings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). of donkey pumps; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, Hugh L. Bristowe & Co. Ltd; Albany Buildings, 47 Victoria Street, London SW. Makers of filters 1900). and filtering equipment Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). Blumann & Stern Ltd; Plough Bridge Works, Deptford, London SE. Makers of oils and lubricants Britannia Company [The]; Colchester, Essex. Suppliers of machine tools; tools, second-hand (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Robert Boby Ltd; St Andrew’s Works, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. Maker of grain-cleaning British Aluminium Co. Ltd; 9 Victoria Street, Westminster, London SW. Makers of aluminium; machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). phosphor alloys and similar metals (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). William Boby; 16 Union Court, Old Broad Street, London EC. Maker of steam-engine British Insulated Wire Co. Ltd; Prescot, Lancashire. Maker of electric light, telegraph and condensers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). telephone cables; electric-lighting plant (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Bodley Brothers & Company; Exeter. Makers of steam boilers; brass founders and finishers; British Schuckert Electric Co. Ltd; Clun House, Surrey Street, Strand, London WC. Maker of iron castings; mill gearing, shafting and associated machinery; pottery and encaustic tile searchlights (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 26 PAGE 27 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

British Thomson-Houston Co. Ltd; 83 Cannon Street, London EC. Maker of electric-lighting L. Burnet & Company; Govan, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of steam boilers; evaporators; plant; electric motors and dynamos; electrical engineers; incandescence lamps; searchlights feedwater heaters; boats, launches and yachts (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Burnham, Williams & Company; Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. British Westinghouse Electrical & Manufacturing [Co. Ltd]; Norfolk Street, Strand, London Makers of locomotive steam engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). WC. Maker of electric-lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos (Engineering advertising C. Burrell & Sons Ltd; Thetford, Norfolk. Makers of steam boilers; marine steam engines; steam supplement, 1900). traction engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Thomas Broadbent & Sons Ltd; Chapel Hill, Huddersfield, Yorkshire. Makers of cranes, C.W. Burton, Griffiths & Company; 1, 2 & 3 Ludgate Square, Ludgate Hill, London EC. Makers travellers, winches and associated machinery; electrical engineers; hydro-extractors of hoisting machinery; machine tools; pulley blocks (Engineering advertising supplement, (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). 1900). J.W. Brooke & Co. Ltd; Adrian Ironworks, Lowestoft, Suffolk. Makers of friction clutches; lifts J. Butler & Company; Victoria Ironworks, Halifax, Yorkshire. Makers of machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). P. Brotherhood; Belvedere Road, London SE. Maker of air compressors; stationary steam Butters Brothers & Company; 20 Waterloo Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Suppliers of cranes, engines; fans and blowers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). travellers, winches and associated machinery; tools, second-hand (Engineering advertising Broughton Copper Co. Ltd; Manchester, Lancashire. Brass founders and finishers; makers of supplement, 1900). copper ingots, bars and sheets (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Butterworth Brothers Ltd; Newton Heath Glass Works, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of Browett, Lindley & Co. (1889) Ltd; Patricroft, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of gas engines gauge glasses; lubricators (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). John Brown & Co. Ltd; Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of armour plate; axles; boiler furnaces; rolling-stock buffers; steel castings; colliery proprietors; crankshafts; iron and steel forgings; CAIRD–CURTIS furnaces and furnace fittings; guns and gun forgings; pig-iron; iron and steel plates; screw propellers and propeller blades; shafting and shaft fittings; ships (Engineering advertising Caird & Rayner; 777 Commercial Road, London E. Makers of steam-engine condensers; supplement, 1900). water-distilling apparatus; evaporators; feedwater heaters; filters and filtering equipment Brown, Bayley’s Steel Works Ltd; Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of axles; iron and steel bars; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). steel castings; iron and steel forgings; mill gearing, shafting and associated machinery; iron John Cameron; Oldfield Road Ironworks, Salford, Lancashire. Makers of machine tools; donkey and steel plates; rails; railway and contractors’ plant; shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( pumps; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Charles Cammell & Co. Ltd; Cyclops Steel & Iron Works, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of armour Brown Hoisting Machinery Co., Inc.; Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Maker of colliery machinery; plate; steel castings; files and rasps; iron and steel forgings; rails (Engineering advertising conveyors; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; hoisting machinery supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Campbell & Calderwood; Soho Engine Works, Paisley, Renfrewshire. Makers of steam Brymbo Steel Co. Ltd; Wrexham. Makers of iron and steel bars (Engineering advertising boilers; coffee-processing machinery; steam-engine condensers; marine steam engines; supplement, 1900). stationary steam engines; steam winding engines; evaporators; forced-draught apparatus; Buck & Hickman; 2 & 4 Whitechapel Road, London EC. Makers of Machine tools; wooden hydraulic machinery; boats, launches and yachts; centrifugal pumps; pumps and pumping pulleys (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery; rice-dressing machinery; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising William Buckley & Company; Patent Piston Works, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of pistons and supplement, 1900). piston rings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Campbell Gas Engine Co. Ltd; Halifax, Yorkshire. Makers of gas engines; oil engines Bull’s Metal & Melloid Co. Ltd; Leadenhall Chambers, St Mary Axe, London EC. Maker of (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). phosphor alloys and similar metals (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). J.H. Carruthers & Company; Polmadie Iron Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Makers of Burham Brick, Lime & Cement Co. Ltd; 7 Nicholas Lane, London EC. Cement makers pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). James Carter & Sons; Stalybridge, Cheshire. Makers of fuel economisers (Engineering

PAGE 28 PAGE 29 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

(Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Charles Churchill & Co. Ltd; 9-15 Leonard Street, London EC. Makers of fans and blowers; furnaces and furnace fittings; machine tools Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). Clarke, Chapman & Co. Ltd; Gateshead on Tyne, Northumberland. Makers of electric- lighting plant; electrical engineers; stationary steam engines; donkey pumps; searchlights (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). M. Clausen; Copenhagen, Denmark. A manufacturer of lubricators (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Clay Cross Company [The]; Clay Cross, nr Chesterfield, Derbyshire. Maker of bridge-foundation cylinders; iron castings; colliery machinery; colliery proprietor; fuel economisers; mining machinery; pipe-founders; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Clay, Henriques & Co. Ltd; Dewsbury, Yorkshire. Makers of stationary steam engines; hydrants; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Clayton Engineering & Electrical Construction Co. Ltd; Newton, Hyde, nr Manchester. Makers of electric-lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos; electrical engineers; stationary steam engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Clayton, Son & Co. Ltd; City Boiler Works, Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of steam boilers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Clayton & Shuttleworth Ltd; Lincoln. Makers of agricultural machinery; gas engines; oil engines; portable steam engines; stationary steam engines; steam traction engines; machinery for corn, flour and rice mills; centrifugal pumps (Engineering advertising Above: an advertisement from the British-market version of Cassier’s Magazine, supplement, 1900). Library Edition, August 1903. Cleveland Machine Screw Company [The]; 203A Chapel Street, Salford, Lancashire. Maker of machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Clifton & Waddell; Johnstone, Renfrewshire, Scotland. Maker of machine tools (Engineering Carter & Wright; Hexagon Ironworks, Halifax, Yorkshire. Makers of power hammers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Clyde Structural Iron Co. Ltd; Clydeside Ironworks, Scotstoun, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Maker Central Marine Engine Works; West Hartlepool. Makers of steam boilers (Engineering of bridges; girders; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Coalbookdale Co. Ltd [The]; Coalbrookdale, RSO, Shropshire. Maker of steam pumping Alex. Chaplin & Company; Govan, Glasgow. Makers of steam boilers; cranes, travellers, winches engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and associated machinery; water-distilling apparatus; marine steam engines; stationary Cochran & Co. (Annan) Ltd; Annan. Makers of steam boilers; marine steam engines; boats, steam engines; steam winding engines; excavators; hoisting machinery; boats, launches launches and yachts (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and yachts; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). John Cochrane; Barrhead, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Maker of cranes, travellers, winches and Chapman & Hall; 11 Henrietta Street, London WC. Scientific and engineering publishers associated machinery; stationary steam engines; donkey pumps; pumps and pumping (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Thomas Chatwin; Great Tindall Street, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of screwing Coghlan Steel & Iron Co. Ltd; Hunslet Forge, Leeds, Yorkshire. Maker of iron and steel bars; iron machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and steel forgings; iron and steel plates; shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising John Cherry & Sons; Pump Works, Beverley, Yorkshire. Makers of centrifugal pumps supplement, 1900).

