THE ORIGINAL MAGAZINE FOR MODEL ENGINEERS

Vol. 220 No. 4583 • 30 March - 12 April 2018

Join our online community www.model-engineer.co.uk MEN IN Perpetual Motion SHEDS Le Creusot A Wooden Steam Traction Engine

COVER FEATURE Electric Steam ENGINEERING GROUP Carriage £3.99

527

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SUBSCRIPTIONS UK - New, Renewals & Enquiries Tel: 0344 243 9023 Email: [email protected] USA & CANADA - New, Renewals & Enquiries Tel: (001)-866-647-9191 REST OF WORLD - New, Renewals & Enquiries Tel: +44 1604 828 748 Email: [email protected] Vol. 220 No. 4583 30 March - 12 April 2018 CURRENT AND BACK ISSUES Tel: 01795 662976 Website: www.mags-uk.com 488 SMOKE RINGS 508 THE ENV AERO ENGINE News, views and comment on Stephen Wessel continues an occasional series EDITORIAL the world of model engineering. on the construction of an elusive prototype. Editor: Diane Carney Tel: +44 (0)1539 564750 489 SIX INCH OLDSMOBILE 511 A SIMPLE TEST RIG Email: [email protected] David Tompkins describes his electrically Tony Bird describes how you can test PRODUCTION driven half size Oldsmobile Curved Dash your small boiler for minimal cost. Designer: Yvette Green horseless carriage. Illustrator: Grahame Chambers 514 BOOK REVIEW Retouching Manager: Brian Vickers 492 THE INQUISITIVE FIDDLER Ad Production: Andy Tompkins Mitch Barnes shares some salutary lessons for 515 THE UNSEEN STUART S50 those who, like him, have decided to fiddle with Russell Franklin explains how being blind did not ADVERTISING a model on a whim. prevent him building a Stuart S50 mill engine. Advertising Sales Executive: David Holden Email: [email protected] 495 A LARGE CAPACITY COVENTRY 516 EXTENDING THE LIFE Tel: 07718 648689 DIEHEAD ATTACHMENT OF CUTTERS MARKETING & SUBSCRIPTIONS David Earnshaw describes an attachment for Peter Russell finds a way of rejuvenating Subscription Manager: fitting a Coventry diehead to a larger lathe. his end mills without buying expensive kit. Kate Hall MANAGEMENT 498 MEN IN SHEDS 518 LATHES AND MORE James Wells looks back at the post-war Group Advertising Manager: Rhona Bolger heyday of ‘men in sheds’. FOR BEGINNERS Email: [email protected] Graham Sadler describes how Chief Executive: Owen Davies 499 FALCOR – A BEGINNER’S to create screw threads. IN 32mm 520 TECHNOLOGY SANS Martin Ranson presents a design for a simple, quick build gas-fired 32mm . FRONTIÈRES Dr. Ron Fitzgerald looks at English and French locomotive design in the second half of the 503 TALES OF THE nineteenth century. SMEE COLLECTION © MyTimeMedia Ltd. 2018 Roger Backhouse takes a look at one of All rights reserved ISSN 0026-7325 522 IRON MASTERS the collection’s more unusual assets – The Publisher’s written consent must be obtained before any part of this a perpetual motion machine. OF LE CREUSOT publication may be reproduced in any form whatsoever, including photocopiers, Ray Griffins goes to see one of the and information retrieval systems. All reasonable care is taken in the preparation of the magazine contents, but the publishers cannot be held legally largest steam in the world. responsible for errors in the contents of this magazine or for any loss however 506 CNC FOR BEGINNERS arising from such errors, including loss resulting from negligence of our staff. Peter King’s continuing narrative of Reliance placed upon the contents of this magazine is at reader’s own risk. a CNC learner driver; a few lessons 526 POSTBAG Model Engineer, ISSN 0026-7325, is published fortnightly with a third issue in May and October by MYTIMEMEDIA Ltd, Enterprise House, Enterprise Way, learned during hands-on operations. Edenbridge, Kent TN8 6HF, UK. The US annual subscription price is 93.00GBP 527 MINNIE, A WOODEN (equivalent to approximately 132USD). Airfreight and mailing in the USA by agent named Air Business Ltd, c/o Worldnet Shipping Inc., TRACTION ENGINE 156-15, 146th Avenue, 2nd Floor, Jamaica, NY 11434, USA. Periodicals Earl Hansen explains how he built a working postage paid at Jamaica NY 11431. US Postmaster: Send address changes THE ORIGINAL MAGAZINE FOR MODEL ENGINEERS traction engine entirely from wood. to Model Engineer, Worldnet Shipping Inc., 156-15, 146th Avenue, 2nd Floor, Vol. 220 No. 4583 • 30 March - 12 April 2018 Jamaica, NY 11434, USA. Subscription records are maintained at dsb.net 3 Queensbridge, The Lakes, Northampton, NN4 7BF. Air Business Ltd is acting as our mailing agent. 530 CLUB NEWS Geoff Theasby compiles the latest from model Join our online community www.model-engineer.co.uk engineering clubs around the world. Perpetual Motion http://www.facebook.com/modelengineersworkshop MEN IN SHEDS Le Creusot 533 DIARY http://twitter.com/ A Wooden Steam Traction Hammer modelengineers Engine ON THE COVER... COVER FEATURE Electric Steam David Tompkins’s half scale electric Oldsmobile Curved Dash ENGINEERING GROUP

£3.99 car, featured in this issue, complete with half scale driver Carriage (photo: David Tompkins).

477 Front Cover 4583.indd 477 18/03/2018 17:32 www.model-engineer.co.uk 479 Ride On Railways

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Calls are charged at the same rate as standard UK landlines and are included as part of any inclusive or free minutes allowances. There are no additional charges with this number. Overseas calls will cost more. A Happy Easter to all demonstrations, live steam be presented together with a our readers! model railways, locomotives, suitable trophy. The award will boats, traction engines and start in 2018. TRAMS! TRAMS! TRAMS! aeroplanes as well as R/C In the fi rst instance editors On April 21st and 22nd the truck displays, supported by should send a copy of their Manchester Museum of over 60 working models. newsletter to the NAME Transport plays host to Tickets are £10 for adults, Chairman, Frank Cooper, either the Festival of Model £9 for concessions and £3 by email to yorkhouse.fl yer@ Tramways. Tramcars for under 16’s. Tickets may btinternet.com or by snail-mail of all sizes from be obtained online or bought to him at 47 Holmes Road, matchbox to suitcase on the door. Tickets bought Stickney, Boston PE22 8AZ. will be running through online, though, allow you to The 2018 entries will close miniature townscapes, get in half an hour early. on 30th November 2018 and all carefully crafted by For tickets and more the winning newsletter will people who thus preserve information see be announced in the Model their memories of trams www.thedoncastershow.com Engineering press towards the past and their experiences of end of the year. today's trams worldwide. There DIANE will also be static displays, CARNEY Editor trade stands, modelling Calling all editors! GL5 rally at Brent House demonstrations and a 'best Many in the model Those of you who enjoy in show' models competition. engineering fraternity will running 5 inch gauge The fun starts at 10am and remember Alan Bibby who locomotives based on British continues until 4pm each died late last year. railway prototypes, and who day. Admission is adult £7.50, Alan was a long-standing can still reach down far concessions £6.50. member of the Leyland enough to operate at ground MARTIN The museum is situated Society of Model Engineers level, should not miss the GL5 EVANS Acting Editor in Boyle Street, Cheetham, and designed many excellent rally at Brent House. This is Manchester M8 8UW. A free models – particularly of to be held on the weekend of heritage bus service will run the Lion, and organising the the 7th and 8th of April at Brent from near Victoria station. annual Lions Meet for the House, which is located in Parking in the area is limited Old Locomotive Committee Swavesey, a few miles north so use of public transport is (OLCO) – as well as workshop of Cambridge. If you can’t get advised. equipment. He was also to Brent House you could try Further details an offi cer for the Northern to get to the GL5 Cinderbarrow may be obtained from Association of Model rally instead, which will be www.tramwayinfo.com or Engineers (NAME) and was held from the 20th to the facebook.com/tramwayfestival Newsletter editor for their 22nd of April. For information website (www.nameng.org.uk). about either event see the In his will, Alan has left GL5 website (www.gl5.org) Doncaster a sum of money which he or contact Peter Layfi eld on Now is the time to reserve asks to be used 'to provide 01406 365472. the dates in your diary for the a suitably engraved trophy 25th Model Engineering and to be known as The Editor's Modelling Exhibition to be Cup with a cash prize, to be held at Doncaster Racecourse awarded annually to the editor on the 11th to 13th of May. of the best model engineering Martin Evans can be contacted The 2018 exhibition will once club newsletter as determined on the email below and would again see well over a thousand by the offi cers of NAME'. be delighted to receive your exhibits as well as one of the It has been decided that the contributions, in the form UK’s largest trade exhibitions annual cash prize should be of items of correspondence, of its kind which means your the sum of £50, payable to the comment or articles. interests will be well and truly newsletter's editor, rather than T. 07710 192953 catered for, whether looking for to his club, and that this will [email protected] those fi nal bits and pieces to fi nish a current project or even some fresh ideas for a brand new one. ERRATUM As always, the ‘Live It seems that the superscripted index of a quantity given in Steamers’ will be running the article on ‘Making a Special Purpose Laboratory Measuring every day outside the Device’ (M.E. 4578, p. 156) slipped down from its proper place and exhibition halls so don’t forget subsequently escaped detection. At the top of the third column to pay them a visit and check a quantity is given as 30x106lb/in2. This should of course have out the action. been 30x106lb/in2. I apologise for any confusion that may have There will be radio been caused. controlled helicopter fl ying

488 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 PART 1 Six Inch Oldsmobile 1 David Tompkins describes the construction of an electrically driven half size horseless carriage based on the 1901 Oldsmobile Curved Dash car.

The half scale electric Oldsmobile Curved Dash car.

The choice of subject With this basic information have to fit in to my car, a During a visit to the Haynes to hand I reached a stage Peugeot Partner, with the rear Motor Museum with my where further work was seats removed (my transport grandsons I first came across required to complete a for various hobby pieces). the Oldsmobile Curved Dash feasibility study. The next supplier to be car. I had just finished a found was a manufacturer modelling project and was Checking sources of willing to make small numbers considering what I should specialist components of specifically designed build next. The Oldsmobile, As my young grandsons are leaf springs. Fortunately, I the second car one sees on growing up very quickly and I had dealings with a spring entering the museum, looked am growing old too fast, this manufacturer who, though to be a likely contender that build would have to be relatively they were unable to produce could be driven by my young short and not the several years the leaf springs, were able to grandsons. one might spend on say a point me to a company that Digging into the internet I locomotive. Making wheels, welcomed my enquiry. found a tremendous amount of leaf springs or accessories The prototype car was fitted information relating to the car. such as acetylene lamps would with a large single This reflects its importance be outsourced. Suppliers engine that had a flywheel and popularity in the USA, therefore had to be identified. reputed to weigh in the region being the first car to be built From an internet download of 1½ cwt (75kg). I was not on a continuous production of a three view drawing of the in the market for building, to line and the subject of a song car and knowing the size of the scale, an internal combustion praising its ability to attract wheels on the Haynes machine engine of similar type so I young ladies. I was able to determine what planned for an electric drive At this point Haynes Motor size cycle wheel could be and 24V batteries. This meant Museum kindly allowed me to used on the model. A search finding a suitable motor. The photograph details of the car, of cycle wheels showed that auction site eBay came to the even asking one of their guides a BMX 20 inch wheel from rescue with, not only a 24V DC to give me any assistance Halfords fitted the bill, bearing motor, but a 3:1 geared down necessary. in mind that the model would motor destined for an electric >> www.model-engineer.co.uk 489 scooter. This had the added Furthermore, I will use any Filling out the layout the various curves on the advantage of removing the design software available I decided to use for body sides were extracted and need to build a reduction stage to me, which includes many sub-assemblies and plotted on the plywood to be before the final chain drive. 2D CAD and 3D CAD. The components on the chassis. cut out. A chain driven differential simplification of the design Standard sections such as For the production of is featured on the original and process offered by these 40 x 40 x 3mm tube the laser cut piece parts integral with this is a single programs means that one can for the main frame and Ø40 x the detailed drawings were band type brake. I decided that more comfortably move from 2mm tubing for the axles were moved to the base layer, all I would remove the necessity of layout to detail component combined with laser cut flat unnecessary information such a differential on the back axle design without the necessity steel shapes to produce the as fonts, line types etc. etc. by using two electric motors of resorting to building a sub-assemblies. was removed and a calibration and obtaining the different rear general assembly drawing The design of important line of known length was wheel speeds, needed when from the detail drawings. (I arrangements such as the added before converting the turning the car, by running the have not reached the stage Ackerman steering, the sprung drawing information to a motors electrically in parallel. A of a 3D layout straight to connections for the steering DXF format. The calibration large diversion was taken from machined component yet.) tiller, the front wheel stub line allowed the laser cutters the original brakes as cycle So, at this point the axles and the rear axle was to check that their scaling disc brakes were selected - I parameters for the design are simplified by the use of 2D was accurate although my was surprised that these nicely to hand, the wheel size to be CAD’s effective trigonometric general experience is that made parts are so inexpensive. used, the three view drawing number crunching abilities. specifying the scale of units These brakes were considered from the internet and the size of length to drawing units (e.g. very appropriate as the car was into which the car must fit i.e. Production documentation 1.00mm = 1 drawing unit) is designed to be driven by my the back of my car. With a fully loaded layout I adequate. The reduction of all grandsons. The first run layout was usually just work from detailed the unnecessary information Having located the made and from this the two drawings of components that contained in the DXF components I was not main sections, the wooden are to be produced by suppliers minimises the file size and prepared to manufacture, I body and the under chassis, and those I would machine. minimises the chance of started the detailed design of could be sized. The wooden The accurate detailed drawings wrong information being used. the model car (photo 1). body was slightly tweaked allow me to focus on the In addition to these, a few hand to allow the use of standard (figs 2 and 3). sketches were made, primarily Initial layout sized sheets of plywood, I used the same process on of the wiring and electronics of My modelling philosophy is 1220mm x 610mm, and the the car model. the sound card. not of the hair shirt or rivet overall length reduced to fit All my drawings are A4 in lTo be continued. counting type; I will use any into my car (fig 1). size, convenient for handling production techniques to Having purchased the in the workshop, but for some which I have access and can wheels I was able to be more of the details on the body afford provided the models precise on the overall axle this was not large enough so are reasonable look-alikes widths and on the running by interrogating the 2D CAD Next Time – We begin the from a distance. gear positions. drawing X/Y coordinates of manufacture of the car.