PAGE 30 PAGE 31 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

H.J. Coles; London Crane Works, Derby. Maker of air compressors; cotton presses; cranes, way; rails (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). travellers, winches and associated machinery; dredging machinery and equipment; Conveyor & Elevator Company [The]; Accrington, Lancashire. Maker of conveyors; elevators elevators for grain, coal and similar material; stationary steam engines; excavators; hoisting for grain, coal and similar material (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery; hydraulic machinery; hydraulic presses; lifts; mining machinery; oil-mill Robert J. Cook & Hammond; 2 & 3 Tothill Street, Westminster, London SW. A drawing and machinery; plummer blocks; donkey pumps; pumps and pumping machinery; rock drills; tracing agency; lithography (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). Copley, Turner & Co. Ltd; Middlesbrough. Makers of piles and pile-shoes (Engineering H. Coltman & Sons; Midland Ironworks, Loughborough, Leicestershire. Makers of steam advertising supplement, 1900). boilers; iron castings; stationary steam engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Cowans, Sheldon & Co. Ltd; Carlisle. Makers of cranes, travellers, winches and associated David Colville & Sons Ltd; Motherwell, nr Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of iron and steel bars; machinery; creosoting plant and machinery; hydraulic machinery (Engineering advertising iron and steel plates (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Combination Metallic Packing Co. Ltd [The]; Hillgate, Gateshead-upon-Tyne, A.F. Craig & Co. Ltd; Paisley, Renfrewshire. Makers of air compressors; steam boilers; iron Northumberland. Makers of engine- and hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising castings; cloth-finishing machinery; steam-engine condensers; stationary steam engines; supplement, 1900). girders; hoisting machinery; hydraulic machinery; looms; iron, steel and zinc roofs; shafting Consolidated Engineering Company Ltd [The]; Slough, Berkshire. Maker of friction clutches; and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). iron and steel forgings; oil-gas plant and equipment (Engineering advertising supplement, Craig & Donald Ltd; Johnstone, nr Glasgow, Scotland. Makers of plant and machinery for iron- 1900). and steel-works; machine tools; punching and shearing machines (Engineering advertising Continuous Rail Joint Company [The]; 26 Victoria Street, London SW. Maker of permanent supplement, 1900). Creswell’s Asbestos Co. Ltd; Wellington Mills, Bradford, Yorkshire. Makers of asbestos goods Below: the impressive-looking ‘Twin Sixteen Horse-Power Gas Engine. Constructed and fittings; belt dressings; disincrustants; jointing materials; non-conducting compositions by Messrs. Crossley Brothers, Limited, Engineers, Manchester’. From a line engraving (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). published in Engineering on 22nd February 1889. S.T. Croasdell; Workington, Cumberland. A supplier of tools, second-hand (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Croft & Perkins; Thornbury Road, Bradford, Yorkshire. Makers of friction clutches; shaft couplings; cast-iron pulleys; wrought-iron and steel pulleys; shafting and shaft fittings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Crompton & Co. Ltd; Mansion House Buildings, London EC. Makers of electric-lighting plant; electrical engineers; heating apparatus (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Crosby Steam Gage & Valve Company; 147 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Makers of boiler mountings; brass founders and finishers; steam-engine indicators; lubricators Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). Crosier, Stephens & Company; 2 Collingwood Street, Newcastle upon Tyne. Suppliers of aluminium; consulting and inspecting engineers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Crossley Brothers Ltd; Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of gas engines; oil engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Crow, Harvey & Company; Park Grove Ironworks, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of stationary steam engines; filters and filtering equipment; hydraulic machinery; plant and machinery for iron- and steel-works; machine tools; pumps and pumping machinery; riveting machines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 32 PAGE 33 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Henry Crowther; The Rolling Mills, Cleckheaton, Yorkshire. Maker of wrought-iron and steel Delta Metal Co. Ltd; 110 Cannon Street, London EC. Makers of phosphor alloys and similar pulleys; shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). metals (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Cruikshank & Fairweather; 62 St Vincent Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Patent Dempster, Moore & Company; 49 Robertson Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of chains agents (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and cables; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; engine and boiler fittings; D.M. Cumming; Blackhill Shipyard, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of boats, launches and stationary steam engines; injectors; lifting jacks; machine tools; pumps and pumping yachts; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). R. Cundall & Sons Ltd; Shipley, Yorkshire. Makers of oil engines (Engineering advertising W.F. Dennis & Company; 23 Billiter Street, London EC. Makers of electric cables; indiarubber supplement, 1900). goods (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Curtis & Curtis Company [The]; 10 Garden Street, Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA. Makers of Dennystown Forge Company; Dumbarton, Scotland. Makers of crankshafts; iron and steel machine tools; screwing machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). forgings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Detombay, Delange et Cie; Hoboken, nr Antwerp, Belgium. Makers of cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; dredging machinery and equipment; gas holders; DALGLISH–DÜSSELDORF plant and machinery for iron- and steel-works; centrifugal pumps (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). A. & W. Dalglish; West of Scotland Boiler Works, Pollokshaws, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of Deutsche Niles-Werkzeug-Maschinenfabrik; Ober-Schönweide, nr Berlin, Germany. Maker steam boilers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). of machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Darlington Forge Co. Ltd; Darlington, Yorkshire. Maker of iron castings; steel castings; iron Dexter & Company; High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. Maker of machine tools (Engineering and steel forgings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Davey, Paxman & Co. Ltd; Colchester, Essex. Makers of agricultural machinery; air compressors; R. & J. Dick; Greenhead Works, Glasgow. Makers of leather, canvas and other types of belting steam boilers; water-tube boilers; steam-engine condensers; portable steam engines; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). steam pumping engines; stationary steam engines; steam winding engines; gold-crushing Dick, Kerr & Co. Ltd; 110 Cannon Street, London EC. Makers of gas engines; locomotive and amalgamating machinery; hoisting machinery; consulting mechanical engineers; steam engines; permanent way; railway and contractors’ plant; light and portable railways mining machinery; ore-crushing machinery; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Dickson Locomotive Works; Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA. Maker of locomotive steam Davidson & Co. Ltd; Sirocco Engineering Works, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Makers of fans and engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). blowers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Joseph Dixon Crucible Company; 28 Victoria Street, London SW. Maker of lubricating W.J. Davies & Sons; 109 Weston Street, London SE. Makers of emery and emery cloth graphite; oils and lubricants (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Alfred Dodman Ltd; Highgate Works, King’s Lynn, Norfolk. Maker of steam boilers; marine Davis & Primrose; Etna Ironworks, Bangor Road, Leith, Scotland. Makers of machine tools steam engines; stationary steam engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). James T. Donald & Co. Ltd; 345 Argyle Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Makers of fans Day, Summers & Co. Ltd; Northam Ironworks, Southampton, Hampshire. Makers of steam and blowers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). boilers; marine steam engines; boats, launches and yachts; sheerlegs; ships (Engineering B. Donkin & Clench Ltd; Southwark Park Road, London SE. Makers of boiler furnaces; stationary advertising supplement, 1900). steam engines; exhausters; fans and blowers; gas exhausters; propellers, air (Engineering De Bergue & Co. Ltd; Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of bridges; machine tools; girders; advertising supplement, 1900). punching and shearing machines; rail lifters; riveting machines; iron, steel and zinc roofs Dorman, Long & Co. Ltd; 19 Victoria Street, Westminster, London SW. Makers of girders; Iron (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). merchants (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Deighton’s Patent Flue & Tube Co. Ltd; Vulcan Works, Pepper Road, Leeds, Yorkshire. Maker of Dorman & Smith; Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of electric-lighting plant; electrical furnaces and furnace fittings; lap-welded pipes, large (Engineering advertising supplement, engineers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). 1900). Douglas & Grant; Dunnikier Foundry, Kirkaldy, Fife, Scotland. Makers of stationary steam

PAGE 34 PAGE 35 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

engines; paper-making machinery; refrigerating machinery; rice-dressing machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Edwards Air Pump Syndicate Ltd; 3 & 5 Crown Court, Old Broad Street, London EC. Maker of Douglas, Lawson & Company; Birstall, nr Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of wrought-iron and steel air pumps (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). pulleys (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Electric Construction Co. Ltd; Wolverhampton, Staffordshire. Maker of electric-lighting plant; Doulton & Co. Ltd; Lambeth Road, London SE. Makers of crucibles; drain- and stoneware electrical engineers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). pipes; sanitary appliances (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Electrical Co. Ltd [The]; 122 & 124 Charing Cross Road, London WC. Maker of electric-lighting Dowson Economic Gas & Power Co. Ltd; 39 Victoria Street, Westminster, London SW. Makers plant; electric motors and dynamos (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). of gas producers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Electrical Power Storage Co. Ltd [The]; 4 Great Winchester Street, London EC. Maker of Drysdale & Company; Bon Accord Engineering Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of bread- electric-lighting plant; electrical engineers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). making machinery; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; stationary steam Electromotors Ltd; Manchester, Lancashire. Maker of electric motors and dynamos engines; fans and blowers; hoisting machinery; hydraulic machinery; hydraulic presses; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). leatherworking machinery; lifts; centrifugal pumps; pumps and pumping machinery; W.T. Ellison & Co. Ltd; Irlams-o’-th’-Height, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of donkey pumps; riveting machines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Dudbridge Iron Works Ltd; Dudbridge, nr Stroud, Gloucestershire. Makers of gas engines; oil Empire Roller Bearings; 1 Delahay Street, Westminster, London SW. Maker of roller bearings engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Duncan, Watson & Company; Dashwood House, New Broad Street, London EC. Suppliers of Energising Momentum Engine Company [The]; 130 Westminster Bridge Road, London SE. oils and lubricants (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Maker of stationary steam engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Düsseldorf-Ratinger Röhrenkesselfabrik; Ratingen, nr Düsseldorf, Germany. Maker of Engelbert & Company; 44-47 Bishopsgate Without, London EC. Makers of oils and lubricants steam boilers; feedwater heaters (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). D. Llewellin Evans; 120 Bute Street, Cardiff, Wales. Maker of steam boilers; colliery machinery; steam winding engines; explosives; fans and blowers; permanent way; rails (Engineering EAST–EYRE advertising supplement, 1900). Evans & Son; 32 North Street, Poplar, London E. Makers of marine steam engines (Engineering East Ferry Road Engineering Works Co. Ltd; Millwall, London E. Maker of cranes, travellers, advertising supplement, 1900). winches and associated machinery; elevators for grain, coal and similar material; hydraulic Eyre & Spottiswoode; Great New Street, London EC. Suppliers of drawing instruments; ink machinery; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Easton & Co. Ltd; Erith Ironworks, Erith, Kent. Makers of cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; electric motors and dynamos; gas engines; stationary steam engines; lifts; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). FAHIE–FULLER Ebbw Vale Steel, Iron & Coal Co. Ltd; Monmouthshire, South Wales. Makes of iron and steel bars; colliery proprietor; pig-iron; rails; railway sleepers (Engineering advertising supplement, J.K. Fahie & Son; 9 Westland Row, Dublin, Ireland. Patent agents (Engineering advertising 1900). supplement, 1900). A. Edmeston & Sons; Cannon Street Works, Salford, Lancashire. Makers of bleaching Fairbanks Company; 16 Great Eastern Street, London EC. Maker of fans and blowers; portable machinery; friction clutches; pistons and piston rings (Engineering advertising supplement, forges; injectors; machine tools; pipe-screwing and cutting machinery; screwing machinery 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Edson Manufacturing Company [The]; 132 Commercial Street, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. James Fairley & Sons; Shadwell Street, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of steel castings; Maker of pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). iron and steel forgings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Edwards & Co. Ltd; Millwall, London E. Makers of dredging machinery and equipment; Farnley Iron Co. Ltd; Leeds, Yorkshire. Maker of corrugated boiler furnaces; furnaces and marine steam engines; girders; boats, launches and yachts; iron, steel and zinc roofs; ships furnace fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 36 PAGE 37 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Fielding & Platt Ltd; Gloucester. Makers of hydraulic capstans; cranes, travellers, winches John Fraser & Son; Millwall Boiler Works, London E. Makers of steam boilers; steam-engine and associated machinery; gas engines; oil engines; steam pumping engines; forging condensers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery; forging plant; gas-works plant; hoisting machinery; hydraulic machinery W.J. Fraser & Company; 98 Commercial Road East, London E. Makers of heating apparatus (Engineering advertising, 1901, “Tweddell’s System”); hydraulic presses; plant and machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). for iron- and steel-works; lifts; machine tools; punching and shearing machines; rail benders; Fraser & Chalmers Ltd; 43 Threadneedle Street, London EC. Makers of air compressors; steam riveting machines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). boilers; steam-engine condensers; disintegrators; steam pumping engines; stationary steam Alexander Findlay & Co. Ltd; Motherwell, Lanarkshire. Makers of bridges; girders; iron, steel engines; steam winding engines; feedwater heaters; gold-crushing and amalgamating and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery; hoisting machinery; mining machinery; ore-crushing machinery; pulverisers; Thomas Firth & Sons Ltd; Norfolk Works, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of axles; steel castings; pumps and pumping machinery; rock drills (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). files and rasps; iron and steel forgings; saws Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). Frictionless Engine Packing Co. Ltd [The]; Hendham Vale Works, Harpurbey, Manchester, Fleming, Birkby & Goodall Ltd; Clifton Bridge Mill, Brighouse, Yorkshire, and West Grove Lancashire. Makers of engine and hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising supplement, Mill, Halifax, Yorkshire. Makers of ‘oilless carbonated bearings’ (Engineering advertising, 1900). Brighouse, 1901); leather, canvas and other types of belting (Engineering advertising, West Fuller, Horsey, Sons & Cassell; 11 Billiter Square, London EC. Dealers and auctioneers of Grove, 1901). machinery and equipment (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Fleming & Ferguson; Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland. Makers of dredging machinery and equipment; marine steam engines; steam pumping engines; excavators; boats, launches and yachts; pumps and pumping machinery; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, GALLOWAY–GWYNNE 1900). John Fletcher & Sons; Eagle Foundry, Salford, Manchester. Makers of mortar mills; cast-iron Galloways Ltd; Manchester. Maker of boiler manholes; steam boilers; bolts, nuts, rivets and pulleys; wrought-iron and steel pulleys (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). screws; engine and boiler fittings; blowing engines; stationary steam engines; furnaces and R.G. Foot & Company; 134 Southwark Street, London SE. Supplier of tools, second-hand furnace fittings; plant and machinery for iron- and steel-works; machine tools(Engineering (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). H. Fordsmith; Hadfield Street Works, Cornbrook, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of keys, Gandy’s Belt Mfg Co. Ltd; Wheatland Works, Seacombe, Cheshire. Maker of leather, canvas cotters and pins (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and other types of belting; wooden pulleys (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Forrestt & Son Ltd; 101 Leadenhall Street, London EC. Makers of boats, launches and yachts; L. Gardner & Sons Ltd; Patricroft, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of gas engines; oil engines ships (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). W. Foster & Co. Ltd; Lincoln. Makers of agricultural machinery; steam boilers; portable Gardner Pumping Engine Company [The]; 1 Leadenhall Street, London EC. Maker of donkey steam engines; stationary steam engines; steam traction engines (Engineering advertising pumps (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). R. Garrett & Sons Ltd; Leiston Works, Suffolk Engineering ( advertising supplement, 1900). J. Fowler & Co. (Leeds) Ltd; Leeds. Makers of agricultural machinery; steam boilers; electric- Makers of agricultural machinery; steam boilers; portable steam engines; stationary steam lighting plant; locomotive steam engines; stationary steam engines; steam traction engines; engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). mining machinery; railway and contractors’ plant; light and portable railways (Engineering Geck Brothers; Altena, Westfalen, Germany. Makers of draw-benches for wire and special advertising supplement, 1900). sections (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Samuel Fox & Co. Ltd; Stockbridge Works, nr Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of axles; rails C. Otto Gehrckens; Grosse Reichenstrasse 53-67, Hamburg, Germany. Maker of leather, canvas (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and other types of belting (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). France & Morgan; Whitefield Brass Works, Govan, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of boiler R.C. Gibbins & Company; Berkley Street, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of railway rolling- mountings; brass founders and finishers Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). stock couplings; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; hoisting machinery; Douglas Fraser & Sons; Arbroath, Scotland. Makers of cast-iron pulleys; wrought-iron and lifting jacks; lifts; piledrivers; pulley blocks; rail benders; rail lifters; railway and contractors’ steel pulleys (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). plant (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 38 PAGE 39 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Glacier Anti-Friction Metal Co. Ltd [The]; 91 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Maker of filters and filtering equipment; forging machinery; forging plant; gunmaking machinery; phosphor alloys and similar metals (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). power hammers; hydraulic machinery; hydraulic presses; machine tools; mill gearing, Glasgow Iron & Steel Co. Ltd; 19 Waterloo Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Maker of iron and steel shafting and associated machinery; mills for paint, oil, mortar and associated products; bars; colliery proprietor; pig-iron; iron and steel plates (Engineering advertising supplement, mint machinery; oil filters; oil-mill machinery; printing machinery; pumps and pumping 1900). machinery; punching and shearing machines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Glenboig Union Fire Clay Company; 48 West Regent Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Gresham & Craven Ltd; Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of injectors (Engineering advertising Brickmaking (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Glenfield & Kennedy Ltd; Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland. Makers of steam pumping engines; William Grice & Sons Ltd; Fazeley Stret, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of gas engines hydrants; hydraulic machinery; pumps and pumping machinery; sanitary appliances (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). John Grieve & Company; Motherwell, Lanarkshire. Makers of cranes, travellers, winches and M. Glover & Company; Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of saw-guards (Engineering advertising associated machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Charles Griffin & Company; Exeter Street, Strand, London WC. Scientific and engineering W.T. Glover & Co. Ltd; Trafford Park, Manchester. Makers of electric light, telegraph and publishers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). telephone cables (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Griffin Engineering Company; Bath, Somerset. Makers of gas engines; oil engines (Engineering T. Goldsworthy & Sons; Hulme, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of emery and emery cloth advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Grover & Co. Ltd; Britannia Works, Wharf Road, London N. Makers of glass and glazing; lock- J.T. Goodwin & Co. Ltd; Renfrew, nr Glasgow. Makers of iron castings; malleable iron castings; nuts and nut-locking appliances (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). steel castings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Guilbert-Martin; 9 Edmond Place, Aldersgate, London EC. Makers of gauge glasses Grafton & Company; Bedford. Makers of cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). W. Günther & Sons; Central Works, Oldham, Lancashire. Makers of fans and blowers; centrifugal Graham, Morton & Co. Ltd; Black Bull Street, Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of conveyors; elevators pumps (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). for grain, coal and similar material (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). J. & H. Gwynne Ltd; 81 Cannon Street, London EC. Makers of suction dredgers; dredging W.A. Granger; Brooke Road, Stoke Newington, London N. Maker of fans and blowers; forced- machinery and equipment; centrifugal pumps; pumps and pumping machinery draught apparatus; furnaces and furnace fittings (Engineering advertising supplement, (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). 1900). Gwynne & Company; Brook Street Works, Holborn, London EC. Makers of steam blowing Grantham Crank & Iron Co. Ltd; Grantham, Lincolnshire. Maker of steam boilers; stationary engines; steam pumping engines; stationary steam engines; gas exhausters; centrifugal steam engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). pumps; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Greaves, Bull & Lakin Ltd; Harbury, Leamington, Warwickshire. Makers of cement (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Thomas Green & Son Ltd; Smithfield Ironworks, Leeds, Yorkshire, and Surrey Works, Blackfriars HADFIELD–HYDRAULIC Road, London SE. Makers of steam boilers; steam-engine condensers; locomotive steam engines; steam road-rollers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Hadfield’s Steel Foundry Co. Ltd; Hecla Works, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Maker of axles; iron and Green & Boulding; 105 Bunhill Row, London EC. Makers of boiler mountings; petroleum steel bars; malleable iron castings; steel castings; colliery machinery; crank axles; crankshafts; boilers; engine and boiler fittings; combination feed-check valves; injectors; metallic dredging machinery and equipment; files and rasps; iron and steel forgings; grinding packing; engine and hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery; hydraulic presses; manganese-steel castings and forgings; mill gearing, shafting Greenwood & Batley Ltd; Albion Works, Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of nut-and-bolt making and associated machinery; mining machinery; ore-crushing machinery; picks, shovels and machinery; cartridge-making machinery; conveyors; cotton presses; disintegrators; electric- spades; railway and contractors’ plant; screw propellers and propeller blades; shafting and lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos; electrical engineers; elevators for grain, coal shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). and similar material; emery grinding machinery; emery wheels; stationary steam engines; Hagans Locomotive Works; Erfurt, Germany. makers of locomotive steam engines