Fig 1

Solidworks body/ chassis drawing

490 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 OLDSMOBILE

Fig 2

Rear bearing socket

Fig 3

Wheel nut

www.model-engineer.co.uk 491 The Inquisitive FiddlerPART 2

A simple kitchen table restoration… 4 Mitch Barnes In the past I have looked at a continues his model with a small glitch on investigation it and thought ‘Oh, that’ll take into that only a couple of hours to fix’ either by simple adjustment phenomenon or making a new part - a we are all familiar with, seemingly simple tweaking of those projects which and cleaning job on the somehow remain ‘not kitchen table… yet completed’, how they Taking on that task (photo 4) may be easy for the wind up like this and what experienced chap but it is we should and should not often a fatal mistake for a do with them. Here are beginner confronting a non- some salutary lessons for runner. Sometimes if working A suitably inspirational cuppa, some tools, a cleanup and those who like him have quickly and unhindered by a simple fix. What couldpossibly go wrong? decided to fiddle with distractions, fired with a mug of tea and some enthusiasm The model is dismantled other distraction takes his a model on a whim: the - before forgetting where again, resentfully appearing attention. Now flagging into result of such an impulse everything fits - that sea of somewhat less attractive this inertia after having dealt with can be years of neglect - newly cleaned, glistening parts second time around. It carries that extended interruption, for the model that is! seems to come together easily. on losing its appeal as torpor somehow a TV documentary Yes! Success! …! ...? sets in and somehow… How on jellyfish farming in the Er... no. It won’t turn over. did this bit fit? Where hasthat Levant seems more appealing Continued from p.357 Our steamily inexperienced bit gone? What fitted here? than tweaking oily nuts with a M.E. 4581, 2 March 2018 mechanic may be unaware Oh. I thought it went there. weeny spanner and the model that it is just an incorrectly Ah, it goes… here. It doesn’t. is temporarily abandoned until positioned that is Where then? Oh dear… he tomorrow (photo 6). preventing this. His ego sluggishly staggers on with it, Perhaps. deflates slightly before he as his enthusiasm dims like After a few days of inactivity begins to figure this out. He an expiring bonfire. Had he on the restoration front, the carries on. Complete at last! been a real enthusiast with a non-runner is in the way and It turns over. Time for another fascinated desire to learn about gets shuffled to one end of the cuppa (photo 5). these amazing things, this kitchen table, its initial lustre Then the luckless would all be part of the fun. further dimmed. Hopefully the reassembler steps on two But he is not; the final small parts that wound up on important–looking bits rolling straw comes when a chatty the floor during this exercise on the floor and realises that friend phones, a door to door were noticed and have been the whole thing has to come salesman won’t take no for an reunited with their scattered apart in order to fit them in. answer, the cat presents him brethren, which have taken Blast! with an unwanted gift or some their place jumbled into a pile

5 6

Where do these pistony-looking bits go then? An easy fix then? Enthusiasm is declining; a fresh start in the morning perhaps.

492 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 ANECDOTAL

along with an unlucky lottery ticket, an orphaned biro cap 7 8 and some odd coins. Over the next few days this pile is added to and some of it falls off the table again – din-dins for the Floor Monster! Eventually, if luck is on its side, in a growing deluge of discontent, those scattered components could be resentfully ‘tidied’ into some loosely assembled cardboard box and, if luckier still, perhaps some envelopes or Ziploc bags for the smaller bits, whose importance is disproportionate to their size or ease of How it should be done; everything is bagged up ready for just How on earth did this get separated? manufacture! Let’s hope those one box - admittedly this is easier with smaller engines. Looking at this superb cylinder, one can bags or envelopes wind up in only dream of what it came from! And no, the box with it (photo 7) and highest level of experience involved this can be hazardous it doesn’t fi t the large 6 column engine then, it’s consigned to the or commitment and stifl e the to completion even when the illustrated earlier. box room or shed to be to be chance of progress. Having parts are carefully packed. sniffed at by the cat at best. It started the project with lots Over a period of time those of important little parts that is then partly forgotten along of enthusiasm, the passion boxes or envelopes so easily accompanied it was from with the disappointment of is undimmed but a change of become separated or broken, something else altogether being intellectually defeated by job, a sudden house move (the shedding some of their (photo 8)! One should assume a currently inanimate metallic hell of renting), illness, passing contents, which are destined this from the start, before umbrage-generator that had of the builder sometimes, never to meet again. putting an offer or bid in. If the looked so simple to renovate. introduction of children to the One often sees the results of project has all the right parts, There it will linger, forever builder’s immediate family; this in online auction sites - an consider it a bonus! Depending tainted with emotions of any of these and many more incomplete project described on how they were machined, frustrated ambition and a can take precedence and get as ‘ parts’, ‘for even bits from two engines guilty resentment that the in the way. Sometimes parts spares or repair’, ‘project’, of the same design probably fi ddler has not only failed to are separated because the ‘part built’, ‘for restoration’ won’t fi t each other - that’s fi x it but made it worse than project was interrupted while or similar, where a model what a fi tter’s job was for. when he started. It will come an assembly from it was being sometimes turns up looking to light again years later when worked on as a project ‘after largely complete, but important The mistaken ‘improver’ a car boot sale or fl eaBay hours’ at work or at a friend’s parts are conspicuous by their Then there is the person who clearout arises and then he workshop for instance and absence… realises from the start that can be rid of it, along with the returns too late to be reunited. Sometimes it’s only the he is not going to be able to accumulated guilt of failure Once again that the model is contents of those now get the project going but he that has festered at the back left disassembled, preferably separated bags or envelopes decides to tart it up for sale to of his mind for so long. Its but sadly not always, in that of bits that show up, forever get the best price, which is fair disappearance from his life box consigned to the garage or isolated and alone. Searches enough because his heart is in will take that guilt away with it attic where it remains like the made while writing this the right place. forever and so it will become, Prisoner of Zenda, for months article revealed an orphaned As long as he knows what he full circle, S.E.P. - Someone or even years of uncertain fate. cylinder from an unknown is doing. Else’s Project, or Problem. Guilty? I have to raise my hand type of engine, a rather ornate This can be done, he Or delight! here too. eccentric sheave devoid of surmises, by slodging paint all If it is not boxed up I can eccentric, a different cylinder, over it. Here awaits another How they get reduced to guarantee that bits are going a machined fl ywheel, a pair mantrap in the form of the bits: circumstance. to get lost - oh so easily! of unmatched cylinder covers Mistaken Improver! Haven’t I have a number of projects, Almost as bad is to keep it in - one in brass, the other in got any painting equipment? both rescued from such an more than one box and, worse steel, a , three(!) No problem; it’ll look okay as uncertain fate and designed by still, if those containers wind locomotive driving wheels long as it’s bright and shiny, me, ‘in hand’ to work on as and up in more than one location, and numerous collections of even if it’s been painted with a where time or inspiration al low. because I can guarantee random bits such as bolts, two-inch brush and something But, as we have just seen, that disaster awaits! I should incomplete and lengths from the DIY shop’s bargain circumstance dictates all too explain. Steam engines are of pipework. All were from bin; gloss is better and three often that other commitments heavy; it may be impossible to different sellers and all of or four coats should cover it! can take precedence before squash all the bits into a box them looked as if they must Select something bright like enthusiasm for the project can capable of (a) being lifted and have been attached to several electric blue or bilious green blossom. (b) strong enough to hold all different somethings once. to make it look attractive. Such circumstances can the bits. So be verrrry careful. On occasion I have bought Lovely!! I illustrate here a affect the restorer with the If more than one container is a project to fi nd that a bag Slater’s Gauge 1 LMS Kirtley www.model-engineer.co.uk 493 0-6-0 daubed in bright green Detail Obscurer instead of 9 LMS Lined Red or just leaving it unpainted. At least it had been painted while partly disassembled but it will need a lot of work to remove that paint before it can run again (photo 9). I have seen quite a few projects over the years which have been tarted up for sale this way, especially at auctions. At least a thick layer Paint it Midland Red?? No, try this instead! This’ll increase its value! of paint will hold it together or conserve everything from original builder put in to deep welts in its otherwise their erstwhile owners had rust… provided that it wasn’t generate precise outlines to beautifully hand carved originally envisioned. I think rusty to start with, in which components, with delicate or surfaces - you wouldn’t do that the logical thing really is to case the rust might happily finely finished surfaces and to a piece of furniture would try to complete them to the work away gaining more edges carrying through the you? Other victims include an best of your abilities. But ground out of sight, entombed halves of an eccentric strap antique sextant and a clock be realistic; if you can’t yet beneath that rhino-hide of or a crankshaft bearing and mirror-polished to within an reach the standard of the glooped-on paint. its cap, can be destroyed by inch of their lives, removing all original builder, leave it alone The other type of Mistaken this process. Those crafted vestiges of their original paint, until you can! In SMEE’s Improver is the chap who edges vanish rapidly under calibrations and patina of age collection we have a superb is also realistic about not the mop’s bristles, as fast as that tells of their experience 3½ inch locomotive chassis having the knowledge to the object’s value because and above all, historical of museum standard, which reinvigorate it to run again the process instantly adds an significance. has never been continued with on steam but he is savvy inordinate amount of time to Regardless of the reasons because no-one has dared try enough to reassemble it once the restoration. Those once and methods by which these to match the original builder’s dismantled. But he thinks all precisely shaped parts now artefacts were interfered with exquisite craftsmanship. those grubby bits should at look like glitzy beach pebbles – all with good intentions of To resurrect an abandoned least look shiny and nice as with bolts on. What was once course - here they are, victims project and see it as originally then it’ll command a better refined and impressive but of the Inquisitive Fiddler and intended is immensely price. This he does with the grubby, now looks shiny (until the Mistaken Improver, waiting satisfying; even if it’s not best of intentions, by forcing it tarnishes of course) but at for Lady Luck to bless them entirely your own work, the individual bits against a the same time crass, clumsy with a fresh start, preferably the sense of achievement drill-mounted abrasive wheel and unimpressive (photo 10). not involving a new career in whenever you see it, even or buffing mop on the bench This doesn’t only apply to landfill... years afterwards, never leaves grinder in his garage. A chap steam engines. I have seen, So then, what should you (photo 11). I once met referred to this aghast through a metaphorical happen to these incomplete Which is a wonderful aspect as ‘destructive restoration’. veil of tears, wooden propellers projects? I always feel that of engaging in this rewarding Yes, the model may look irreparably ‘restored’ with it’s a shame not to return hobby. shiny but all the hard work an angle grinder sporting them to their former glory, and craftsmanship the an abrasive disc, leaving or at least to the state that ME

10 11

Alex Paterson of Gourock built this little gem of a stationary engine in 1905. A lovely project for a nimble-fingered restorer, if he thinks he can tackle it, because it is only 4 inches tall.

Far from the worst example I have seen, but a buffing wheel did NOT help preserve the precisely filed edges and shapes of that cylinder cover or steam chest.

494 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 A Large Capacity CoventryPART 2 Diehead Attachment

aking a start on part 1, the main body (fig David M3), we find there are Earnshaw a lot of machining operations describes an on this component. A piece attachment of mild steel bar 2.5 inches diameter by 7 inches long was for fitting procured and was faced off a Coventry diehead to a and centred at each end using larger lathe. a fixed steady to support the outer end of the bar. To set the steady I was fortunate also to Continued from p.361 have a short end of 2.5 inch M.E. 4581, 2 March 2018 diameter bar and this was set in the 4-jaw , using a dial gauge to get it running dead true. The steady fingers were then set up on this short length of bar before slackening the steady base and sliding it along the bed to a suitable position. Finished unit, Mark 1 for CH style dieheads.

Fig 3

>> www.model-engineer.co.uk 495 The 4-jaw chuck was again used to grip the end of the 7 4 5 inch length of bar and it was set to run true at the chuck end with the dial gauge whilst the outer end rested gently on the fingers of the steady photo( 4 shows a similar set up - after the clamp boss had been welded in). Once the end at the chuck was true the steady was gently clamped up. The end of the bar was then faced off and Setting true in the four-jaw and steady. Facing and centre drilling. deeply centre drilled (photo 5). When this was complete the bar was reversed in the chuck 6 7 and, using the same set up, the opposite end was also faced and centre drilled. No drilling of the was attempted at this stage as it was important to preserve the centre holes for subsequent setting up. Before proceeding further with this main body, a piece of 1 inch diameter mild steel was prepared by facing off each Using cigarette paper and probe to locate the top Starting the cut with a small slot drill. end to bring it to a length of circumference of the bar. just less than 2 inches (fig 3A ). A small chamfer was also cut on each end. It was then 8 9 centre drilled and drilled right 5 through with a ⁄16 inch drill, which was to be helpful for future setting up. The next operation was to cut out a hollow on the main body to allow the piece of bar, prepared as in fig 3A above, to be welded in to form the boss for the clamping arrangement. The horizontal milling machine Cutting through with a long series slot drill. Completing the cut using a boring head. was chosen for this and the bar was clamped directly was half of the probe diameter that it was an easy fit in the For those interested, the 7 on the machine table, the plus ⁄32 inch). hollow pocket. welding current was set at central tee slot providing As the initial cut is on a 110 amps (maximum for the sufficient location. The arbor curved/sloping surface, a Welding welding set) and a 2.5mm was removed from the milling small (⅜ inch) slot drill was Before actually welding the mild steel electrode was used. machine spindle and replaced used to cut a flat bottomed two pieces together, the The weld was completed in with a chuck. With a pocket for a centre drill to overhanging lips of the hollow four sections for comfortable piece of true ⅜ inch diameter start (photo 7). This was pocket were ground back working, one run down each bar in the collet chuck acting followed by a pilot drill, then a slightly to create a vee for the side of the boss and one as an edge finder, the mill long series slot drill to better welding to take place in. This run round the circular ends, table was raised until a piece cope with the break out on was done carefully using a chipping the slag off between of cigarette paper was lightly the opposite curved surface. mini angle grinder having a 2 each run. Movement of the trapped between this true bar A further change to a large inch diameter grinding disc. To welding rod was kept slow to and the top of the workpiece (⅝ inch) long series slot drill weld the two pieces together and the dial (or DRO) on the removed quite a bit more to form the main body, the 1 Z-axis set to zero (photo 6). metal (photo 8). Finally, the inch diameter material was 10 The machine table was then cut out was brought to 1 inch clamped into the hollow pocket retracted away from the edge diameter by taking several using a G-cramp, adjusting the finder and then raised the light cuts using a boring head two so that one was central correct distance so that the (photo 9). Before removing the over the other (photo 10). centre of the cutter would be job from the milling machine, Using an arc welder operating where the centre of the clamp the piece of 1 inch diameter from a single phase supply, the needed to be (in my case this material was used to check two were welded together. Bar with embryo clamp boss tried in place.

496 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 WORKSHOP

achieve maximum penetration and the rod was used with 11 12 a very slight side to side movement to create a good fi llet.Photograph 11 shows the result after chipping off the fi nal slag. Both pieces of steel were of the free cutting variety which is often noted for not welding well but, as shown in the picture, the resulting weld was very pleasing. The weld Result after welding together. Result after dressing the weld. Note: smooth area was then carefully dressed to the right of the boss. using the mini angle grinder and fi les to blend the welds into a smooth fi llet all around 13 14 the joint. The area to the side of the boss was given special care to remove all traces of welding spatter, using only fi les and emery cloth, because this is where the fi xed steady would have to run when boring the main hole in the body. Using an angle grinder on this area would not produce an accurate enough surface Resetting on milling machine and aligning the top of the boss. Finishing clamp holes in the boss using a long slot drill. (photo 12). The welded body was until this rod would enter very good fi nish and reaming Setting up for this was similar 5 then transferred back to the the previously drilled ⁄16 inch was not necessary. Then, to the fi rst side but it turned horizontal milling machine, hole in the boss. The vertical without moving the work, a ¾ out to be much more diffi cult; I using the same clamping slide and table slides (Z-axis inch slot drill or was don’t know why, it just was! arrangements as previously. and X-axis) were then locked used to produce a light ‘spot The top of the welded boss leaving the cross slide (Y-axis) face’ around the edge of the Clamping arrangement was set horizontally with the free to feed the work into hole. This was done to create The pieces required for the aid of a dial gauge (photo 13) cutters placed in the collet a small fl at surface for the clamping pads and stud prior to fi nal tightening. To chuck. embryo clamp pads to seat (parts 2a, 2b, and 2c ) are align the centre of the boss Using increasing sized slot squarely upon. shown in fi g 4. These are 5 with the centre of the machine drills, the ⁄16 inch hole was After that, the work was quite straightforward turning 5 spindle a short piece of ⁄16 gradually opened out and unclamped and turned around exercises and require little inch diameter steel bar was fi nished to size with a ⅝ inch so that the opposite side of comment except, perhaps, held in the collet chuck and long series slot drill (photo the boss could be spot faced why would I specify the use 5 the machine slides adjusted 14). This fi nal tool produced a in the same way as the fi rst. of ⁄16 inch UNC threads? The answer is simply because all nuts on the Chipmaster are A/F 5 Fig 4 sizes and as ⁄16 UNC has a ½ inch A/F nut then the spanner already at the machine would be used. Of course, the thread 5 could be any ⁄16 thread or even M8 but would need the appropriate (additional) spanner at the machine. ERRATUM Note the additional material In the previous instalment, allowed for gripping the pads photo 3 showed two styles of in the body whilst boring the diehead: CH and CHS. The text bore to fi t over the tailstock claimed the CH style was on barrel. This material is turned the left and the CHS style was away after the boring operation on the right whereas, in fact, is complete. Once these parts they are the other way round. have been completed they can be assembled and tightened into the boss ready for boring out in situ within the main body. ●To be continued. www.model-engineer.co.uk 497 Men In Sheds radio equipment. I can drawings were readily available tubes and building aerials remember seeing government for this probably illegal activity. though. Most such home- James Wells casts surplus stores with whole Perhaps this qualifies as the produced sets required his mind back to the racks of electrical equipment only ‘black market’ DIY activity. specially wound coils but activities of men in sheds for sale. Such things as ex-WD In their sheds large numbers even this was within the usual after the end of the radio valves were frequently of men, post WW2, with their capabilities by following supplied in steel boxes which other activities were also published instructions. Using Second World War. were also decidedly useful busy manufacturing aerials the lathe on a low speed it was in the garden workshop for for the radios. With careful possible to wind the correct storage purposes. aerial design and manufacture wire gauge around a wooden The discipline of former it was possible for the men spindle for the required military life died hard in many in their sheds to listen to the number of turns. There were of the men who had built the sports news and their wives also special hand coil winders sheds though. Inside the shed in the house, as they did available which incorporated a t was to be, of all things, the would be many tins and jars their housework, were able to small counter for the number mention of the porcelain all neatly arranged in rows on listen to such popular music of turns required. I still Iinsulators in one of Ashley shelves so that the contents channels as ‘Housewives’ possess an article describing Best’s articles that revived could be seen at a glance, even Choice’. how to wind ignition coils for memories of men in sheds. I garden tools cleaned after use The early generation of radio model IC engines. well remember these insulators and neatly stored. broadcasting wavebands The then BBC Light radio and, at about the size of a Few women seem to have were surprisingly broad band channel was very popular pullet’s egg, were frequently ever complained about sheds by today's standards and, with the women but reception referred to as ‘egg insulators’. though. Apart from getting provided the aerial was the could be bad in certain areas Following the invention the men out of the house for correct size and shape, a and my own mother told my and mass production of the a while, surprising numbers whole range of broadcasts father to do something about vacuum tube, with a whole of men turned their newly could be received. Apart from the reception. His answer was new field of communications acquired practical skills into the usual BBC channels on to purchase some wire and and WW2 being fought over making things for the house Long, Medium and Short wave, several ‘egg insulators’. He then considerable distances, the and toys for the children. there were stations as diverse built a simple aerial, installed role of military signals staff Perhaps it is possible to as Radio Moscow in English. this over the windows and had become vital. Even if the suggest that this is where the During the very early days of soldered the wire into the back technicalities of designing modern DIY movement began. VHF it was even possible to of the radio. The improvement radio circuits still remained Using their experience and listen in to the police radios. in reception could only be mostly with the manufacturer, nagged on by their wives, there The aerials could be almost described as dramatic. My the building, use and was also considerable activity works of art in themselves. parents also wisely learned maintenance could still be well building radio sets. The plans The framework was usually that by being allowed to listen within the trained abilities of for building such sets were constructed from wood and to Dick Barton and Journey the operator. Frequently trying published widely in a whole usually hexagon or lozenge in into Space kept small boys to repair a radio set and even range of popular magazines shape but the reception wire comparatively docile. the earlier generation of TV including the Model Engineer itself had to be carefully turned Even in my own schooldays sets involved taking the back and Amateur Electrician. In my round the angular corners. The it was still just possible off the set, observing which own area of SE London there most popular method of doing to have a personal radio valve wasn't lighting up and were also a number of small this was to use cotton reels. constructed from some iron simply replacing it. radio shops, usually run by Most women in those distant nails with copper wire wound With the end of WW2 ex-servicemen, where advice days had their own sewing round these although a pocket these same men and women could be sought and a whole machines and were probably battery and an ear plug was returned to civilian life taking range of fittings purchased. glad to donate the reels to necessary. One teacher these experiences with them. The introduction of the keep the men busy in their thought that a particular pupil While wartime manufacturing independent TV companies sheds, out of the house and was deaf until she realised that was slowly turning over also brought a considerable the music flowing. There were he was listening to his home- to consumer goods, these flurry of activity in garden local sheds with an exhaust made radio with a battery in goods were still in very short sheds. By constructing a pipe sticking out of one end of one pocket and the bundle of supply, meaning that hard ‘converter’ it was possible to the roof and a large, home- nails and copper wire in the won experience and ingenuity adapt a more widely available made, aerial mounted on the other. Such ingenuity would be would be required on the part ‘BBC only’ TV set to receive other end of the same roof swept away by the invention of demobbed working men. the much more popular ITV with the aerial carefully aligned and mass use of the transistor. Post WW2 vast quantities of channels. I don't remember any for the strongest signal. It was a simple world in those government surplus became published plans for building DIY manufacturing ingenuity days! cheaply available, including converters but pencilled didn't stop at using vacuum ME

498 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 FALCOR A Beginner’s Locomotive in 32mm GaugePART 2

Boiler (figs 8 - 20) needed for the locomotive to thin slitting to cut the The boiler (photos 6 to 12) was run but is there purely to give small slots in the burner so it Martin one part that actually worked a column of condensed steam was just an idle day-dream. Ranson first time and is a typical out of the chimney so that any This new idea was to use a presents a arrangement of a horizontal photographs or video look a bit small 6 inch blade design for centre-tube boiler. The steam more atmospheric. to cut the slots but I never dome is not actually used but The gas burner body is found any details. However, a simple, was fitted just in case there bronze instead of brass 11 years ago two kind quick build gas-fired was a need for the steam pipe because bronze appears to gentlemen put some details 32mm steam locomotive. to use it (plan A ended up as last a lot longer. The jet is a in an article published in the plan X). The steam dome can standard Calor gas jet number July 2006 issue of Engineering be made in one piece or it can 5 (photo 13), shown with a In Miniature. Paul Blake and be a top and a bottom piece first and second attempt at Brian Wilson had the idea silver soldered together. If it is the burner. The first one has to grind all the ‘set’ off the made of two pieces then the 14 slots and the second one sides of the blade. This idea hole up the middle of the top has 16 slots with a bit closer has been used successfully piece can be made larger than spacing (fig 19). Looking at to make lots of poker-type 0.218 inch. the first flame, I realised it had burners. The actual slot width The long pipe through the gaps in the spread of the flame is about 0. 017 inch. It works boiler into the smokebox so it was remade. beautifully! Just remember was also fitted ‘just in case’. I heard of a method for to clean out all the swarf left This was eventually used to making small poker-type on the inside; if not, some of connect a blower into the burners more than 15 years the flames may end up a bit chimney. The blower is not ago but I could not find a very ragged and flap in the breeze.

Fig 8 9/16 bronze block Tap 3/16 x 40 Bush for safety tacked on with SF24 valve Ø0.435 then SF55 later, Insert temporary bolt 4BA Tap 5/16 x 32 base is curved Bush for steam dome if needed, Ø0.625

0.250 Tap 3/8 x 26 0.187 File notch Tap 1/4 x 40

Tap 1/4 x 40 Internal tube each side

Bush for water Ø2.0 Tacked on with fill other side SF24 first

Bush for lower water gauge on other side, 3/8 sq bronze, 2.25 also tacked on with SF24, 0.312 tap 1/4 x 40 3.75 6.4 Boiler materials 16SWG copper All bushes ph. bronze assembled Boiler Firetube is copper tubing, 0.9mm thick with SilverFlo 24 & then SilverFlo 55

>> www.model-engineer.co.uk 499 Fig 9 0.220 1/4 x 40 Centre drilled Copper washer Cone union hole Ø0.218 0.40 Tap

3/8 x 26 0.125 0.125

Drill Ø0.050 0.250 0.187 3/16 x 40 0.188 Ø0.520

Pressure Gauge Supply 0.063 Thread Mat’l: 3/8” hex. brass 3/8 x 26 Steam Dome And Bush (if needed) Mat’l: 5/8” hex. brass Fig 11 Fig 10 Gland nut Taper 5/15 hex. 6BA 0.125 lg. 1.10 lock nut brass, tap Fig 12 Ø0.625 1/4 x 40 0.50 0.250 Ø0.125 S.s. Silver solder

Ø0.375 x 0.425 lg. Drill Ø0.093 6BA 1/8 x 40 1/4 x 40 Tap 1/4 x 40 or 7/32 x 40 Handle 0.250 lg. 0.470 lg. 0.218 lg. to suit Ø1/8 copper pipes Spindle Ø0.250 x 0.50 lg. Lock nut, 0.325 brass hex, Ø1/8 s.s. Gland silver soldered, fit Thread 1/4 x 40 packing 1/4 x 40 unions on 0.170 thick or ‘O’ ring pipe ends Cut off short thread, add longer Manual Steam Valve Cone union piece 7/32 x 40 or 1/4 x 40 as req’d Commercial 90° valve Gland nut Silver solder Fig 13 Ø0.250 Spindle Ø0.105 Thread 6BA For cone union Bronze bush Ø0.187 x 0.40 lg. Tap 6BA Silver solder Thread 3/16 x 40 Drill Ø0.050 Arm, 2 x 5mm steel Drill hole(s) as req’d Lock nut, 6BA Drill Ø0.050 Thread 3/16 x 40 for r/c linkage. Poss. Radius? rad. 0.45 or 0.55, drill Lock nut holes Ø0.065 for 10BA Brass hex, R.C. Throttle Valve clear 0.250 AF Mat’l: Bronze or brass Blower, Angled Feed 0.160 thick Mat’l: Ø0.250 & Ø0.187 bronze