PAGE 40 PAGE 41 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

(Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). W.B. Haigh & Co. Ltd; Globe Ironworks, Oldham, Lancashire. Makers of oil extractors (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). J. Halden & Company; 8 Albert Square, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of drawing and tracing agency; surveying instruments; photographic materials and appliances for printing and copying (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). J. & E. Hall Ltd; Dartford Ironworks, Kent. Makers of gunpowder and guncotton machinery; ice-making machines; lifts; refrigerating machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). J.P. Hall & Company; Oldham, Lancashire. Makers of electric-lighting plant; electrical engineers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). J.P. Hall & Sons Ltd; Peterborough. Makers of donkey pumps (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Hancock Inspirator Company [The]; Old Swan Wharf, London Bridge, London EC. Makers of injectors (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Andrew Handyside & Co. Ltd; Britannia Ironworks, Derby. Makers of bridges; iron castings; malleable iron castings; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Hanna, Donald & Wilson; Paisley, Renfrewshire. Makers of steam boilers; bridge-foundation cylinders; bridges; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; dredging machinery and equipment; marine steam engines; gas-works plant; boats, launches and yachts; pumps and pumping machinery; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising Above: an advertisement from the British-market version of Cassier’s Magazine, supplement, 1900). Library Edition, August 1903. Hannan & Buchanan; 75 Robertson Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Makers of steam- engine indicators (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Hathorn, Davey & Company; Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of air compressors; colliery Hardy Patent Pick Co. Ltd; Sheffield, Yorkshire. Maker of disintegrators; grinding machinery; machinery; steam pumping engines; stationary steam engines; hydraulic machinery; pulverisers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). mining machinery; centrifugal pumps; donkey pumps; pumps and pumping machinery Anthony Harris; 73 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Maker of piles and pile-shoes (Engineering (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Hatley Engine Company [The]; Fairweather Green Works, Bradford, Yorkshire. Maker of Harris & Mills; 23 Southampton Buildings, London WC. Patent agents (Engineering advertising stationary steam engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Haughton’s Patent Metallic Packing Company; 6 Lombard Court, London EC. Maker of Harrison & Robb; 21 Scale Lane, Hull, Yorkshire. Dealers and auctioneers of machinery and boiler mountings; metallic packing; engine and hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising equipment (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Hartley & Sugden Ltd; Halifax, Yorkshire. Makers of steam boilers (Engineering advertising R. & W. Hawthorn, Leslie & Co. Ltd; Newcastle upon Tyne. Makers of steam boilers; locomotive supplement, 1900). steam engines; marine steam engines; iron and steel forgings; mill gearing, shafting and Wilson Hartnell [& Company]; Volt Works, Kirkstall Road, Leeds, Yorkshire. Maker of electric- associated machinery. lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos; electrical engineers; engine governors Edward Hayes; Stony Stratford, [and?] Wolverton. Maker of steam boilers; marine steam (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). engines; boats, launches and yachts; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Haslam Foundry & Engineering Co. Ltd; Union Foundry, Derby. Maker of refrigerating E. & W.H. Hayley; Bradford, Yorkshire. Makers of iron castings; pipe-founders (Engineering machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 42 PAGE 43 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Hayward-Tyler & Company; 90 & 92 Whitecross Street, London EC. Maker of bread-making R. Hornsby & Sons Ltd; Grantham, Lincolnshire. Makers of agricultural machinery; steam machinery; cotton presses; electric-lighting plant; electrical engineers; air engines; boilers; water-tube boilers; colliery machinery; oil engines; portable steam engines; stationary steam engines; hydraulic presses; mining machinery; colonial pumps; pumps stationary steam engines; steam traction engines; mining machinery; ore-crushing and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Joshua Heap & Co. Ltd; Ashton-under-Lyne. Makers of machine tools; pipe-screwing and Horsfall Destructor Co. Ltd; 5 Greek Street, Leeds. Maker of destructors and incinerators; cutting machinery; screwing machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). furnaces and furnace fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). Heenan & Froude; Newton Heath ironworks, Newton Heath, nr Manchester, Lancashire. J. & R. Houston; Greenock, Scotland. Makers of filters and filtering equipment (Engineering Makers of bridges; stationary steam engines; fans and blowers; girders; iron buildings; advertising supplement, 1900). centrifugal pumps; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Howell & Co. Ltd; Brook Steel Works, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Maker of lap-welded pipes, large Hemingways Ltd; Haverton Hill, nr Middlesbrough. Maker of bridges; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Hoyt Metal of Great Britain Company [The]; 26 Billiter Street, London EC. Maker of phosphor Henderson & Glass; Liverpool, Lancashire. Iron merchants (Engineering advertising alloys and similar metals (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Hudswell, Clarke & Co. Ltd; Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of locomotive steam engines; wrought- Hendy Machine Company [The]; Torrington, Connecticut, USA. Maker of machine tools iron and steel pulleys; shafting and shaft fittings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Hughes & Lancaster; 47 Victoria Street, Westminster, London SW. Makers of air compressors; Henschel & Sohn; Cassel, Germany. Makers of steam boilers; locomotive steam engines; pumps and pumping machinery; sanitary appliances (Engineering advertising supplement, stationary steam engines; nut-making machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). 1900). Hulburd Engineering Company; 150 Leadenhall Street, London EC. Maker of pressure gauges; Alfred Herbert Ltd; Coventry, Warwickshire. Maker of iron castings; machine tools (Engineering jointing materials; lubricators; metallic packing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Hulse & Company; Ordsal Works, Salford, Manchester. Makers of machine tools (Engineering John Hetherington & Sons; Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Humboldt Engineering Works Company; Kalk, nr Cologne, Germany. Maker of air S.H. Heywood; Manchester, Lancashire. Maker of electric switches (Engineering advertising compressors; steam boilers; coal washing and screening plant; colliery machinery; supplement, 1900). stationary steam engines; fans and blowers; mining machinery; ore-crushing machinery Isaac Hill & Son; St George’s Engineering Works, Wood’s Lane, Derby. Makers of machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Hunslet Engine Company; Leeds, Yorkshire. Maker of locomotive steam engines (Engineering E.S. Hindley; Bourton, Dorset. Maker of portable steam engines; stationary steam engines advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). R. Hunt & Co. Ltd; Atlas Works, Earls Colne, Essex. Makers of plummer blocks; cast-iron pulleys; Hobdell, Way & Co. Ltd; 1 & 2 Rangoon Street, Crutched Friars, London EC. Makers of jointing shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). materials (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Hunt & Mitton; Oozells Street North, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of lubricators Hodges & Company; Cazenove Engineering Works, Dunstable, Bedfordshire. Makers of fans (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and blowers; donkey pumps; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising Hunter & English; Bow, London E. Brass founders and finishers; makers of brewery plant and supplement, 1900). machinery; iron castings; distillery plant; dredging machinery and equipment; marine Holden & Brooke Ltd; Sirius Works, West Gorton, Manchester. Makers of injectors (Engineering steam engines; stationary steam engines; hoisting machinery; lifts; machinery for corn, advertising supplement, 1900). flour and rice mills; pumps and pumping machinery; rice-dressing machinery Engineering( J.H. Holmes & Company; Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland. Makers of electric-lighting advertising supplement, 1900). plant; electric motors and dynamos (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Hurst, Nelson & Co. Ltd; Glasgow Rolling Stock & Plant Works, Motherwell, Lanarkshire. Makers John Holroyd & Co. Ltd; Perseverance Works, Milnrow, nr Rochdale, Lancashire. Makers of of railway carriages; iron and steel forgings; railway and contractors’ plant (Engineering machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 44 PAGE 45 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Hyde Windlass Company; Bath, Maine, USA. Maker of hydraulic capstans (Engineering Jenkins Brothers; 71 John Street, New York City, USA. Makers of jointing materials; engine and advertising supplement, 1900). hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Hydraulic Engineering Co. Ltd; Chester. Maker of fire-extinguishing apparatus; injectors Jensen & Son; 77 Chancery Lane, London WC. Patent agents (Engineering advertising (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Wm. Jessop & Sons Ltd; Brightside Works, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of ships’ anchors; axles; iron and steel bars; steel castings; colliery machinery; crank axles; crankshafts; files and INDIA–ISLES rasps; iron and steel forgings; grinding machinery; mill gearing, shafting and associated machinery; milling cutters and cutter blanks; mining machinery; ore-crushing machinery; India Rubber, Gutta Percha & Telegraph Works Co. Ltd; Silvertown, Essex. Maker of iron and steel plates; screw propellers and propeller blades; shafting and shaft fittings leather, canvas and other types of belting; ebonite; electric cables; electric-lighting plant; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). electric motors and dynamos; electrical engineers; girders; indiarubber goods (Engineering Jessop & Appleby Brothers (Leicester & London) Ltd; Leicester, London. Makers of air advertising supplement, 1900). compressors; steam boilers; concrete mixers; steam-engine condensers; cranes, travellers, International Pneumatic Tool Company [The]; Palace Chambers, 9 Bridge Street, Westminster, winches and associated machinery; dredging machinery and equipment; locomotive steam London SW. Maker of machine tools; pneumatic tools (Engineering advertising supplement, engines; steam pumping engines; stationary steam engines; steam winding engines; gold- 1900). crushing and amalgamating machinery; hoisting machinery; hydraulic presses; lifts; mining Ipswich Tannery Ltd; Ipswich, Suffolk. Maker of leather, canvas and other types of belting machinery; oil-mill machinery; ore-crushing machinery; piledrivers; colonial pumps; pumps (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and pumping machinery; ); rock drills and associated equipment (Engineering advertising Isca Foundry & Engineering Company; Newport, Monmouthshire. Maker of steam boilers; supplement, 1900). bridge-foundation cylinders; bridges; iron castings; colliery machinery; cranes, travellers, Wm. Johnson & Sons (Leeds) Ltd; Castleton Foundry, Armley, Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of winches and associated machinery; stationary steam engines; iron and steel forgings; brick- and tile-making machinery; cement-making plant and machinery; conveyors; permanent way; pipe-founders; pumps and pumping machinery; railway and contractors’ elevators for grain, coal and similar material; gold-crushing and amalgamating machinery; plant; railway signals; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). grinding machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). C. Isler & Company; Artesian Works, Bear Lane, London SE. Makers of pumps and pumping Johnson-Lundell Electric Traction Co. Ltd; Salford Rolling Mills, Manchester, Lancashire. machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Maker of electric motors and dynamos (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Isles Ltd; Stanningley, Leeds, Yorkshire. Maker of cranes, travellers, winches and associated Johnson & Phillips [‘Electric Cable Works’]; 14 Union Court, Old Broad Street, London EC, and machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Victoria Works, Old Charlton, Kent. Makers of cable-making and wire-covering machinery; electric light, telegraph and telephone cables; carbons for lamps and electrical purposes; electric cables; electric-lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos; electrical engineers; JACKMAN–JONES indiarubber manufacturing machinery; searchlights (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). J.W. Jackman & Company; 39 Victoria Street, London SW. Makers of air compressors; cranes, Jones & Lamson Machine Company; Exchange Buildings, Stephenson Place, Birmingham, travellers, winches and associated machinery; cupolas; fans and blowers; power hammers; Warwickshire. Makers of machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). A moulding machines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). British subsidiary of a US manufacturing business. P.R. Jackson & Co. Ltd; Salford Rolling Mills, Manchester. Makers of steel castings; electric- lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos; electrical engineers; iron and steel forgings; KAY–KRUPP mill gearing, shafting and associated machinery; pistons and piston rings; cast-iron pulleys; shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). James C. Kay & Company; Barnbrook Works, Bury, Lancashire. Makers of friction clutches; John Jardine; Deering Street, Nottingham. Maker of leather, canvas and other types of belting; shaft couplings; mill gearing, shafting and associated machinery; shafting and shaft fittings plummer blocks; shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 46 PAGE 47 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