Bronze strip Fig 14 0.250 x 0.0625 Silver solder The angled bush was fitted in case a curved steam pipe was needed to fit up into the steam dome Ø1.0 brass bar Ø0.236 brass or Ø0.335 Optional bronze, drill Ø0.098 Tap 1/4 x 40 steam dome

Silver solder Boiler shell Clamp bolt Bronze bush 7BA x 0.50 I.D. 0.870 to match O.D. Ø0.375 hex. head steel of firetube, needs a sliding fit Small bevel 7 0.18 0 Bronze bush Ø0.435 0.222 0.25 Thread 1/4 x 40 before filing Water Filling Bush 0.375 0.480 Optional, straight or angled 0.155

Rear Boiler Clamp 0.340 Fig 15

Figure 19 also shows a experiments to stop various There is a copper heat shunt the gas valve to be about 15- brass collar, which fits towards burners from making very loud joining the rear end of the 20psi. This is much easier to the rear of the burner. Two whistling noises. These two burner to the side of the gas see on a small gauge as the notches have been indicated, notches seem to have been tank. This is to keep the tank locomotive passes by in the one on each side. These were one of my better experiments. warm on cool days. Also shown garden. It also makes it a bit filed with a small circular file The burner will only whistle in photo 13 is a restrictor fitted more difficult to feed far too 3 just less than ⁄16 inch diameter if there is a ridiculously high to the gas jet carrier. This much pressure to the gas jet. and are about 0.1 inch deep. amount of gas pressure fed to allows the jet to receive 5-10psi The boiler and the gas tank Years back, I tried all sorts of the gas jet. and the supply pressure from are home-made and pressure

500 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 LIVE STEAM

File notch at front Fig 16 Fig 17 Copper tube I.D. 0.175 0.4 O.D. 0.250 Base of firetube Boiler interior End plate 0.50 to inner shell 0.141 Slight overhang 0.020 9/16 bronze block **Drill Ø0.155

Firetube Ø22mm plumbing pipe Firetube overhangs 3/16 sq. ph. bronze Tap 1/4 x 40 0.035 thick at rear by 0.270 0.350 deep O.D. approx. 0.870 0.170 0.141 0.720 Lower Water Gauge Mount **Use temporary bolt for clamping. Drill bolt 1/32 or 0.8mm, makes it Bush for lower water easier to remove if soldered solid. Use SF24 to fasten to boiler shell. Boiler Ends Tap hole 3/16 later, use short length of 5/16 hex. brass for a blanking 2 off gauge mount, 3/8 sq. bronze plug, not too long tested. Some people seem to to fl ow easily THROUGH the be worried by making joint. I know that some people Gland nut, brass hex. 0.325 AF Use SF55 for join. Glass is Ø0.155 and especially gas tanks. All machine, or even ream, the Gland nut uses either 0.330 Drill clearance I would suggest is that if you holes for the tubes in various packing or ‘O’ ring Ø0.158 are at all worried then fi nd a plates, aiming to get the tube commercial tank and use that. as tight as possible in the 0.250 Bronze Ø0.158 I shall eventually modify this plate. Thread 1/4 x 40 1/4 x 40 Bronze Ø0.312 tank to get rid of the fi ll and Try the experiment for 0.550 lg. 1 Drill Ø0.10 vent valves. The supply valve yourself; get a bit of scrap ⁄16 0.50 will defi nitely be kept. It is very inch copper and fi t two short Brass lock nut 7/32 x 40 useful because it has two cone lengths of ⅜ inch tube in it. 0.325 AF Lower end of bush 0.20 thick drilled Ø0.187 x 0.30 unions for the gas feed and the Make one hole as tight as 1/4 x 40 pressure gauge. possible by drilling or reaming Brass hex.

Two grades of silver solder so the tube is diffi cult to fi t, Water Gauge Bushes 0.325 AF 0.20 are used on the boiler to then carefully make the other 2 off 0.125 Fig 18 simplify assembly. High hole with a fi le so it is still a temperature Silver Flo 24 is used fi rst on the two square bushes on the backhead - note 6 7 the square bushes are held in place with a temporary bolt. If this temporary bolt is drilled through the middle to start with, it is much easier to drill it out if it gets inadvertently soldered into position. Silver Flo 24 is also used to fasten the fi re tube to the rear tube plate, which is done while they are separate, away from the boiler barrel. Done this way, the rear tube plate and the fi re tube itself are much easier to slide into place for fi nal Boiler backhead. The front of the boiler. assembly. Because they are now rigid they will then partly hold the front plate in place. 8 9 My method for fi tting tubes and tube plates together is to carefully FILE the holes in the plates to achieve a tight sliding fi t. When this operation is completed I then use a triangular needle fi le to make 3 or 4 tiny notches round the circumference of the hole. Literally the depth of the fi led slot is only a ‘few thou’ but it does allow the silver solder Left hand side of the boiler. Right hand side of the boiler. >> www.model-engineer.co.uk 501 fairly tight fit and add the three 3.76 16 slots 0.017 wide, see text. 1.0 or four tiny notches. 0.294 All same depth approx. 40% Just complete the soldering of tube dia. May need final 2 air holes of the two tubes from one side 2 air trim on test. Spacing 0.125, holes Ø0.187 see text for cutting slots and check how much the solder Ø0.218 Grub screw has penetrated to the other 0.225 side. Allowing for the fact that Silver Flo 55 does not appear Drill Ø0.280 Drill Ø0.0625 for 5/16 x 40 to flow as well as Easy Flo 2 (at Brass plug least, not for me), then the fillet 0.488 Brass collar silver soldered formed on the rear edge may 0.734 Ø0.375 ph. bronze Curved copper heat sink even be non-existent. The tube Drill Ø0.290 silver soldered to base fastened into the drilled and of burner tube, approx. Filed notch 1.5mm thick filed hole should have a decent fillet on both sides. I usually

use excess flux with Silver Ø0.875 Flo 55 to ensure a reasonable Same as thickness Ø0.796 to match fillet anyway. Assuming your of heat sink fire tub experiment works out like mine, Drill Ø0.375 for then which would you have burner tube on the inside surfaces of your Gas Burner Fig 19 boiler? A double fillet is a lot stronger than a fillet on one side only. Gas Jet Carrier And Restrictor Looking at photo 9 there Fig 20 is a notch filed in the top 3/16 cone union gas supply front of the boiler. This is to 3/16 x 40 0.340 lg. allow the chimney base to fit Continue centre Thread 5/16 x 40 snugly when the smokebox hole at Ø1/32 0.330 lg. No.5 jet and chimney assembly is 3/8 sq. brass slid into place. This notch is Brass lock nut Tap 1BA to match 7/16 hex, 5/16 x 40 approximately 0.7 inch wide gas jet, drill Ø0.040 and 0.18 inch deep. It matches to break into ph. bronze the diameter of the short Tap 7BA copper pipe used to form the fitting for the chimney base. 0.315 One piece of Ø3/16 ph. bronze Also on photo 9 there can be straight through, silver solder Unthreaded part 0.352 total length seen the four holes to clamp both sides including taper length of 0.208 the smokebox to the boiler Ø0.055 front.

Next time we will make the 0.825 7BA thread with brass Restrictor Valve Spindle lock nut, use thread sealant gas filler and gas tank. Mat’l: , tapered end lTo be continued.

10 11 SUPPLIERS Roundhouse Engineering T. 01302 328035 W. www.roundhouse-eng.com Polly Model Engineering T. 0115 9736700 W. www.pollymodel Rear boiler clamp. engineering.co.uk Radio controlled throttle valve. Brandbright The T. 01258 458088 13 finished W. www.brandbright.co.uk 12 burner, Reeves jets and T. 01827 830894 restrictor. W. www.ajreeves.com GLR Kennions T. 01327 878988 W. www.glrkennions.co.uk IP Engineering T. 01205 270010 Manual steam valve. W. www.ipengineering.co.uk

502 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 Tales of the SMEE Collection Perpetuum Mobile? A perpetual motion machine

1 Roger Backhouse ponders one of the more unusual items in the SMEE collection.

SMEE’s reputed perpetual motion machine. It is hard to understand why it was designed with angled flanges which would be more difficult to cast and machine.

n its 120 year history the the Society’s perpetual motion member of SMEE, W. H. Society of Model and machine (photo 1), as it cannot Dearden, who made many IExperimental Engineers be stopped. This oddity seemed high-quality models and ran a (SMEE) has acquired a appropriate for an April Model small toolmaking engineering collection of engineering Engineer and an opportunity to business in Clapham, South models including locomotives, look briefly at attempts to break London. It is not one of his ships, stationary engines, tools the laws of physics that have designs but was reputedly and experimental equipment. wasted inventors’ time and made to order for a client who All have stories, whether of their money over the years. left it with the builder when it makers, donors, construction or Unfortunately inventors couldn’t work. W. H. Dearden restoration. Some will feature in still try to produce perpetual was a fine model engineer and these articles. motion machines, though two of his models, a 3½ inch SMEE’s Stationary Engines now usually under the name gauge 4-4-0 goods locomotive Committee members have of ‘over unity’ devices. Some and a model of a gas engine, restored many to working are outright frauds but others are displayed at the Institution order and conserved merely misguided. Even of Mechanical Engineers in others for display. Though today members of the public Birdcage Walk, Westminster. models are kept off site occasionally contact SMEE A 5 inch gauge model of a SMEE arranges displays at for help in building a perpetual Caledonian 4-4-0 featured at exhibitions when possible. motion machine. the Jubilee Model Engineering A well-worn SMEE joke says This strange device (photo Exhibition in 1948 when Mr it is against the rules to start 2) was built by an early Dearden, then 80 years old, showed it to Lord Forres. They are pictured in the 2 3 Society’s history ‘One Hundred Years of Model Engineering: the Society of Model and Experimental Engineers 1898- 1998’. Of course, SMEE’s device could not provide perpetual motion and it is difficult to see how it could work in any meaningful sense (photo Another view of the device. View from above. 3). It consists of one large >> www.model-engineer.co.uk 503 4 5 6

An early perpetual motion device used Science and Invention cover from the balls in curved spokes. With more balls 1920’s. Many wasted time trying to on one side it was supposed to rotate. make perpetual motion devices; other It didn’t. The sum of weights and their Three cylinders - there appears to be no connection between these and the large cylinder. inventors were fraudsters. In this moments about the centre remains example the containers are supposedly constant. filled with mercury. body with a large cylinder Thermodynamics was partly developed by James balls which came in several and , opposed by three Perpetual motion is impossible Joule but first formulated by variants. The ‘perpetual smaller and cylinders. for reasons explained by a German physicist Rudolf motion’ wheel had curved The large cylinder has good Professor E. N. da Costa Clausius and states the spokes which threw heavy compression, indicating Andrade in his book of the 1927 principle of the conservation balls out to one side but drew careful manufacture, Royal Institution Christmas of energy. This has been them in close to the centre on but appears to have no Lectures (Engines, G. Bell and restated in different ways, as the other (photos 6 and 7). connection with the smaller Sons Ltd. 1947 reprint of 1928 by Professor Andrade. One of Makers claimed that cylinders (photo 4). The edition). He described ‘the the best-known formulations is the greater weight on one body is made of two parts rule of the Conservation of ‘Energy can neither be created side forces rotation but connected by angled flanges Energy’, meaning that energy nor destroyed; it can only be unfortunately the total sum bolted together - why this is is conserved or always kept converted from one form to of the weights and their required is not known as a the same amount. Of course, another’. In other words, energy moments about the axle flange at right angles to the energy can be turned into cannot be created from nothing remains constant so no cylinder body would be easier different forms, for example in a closed system (like a motion results. More complex to manufacture. changed through friction into perpetual motion machine). models used arrangements The small pistons could not heat energy. Even if an engine The First Law is not a of levers (photo 8). Apart work as an air engine for there could be made to run without mathematical law but is based from increasing the friction is no exhaust or . any friction it would go on on how the observed universe involved they had the same Nor would they provide enough moving in such a way that it works. Norman Billingham problem - they could not work. power to drive the large piston. only had the same energy as adds ‘the First Law has been Others thought of water Another factor is the faster that put in to start it. Attempts tested in endless ways across power. Could greater pressure speed of the large flywheel to make an engine that could a huge range of pure science crankshaft due to the 3:1 ratio run itself are therefore doomed and engineering and it has of the wheels. It is a mystery to failure (photo 5). always worked perfectly’. 7 but at least provides interest More recently Professor While the Second and Third at exhibitions. It is expected Norman Billingham has Laws are not quite as relevant SMEE will show this device on written articles for the SMEE to perpetual motion Norman their stand at the Doncaster Journal (‘Why can’t I build a Billingham quotes the popular Exhibition. perpetual motion machine?’) summary – ‘The first law says explaining why the quest for you can’t win, the second says What is perpetual motion? perpetual motion is doomed you can’t break even except The term ‘perpetual motion’ to failure. (SMEE Journal, at absolute zero and the third is used ambiguously. It can February 2018, April 2018 and that you can’t reach absolute mean a device that, once forthcoming.) He draws on the zero either’! set up to work, will carry on science of thermodynamics, continuously - though of the relationship between heat Historical attempts to course if it really is perpetual and motion, that developed produce perpetual motion no-one will be around to in the 19th century. Evolving Arthur W.J. G. Ord-Hume check. More usually it means over many years, it remains described many attempts to a device that will run without essential to our understanding produce perpetual motion, Large cylinder and piston. Compression an external energy source and of physics and engineering. some naive but others is good - the machine was well made as implies it can generate over What is now known as the fraudulent. One of the earliest might be expected from a skilled model and above the energy input. first Law of Thermodynamics was the overbalancing engineer like W.H. Dearden.

504 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 ODDITIES

on the larger surface area in Patent offi ces the goblet force water up a The US Patent Office 8 9 narrow tube to descend and eventually insisted on perhaps turn a water wheel a working model of all (photo 9)? Robert Boyle even perpetual motion machines suggested that capillary being deposited in an attraction could draw the attempt to stop the flow water up the tube. of unsuccessful patent John Worrell Keely was applications. They now refuse a notorious 19th century such applications. fraud with his Keely Motor In the UK The Patent Offi ce Company. Like other will only patent devices that fl amboyant fraudsters he are capable of industrial One of the more complex ideas for a Capillary attraction was supposed to used expressions like ‘etheric application. Ever pragmatic, perpetual motion device. The idea was draw water up one side and out through disintegration’ and ‘quadruple British law states that that the weights and their moments on the spout, perhaps to turn a waterwheel. negative harmonics’ as part machines reputed to operate one side would turn it. Alas not, and just Not a chance. of his claim to release ‘etheric in a manner contrary to well think of the friction of all those joints. force’ from a thimbleful of established physical laws are water. Bogus science often regarded as not having an relies on fanciful phrases. industrial application. the scientifi c community, the what model engineering is all He managed to win over media and the public (website about? In that sense, it works investors and secured ‘Over unity’ devices www.csicop.org). However, perfectly! the backing of rich widow It would be good to say that cases mentioned on their Clara Bloomfi eld Moore to better public understanding of website and their publication Thanks to: live in some style. Alas, his physics has ended attempts the Sceptical Inquirer suggest • Peter Haycock and other experimental demonstrations to produce perpetual motion. they still cannot prevent members of SMEE’s of new power relied on Alas not. Some still think they people wasting time on over- Stationary Engines concealed compressed air can produce such machines. unity devices (or, worse, Committee pipes and Mrs Moore eventually Though now usually styled getting others to waste money lost faith in him, though his ‘zero energy’ or ‘over unity’ on them). • Professor Norman Billingham deceptive machines were devices, inventors still claim (SMEE) carefully built. He was a skilled to produce more work than A mystery? engineer and it is a shame goes in. SMEE’s perpetual motion • Professor Donald A. Simanek he didn’t turn his undoubted These attempts have been machine remains a mystery. (and his alter ego Ken Amis!) talents to other causes. gently sent up by Donald A. Donald Simanek has seen Different attempts at Simanek, Emeritus Professor many examples of ‘perpetual • John Slater (SMEE) perpetual motion have been of Physics at Lock Haven motion’ machines and is modelled and fi lmed using University, Pennsylvania. (But keen to debunk this and other • David Taylor (SMEE) trickery to make it seem as don’t be fooled by his alter pseudo-science. His website if they work. The web shows ego, the true believer Ken offers an amusing look at the ●To be continued. many examples. Amis, whose book is one that subject but also examines the will always be published next serious physics involved. Clockmakers year!) He’s seen photographs of Even is Notably in the USA the SMEE device and says he reputed to have tried to create some still try their luck at has seen no device like it. He FURTHER READING: a perpetual motion device. In producing free energy, often asks whether it was intended Arthur W.J. G. Ord-Hume his youth he repaired clocks accompanied by claims of as a perpetual motion ‘Perpetual Motion: the Story in his spare time and like a conspiracy to prevent the device and suggests that it of an Obsession’, George many clock workers became inventor’s great discovery was perhaps a toolmaker’s Allen and Unwin, 1977 fascinated by making clocks from changing the world. One whimsy. That seems unlikely run longer. such was Dennis Lee with for W. H. Dearden was a For fascinating articles about Some clockmakers his superfi cially convincing serious engineer unlikely to perpetual motion by Donald developed long running self- demonstrations at an have created anything so Simanek see his website winding clocks. In the 1760’s auditorium in Philadelphia in frivolous. However, like many https://www.lockhaven. James Cox built with Joseph 1996, ably debunked by Eric items in the SMEE collection edu/~dsimanek which offers Merlin an ingenious clock Krieg. construction circumstances many useful links. wound by small movements The American based are not fully known so all of barometric mercury. It Committee for Skeptical Inquiry options are possible. Other websites: ran without winding until (www.csicop.org) promotes Whatever else, it always https://www.wired. moved to the Victoria and science and scientifi c inquiry, stimulates interest when com/2016/04/physics- Albert Museum in London. critical thinking, science shown at exhibitions. Despite, behind-another-bogus- More recent variants like the education and the use of or perhaps because of, its perpetual-motion-machine Atmos clock use temperature reason in examining important peculiarities it raises a smile https://www.csicop.org/ differentials to power a issues and disseminates or at least looks of puzzled si/show/examining_the_ torsional pendulum clock that factual information about the amusement. Surely, pleasure amazing_free-energy_claims_ needs no winding. results of such inquiries to for the builder or observer is of_dennis_lee www.model-engineer.co.uk 505 A CNC Beginner’s ExperiencePART 16

CNC MACHINING program (50+ minutes each despite using the same WITH A SIEG KX3 - time). This was done without program each time but were Peter King’s THINGS GO VERY a tool fitted – some with Z very approximately in the same continuing ‘WRONG’ – THEN inhibited and some without. ratios and always in the same narrative FINALLY AN ANSWER! Initially only the X axis was directions. At least from this I of a CNC I had now got quite a lot of varying but eventually all knew that whatever it was, it machining done and started three were doing so. The was broadly repeatable. learner to be complacent (stopped results were then consistent The next check was to driver; a few lessons keeping my fingers crossed!) as to which way each axis replace the parallel port cable learned during ‘hands-on’ and reaped the consequences; wandered but not as to the and run the program yet again, operations. I had set up a blank slab of amount. Basically X moved as a poor pin contact could steel in the KX3 table and from job zero to the right to X+, possibly cause the problem. set a milling job in progress. Y moved towards the operator The result was as before and Continued from p.379 When the machine stopped, to Y- and Z moved vertically to in these later runs the mill M.E. 4581, 2 March 2018 I wandered over to remove Z+. These ‘drifts’ were variable stopped dead three more times the job and said a few more but basically X moved from and each time, except the last, ‘Bothers’ and ‘Oh dears’ – 0 to +1.5##mm, Y from 0 to it was started after hours or I hope the advice that the job was a ‘scrapper’. -0.5##mm and Z from 0 to days later normally – after follows, in the form of a Something was clearly very +0.5##mm. the last stop however whilst series of short articles, is wrong as the left-hand faces These multiple program the fan continued to run as (as the operator viewed them) runs also brought out another usual and there was the usual helpful to those starting of a machined pocket were problem in that the KX3 mill ‘hum’ from the unit it no longer out with CNC in the ‘stepped’ and the right hand stopped dead once in each of obeyed any commands. workshop. I aim to assist faces were nice and clean. two different runs – once with This – I thought - wrongly in understanding any I examined the tool path the spindle still left running - left only one remaining problems and lead you, program minutely, carefully and once with all stopped. possibility: - the ‘breakout card’ eventually, to satisfactory comparing the commands In each case the mill did not was defective in some way and for each ‘pass’ to depth and respond to any commands not transmitting all commands operation of your CNC could not find any difference from Mach3 but after all had from the computer – steps machinery. to account for this. I set up been switched off and left for were being ‘lost’. It was also another slab of steel and some hours or days, everything shutting down from some repeated the program after worked again. unknown reason (possibly a carefully ‘zeroing’ the machine From the above, clearly there component overheating) and again. The result was basically was something very wrong initially capable of starting the same – at that point I and the stepper motors were again when some time had noticed that the quill axis the first to be inspected; the passed (component cooled appeared offset at the end couplings were checked to down?). Each of these stops of the program. The offset ensure that they were secure including the last, where the was from the ‘zero’ mark (X/Y and unbroken. The next check spindle also stopped - was intersection on the job) in the was to ensure that the ball- notable for being sudden and direction of X+. screw nuts were secure on the complete – no slow ‘running I had a look at the Mach3 mill frame; this was followed down’ of spindle or stepper screen DRO’s and it showed by a check on the end bearings motors. This was clearly a all at zero. I fitted a wobbler for the ball-screws on the sudden simultaneous cessation pin unit into the , table. Nothing was found on of all commands to the mill axis trued it and jogged it down any of these checks as all was stepper motors and the quill to the marked zero on the job secure and the ball-screws did motor. In each instance the axis – both X and Y axes were off not have any tight spots. I also DROs on the Mach3 Screen zero. I then fitted tool ‘0’ and checked for any play between could be ‘jogged’ but there was jogged it down to the job and a the screws and the nuts – no response from the KX3 mill. reading of zero and it too was there wasn’t any detectable. There had been an earlier not where it should be. The There was only one obvious problem when the machine Y offset was very, very small conclusion from all this: had ‘lost’ its datum; I assumed and I figured that I had not got somewhere, somehow ‘step wrongly that I had done it right at the start, but the X commands’ were being gained something daft. I reset X/ Y offset was about 1.25mm. or lost between the computer axes back to a central point to I then started a very long and the mill. create a new zero and zeroed Z investigation – which took At the end of several more with the tool ‘0’. days, as to ensure consistency test runs it was clear that My main problem is that I ran the same tool path the errors were not constant electronics are a mystery to

506 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 CNC FOR BEGINNERS

me; these peculiar happenings some weeks later it was fi tted changed my routine. I normally notes he had been given are probably easy to sort out – and made no difference. walked into the workshop, categorically stating this was for those who understand what So I was back to sundry quite switched on the computer a very big ‘NO! NO!’. Vista, so the electronics are doing. The complex tests and much and then walked across the far as my version of Mach3 is second problem is living in the theory – none of it of any avail. workshop to the KX3 mill and concerned, is a lurking wrecker South Island of New Zealand The fi nal answer was alas switched it on – then returned that randomly scrambles out in the South Pacifi c, the nearly two years away. I to the computer and sat down, operations. The damage it supplier is about 1500 miles tested and struggled but the by which time it was ready to created was slowly cumulative away in Queensland and the ‘wandering zeroes’ would run. This time I switched on in some places and varying Forum is 12,000 miles away In not go away. I considered the mill and then walked to the in others which makes it very . This means queries scrapping the whole thing computer and switched it on… diffi cult to ‘put your fi nger take a long time due to the but my wife insisted that I on the screen there appeared on’ as there were so many time differences. persevered. those dreaded words: possible causes. There was no Having conferred with some Then one weekend in ‘LOADING VISTA’. My language point in continuing further at ‘computer guru’ acquaintances December 2014 came one nearly set the workshop alight. that time – I had the answer to and multiple complex tests run of those simple things that A ‘tech’ – who had long before all the problems, so I switched on the computer, we settled on makes a ‘sea-change’. With ceased to be employed by everything off and unplugged ‘probably failure of the break- a list of further tests to be the fi rm I use - had loaded the the computer. out card’. I ordered a new one tried in my hand, I, without operating system Vista instead from China. When it arrived any forethought per-chance, of XP despite the Mach3 ●To be continued.

● Boiler Design Martin Johnson discusses the design of model boilers.

● Wide-A-Wake Ramon Wilson completes the engine rebuild and launches Wide-A-Wake.

● Driving Wheels for 4457 Bob Bramson explains how he went about balancing the wheels for his Great Northern Atlantic.

● Anti-Piston Engine Wolfgang Tepper starts work on the valves and valve guides for his opposed piston engine.

● Fire Engine John Clarke builds a model of the 1721 Newsham fi re engine.

● DAG Brown expands upon the mass production of cones for injectors.

● Denny’s Ship Tank Roger Backhouse visits the experimental ship tank built by William Denny in Dumbarton.

Content may be subject to change.

www.model-engineer.co.uk ON SALE 13 APRIL 2018 507 The ENV Aero EnginePART 6

Induction pipework Having successfully 32 Stephen electroformed all the cylinder Wessel water jackets (see M.E. continues an nos. 4577, 4579 and 4581) I occasional decided to carry on using the same technique to create the series on copper induction pipes before the construction of an putting the plating bath away elusive prototype. and forgetting how to do it. Study of the original engine strongly suggested that this Continued from p.365 was the method they used, M.E. 4581, 2 March 2018 the pipes being obviously thin (badly dented in places) and without the usual crinkles on the inner radii caused by bending machinery. The finished induction pipework. Photographs 32 and 33 show the finished structure: would have had to turn down removed afterwards. An four main pipes leading from a lot of thick ¾ inch tube and obvious choice would be some a central distribution chamber then give it sharp bends as kind of plastic ball so I went and four branches. There is a well as flares at the junctions. looking on Ebay and quickly diagonal symmetry meaning Not impossible but very found millions, all of rather ill- that each pipe is repeated difficult and uncertain work. defined diameter and all with an once. There was therefore a The spherical chamber annoying ridge or flash around need for two designs of the was the place to start. The the equator. Useless. One longer pipe and two for the carburettor will bolt to its such session on the internet shorter one - four patterns in underside. The plan was however found me reminiscing total. Each pipe has an outside to make the sphere and on all the various balls I had 11 diameter of about ⁄16 inch temporarily mount it in a played with as a child and and a wall thickness of .025 central position but with then suddenly there it was: the inch. This is a non-standard an adjustable height. Then, ping pong ball. Ten seconds of and quite unobtainable size somehow, I should have to research revealed that not only of copper tube so without the plot the course of each of are these made to international electroforming technique I the longer pipes such that standards of accuracy, ie they would butt up against perfectly round and smooth, the sphere at one end while but their diameter is precisely 33 the other end would enter 40mm! What a bit of luck. the existing stubs on each The sphere has an integral cylinder. There is no easy way lower entry stub which of drawing this and even if would be patterned in hard a decent 3D representation wax glued to the ball. Once could be created on the electroforming was complete computer this wouldn’t be both wax and ball could be much use ‘on the ground’. melted out. In order to dangle this object in the plating bath Distribution chamber a brass hook was screwed I had a dimension for this, into the wax. Now it would about 3⅛ inches in full size. have to be made electrically In half scale this works out conductive. The usual to about 40mm. I mentioned method is to coat the object in a previous article that with conductive ink, a quick almost anything can be used drying lacquer containing as a former or pattern for fine particles of copper, silver This is the central area of pipework on the original engine. Notice the priming cock an electroformed surface or graphite. But I happened at the top; this was connected to the fuel tank above. When opened for a couple of providing it can be made to have a small amount of seconds a shot of petrol is directed down each of the main pipes for starting. conductive and can be safely gold leaf that I thought might