advertising supplement, 1900). W. Kirk, Price & Company; 46 Watling Street, London EC, and Albert Square, Manchester. Industrial arbitrators; dealers and auctioneers of machinery and equipment (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Kirkstall Forge Company; Kirkstall, nr Leeds, Yorkshire. Maker of iron and steel forgings; mill gearing, shafting and associated machinery; shafting and shaft fittings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). John Kirkaldy Ltd; 101 Leadenhall Street, London EC. Maker of water-distilling apparatus; feedwater heaters; donkey pumps; reducing valves (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). August Kirsch; Aschaffenburg, Bavaria. Maker of gauges and measuring appliances (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Klein Engineering Co. Ltd; 94 Market Street, Manchester, Lancashire. Maker of steam-engine condensers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Richard Klinger & Company; 66 Fenchurch Street, London EC. Makers of gauge glasses; injectors; lubricators (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900).

Above: an advertisement from the British-market version of Cassier’s Magazine, Library Edition, August 1903. Above: an advertisement from the British-market version of Cassier’s Magazine, Library Edition, August 1903.

Joseph Kaye & Sons; Lock Works, Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of oil cans (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). F.A. Keep, Juxon & Company; Empire Works, Barn Street, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of iron buildings; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). James Keith & Blackman Ltd; Farringdon Avenue, London EC. Makers of fans and blowers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Thomas Kell & Son; 40 King Street, Covent Garden, London. Drawing and tracing agency; lithography (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Kendall & Gent; Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of machine tools; screwing machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Kermode’s Liquid Fuel System; 39 Imperial Chambers, 62 Dale Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. Maker of liquid-fuel burners and apparatus (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Kerr, Stuart & Co. Ltd; 20 Bucklersbury, London EC. Makers of locomotive steam engines; light and portable railways (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). John G. Kincaid & Company; Greenock, Scotland. Makers of steam boilers; marine steam engines; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). H.J.H. King & Company; Nailsworth, Gloucestershire. Makers of friction clutches (Engineering

PAGE 48 PAGE 49 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Arthur Koppel; 27 St Clement’s Lane, London EC. Maker of light and portable railways Yorkshire. Maker of air compressors; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). steam pumping engines; steam winding engines; hydraulic machinery; hydraulic presses; Körting Brothers; 53 Victoria Street (British sales office), Westminster, London SW. Makers machine tools; pumps and pumping machinery; punching and shearing machines of air compressors; steam-engine condensers; gas engines; exhausters; fans and blowers; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). gas exhausters; heating apparatus; injectors; lubricators; pumps and pumping machinery Leeds Forge Co. Ltd; Leeds, Yorkshire. Maker of iron and steel bars; boiler furnaces; boiler (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). manholes; steam boilers; corrugated boiler furnaces; iron and steel forgings; iron and steel Krupp-Grusonwerk; Magdeburg, Germany. Maker of cement-making plant and machinery; plates (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). disintegrators; gold-crushing and amalgamating machinery; hydraulic presses; mills for T. & R. Lees; Hollinwood, nr Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of steam boilers; stationary steam paint, oil, mortar and associated products (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Le Grand & Sutcliff; 125 Bunhill Row, London EC. Makers of piles and pile-shoes; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). LACY–LYTHAM F. Leroy & Company; 20 Gray Street, Commercial Road, London E. Makers of non-conducting compositions (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Lacy, Hulbert & Company [sometimes listed as ‘Lacy-Hulbert’]; 25 Victoria Street, Westminster, Linde British Refrigeration Co. Ltd [The]; 35 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Maker of London SW. Makers of air compressors; hoisting machinery; ); pneumatic tools (Engineering ice-making machines; refrigerating machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). R.B. Lindsay & Company; Plantation Quay West, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of engine and Lamberton & Company; Coatbridge, Scotland. Makers of hydraulic machinery; plant and hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery for iron- and steel-works (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Litholine Company [The]; 11 Blackfriars Street, Manchester, Lancashire. Maker of disincrustants Lanarkshire Steel Co. Ltd [The]; Motherwell, nr Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Maker of iron and steel (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). bars; iron and steel plates (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Lloyd & Lloyd Ltd; Albion Tube Works, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of lap-welded Lancashire Patent Belting & Hose Company [The]; Manchester, Lancashire. Maker of leather, pipes, large (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). canvas and other types of belting (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Løbnitz & Co. Ltd; Renfrew, Scotland. Makers of dredging machinery and equipment; Lancaster & Tonge Ltd; Pendelton, nr Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of metallic packing; marine steam engines; excavators; gold-dredgers; pumps and pumping machinery; ships pistons and piston rings; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Lockwood & Carlisle Ltd; Eagle Foundry, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of pistons and piston J. Lang & Sons; Johnstone, Renfrewshire, Scotland. Makers of machine tools (Engineering rings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Ludw. Loewe & Co. Ltd; 30 & 32 Farringdon Road, London EC. Makers of nut-and-bolt making Thomas Larmuth & Company; Todleben Iron Works, Salford, Manchester, Lancashire. machinery; cartridge-making machinery; machine- and hand-tool chucks; gauges and Makers of air compressors; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; rock drills measuring appliances; gunmaking machinery; machine tools; milling cutters and cutter (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). blanks; nut-making machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Laurence, Scott & Co. Ltd; Norwich, Norfolk. Makers of electric-lighting plant; electric motors London Emery Works Company; 58H Hatton Garden, London EC. Maker of emery and emery and dynamos (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). cloth; emery grinding machinery; emery wheels (Engineering advertising supplement, W.S. Laycock Ltd; Victoria Works, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of blinds; railway-carriage fittings 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Loudon Brothers; Clyde Engineering Works, Johnstone, Renfrewshire, Scotland. Makers of T. Ledward & Company; 35 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Makers of steam-engine machine tools; suppliers of tools, second-hand (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). condensers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Arthur Lowcock Ltd; Shrewsbury. Maker of fuel economisers; feedwater heaters (Engineering Lee, Howl & Co. Ltd; Tipton, Staffordshire. Makers of furnaces and furnace fittings; pumps and advertising supplement, 1900). pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Lucas & Davies; 67 Farringdon Road, London EC. Engineering model makers (Engineering Leeds Engineering & Hydraulic Company; Providence Works, Cross Stamford Street, Leeds, advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 50 PAGE 51 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Luke & Spencer Ltd; Broadheath, nr Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of emery grinding Marriott & Company; 22 & 23 Soho Square, London W. Makers/suppliers of photographic machinery; emery wheels (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). materials and appliances for printing and copying (Engineering advertising supplement, Lytham Shipbuilding & Engineering Company; Lytham, Lancashire. Maker of marine steam 1900). engines; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). John Marshall & Sons; Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Makers of lap-welded pipes, large (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Marshall, Fleming & Jack; Motherwell, Lanarkshire. Makers of cranes, travellers, winches and MACFARLANE–MUSKER associated machinery; hydraulic machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Marshall, Sons & Co. Ltd; Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. Makers of agricultural machinery; Walter Macfarlane & Company; Saracen Ironworks, Possil Park, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers steam boilers; portable steam engines; stationary steam engines; steam traction engines; of iron castings; electric-lighting plant (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery for corn, flour and rice mills; centrifugal pumps; steam road-rollers (Engineering McKie & Baxter; Copland Works, Govan, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of steam boilers; boats, advertising supplement, 1900). launches and yachts; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon; Oerlikon, Zurich, Switzerland. Maker of electric-lighting plant Mackies Ltd; Berks Ironworks, Reading, Berkshire. Maker of wheel- and other barrows; iron (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). castings; shaft couplings; mill gearing, shafting and associated machinery; plummer blocks; W.F. Mason Ltd; Manchester, Lancashire. Maker of gas producers (Engineering advertising cast-iron pulleys; wrought-iron and steel pulleys; shafting and shaft fittings Engineering ( supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Mason Brothers; Brandon Street, Leicester. Makers of concrete mixers; disintegrators; grinding McLachlan & Company; Darlington. Railway and contractors’ plant; light and portable machinery; mills for paint, oil, mortar and associated products; ore-crushing machinery railways (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). P. & W. MacLellan Ltd; Clutha Ironworks, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of bolts, nuts, rivets and Mason Regulator Company; Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Maker of engine governors; screws; railway carriages; machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). reducing valves (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). C. M’Neil; Kinning Park Ironworks, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Maker of boiler manholes; engine and B. & S. Massey; Openshaw, Manchester. Makers of power hammers (Engineering advertising boiler fittings; ladles; manhole doors Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). McOnie, Harvey & Co. Ltd; Scotland Street Engine Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Sir Hiram Maxim Electrical & Engineering Co. Ltd; 65-67 Gracechurch Street, London Makers of stationary steam engines; evaporators; plant and machinery for iron- and steel- EC. Maker of feedwater heaters; filters and filtering equipmentEngineering ( advertising works (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). M’Tear & Co.; Belfast, Ireland. Makers of iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising H. & G. Measures; East Surrey Ironworks, Croydon, Surrey. Brass founders and finishers; makers supplement, 1900). of iron castings; girders; rolled iron and steel joists; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering Maguire & Baucus; 5 Warwick Court, High Holborn, London WC. Makers of blast furnaces; advertising supplement, 1900). water-tube boilers; gas-works plant; girders (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Measures Brothers Ltd; Southwark Street, London SE. Makers of girders; rolled iron and steel A. & J. Main & Co. Ltd; Clydesdale Iron Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Makers of joists (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). girders; iron buildings; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Mechan & Sons; Scotstoun Ironworks, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of bridges; girders; iron, Manchester Steam Users’ Association; 9 Mount Street, Manchester, Lancashire. Boiler steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). inspection society (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Meldrum Brothers Ltd; 10 City Road, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of boiler furnaces; Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd; Nottingham. Makers of steam boilers; centrifugal drying destructors and incinerators; fuel economisers; fans and blowers; feedwater heaters; fire- machinery; destructors and incinerators; gas engines; stationary steam engines; hydro- bars; forced-draught apparatus; furnaces and furnace fittings; gas exhausters (Engineering extractors; injectors; laundry machinery; oil-mill machinery (Engineering advertising advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Menzies & Co. Ltd; Victoria Dock, Leith, Midlothian, Scotland. Shipbuilders (Engineering Manning, Wardle & Company; Boyne Engine Works, Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of locomotive advertising supplement, 1900). steam engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Merryweather & Sons Ltd; 63 Long Acre, London WC. Makers of fire-extinguishing apparatus;

PAGE 52 PAGE 53 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

hosepipes (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Messer & Thorpe; 8 Quality Court, London EC. A drawing and tracing agency (Engineering Murray, McVinnie & Company; Mavisbank Quay, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of metallic advertising supplement, 1900). packing; engine and hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Metropolitan Railway Carriage & Wagon Co. Ltd; Saltley Works, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Musgrave Brothers; Crown Point Foundry, Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of cranes, travellers, Maker of railway carriages (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). winches and associated machinery; steam pumping engines; hydraulic machinery; Mica Lubricant Company [The]; South Shields. Maker of oils and lubricants; engine and hydraulic presses; plant and machinery for iron- and steel-works; machine tools; oil-mill hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery; pumps and pumping machinery; punching and shearing machines; riveting Robert Middleton; Sheepscar Foundry, Leeds, Yorkshire. Maker of hydraulic machinery; machines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). hydraulic presses; oil-mill machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). C. & A. Musker Ltd; Liverpool. Makers of cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; Midland Railway Carriage & Wagon Co. Ltd; Abbey Works, Shrewsbury. Maker of rolling- electric-lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos; hydraulic machinery; hydraulic stock buffers; railway carriages; iron castings; iron and steel forgings (Engineering advertising presses; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). A. & T. Miller; Globe Ironworks, Motherwell, nr Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of iron and steel bars (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). NALDER–NORTHERN James Mills [executors of]; Bredbury Steel Works, Bredbury, nr Stockport. Maker of keys, cotters and pins (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Nalder Bros. & Thompson Ltd; 34 Queen Street, London EC. Makers of ammeters; electrical Mirrlees, Watson & Co. Ltd; Scotland Street, Glasgow. Makers of water-tube boilers; centrifugal engineers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). drying machinery; steam-engine condensers; evaporators (Engineering advertising Napier Brothers Ltd; 100 Hyde Park Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of steam boilers; supplement, 1900). friction clutches; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; stationary steam Mitchell’s Emery Wheel Company; Mill Street, Bradford (?Manchester). Maker of emery engines; engine governors; mining machinery; oil-distilling plant (Engineering advertising wheels (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). John Moncreiffe; Perth, Scotland. Maker of gauge glasses (Engineering advertising Nathan Manufacturing Company; 92 & 94 Liberty Street, New York City, USA. Maker of supplement, 1900). injectors; lubricators (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Richard Moreland & Son Ltd; 3 Old Street, London EC. Makers of brewery plant and National Boiler & General Insurance Co. Ltd; 22 St Ann’s Square, Manchester, Lancashire. machinery; stationary steam engines; furnaces and furnace fittings; girders; pumps and Maker of boiler mountings; fusible plugs; engineering insurance services (Engineering pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Francis Morton & Co. Ltd; Hamilton Ironworks, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Brass founders and National Gas Engine Co. Ltd; Ashton-under-Lyne, Manchester. Maker of gas engines finishers; makers of bridges; iron castings; cranes, travellers, winches and associated (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery; cast- and wrought-iron fencing; girders; iron buildings; iron, steel and zinc roofs Negretti & Zambra; Holborn Viaduct, London EC. Makers of compasses; drawing instruments; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). pressure gauges; surveying instruments; mathematical instruments (Engineering advertising David Moseley & Sons; Ardwick, Manchester. Makers of leather, canvas and other types of supplement, 1900). belting; ebonite; vulcanised fibres and fabric; hosepipes; indiarubber goods; jointing Neilson, Reid & Company; Hyde Park Locomotive Works, Springburn, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. materials (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Makers of locomotive steam engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Mount Vernon Iron & Steel Co. Ltd; Shettleston, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Maker of Nettlefolds Ltd; Birmingham, Warwickshire. Maker of lubricators (Engineering advertising iron and steel forgings; manhole doors (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). William Muir & Co. Ltd; Sherbourne Street, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of machine tools Newbold’s Machine Tool Company; Pearl Assurance Buildings, 107 & 108 Upper Thames (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Street, London EC. Maker of machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). A.G. Mumford; Culver Street Ironworks, Colchester, Essex. Maker of steam boilers; marine New Expanded Metal Co. Ltd [The]; 39 Upper Thames Street, London EC. Maker of ‘expanded steam engines; donkey pumps; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising metal’ (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 54 PAGE 55 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

New Explosives Co. Ltd [The]; 75 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Maker of explosives (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). New Taite Howard Pneumatic Tool Co. Ltd; 63 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Maker of air compressors; power hammers; hoisting machinery; machine tools; pneumatic tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Newton Electrical Works Ltd; Taunton, Somerset. Maker of electric-lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Niles Tool Works Company; Hamilton, Ohio, USA, and 23 & 25 Victoria Street, London SW. Maker of machine tools; screwing machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Noble & Lund Ltd; Felling, nr Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland. Makers of machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). John Norman; 131A St Vincent Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Maker of steam boilers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). A. Normand & Company; Havre, France. Makers of steam boilers; water-tube boilers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Normandy’s Patent Marine Aërated Fresh Water Co. Ltd; Victoria Dock Road, London E. Maker of water-distilling apparatus; feedwater heaters (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Northern Engineering Co. Ltd [The]; King Cross, nr Halifax, Yorkshire. Maker of machine tools Above: an advertisement from the British-market version of Cassier’s Magazine, (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Library Edition, August 1903.

OAKEY–OWENS PALFREYMAN–PULSOMETER John Oakey & Sons Ltd; Westminster Bridge Road, London SE. Makers of emery and emery cloth (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). W.H. Palfreyman & Company; 17 Goree-Piazzas, Liverpool. Makers of case-hardening Oldbury Railway Carriage & Wagon Co. Ltd; Oldbury Works, nr Birmingham, Warwickshire. compositions; disincrustants; oils and lubricants; lubricators; rust preventives (Engineering Makers of railway carriages; railway and contractors’ plant (Engineering advertising advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Parker Foundry Company; Derby. Maker of malleable iron castings; steel castings (Engineering L. Olrick & Company; 27 Leadenhall Steet, London EC. Makers of steam boilers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). C.A. Parsons & Company; Heaton Works, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland. Makers Orenstein & Koppel; Bush Lane House, Cannon Street, London EC. Makers of locomotive of electric-lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos; electrical engineers; stationary steam engines; railway and contractors’ plant; light and portable railways (Engineering steam engines; fans and blowers; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). S. Osborn & Company; Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of steel castings; iron and steel forgings Partridge & Cooper; 191 & 192 Fleet Street, and 1 & 2 Chancery Lane, London EC. Printers and (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). stationers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). S. Owens & Company; Whitefriars Street, London EC. Makers of gas exhausters; hydraulic Patent Equilibrium Piston, Piston Valve & Engineering Company [The]; East Moors, Cardiff, machinery; hydraulic rams; centrifugal pumps; donkey pumps; pumps and pumping Wales. Maker of pistons and piston rings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Patent Exhaust Steam Injector Co. Ltd [The]; 4 St Ann’s Square, Manchester, Lancashire,