508 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 AERO ENGINE

be even better and make a an electroformed pipe. I readers are as unfamiliar with were soldered on at about 90° more certain bond with the remembered something we these things as I am, I can now to each other but below the hook. The result is shown in used at school as a drawing tell you exactly how you may central meridian. The bends photo 34. Here are also the aid, a length of plastic bar that wrap your dampened tresses in the pipes turned out to be four sockets which would be could be bent into a curve around these soft foam compound, ie in two planes. silver soldered to the sphere and stay bent. But I wanted armatures, bend them into any I would carry on and make once I felt certain about their something that would look like desired shape, and blow dry to the four longer pipes before positions. the pipe itself! form the curls. Just the thing determining the exact shape of I crept back to the old for a glitzy night out. the four short ones. Defi ning the pipes Internet wondering vaguely The humble hair curler The next step was to turn Now to the main problem: what to type into the search comprises a very fi ne foam down two lengths of PVC rod the engine sits on the bench box. I fi nd you often get rubber rod with a steel wire to the bore size, actually 0.64 with all eight cylinders bolted more hits if you use words going up the middle attached inch. Using a paint stripping down, inlet stubs all ready and that aren’t too technical. So to end caps. The wire bends gun clamped in a vice I was waiting to be connected up rather than ‘non-elastic’ or plastically while the elasticity then able to warm up the to the sphere which by now ‘superplastic’, I just put in the of the foam is insuffi cient to plastic and bend it by hand has temporary support. What more homely ‘bendy rods’. bend it back again, so even into the same shape as the was needed was some sort of Instantly, and honestly for severe right-angle bends stay hair curler. This was quite pliable material in the form of a the fi rst time in my life, I was put, more or less. I chose some easy and could be checked by rod of about the right diameter introduced to the world of hair nice orange ones of 16mm simply plugging the rod into that could be coaxed into the curlers. My wife thought such diameter to represent the bore the two sockets while warm correct shape and then keep things rather old fashioned and of my pipes (photo 35). and then just leaning on it here that shape, on its own, while that modern hair salons might I fi ddled around with these and there until the shape was being removed and put down not use them anymore (we for quite a while, trying to right (photo 36). on the bench. Then maybe enquired and found her to be get them to look like my As before, these rods it could be copied somehow correct). But there they were photographs. Once the were turned into white metal into another material, PVC online, in their many different end points at the sphere castings (photos 37 and rod for example, rigid enough colours and diameters, crying had been established the 38) and plated to the design for the process leading to out for a new use! Just in case sockets referred to above thickness.

34 35

The electroformed distribution chamber. The four sockets were flanged in a simple . Essential workshop tooling. They were clamped to the sphere for brazing using the small bars and screws at top.

36 37

Top: the two PVC patterns ready for silicone rubber. The two different pipe shapes. Bottom: the two rubber moulds ready for white metal. >> www.model-engineer.co.uk 509 38 39

Melting the metal. When using open moulds of some depth like this it is essential to use PVC patterns for the short pipes complete with resin flares. liberal amounts of talc to aid the escape of air and get a reasonable surface quality.

Notice here how the off with copious amounts 40 graphite coating is now on of water. It is hygroscopic the copper, all the white metal and cannot as far as I know having been melted out with be chemically neutralised. I no trace. This branch pipe have a very good resin fl ux cleaned up quickly and after which I use for my fl ute work a bit of work with a fi le fi tted but it has a short life in the into its space perfectly. fl ame and burns easily, even Once the pipes had been though it washes off with cleaned up, intersection holes water. I managed to support cut where required, union nuts the engine almost upside put on, fl anges brazed on at down, used Carrs Yellow fl ux the union ends, positions all and made a general mess. checked ad nauseam, all joints However, all the joints were were soft soldered using HT5 good and excess solder and a fairly mild (but still removed with a variety of corrosive) fl ux. This needs a scrapers and rotary mops. little clarifi cation: unlike silver The whole structure was now soldering fl uxes, soft solder complete and I spent a little fl uxes do tend to be either while, like Winnie the Pooh After melt-out the end is cut away with high speed burrs resinous or highly corrosive to with his birthday present, and can be matched up with existing pipework. steel. The fumes are horrible putting it in and taking it out and also corrosive. The big to my great satisfaction. The short pipes were dealt as best I could. Photograph worry here was fl ux running Electroforming now at an with in a similar way but with 39 shows a collection of odd down the bores into the steel end, I am forced to turn to the added complication of a shape ‘wellies’, all ready for cylinders where it would play valve timing and cams, having fl are at the end. Such fl ares plating. havoc, rusting everything in procrastinated on this subject would normally be created The copper is deposited all sight. The unseen but smelly for long enough. by hammering a plain ended over of course so has to be cut agent is the chloride ion, tube on various stakes but, as away at its ends (photo 40). which can only be washed ●To be continued. I don’t have either the stakes or the skill to do this, I carried If you can’t always fi nd a copy of this Please reserve/deliver my copy of Model Engineer on with the now tried and magazine, help is at hand! Complete this on a regular basis, starting with issue tested electroforming. Having form and hand in at your local store, they’ll Title First name bent a piece of the PVC into arrange for a copy of Surname shape and fi led its end to very each issue to be reserved roughly meet the existing pipe Address for you. Some stores may I had to build up around it a even be able to arrange collar of epoxy putty (Isopon) for it to be delivered to which could be fi led to shape. your home. Just ask! Postcode The putty was applied in situ Telephone number but the copper pipe lightly Subject to availability greased in advance so it wouldn’t stick. Once again,

I followed the photographs If you don’t want to miss an issue... ✃

510 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 A Simple Boiler Test Rig

his test rig is fairly simple, inexpensive to 1 Tony Bird Tmake and is capable of describes hydraulically testing boilers how you can with a working pressure of up test your to 100psi using just a plastic garden water spray as a pump. small boiler If a higher than 200psi test for minimal cost. pressure is required then the more conventional hand pump as used on a model locomotive can be used. First, a brief history of how this test rig evolved. In the 1970’s garden railways built to the scale of 16mm started to have a few followers. This scale modelled two-foot narrow Original syringe pumper. gauge locomotives which were scaled down for ‘0’ gauge transformed the performance before the idea of replacing (32 mm) coarse scale track. of the Mamod making it the syringe with a modified Models built to this scale are more powerful and capable garden spray came about. The quite short but fairly wide so of running slowly with a combination of Deryk’s top-up were very suitable to be steam reasonable load. It worked so valve and garden spray pump powered and their short wheel well that the model’s limited (photo 2) was so successful base allowed tight curves to be boiler capacity became an that modified garden sprays negotiated. This meant that a issue – a means needed to be and his design of top-up valve track for them could be laid in found of getting water into the are commercially available smaller gardens. boiler while ‘under way’. today more than 25 years after In 1979 the Mamod Deryk overcame this problem the original ideas came to him. Model Company produced its very simply by copying the old The author started making SL-1, a 0-4-0 steam powered type of non-return valve used models to 16mm scale in the tank engine which had an on bicycle tyres and replacing mid 1980’s and did his fair indifferent performance but the rubber tube used with a share of modifying Mamods. was fairly inexpensive. A silicone one. The pump was a When making a new boiler for lot of modelers took up the plastic syringe which when full a Mamod it was usually tested challenge of improving their of water was placed in the end to 60psi for a working pressure performance and making them of the valve and the water was of 30psi. These tests were first more reliable. injected into the boiler; if done done using conventional test One of these modellers, quickly enough the flow of rigs but when it was found that Deryk Goodall, made many water stopped the plastic end the plastic garden spray could improvements which totally of the syringe in the valve from produce more than 200psi melting (photo 1). the boilers were tested using This water top-up system a pressure gauge screwed 2 3 worked remarkably well; it directly into the boiler which only had one down side - your was pressurised though what hand got very hot above the had now become known as a hot boiler while operating the Goodall top-up valve. syringe. It was some time Later, when the author used this system to test larger boilers, he created a single 4 unit (photo 3) consisting of the pressure gauge fitted with a non-return valve which screwed directly into the boiler. The unit consisted of a pressure gauge and a Goodall valve (photo 4) with Garden spray pump. Simple boiler pressure gauge. Stainless steel Goodall valve. an Enots connector screwed >> www.model-engineer.co.uk 511 into it (photo 5). If an Enots connector fitted with a non- 5 6 return valve is used then the Goodall valve would not be necessary - a conventional in-line clack valve could also be used instead of the Goodall valve. This test rig, as well as testing boilers, is used to check small pressure gauges and, using a conventional hand pump (photo 6), gas tanks Goodall valve and Enots connector fitted. Hand pump for higher pressures. which are tested to over 350psi. First, the modification to the garden spray. The garden spray 7 8 used (photo 7) must have a screw-on jet and about 300mm of 4mm outside diameter nylon tube is required. To fit the nylon tube to the spray a brass shoulder connector is made and the screw-on plastic jet is drilled to accommodate it; see fig 1 and photo 8. The drawing of a Goodall valve in fig 1 is the author’s interpretation of Deryk’s design using ⅜ inch or 10mm AF hexagonal brass rod. The sectional drawing of Simple boiler hand pump. Pump tube connector. the test rig body (fig 2) uses 7 ⁄16 inch 11mm AF hexagonal brass rod. Larger rods and 9 10 different threads could be used to make both the Goodall valve and the test rig. The seal of the pressure relief valve on the test rig is just the head of the valve screwing down onto a recessed 'O' ring and a flat is filed on the valve’s thread to allow the water to pass more easily when the valve is opened. The three pieces of hexagonal brass that make up the test rig body can be Four-year hydraulic test to 120psi. Relief valve open. screwed or soldered together. To test a boiler, it is filled relief valve can be opened. with water and the test rig After the pressure is released 11 screwed to the boiler (photo the test rig can be removed 9), the nylon tube of the pump from the boiler. is pushed into the Enots The author has used this connector of the test rig, the test rig (photo 11) for many test rig relief valve is opened years with no problems. The (photo 10) and the garden garden sprays last a very long spray is pumped until water time if just used to top-up exits the relief valve which is boilers say to 60psi. If a lot then closed. Now the boiler of boilers are tested then the test can go ahead by pumping sprays sometimes fail but they the garden spray until the are inexpensive and it usually required pressure is reached. requires just the nylon tube to Then, if necessary, the nylon be transferred from the old to tube can be removed from the the new pump. Enots connector and, after the time required for the test, the ME Test rig adaptors and boiler plugs.

512 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 LIVE STEAM Fig 2 Fig 1

www.model-engineer.co.uk 513 Book Review Matthew Murray 1765-1826 and the firm of Fenton Murray and Co. 1795-1844

By Paul Murray Thompson

his substantial volume is their patents in 1800 and the Murray's early career dealings brought to you on almost retirement of their respective under the wing of John Ta ream of very good fathers. Marshall, meticulously and paper that gives it a rather The great man’s son had methodically experimenting pleasant feel that one simply been spending time in Paris to overcome difficulties with can't get from any electronic when the French revolution and cotton-manufacturing device. That quality is not only started – perhaps this machinery, are well covered. skin-deep; this is a substantial hardened him because Watt Jr This level of detail is a feature volume that is very readable could be rather ruthless and of this book which outlines and meticulously researched. prone to industrial espionage. Murray’s travails, trials and It represents the result of over He certainly took out some of tribulations with copious a decade of work by the author his frustrations on the rather footnotes. Its pages take us into his illustrious ancestor more sanguine Matthew through Fenton Murray and who I am sure would have Murray, making him out to be Wood's millwork, and the been proud of all that effort, something of a blackguard, production of stationary steam having been something of a perhaps due to his fondness engines, bringing with it the persistent and dedicated man for ale, though there is no rivalry with himself. There are almost 500 record I am aware of that and then with locomotive well researched pages here Murray was anything other building, including for the with over 100 illustrations than strong headed. He was fledgling Great Western and of spinning machinery, a fair match for B&W’s man customers in France. locomotives, beam engines , who plied Thompson’s book takes and steamship machinery as Murray with ale in a blatant us all the way through to the well as photographs of some attempt to steal his secrets. demise of Fenton Murray of the buildings Matthew The reader of this book will and Woods in 1844, 18 years Murray was involved with. find that Boulton and Watt after Murray’s own passing. There is much here of were well aware that Murray’s This was a time when many interest and much that must work was cheaper and far engineering companies be new to most readers. better finished than their had been, and were still I am aware of the 1928 own, aiming for consistent experiencing, hard times, sadly compendium of papers and repeatable accuracy on a choosing this point in history presented to the Newcomen production basis, so anything to set up in locomotive building Society and collected papers BW&Co. could do to denigrate when, unknown to them, many edited by E. Kilburn Scott but this smaller but successful railways were setting up their this tome goes into additional machine manufacturer from own manufacturing facilities. detail. would be good news As the author states, Murray Through its pages, the to them. Murray had been was not in the forefront of reader will delve into the gracious enough to invite the great innovators but his history of the author's prolific Murdoch in, to view his work was trusted by some of ancestor who sadly, in the manufactory in Leeds, with a the best including Marc and great scheme of things, gets reciprocal invitation promised Isambard Brunel, Goodrich, overshadowed by his great but when Murray visited B&W Blenkinsop and Samuel rival James Watt. Born in in Soho, he was fiercely turned Bentham. In common with the year that Watt dreamed away. his rival Matthew Boulton, up the separate condenser, Fortunately for us, our man was astute in Murray followed a career Matthew Murray is not so recognising the possibilities that lasted well into that of deeply overshadowed that and potential in new and Matthew Boulton and James he is unknown to the public, established ideas and then Watt’s sons, James Watt especially in Leeds where he improving on them or making Junior and Matthew Robinson is still fondly remembered, and them viable for manufacture Boulton, who continued their this substantial volume goes - in that aspect he really parents’ business as Boulton, into quite some detail of his made a difference. His early Watt and Co. on the expiry of background, life and career. career with Marshall on flax