PAGE 56 PAGE 57 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

England. Maker of injectors (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Patent Shaft & Axletree Co. Ltd; Wednesbury. Maker of axles; bridges; gas-works plant; railway and contractors’ plant; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Paterson, Cooper & Co. Ltd; Patella Works, Paisley, Renfrewshire. Makers of electric- lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos; electrical engineers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Paterson, Downs & Jardine Ltd; Coats Iron & Steel Works, Coatbridge, nr Glasgow. Makers of iron and steel bars (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). James Paul & Sons; 286 Paisley Road, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Painters, decorators, and suppliers of decorating material (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Frank Pearn & Co. Ltd; Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Peckett & Sons; Atlas Engine Works, Bristol, Somerset. Makers of locomotive steam engines; stationary steam engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Henry Pels & Company; Berlin SO 16 b, Koepenickerstrasse 55, Germany. Makers of punching and shearing machines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Penman & Company; 377 Dalmarnock Road, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of steam boilers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Alexander Penney & Company; 107 Fenchurch Street, London EC. Makers of locomotive steam engines; iron merchants; rolled iron and steel joists; permanent way; rail benders; rails; railway and contractors’ plant; light and portable railways; railway sleepers (Engineering Above: an advertisement from the British-market version of Cassier’s Magazine, advertising supplement, 1900). Library Edition, August 1903. Pfeil & Company; 145-9 St John Street, Clerkenwell, London EC. Makers of machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). hydraulic presses; lubricators; lap-welded pipes, large; donkey pumps; pumps and pumping Phoenix Bolt & Nut Company; Handsworth, nr Birmingham. Maker of bolts, nuts, rivets and machinery; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). screws (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Pittsburgh Locomotive Works; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Maker of locomotive steam Phosphor Bronze Co. Ltd [The]; Sumner Street, London SE. Maker of phosphor alloys and engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). similar metals (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Samuel Platt; Wednesbury, Staffordshire. Maker of nut-and-bolt making machinery; pipe- R.Y. Pickering & Co. Ltd; Wishaw, nr Glasgow. Makers of axles (Engineering advertising screwing and cutting machinery; plummer blocks; cast-iron pulleys; wooden pulleys; supplement, 1900). wrought-iron and steel pulleys; screwing machinery; shafting and shaft fittings (Engineering Pickerings Ltd; Globe Elevator Works, Stockton on Tees, Cleveland. Maker of cranes, travellers, advertising supplement, 1900). winches and associated machinery; hoisting machinery; lifts; pulley blocks; cast-iron pulleys; Platts & Lowther; 23 Lime Street, London EC. Makers of engine and hydraulic packing shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Picking, Hopkins & Company; Arnold Works, Bow, London E. Makers of pumps and pumping W. & J. Player Ltd; Lionel Street, Birmingham. Makers of power hammers (Engineering machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Thomas Piggott & Co. Ltd; Springhill, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of boiler manholes; Plenty & Son Ltd; Eagle Ironworks, Newbury, Berkshire. Makers of steam boilers; marine steam boiler mountings; steam boilers; brass founders and finishers; iron castings; plant and engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery for chemical works; steam-engine condensers; cotton presses; engine and Polishers’ Supply Company [The]; 27 Chancery Lane, London WC. Maker of emery and emery boiler fittings; portable steam engines; stationary steam engines; gas-works plant; girders; cloth (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 58 PAGE 59 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Pollock, MacNab & Highgate; Shettleston, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Makers of engine iron merchants; rails; railway sleepers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). governors; punching and shearing machines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Railway Passengers’ Assurance Company; 64 Cornhill, London EC. Engineering insurance Pollock, Whyte & Waddel; Globe Engineering Works, Johnstone, Renfrewshire. Makers of oil services (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). A. Ransome & Company; Stanley Works, Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire. Makers of Pond Machine Tool Company [The]; 23 & 25 Victoria Street, London SW. Maker of machine stationary steam engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Ransomes, Sims & Jeffries Ltd; Ipswich, Suffolk. Makers of agricultural machinery; steam Pontifex & Wood Ltd; Union Foundry, Derby. Makers of brewery plant and machinery; boilers; portable steam engines; stationary steam engines; steam traction engines; distillery plant; ice-making machines; refrigerating machinery (Engineering advertising machinery for corn, flour and rice mills; mining machineryEngineering ( advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). R. Poole & Son Company; Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Makers of elevators for grain, coal Ransomes & Rapier Ltd; Waterloo Ironworks, Ipswich, Suffolk. Makers of coke-rams; cranes, and similar material; plant and machinery for iron- and steel-works; machinery for corn, travellers, winches and associated machinery; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering flour and rice mills; oil-mill machinery; shafting and shaft fittingsEngineering ( advertising advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). E. Reader & Sons; Phoenix Works, Nottingham. Makers of air compressors; steam-engine Pott, Cassels & Williamson; Motherwell, nr Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of centrifugal drying condensers; stationary steam engines; leatherworking machinery; cast-iron pulleys; machinery; conveyors; elevators for grain, coal and similar material (Engineering advertising shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). G.F. Redfern & Company; 4 South Street, Finsbury, London EC. Patent agents (Engineering Pratt Chuck Company [The]; Frankfort, New York State, USA. Maker of machine tools advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). August Reichwald; 9 New Broad Street, London EC, and Lombard Street, Newcastle upon Pratt & Whitney Company [The]; Hartford, Connecticut, USA. Makers of machine tools Tyne. Supplier of Steel castings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). William Reid & Company; 112 Fenchurch Street, London EC. Makers of lubricators; pulley ‘Premier’ Gas Engine Co. Ltd [The]; Sandiacre, Nottingham. Maker of gas engines (Engineering blocks (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Thomas A. Renshaw; 8 Bath Street, City Road, London EC. Makers of machine tools (Engineering Price’s Patent Candle Co. Ltd; Queen Street Mill, Bradford, Yorkshire; 3 Cross Street, Manchester, advertising supplement, 1900). Lancashire; and Battersea, London SW. Maker of leather, canvas and other types of belting; B. Rhodes & Son; Bow Brass Works, London E. Brass founders and finishers; makers of engine oils and lubricants (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and boiler fittings; injectors Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). Priestman Brothers; Holderness Foundry, Hull. Makers of dredging machinery and equipment; Thomas S. Rice; 60 Watling Street, London EC. Drawing and tracing agency; consulting and oil engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). inspecting engineers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Pullman Company [The]; 26 Victoria Street, Westminster, London SW. Maker of railway Rice & Co. (Leeds) Ltd; Neville Works, Elland Road, Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of cotton presses; carriages (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; steam pumping engines; forging Pulsometer Engineering Co. Ltd; Nine Elms, London SW. Brass founders and finishers; maker plant; hydraulic machinery; hydraulic presses; plant and machinery for iron- and steel- of cement-making plant and machinery; steam-engine condensers; steam pumping works; lifts; machine tools; pumps and pumping machinery; riveting machines (Engineering engines; filters and filtering equipment; hydraulic machinery; ice-making machines; mining advertising supplement, 1900). machinery; pipe-founders; centrifugal pumps; colonial pumps; donkey pumps; pumps and Geo. Richards & Co. Ltd; Broadheath, nr Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of air compressors; pumping machinery; refrigerating machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machine tools; mill gearing, shafting and associated machinery; plummer blocks; cast-iron pulleys; wrought-iron and steel pulleys; shafting and shaft fittings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). RAILTON–RYDER Richards Machine Tool Company [The]; Suffolk House, Laurence Pountney Hill, London EC. Maker of machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Leonard Railton; 115 Bute Street, Cardiff, Wales. Supplier of iron and steel bars; brickmaking; Richards & Hopkins; Britannia Iron Works, Newport, Monmouthshire. Makers of briquette and

PAGE 60 PAGE 61 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Robert Roger & Co. Ltd; Stockton on Tees. Makers of railway rolling-stock couplings; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; marine steam engines; stationary steam engines; donkey pumps (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). John Rogerson & Co. Ltd; Wolsingham, RSO, County Durham. Makers of steel castings; crankshafts; iron and steel forgings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Ropeway Syndicate Ltd [The]; 30 St Mary Axe, London EC. Maker of rope tramways (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Rose, Downs & Thompson Ltd; Hull. Makers of steam boilers; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; dredging machinery and equipment; elevators for grain, coal and similar material; marine steam engines; stationary steam engines; excavators; hydraulic machinery; hydraulic presses; mills for paint, oil, mortar and associated products; oil-mill machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Ross & Duncan; Whitefield Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of steam boilers; marine steam engines; boats, launches and yachts; propellers; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Paul Rothermel; 105 Leadenhall Street, London EC. Iron merchants; rail lifters (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). B.R. Rowland & Co. Ltd; Climax Works, Reddish, nr Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of steam Above: an advertisement from the British-market version of Cassier’s Magazine, Library Edition, August 1903. Below: advertisements taken from the British-market version of Cassier’s Magazine, Library Edition, August 1903. patent fuel-making machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). C. Richardson & Company; 66 Imperial Buildings, Ludgate Circus, London EC. An engineering employment exchange (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Richardsons, Westgarth & Co. Ltd; Hartlepool. Makers of crankshafts; marine steam engines; evaporators; feedwater heaters; shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). John H. Riddel; 40 St Enoch Square, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Makers of machine tools; tools, second-hand (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Robey & Co. Ltd; Lincoln. Makers of agricultural machinery; steam boilers; disincrustants; gas engines; locomotive steam engines; oil engines; portable steam engines; steam pumping engines; stationary steam engines; steam traction engines; steam winding engines; gold- crushing and amalgamating machinery; hoisting machinery; machinery for corn, flour and rice mills; mining machinery; ore-crushing machinery; donkey pumps; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Arthur F.S. Robinson; Beccles, Suffolk. Maker of engine governors (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). T. Robinson & Sons Ltd; Rochdale, Lancashire. Makers of machinery for corn, flour and rice mills (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 62 PAGE 63 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