514 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 machinery is testament to this was later to stand and push any potential purchasers; there to find a bookbinder and have and led to the establishment locomotive development is far too much of interest here mine hardbound... it’s such of Marshall’s fortune and a further with his own multi-tube to let anyone pass it by. a good book that I know I’m lasting relationship between boiler and other innovations. If your interests cover the going to refer to it many, many the two companies. Until I read this book I was history of technology, local times. Trevithick may be unaware that FM&W was the history, spinning and its Mitch Barnes considered the father of world’s first series producer of associated industries, machine the locomotive but it was locomotives. and engine manufacturers, Murray, the author argues, If a second edition was early industrial steam, beam who made it a practical and to be produced I would be engines, the Great Western paying proposition by using tempted to look again at the Railway (for whom this firm Published by and available two cylinders instead of a layout of the pages, as the left built some early locomotives) from its author, Paul Murray single cylinder and a flywheel alignment and line spacing or steam shipping in its Thompson (paulmurrayt@ to achieve smooth and tends to look untidy at times, earliest days, this book is a btinternet.com) £35. continuous running. Murray and increase the resolution must - make sure you buy a ISBN 978-0-9934835-0-9 was perhaps one of the giants of some of the sketches but I copy. Personally, as a fan of 498 pages and illustrations, on whose shoulders Stevenson would not allow this to put off hardback books, I'd be tempted A4 format, paperback The Unseen Stuart S50

Russell Franklin explains how he was able to build a Stuart S50 mill engine without seeing it.

am totally blind but have for me and did so using spray been a model engineer cans. Isince the early 1980s. I The Stuart S50 is a relatively have both metric and Imperial small engine with a flywheel Braille so can diameter of only 3 inches and, measure accurately to within to be honest, it was very taxing about a 10th of a millimetre. as a result. For a blind person Many years ago I put Braille it is much easier to build a markings on my lathe and larger engine. However, I am milling machine. I machined pleased with the result and the cast-iron collars and, using a engine runs extremely well on dividing head, I drilled evenly compressed air. spaced holes. I then glued People often ask me “how tiny rivets in those holes, can a blind person use a lathe which make excellent Braille and milling machine”. Even for markings. Using these I can me that is a difficult question CNC equipment. So, I guess To keep track of everything, get accuracy to within a 20th to answer! Over the years I my hobby is not really that I have to be very organised of a millimetre. have developed techniques unusual although I have not and tidy. I spend a great deal I have built several models to help me and I often use heard of another blind model of my time planning exactly over the years and some of feeler gauges to get jobs engineer. how I am going to make the them appeared in the Model aligned. I try to ask for sighted I have purchased the next component. I plan in my Engineer magazine back in help as little as possible but castings for the Stuart Score mind exactly how I am going 2002. In 2002 I migrated from I sometimes get someone and I am looking forward to position the job in the Zimbabwe to New Zealand to read my clock gauge. My to getting started on that chuck or vice, how I am going and, due to a lack of space, Braille micrometers only go project. It is a two-cylinder to measure etc. Even then, I have only recently got my up to 50mm so beyond that engine and as a result I will sometimes my plans end up workshop operational. I I need sighted help to read need to machine two of each going wrong and I have to start decided that my first serious my Vernier gauge. You can component so I will need to again from scratch. I have project would be to build the now get a talking Vernier be extremely accurate. In to remember exactly where I Stuart S50 so I ordered the but unfortunately these are addition, the is obviously put each tool, otherwise I can castings from Stuart Models. incredibly expensive. more complicated, so this will spend ages trying to find them. It was an excellent project Blind people have been be a real challenge. However, As a result, everything has a to get started and I recently operating lathes since the First that’s my nature - I constantly ‘home’ and I have to be sure completed the model. My son World War and I think this was need to challenge myself to I put things back where they Adrian volunteered to paint it common until the advent of get better. belong. ME www.model-engineer.co.uk 515 Extending the Life of Milling Cutters

1 Peter Russell suggests a way to rejuvenate your end mills without going to the expense of buying special kit.

The setup on the milling machine. In this case, set up at 20 degrees.

don’t know about you but But if, like me, your budget Well I don’t have a surface I seem to have collected a is limited and space in your grinder, a magnetic chuck or Ifair number of HSS end mills workshop is at a premium, indeed a ‘magic block’, so how over the years. All of them have what then? could I adapt this process to seen plenty of work and, of It was this train of thought my workshop? course, are anything but sharp. which, after a few Google Okay, so I don’t have a A lot of people would say just searches, eventually brought surface grinder but I do have a chuck them in the bin and buy me to some videos on milling machine, a new ones but I wasn’t brought YouTube and one in particular with a 3-jaw chuck and a small I am, by training and up that way! I would rather (https://www.youtube.com/ grinding wheel (it came from a profession, an electronics recycle than buy new. watch?v=iHOLBFJ1gys), which small drill sharpening machine engineer and IT man. Apart So - what are the options? showed how to sharpen up which was never any good!). from having a Meccano set the tips of an endmill using a Surely, I could do something as a child all my mechanical • You could find a workshop surface grinder. This gentleman with these. After a good think I engineering skills have who would sharpen them also had a very useful block came up with a plan. been gained in later life, • You could build a Quorn or a with an ER32 series collet The first job was to make an mainly since retiring. I am Worden. chuck, which could be mounted arbour for the grinding wheel. also the Secretary of the • You could buy a second-hand on a magnetic surface at either A fairly simple turning job - City of Sunderland Model Clarkson. the primary or secondary just make sure it’s a snug fit in Engineering Society, which is • You could go on eBay and angle, so that the cutter could the grinding wheel and allow a great place to try ideas out purchase a Chinese cutter be properly presented to the for a couple of card ‘washers’. on professional engineers. grinder for £600 or £700. grinding wheel. (I also made it so that it can

516 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 WORKSHOP

be held in a collet in the chuck with two cutting edges milling machine.) It would also vertical (photo 2). 2 be a good idea to true up the Using a ‘sharpie’, paint the grinding wheel with a diamond cutting tips black. Adjust the dresser but I didn’t have one, height so that the whole of so I used an abrasive block the top tip will instead. come into contact with the Perhaps at this point I vertical side of grinding wheel should state the obvious: that (photo 3). Adjust the milling the surface grinder (and the table so that the tip is just in commercial cutter grinders) contact with the wheel and run at a fairly high speed – then set for a small amount to much higher than my milling be ground off. machine – so due allowance Start up the milling machine must be made for this. It will and, using the Y-axis, grind take a little longer using this off the tip using several method. passes. (As the tips have been Now the rotary table needs blackened, you can see how to be set up on the milling much has been ground off.) If You don’t need a square, an eyeball will do. machine. necessary, set for a bit more Depending on how badly to be ground off but remember Stating the obvious once all can be accommodated by worn your cutter is, you to take note of the fi nal X-axis again, don’t forget to give your setting the appropriate angles may need to refresh the reading. milling machine a really good with the rotary table. It can’t of secondary (larger) angle on Rotate the chuck 90 clean after you’re fi nished course sharpen up the fl utes the cutter tips. This is usually degrees and repeat the sharpening. Just remember but if they’re that bad you can 20 degrees. Alternatively, you may get away with just a quick grind of the primary Okay, so I don’t have a surface grinder but I do have a milling machine, angle at 5 degrees. You will also have to set up a 1 degree a rotary table with a 3-jaw chuck and a small grinding wheel (it came from angle between the outside and inside of the cutter tip a small drill sharpening machine which was never any good!). (concavity). Set up the rotary table Surely, I could do something with these. After a good think I came up with a plan. vertically, so that the cutter will protrude to the right of the chuck. Using a bit of procedure. Make sure that where those bits of grindstone always buy a new one – still a packing under the right-hand all tips are taken to the are going to end up! lot cheaper than buying a cutter side of the table, set the table same fi nal X-axis reading This may seem a long-winded grinder! off vertical by 1 degree. Now (photo 4). On some milling procedure but once it’s set up it I don’t claim any originality set the table at either 5 or 20 cutters it may be necessary only takes a couple of minutes in this procedure and, having degrees to the machine X-axis to remove some metal from to restore your milling cutter described it to colleagues at - whichever you need – and the centre – between the edges. While you’ve got it set my ME club, where no-one had clamp the table to the bed cutting edges. This can be up, why not do them in batches heard of it before, all I can say (photo 1). done using a diamond cutting and save yourself some time? is ‘It worked for me!’. Zero the rotary table and wheel mounted in a Dremel or It doesn’t matter whether they I hope it works for you too. put the milling cutter in the similar tool. have two, three of four fl utes, ME

3 4

The grinding wheel set just above centre. The fi nished cutter ready for some more work. www.model-engineer.co.uk 517 Lathes and morePART 10 for Beginners

Dies cut, or to make the fit slacker, bar in both planes the thread Dies are used to cut the male on either side of the split is a will be cut at an angle. This Graham thread. They are made again depression to accept a screw will only be slight but the Sadler of HCS or HSS, having three point which can force the die will be cutting more of one discusses or more holes through them closed. side of the bar than the other to form the cutting edges. Dies have outside diameters and the forces generated will dies and 13 5 The correct name is circular of ⁄16 inch, 1 inch and 1 ⁄16 be higher on one side than . split die (because it’s round inch. This is the same for the other. The result is the die and split!) but this term both Imperial and metric dies. will pull itself back and the is rarely used. The split is Obviously, in order to adjust the thin cut side will be swapped Continued from p.445 important as it allows, firstly, dies they need to be mounted with the deep cut side and so M.E. 4582, 16 March 2018 the effective diameter of the in a special holder for use, there on, resulting in a bent thread thread to be changed, enabling being two common types: the we call ‘drunken’ and the a tight thread or a loose one die stock which is used with the thread finish will be terrible. as required. Secondly (and workpiece held upright in the If the finished work is rolled especially), when coarse vice, and the tailstock die holder on the bench it will appear to threads are being cut it is which is used in the lathe. Each wobble like a drunkard and will better to expand the thread type has a pocket to hold the be scrap! Consequently, we first to do a roughing cut to die, which is a little larger than should always try to form male remove most of the waste then the outside diameter of the threads in the lathe, with the do a finishing cut to improve die to allow expansion - but bar in the chuck removing the the thread quality. In addition it not too much or the positional spectre of a drunken thread. enables the sizing (or fit) of the accuracy of the thread may The simplest way to do this female part to be tested. be compromised. The amount is to put the back of the die The split has a small of adjustment required is stock against the tailstock chamfer (an angle on an edge) tiny; a quarter of a turn on barrel or the drill chuck with on each side. A pointed screw the central screw will make a the jaws fully retracted. This can be forced into the gap, huge difference to the fit of the will help to hold it square, so thus expanding the die for the thread. the chuck is turned by hand roughing cut, while In order to The common die stock is with the chuck key in the shrink the die for a finishing a seemingly simple tool with socket and, at the same time, which it is extremely difficult the tailstock hand wheel is to get accurate threads. In turned to force the die onto 36 use, a small lead-in chamfer the bar. This is a much better is filed round the end of the process but it is still not easy. material and the die is pushed What is needed is a tailstock hard down onto it while being die holder which will positively turned through half a turn. guide the die along the axis of Then you need to swap hands, the bar and not allow the die to press down and do another deviate. We will make one of half turn. After 1½ to 2 turns these next time. the swarf being cut away inside the holes in the die Reamers will curl round and damage We will be using a to the next bit of thread so we make our die holder so we will Reamers, left to right: 16mm turn the die stock back half a discuss these first photo( 36). machine, 8mm chucking, turn to cut this off and then It is often thought that 12mm hand, 6mm machine, continue to cut the thread. reamers are designed to homemade silver steel ‘D’-bit Simple? Definitely not! produce an accurate hole of a type, adjustable. Top: a drift Unless the difficult first half smooth and specific diameter. and Morse taper 1-2 adaptor. turn is perfectly square to the This is not quite true. They will