boilers; water-tube boilers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Maker of fans and blowers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Royal Dutch Forge Company [The]; Leiden, Holland. Maker of steam boilers; boats, launches Richard Schram & Company; Cannon Street House, London EC. Makers of air compressors; and yachts; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). steam boilers; excavators; mining machinery; rock drills (Engineering advertising supplement, Royles Ltd; Great Bridgewater Street, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of steam-engine 1900). condensers; engine and boiler fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). S. Schreiber; 8 Victoria Avenue, Bishopsgate Street, London EC. Maker of leather, canvas and Rugby Portland Cement Company; Rugby, Warwickshire. Maker of cement (Engineering other types of belting (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Otto Schwade & Company; Erfurt, Germany. Makers of pumps and pumping machinery Geo. Russell & Company; Mortherwell, nr Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of steam boilers; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; stationary steam engines (Engineering Scientific Instrument Company [The]; Cambridge. Maker of pyrometers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Ruston, Proctor & Co. Ltd; Sheaf Ironworks, Lincoln. Makers of agricultural machinery; steam Scientific Publishing Company [The]; 53 New Bailey Street, Manchester, Lancashire. Scientific boilers; locomotive steam engines; portable steam engines; stationary steam engines; and engineering publishers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). steam traction engines; excavators; machinery for corn, flour and rice mills; mining Scotch & Irish Oxygen Co. Ltd; Rosehill Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of bottles and machinery; centrifugal pumps; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising fittings for compressed gases; oxygen; reducing valves (Engineering advertising supplement, supplement, 1900). 1900). Thomas Ryder & Son; Turner Bridge Iron Works, Bolton, Lancashire. Makers of machine tools Ernest Scott & Mountain Ltd; Close Works, Newcastle upon Tyne. Brass founders and (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). finishers; makers of steam-engine condensers; electric-lighting plant; electric motors and William Ryder; Beehive Works, Bolton, Lancashire. Maker of forging machinery; machine tools dynamos; electrical engineers; engine and boiler fittings; marine steam engines; stationary (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). steam engines; fans and blowers; meters; propellers; centrifugal pumps; donkey pumps; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Geo. Scott & Son (London) Ltd; 44 Christian Street, London E. Makers of air compressors; SAGAR–SUN blowing engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Walter Scott Ltd; Leeds Steel Works, Leeds, Yorkshire. Maker of iron and steel bars; girders J. Sagar & Co. Ltd; Canal Foundry, Halifax, Yorkshire. Makers of iron castings; steel castings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Scott Brothers; Halifax, Yorkshire. Makers of stationary steam engines; machine tools; punching Samuelson & Co. Ltd; Banbury, Oxfordshire. Makers of fans and blowers; gas exhausters and shearing machines; tools, second-hand (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Scriven & Company; Leeds Old Foundry, Marsh Lane, Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of machine Sandycroft Foundry Ltd; Sandycroft, nr Chester. Maker of electromagnets (Engineering tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). William Sellers & Co., Inc.; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Makers of machine tools Savage Bros Ltd; King’s Lynn, Norfolk. Makers of iron castings. (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Schäffer & Budenberg; Whitworth Street, London Road, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of Thomas Shanks & Company; Union Ironworks, Johnstone, Renfrewshire, Scotland. Makers boiler mountings; brass founders and finishers; engine and boiler fittings; gauge glasses; of stationary steam engines; machine tools; screwing machinery (Engineering advertising pressure gauges; engine governors; steam-engine indicators; injectors; lubricators; reducing supplement, 1900). valves (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Shannon Ltd; Ropemaker Street, London EC. Maker of files for correspondence (Engineering Schenectady Locomotive Works; Schenectady, New York State, USA. Maker of locomotive advertising supplement, 1900). steam engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Sheepbridge Coal & Iron Co. Ltd; Chesterfield, Derbyshire. Makers of iron and steel bars; iron F. Schichau; Elbing and Danzig, Prussia, Germany. Maker of marine steam engines; boats, castings; pig-iron; pipe-founders; rails (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). launches and yachts; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Shelby & Company; 66 Leonard Street, London EC. Makers of emery wheels; oil filters Schiele Union Engineering Co. Ltd; Pollard Street East, Ancoats, Manchester, Lancashire. (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 64 PAGE 65 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Shelton Iron, Steel & Coal Co. Ltd; 122 Cannon Street, London EC, and Stoke on Trent, G.F. Smith Ltd; Paragon Ironworks, Halifax, Yorkshire. Maker of machine tools; supplier of tools, Staffordshire. Maker of iron and steel bars; rolled iron and steel joists; iron and steel plates; second-hand (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). rails (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Hugh Smith & Company; Possil Engine Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of steam pumping Shillingford Engineering Co. Ltd; Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. Maker of gas engines; oil engines; forging plant; hydraulic machinery; hydraulic presses; plant and machinery for iron- engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and steel-works; machine tools; riveting machines (Engineering advertising supplement, T. Shore & Sons; Albion Foundry, Hanley, Staffordshire. Makers of feedwater heaters 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). John Smith & Company; Grove Ironworks, Carshalton, Surrey. Makers of stationary steam Siebe, Gorman & Company; Neptune Works, London SE. Makers of diving apparatus engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Sydney Smith & Sons; Basford Brass Works, Nottingham. Brass founders and finishers Siemens Brothers & Co. Ltd; 12 Queen Anne’s Gate, London SW. Makers of electric- (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). lighting plant; electric motors and dynamos; electrical engineers (Engineering advertising Thomas Smith; Rodley, nr Leeds, Yorkshire. Maker of cranes, travellers, winches and associated supplement, 1900). machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). W. Simons & Co. Ltd; Renfrew, Scotland. Makers of dredging machinery and equipment; Thomas Smith’s Stamping Works; Aston by Birmingham, Warwickshire. Maker of Iron and marine steam engines; gold-dredgers; boats, launches and yachts; centrifugal pumps; ships steel forgings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Smith Brothers & Company; Kingston Engine Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Makers Simpson & Bibby; Pomona Engine Works, Cornbrook, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of of hydraulic machinery; machine tools; punching and shearing machines; riveting machines steam traction engines; motor vehicles (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Simpson, Strickland & Co. Ltd; Dartmouth, Devon. Makers of marine steam engines; Smith & Coventry Ltd; Ordsal Lane, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of machine tools stationary steam engines; boats, launches and yachts (Engineering advertising supplement, (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). 1900). Smith & Grace Screw Boss Pulley Company; Thrapston. Makers of shaft couplings; plummer George Sinclair; Albion Boiler Works, Leith. Maker of steam boilers (Engineering advertising blocks; cast-iron pulleys; wrought-iron and steel pulleys; shafting and shaft fittings supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Smedley Brothers Ltd; Belper, Derbyshire. Makers of steam boilers; portable steam engines; Archibald Smith & Stevens; Queen’s Road, Battersea, London SW. Makers of cranes, travellers, stationary steam engines; mills for paint, oil, mortar and associated products (Engineering winches and associated machinery; hoisting machinery; hydraulic machinery; lifts advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). F.L. Smidth & Company; Palace Chambers, 9 Bridge Street, Westminster, London SW. Makers Smooth-on Manufacturing Company; Jersey City, USA. Maker of cement; jointing materials of brick- and tile-making machinery; cement-making plant and machinery; limeworks plant (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). A.F. Smulders; Rotterdam, Holland. Maker of dredging machinery and equipment; elevators L. Smit & Zoon; Kinderdijk, Holland. Makers of dredging machinery and equipment; marine for grain, coal and similar material; excavators (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). steam engines; boats, launches and yachts; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, Snowdon, Sons & Co. Ltd; Millwall, London SE. Makers of oils and lubricants (Engineering 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). P. Smit, Jr; Rotterdam, Holland. Maker of steam boilers; marine steam engines; ships Société Anonyme des Ateliers de Construction de La Meuse; Liége, Belgium. Maker of (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). steam boilers; blowing engines; locomotive steam engines; stationary steam engines; A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd; Eglinton Engine Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of steam boilers; steam winding engines; mining machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). bridges; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; stationary steam engines; John Spencer & Sons Ltd; Newburn Steel Works, Newcastle upon Tyne. Makers of ships’ girders; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). anchors; iron and steel bars; boiler mountings; rolling-stock buffers; steel castings; crank axles; G.B. Smith & Company; Craighall Ironworks, Saracen Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers crankshafts; files and rasps; iron and steel forgings; iron and steel plates; screw propellers of bridges; cast- and wrought-iron fencing; fireproof construction materials; girders; iron and propeller blades; shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). buildings; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). W. H. Spencer & Company; Hitchin, Hertfordshire. Makers of steam boilers (Engineering

PAGE 66 PAGE 67 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). W. Stamm; 25 College Hill and 3 East India Avenue, London EC. Maker of cement-making plant Sturtevant Engineering Co. Ltd; 147 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Maker of fans and and machinery; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; disintegrators; gas blowers; portable forges (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). engines; gold-crushing and amalgamating machinery; grinding machinery; gunpowder W. Summerscales & Sons Ltd; Phoenix Foundry, Keighley, Yorkshire. Makers of cooking and guncotton machinery; guns and gun forgings; hoisting machinery; machinery for apparatus and machinery; laundry machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). corn, flour and rice mills; mining machinery; oil-mill machinery; ore-crushing machinery; Sun Insurance Office; 63 Threadneedle Street, London EC. Engineering insurance services pulverisers; railway and contractors’ plant; chilled and grain rolls. Agent for Krupp- (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Grusonwerk (q.v.) (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). W.F. Stanley & Co. Ltd; Great Turnstile, Holborn, London WC, and Railway Approach, London Bridge, London SE. Makers of drawing instruments; drawing and tracing agency; surveying TANDEM–TURTON instruments; mathematical instruments; photographic materials and appliances for printing and copying (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Tandem Smelting Syndicate Ltd [The]; Jubilee Buildings, Queen Victoria Street, London EC. J. Stannah; Skin Market Place, Emerson Street, Bankside, London SE. Maker of cranes, travellers, Maker of phosphor alloys and similar metals (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). winches and associated machinery; hoisting machinery; lifts; donkey pumps; pumps and John Tangye; 106 Princess Street, Manchester, Lancashire. Maker of machine tools (Engineering pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Steel Company of Scotland Ltd [The]; 23 Royal Exchange Square, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Tangyes Ltd; Cornwall Works, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Maker of steam boilers; bolt Maker of ships’ anchors; iron and steel bars; steel castings; iron and steel forgings; iron and forcers; malleable iron castings; cotton presses; cranes, travellers, winches and associated steel plates; rails (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery; engine and boiler fittings; gas engines; oil engines; steam pumping engines; Stern Brothers; 57 Gracechurch Street, London EC. Makers of oils and lubricants; lubricators stationary steam engines; steam winding engines; feedwater heaters; engine governors; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). gas hammers; hoisting machinery; hydraulic machinery; hydraulic presses; lifting jacks; L. Sterne & Co. Ltd; Crown Ironworks, Glasgow. Makers of emery grinding machinery; lifts; lubricators; mining machinery; oil-mill machinery.; pulley blocks; centrifugal pumps; emery wheels; ice-making machines; refrigerating machinery (Engineering advertising donkey pumps; pumps and pumping machinery; rail benders (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Steven & Struthers; Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Brass founders and finishers; makers of engine Tangye Tool & Electric Co. Ltd [The]; Oxford Works, Birmingham ,Warwickshire. Makers of governors; phosphor alloys and similar metals (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Jno. Stevenson; Middlesbrough. Coal and coke distribution; iron merchants (Engineering Tannett Walker & Co. Ltd; Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of hydraulic capstans; cranes, travellers, advertising supplement, 1900). winches and associated machinery; steam pumping engines; forging presses; hydraulic A. & J. Stewart & Menzies Ltd; 41 Oswald Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Makers of machinery; plant and machinery for iron- and steel-works (Engineering advertising lap-welded pipes, large (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). Stirling Boiler Co. Ltd; 2 St Andrew’s Square, Edinburgh, Midlothian. Makers of water-tube Charles Taylor; Bartholomew Street, Birmingham. Maker of machine- and hand-tool chucks; boilers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machine tools (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). I. Storey & Sons; Empress Foundry, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of boiler mountings; brass Taylor & Challen Ltd; Birmingham. Makers of cartridge-making machinery; coining founders and finishers; iron castings; coppersmiths; engine and boiler fittings; pressure machinery; shaft couplings; stationary steam engines; forging machinery; gunpowder and gauges; engine governors; mountings for locomotive engines; phosphor alloys and similar guncotton machinery; hydraulic presses; machine tools; mint machinery; plummer blocks; metals (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). fly- and screw presses; cast-iron pulleys; shafting and shaft fittings; sheet-metal working Stothert & Pitt Ltd; Bath. Makers of cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). dredging machinery and equipment; hydraulic presses; leatherworking machinery; pumps Taylor & Hubbard; Leicester. Makers of cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Straker Steam Vehicle Co. Ltd [The]; 9 Bush Lane, London EC. Maker of motor vehicles Taylor, Taylor & Hobson; Leicester. Makers of engraving machines (Engineering advertising

PAGE 68 PAGE 69 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

Thwaites Brothers Ltd; Vulcan Ironworks, Bradford, Yorkshire. Makers of air compressors; cupolas; blowing engines; fans and blowers; portable forges; power hammers; plant and machinery for iron- and steel-works; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Tinker, Shenton & Co. Ltd; Hyde, nr Manchester. Makers of steam boilers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Tolch & Company; The Boatyard, Fulham, London SW. Makers of oil engines (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Joseph Tomey & Sons Ltd; Aston by Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of gauge glasses (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). T. Toward & Company; Ouseburn, Newcastle upon Tyne. Makers of steam boilers; donkey pumps (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). J.B. Treasure & Company; 8 Vauxhall Road, Liverpool, Lancashire. Makers of boiler mountings; pressure gauges (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Trier Brothers; 1 Great George Street, Westminster, London. Makers of oils and lubricants; lubricators; shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). F.J. Trewent; 43 Billiter Buildings, Billiter Street, London EC. Maker of ash ejectors (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Tuck & Co. Ltd; 116 Cannon Street, London EC. Makers of engine- and hydraulic packing Above: an advertisement from the British-market version of Cassier’s Magazine, (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Library Edition, August 1903. D. & J. Tullis Ltd; Kilbowie Ironworks, nr Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of disinfectors; stationary steam engines; heating apparatus; hydro-extractors; laundry machinery; machine tools supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Telegraph Manufacturing Co. Ltd; Helsby, nr Warrington, Lancashire. Maker of electric John Tullis & Son Ltd; St Ann’s Leather Works, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of leather, canvas cables; electrical engineers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and other types of belting; hosepipes (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Temperley Transporter Company; 72 Bishopsgate Street Within, London EC. Maker of Alex. Turnbull & Co. Ltd; Bishopbriggs, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of boiler mountings conveyors (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). John Thompson; Ettingshall, Wolverhampton. Maker of steam boilers (Engineering advertising Turnbull Engineering Company [The]; 18 Blythswood Square, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, supplement, 1900). and 39 Victoria Street, Westminster, London SW. Makers of pumps and pumping machinery Thompson & Company; Victoria Works, Tamworth, Staffordshire. Makers of wrought-iron and (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). steel pulleys (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). E.R. & F. Turner Ltd; Ipswich, Suffolk. Makers of agricultural machinery; steam boilers; portable W.R.M. Thomson & Company; 96 Buchanan Street, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland. Patent steam engines; stationary steam engines; steam winding engines; engine governors; agents (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). machinery for corn, flour and rice mills; oil-mill machinery; ore-crushing machinery A.G. Thornton; 67 St Mary Street, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of drawing instruments; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). mathematical instruments; photographic materials and appliances for printing and copying John Turner; Well Lane, Halifax, Yorkshire. Maker of machine tools (Engineering advertising (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). J.I. Thornycroft & Co. Ltd; Chiswick, London W. Makers of boiler mountings; steam boilers; T. Turton & Sons Ltd; Sheaf Works, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of rolling-stock buffers water-tube boilers; marine steam engines; feedwater regulators; boats, launches and (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). yachts; propellers; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 70 PAGE 71 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

advertising supplement, 1900). United States Cast Iron Pipe & Foundry Company [The]; Land Title Building, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Maker of pipe-founders (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). United States Metallic Packing Co. Ltd [The]; Soho Works, Thornton Road, Bradford, Yorkshire. Maker of metallic packing; engine- and hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). United Telpherage Company [The]; 20-22 Broad Street, New York, USA. Maker of rope tramways (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900).

VACUUM–VULITE Left: an advertisement from the British-market version of Cassier’s Vacuum Oil Company [The]; Albany Buildings, Victoria Street, Westminster, London SW. Magazine, Library Edition, August Maker of lubricators (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). 1903. Vaughan & Son; 57 Chancery Lane, London WC. Patent agents (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Vauxhall Ironworks Co. Ltd; Wandsworth Road, London SW. Maker of air compressors; marine steam engines; stationary steam engines; centrifugal pumps; donkey pumps; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Benjamin R. Vickers & Sons; Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of dust-caps and shields for bearings; lubricators (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). UNBREAKABLE–UNITED Vickers, Sons & Maxim Ltd; Sheffield. Makers of armour plate; crankshafts; iron and steel forgings; guns and gun forgings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Unbreakable Pulley & Mill Gearing Co. Ltd [The]; West Gorton, Manchester, Lancashire. J. Bennett Von der Heyde; 6 Brown Street, Manchester, Lancashire. Maker of metallic packing Maker of friction clutches; shaft couplings; mill gearing, shafting and associated machinery; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). plummer blocks; cast-iron pulleys; wrought-iron and steel pulleys; shafting and shaft fittings Vosper & Co. Ltd; Portsmouth. Makers of steam boilers; steel castings; marine steam (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). engines; oil engines; boats, launches and yachts; donkey pumps (Engineering advertising Underfeed Stoker Co. Ltd [The]; 31 Walbrook, Mansion House, London EC. Maker of furnaces supplement, 1900). and furnace fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). Vulcan Boiler & General Insurance Co. Ltd; 67 King Street, Manchester. Boiler insurance Union Plate Glass Co. Ltd [The]; Pocket Nook, St Helens, Lancashire. Makes of glass and society; engineering insurance services (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). glazing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Vulite Syndicate Ltd; 40 Wilson Street, Finsbury, London EC. Maker of disincrustants United Alkali Co. Ltd [The]; Exchange Buildings, Liverpool, Lancashire. Maker of phosphor (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). alloys and similar metals (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). United Asbestos Co. Ltd [The]; Dock House, Billiter Street, London EC. Maker of asbestos goods and fittings; indiarubber goods; jointing materials; oils and lubricants; non- WAILES–WRIGLY conducting compositions; engine and hydraulic packing; paints and varnishes (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Wailes, Dove & Co. Ltd; Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland. Makers of paints and United Kingdom Self-Adjusting Anti-Friction Metallic Packing Syndicate Ltd [The]; 14 varnishes (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Cook Street, Liverpool, Lancashire. Maker of engine and hydraulic packing (Engineering James Walker & Company; Lion Works, Garford Street, Poplar, London E. Makers of engine-

PAGE 72 PAGE 73 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

and hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Webster & Bennett; Coventry, Warwickshire. Makers of machine tools (Engineering advertising Wallach Brothers; 57 Gracechurch Street, London EC. Makers of asbestos goods and fittings; supplement, 1900). belt adjusters; leather, canvas and other types of belting; boiler mountings; engine and G. & J. Weir Ltd; Holme Foundry, Cathcart, Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of engine and boiler boiler fittings; non-conducting compositions; wrought-iron and steel pulleys; safety fittings; evaporators; combination feed-check valves; feedwater heaters; hydrokineters apparatus (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). and temperature equalisers; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising Wallis Brothers; Ayres Quay Foundry, Sunderland. Makers of iron castings (Engineering supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Wellman-Seaver Engineering Company; Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Maker of cranes, travellers, H.W. Ward & Company; Lionel Street, Birmingham. Makers of machine tools (Engineering winches and associated machinery; hoisting machinery; plant and machinery for iron- and advertising supplement, 1900). steel-works (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Thomas W. Ward; Albion Works, Sheffield, Yorkshire. Supplier of machine tools; tools, second- A.C. Wells & Company; 102 Midland Road, London NW. Makers of filters and filtering hand (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). equipment; lamps; lighting apparatus; oil filters Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). Ward, Haggas & Smith; Keighley, Yorkshire. Makers of machine tools (Engineering advertising Henry Wells Oil Company [The]; Imperial Oil Works, Deansgate, Manchester, Lancashire. supplement, 1900). Maker of oils and lubricants (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). J. Wardell; Westminster Chambers, 9 Victoria Street, London SW. Supplier of tools, second- Nicholas J. West & Sons; 186 Gresham House, Old Broad Street, London EC. Consulting and hand (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). inspecting engineers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). R. Warner & Company; 97 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Makers of boring tools and Westinghouse Brake Co. Ltd; York Road, King’s Cross, London N. Maker of air compressors; machinery; steam pumping engines; hydraulic machinery; hydraulic rams; centrifugal brakes for railway rolling-stock; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising pumps; colonial pumps; donkey pumps; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Wheeler Condenser & Engineering Company; 179 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Maker Washington Chemical Co. Ltd [The]; Washington Station, England. Maker of non-conducting of steam-engine condensers; feedwater heaters (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). compositions (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Whitaker Brothers Ltd; Horsforth, nr Leeds, Yorkshire. Makers of cranes, travellers, winches Henry Watson & Sons; High Bridge Works, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland. Makers of and associated machinery; excavators; piledrivers (Engineering advertising supplement, fans and blowers; phosphor alloys and similar metals; centrifugal pumps; reducing valves 1900). (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Whittaker & Company; Paternoster Square, London EC. Scientific and engineering publishers Watson, Laidlaw & Company; Glasgow, Lanarkshire. Makers of centrifugal drying machinery; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). conveyors; cream separators; elevators for grain, coal and similar material; hydro-extractors C. Whittaker & Co. Ltd; Accrington, Lancashire. Makers of brick- and tile-making machinery; (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). conveyors; elevators for grain, coal and similar material; mills for paint, oil, mortar and James Watt & Company; Soho Foundry, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of marine steam associated products (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). engines; stationary steam engines; hydraulic machinery; mint machinery; plummer blocks; William Whittaker & Sons; Oldham, Lancashire. Makers of moulding machines (Engineering pumps and pumping machinery; shafting and shaft fittings (Engineering advertising advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). J.H. Widdowson; Ordsal Lane, Salford, Lancashire. Maker of machine tools (Engineering R. Waygood & Company; Falmouth Road, London SE. Makers of coffee-processing advertising supplement, 1900). machinery; cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; hydraulic presses; lifts; oil- F. Wiggins & Sons; 10 Tower Hill and 102 & 103 Minories, London EC. Makers of insulating mill machinery; rice-dressing machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). materials; mica merchants (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Weardale Steel, Coal & Coke Co. Ltd; George Yard, Upper Thames Street, London EC. Maker of Wigley-Mulliner Engineering Co. Ltd [The]; William Street, Birmingham, Warwickshire. iron and steel bars; steel castings; iron and steel plates (Engineering advertising supplement, Maker of machine tools; milling cutters and cutter blanks; saws (Engineering advertising 1900). supplement, 1900). Webb & Son; Combs Tannery, Stowmarket, Suffolk. Makers of leather, canvas and other types Willans & Robinson Ltd; Rugby, Warwickshire. Makers of stationary steam engines (Engineering of belting (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900).

PAGE 74 PAGE 75 MARKS OF THE PRINTER DATING EPHERMERA BY PRINTING TECHNIQUES AND TYPE DESIGN

W.H. Willcox & Co. Ltd; 23 Southward Street, London SE. Makers of leather, canvas and other and cutter blanks (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). types of belting; hosepipes; injectors; oils and lubricants; lubricators; engine and hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Willesden Paper & Canvas Works [The]; Willesden Junction, London NW. Maker of waterproof YARROW–ZADIG paper; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). John H. Wilson & Co. Ltd; Sandhills, Liverpool. Makers of concrete mixers; cranes, travellers, Yarrow & Co. Ltd; Poplar, London E. Makers of steam boilers; water-tube boilers; marine steam winches and associated machinery; excavators; hoisting machinery (Engineering advertising engines; feedwater regulators; boats, launches and yachts; ships (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). supplement, 1900). H. Winder; 10 Medlock Street, Hulme, nr Manchester. Maker of lubricators (Engineering H. Young & Co. Ltd; Eccleston Ironworks, Pimlico, and Hayle Foundry Wharf, Nine Elms, London advertising supplement, 1900). SW. Makers of iron castings; girders; rolled iron and steel joists; mixers for cement, concrete Wilson Wingate; 11 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Naval architect and consulting marine and similar material; sewage-works plant (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). engineer (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). C.A. Zadig; 73 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Maker of locomotive steam engines; rails; F. Winter; 8 Redcross Street, London EC. Supplier of ebonite; indiarubber goods (Engineering railway and contractors’ plant; light and portable railways; railway sleepers (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). advertising supplement, 1900). Witty & Wyatt Ltd; 88 Leadenhall Street, London EC. Makers of asbestos goods and fittings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). C. Wood Ltd; Tees Railway & Engineering Works, Middlesbrough. Makers of rail benders; railway and contractors’ plant; light and portable railways (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Edward Wood & Co. Ltd; Ocean Ironworks, Manchester, Lancashire. Makers of girders; iron buildings; iron, steel and zinc roofs (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). R.D. Wood & Company; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Makers of cranes, travellers, winches and associated machinery; gas-works plant; hydraulic machinery; pipe-founders (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Wood & Newland; 42 Spring Gardens, Manchester, Lancashire. Dealers and auctioneers of machinery and equipment (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Woodhouse & Rixson; Sheffield, Yorkshire. Makers of axles; crank axles; iron and steel forgings; shafting and shaft fittings Engineering( advertising supplement, 1900). Woodite Works [Company]; Mitcham Common, Surrey. Maker of hosepipes; indiarubber goods; insulating materials; engine and hydraulic packing (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Woodroffe & Company; Rugeley, Staffordshire. Makers of iron castings (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Worthington Pumping Engine Company; 153 Queen Victoria Street, London EC. Maker of steam-engine condensers; fire-extinguishing apparatus; hosepipes; meters; donkey pumps; pumps and pumping machinery (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). Joseph Wright & Company; Tipton, Staffordshire. Makers of ships’ anchors; chains and cables; feedwater heaters (Engineering advertising supplement, 1900). E.G. Wrigley & Co. Ltd; 232A Aston Road, Birmingham, Warwickshire. Makers of milling cutters

PAGE 76 PAGE 77