518 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 WORKSHOP

cut a hole and it will be true but Hand reamer Table 1 – Drill sizes prior to reaming - Imperial manufacturing tolerances (of This has a small taper for the reamer) mean that it will cut about a quarter of its length so Size Actual Reaming size Drill size a trace bigger than the nominal the cut is gentle and spread, (fraction) (inch) size. Most of our reamers are to make the action easier, but (inch) (mm) made to an H7 or H8 tolerance. this has the disadvantage of 1/16 0.062 0.059 1.4 This is H for hole and 7 or 8 for making them impossible to use 3/32 0.094 0.0866 2.2 the class. This is for industrial in a blind hole as the bottom of 1/8 0.125 0.118 3.0 production to ensure that any the hole would be undersize. 5/32 0.156 0.150 3.8 shaft or hole which will vary In thin materials they don't in size by tiny amounts will fi t always give good results 3/16 0.187 0.181 4.6 with the required clearance unless guided by the pump 7/32 0.218 0.213 5.4 suitable for the function of the centre we made earlier. I have 1/4 0.250 0.242 6.1 components. The amount the found the action of turning can 9/32 0.281 0.271 6.9 reamer cuts larger than the become notchy and jerky when nominal size increases with the reamer easily engages in 5/16 0.312 0.303 7.7 its diameter and for a 10mm the job too far and tries to cut 11/32 0.343 0.334 8.5 diameter the H7 reamer will off too much at one go, when 3/8 0.375 0.362 9.2 cut a hole of up to 0.017mm it almost seems to be jerking 7/16 0.437 0.423 10.8 oversize. between each of the cutting Reamers are designed to edges. This is especially true 1/2 0.500 0.486 12.4 remove only a tiny amount when the thickness of the of material and should leave material is small compared to table pays dividends. Scan a Table 2 – Drill sizes prior to a very smooth hole. Unlike a the diameter of the reamer. copy of these tables and pin reaming - metric drill, which cuts only on the They have a square end for a it up on the wall. As a rule of end, the reamer cuts on its tap and a centre hole thumb, the amount by which Size Drill size circumference and takes a for the pump centre. the initial drill is undersize 3 2.9 shaving cut. In order to gauge should be up to about 8 4 3.8 the exact size it has often been Machine reamer thou for holes up to ¼ inch suggested that one should This is also tapered at the end diameter, up to 12 thou for 5 4.8 to make a set of standard but it is limited to little more holes up to ½ inch and up to 6 5.7 gauges from your own reamers than a chamfer on the end of 20 thou for holes up to 1 inch. 8 7.7 in order to assess the fi t of a the tool. This means it can be I urge you not buy pre- shaft as the reamers won’t cut used in blind holes but cannot owned reamers unless they 10 9.7 an exact nominal size. be used by hand as it would have been individually stored 12 11.7 So how does this affect us? be highly diffi cult to ensure as they will suffer damage to Suppose you ream a 10mm axial accuracy between reamer the edges or in all probability hole with an H7 reamer and and hole. In any case, most will be blunt. I had what I damaging it. The small fl utes turn the shaft smaller to give machine reamers have a Morse thought was a very good ⅝ also explain the need for a clearance of 10mm minus taper shank for holding in inch reamer; it looked sharp frequent withdrawals to clear 0.018mm in order to give a the tailstock. Some machine but it produced a very poor the swarf. precision running fi t (after reamers are without tapers and hole and I had to bore it out Finally, reamers are even Tubal Cain’s Model Engineer’s are known as chucking reamers. oversize. Fortunately, I hadn’t more sensitive to damage Handbook data). If the reamer While the reamer should be made the shaft to fi t the hole - than taps and should be is cutting at the maximum held in a fl oating holder which it’s in the bin now. stored either vertically in limit of its H7 tolerance will allow it to orbit and follow When using any reamer, it a block, in drawers with then the clearance will be any inaccuracies in the hole should always be lubricated individual compartments for increased to 0.034 mm which axis, such a holder is a big and should never be turned each one or in their original will now mean you have a tool - I haven’t got one and backwards, only forwards, double telescopic boxes normal running fi t (bypassing never will. What I do is leave even when removing the (only quality reamers come a close running fi t) - another the tailstock un-clamped and reamer. The reason is simple. in these). Don’t drop them or reason why our designers feed by pushing the whole thing A reamer must be very sharp leave them in the swarf tray don’t add tolerances to model into the hole but I don’t think I to work and the cutting edges but clean them and put them engineering drawings! would be happy doing this on must not have any nicks or away immediately after use. Having said all this, the any lathe much bigger than a dents in them. The fl utes The reamer specifi cation situation is not too bad as Myford. The Morse taper for tend to be quite small and, can go up to H9 or even H10 most reamers I have found do reamers below 15mm will be on if it is turned backwards, and these have increasing cut within the centre of their a no.1 taper, so to hold them in the swarf will be forced up tolerance difference to their tolerance range but it does a typical machine, you will need and backwards by wedge nominal diameter, I suspect show that we should always a 2-1 reduction sleeve. action on the ramp many of the reamers on aim for a precision running fi t The amount of material the fl utes until it comes in sale at shows fall into this so that tiny errors work in our removed by a reamer is small, contact with the next cutting category. favour. as seen in tables 1 (Imperial) edge, which will be in contact Next time we will make a There are two types of and 2 (metric). with the hole. It will then be tailstock die holder and a reamer, the hand reamer and I used to work this out each compacted and be forced boring bar. the machine reamer. time but a quick card mounted to climb over the edge thus ●To be continued. www.model-engineer.co.uk 519 Technologie sans FrontièresPART 13

utside France, de Glehn’s work did not 69 Dr. Ron Fitzgerald looks Opass unnoticed and the at English and French next major development of the locomotive design in système de Glehn was directed the second half of the at Alsace’s immediate German neighbouring state, Baden. nineteenth century. The Baden State Railway’s main line from Offenburg to Basel and Lake Konstanz Continued from p.384 was severely graded with M.E. 4581, 2 March 2018 long stretches of 1:50 but the axle loading was restricted. In the face of increasing train The Baden State Railway 4-6-0. S.A.C.M. 4551, built 1894. ‘All steam locomotives in weights the railway sought Source: Roelof Brettschneider collection. France are scheduled to a solution from de Glehn be withdrawn by 1971. and it was the 4-6-0 wheel A. Hendrie, David Jones’s chief and bogie were used for the Thus will end the story of arrangement to which he draughtsman on the Highland 4-6-0. By using the smaller the finest locomotive work turned in order to provide a Railway, called up his personal driving wheel diameter of 5 substantial improvement in experience in assisting in the feet 3 inches with a longer the world has ever seen; a power and adhesive weight. design of the Indian L class boiler barrel and moving the story of highly efficient but As a concept the 4-6-0 to produce the first British cylinders forward towards often highly complicated locomotive was relatively new 4-6-0, the Jones Goods (ref 1), the rear bogie wheels it was machines, worked by the best to Europe for main line service. deliveries of which commenced possible to locate two driving trained and most competent The first European example in September 1894. axles between the firebox and was Cesare Frescot’s Vittoria In the same year that the the cylinders. As the wheel locomotive men there have Emanuele which operated British Jones Goods entered diameter was less than the ever been. on the Upper Italian Railway service the Baden State 4-4-0s the cylinders needed to A lot of superlatives from 1884. More influential Railway’s version of the 4-6-0 be inclined. The trailing axle perhaps but nobody who has was the Indian L class built wheel arrangement was built retained its position below studied steam locomotive to Sir Guilford Molesworth’s (photo 69). S.A.C.M. had the rear portion of the raised work in many countries will specification by Neilson’s of transposed the chassis and grate. The boiler was 4 feet 8¼ Glasgow from 1880. Over the running gear from the Grand inches in diameter, 7 inches deny their truth.’ succeeding decade 300 of the Chocolats design into a six larger than the contemporary Dr. P. Ransome-Wallis L and the Heavy L class were coupled machine. The same 2nd series of Grands Chocolats supplied to India. In 1893, D. layout of valve gear, cylinders and a foot more between the tube plates, mainly to fit the longer chassis. Despite 70 this, the firebox had slightly less heating surface and the tubes, which were of plain section, also offered a reduced combustion side surface. The overall weight of the 4-6-0 was 8 tons more than the 4-4-0s but the axle loading was approximately two tons less. Within twelve months of the Baden State Railway locomotives entering service the Midi Railway was introducing its de Glehn 4-4-0s and at the same time pursuing improvements in its services between Toulouse and Bayonne. This line that ran through the foothills of the The Midi Railway 4-6-0 classes. Source: The Engineer, June 29th 1900. Pyrenees and had a vicious

520 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 LOCOMOTIVE HISTORIES

maximum gradient of 1:31, du Nord by M. du Bousquet, the invariably worked with the very able Ingénieur en Chef du 71 assistance of bankers. Matériel et de la Traction of that S.A.C.M. offered the Midi progressive railway. an identical 4-6-0 (photo 70) The standard by which to the 5 foot 3 inch Baden all locomotives on the Nord machine but in addition, a (photos 71 and 72) were second version was designed judged was the 1:200 gradient with 5 foot 9 inch driving approaching Survilliers from wheels. A prototype of each Paris. Rous-Marten recorded was ordered from S.A.C.M. one of the 4-6-0s with 340 in 1895 and delivered at the tons behind the tender start beginning of the following from a signal stop on the year (S.A.C.M 4664-4665 and gradient and accelerate the Nord 4-6-0 No. 3.122. M. De Glehn, Alsace, Engineer. Source: 4666). They were fully capable train to 40mph in 2 miles. It The Engineer, December 30th 1898. of undertaking the duties for then maintained 47mph to which they were intended; the summit, climbing a 1:250 1:66 gradients were met with at 51mph and attaining 65 to 72 a 150 ton train at over 30mph 68mph thereafter. and on the steeper 1:31 a 120 It was in this connection ton train was taken at 20mph that Rous-Marten received a without assistance. For the revealing letter from de Glehn, full run between Montrejean whom he refers to as designer and Pau the average speed and builder of ‘these splendid was 54.8mph. engines’: The published accounts All the French lines have now with respect to the origination the four-cylinder compound of the designs vary but bogie express engines in greater serve to emphasise de or less numbers. The Nord, the Glehn’s central role. In 1897 Midi, Paris-Lyons-Mediterranean, Engineering (ref 2) stated: the Ouest and the Est have The locomotive drawings were adopted six coupled types Nord 4-6-0 No. 3.177. Source: Collection F. Fleury. made by the Société Alsacienne as well. The Baden lines are des Constructions Méchaniques worked by these engines… It weight. I maintain that for the Being able to work with direct and the engines were built at was for these lines, indeed, that same total weight I can build a steam in all the four cylinders their works at Belfort. I designed the fi rst of the six- four-cylinder compound express the starting is exceptionally Two years later Engineering, coupled types. The Gotthard or six coupled engine 15 to certain and rapid. in the reference already expresses are worked by four- 20% more powerful than an You see I have not said quoted in connection with cylinder compounds of the ordinary engine can be, having anything about fuel economy; the four-coupled locomotives, same type built at Winterthur; the same total weight. High this point is, of course, of some attributed the design to Romania has also ordered some pressure can be better utilized importance but is generally of M. Blage and M. Moffre, twenty engines of the same with ordinary slide valves for much less than that of power, respectively director and chief general type. I do not think that the high pressure valves are steadiness of running and engineer of the Midi, and to M. I exaggerate in saying that up half equilibrated having on them repairs. Of course, these engines Glehn, as applying equally to to the present time there are the full pressure and under are somewhat more costly to these locomotives. on the Continent some three them the receiver pressure. build but not as much more as The Midi locomotives had or four hundred four-cylinder The whole work of the engine is one would think at fi rst sight been in service for twelve compounds running or being better distributed over the whole and less so than some of the months when the Nord built of this type or principle I engine and you can give all the simple engines -- non-compound ordered from S.A.C.M. fi fty introduced for the Nord some working parts proportionately -- which have been built to use machines that differed hardly ten years ago. much larger wearing surfaces. high pressure steam with Corliss at all from their Midi cousins. I should like to take this This it is, coupled with what I valves or reducing valves. The accreditation in the opportunity of stating my have fi rst said about the valves Engineer’s article (ref 3) was reasons for designing this and what I say further on about unambiguous: type. On the Continent we the counterbalancing, which ●To be continued Through the courtesy of M. de were continually wanted to makes these engines require Glehn Administrateur-Director build more and more powerful so little repairs in spite of the of the Société Alsacienne des engines, being at the same time multiplication of parts and Constructions Méchaniques considerably limited by the seeming complication. Increased REFERENCES we are now able to give an weight allowed to us. Bigger and attention is rightly being paid to 1. Loco Profi le No. 17. Jones illustration of the splendid more powerful boilers meant the balancing of the revolving Goods & Indian L. Brian Reed, ten-wheeled engines designed more weight; the compound and reciprocating parts; the Profi le Publications, 1971. and constructed by him on system allowed me to use the four cylinder engines are far and 2. Engineering December 10, the four-cylinder compound steam more economically and away above all others in this 1897, p.707. system and adopted for the this was equivalent to having respect as being of course (sic), 3. The Engineer December 30 service of the Chemin de Fer a larger boiler without more as you keep the coupling rods. 1898, p. 649. www.model-engineer.co.uk 521 Iron Masters of Le Creusot

y article describing construction 1 Ray Griffin of the model pays a visit steam hammer purchasedM as a kit from Stuart to one of largest Models was completed, sent to the Editor of Model Engineer, steam acknowledged as suitable for hammers in the world, at publication and commenced in Le Creusot in France. issue number 4571 (13 October 2017). In the introduction I discussed the history of steam hammers and mentioned the giant steam hammer at Le Creusot in France. My wife Ria and I live in the South of France and by August it is time to look for a cooler area to visit. After several months of sun, the thought of seeing rain becomes very attractive. Ria suggested that we visit Le Creusot, to see the largest steam hammer in the world. Le Creusot, in the Burgundy region of France and only six hours drive from us, offered cooler weather. On the way we stopped overnight at Montceau-les mines, a former coal mining town. Coal was discovered there in the 16th Lifting road bridge at Montceau-les mines.

century and by 1948 there the most powerful steam 2 were 12,000 miners employed. hammer in the world. A In 2001 mining ceased. There plaque attached to the plinth is now little evidence of the states that it weighs 545 mining history in the town. tonnes, has a height of 21 The Canale du Centre, at 112km metres and delivered a blow long, connects the Loire valley with a force of 500 tonnes. and the Saône river and was Another plaque attached in completed in 1792. The canal 1981 by the American Society was used to transport coal of Mechanical Engineers and continues in use, though denotes the machine as pleasure craft have replaced an ‘International Historic coal barges. Our hotel, across Engineering Landmark’. This the road from the canal, offered plaque, in English and French, fascinating views of the large states: ‘The introduction of road bridge. It lifted silently, to steam powered hammers allow the passage of modern by French and British engineers holiday cruisers (photo 1). in the 1830’s led to the building The next day, on to Le of this impressive hammer at Creusot and a first view of Creusot. It was for years the the enormous steam hammer most powerful steam hammer (marteau-pilon in French). It in the world. With a striking would be hard to miss this capacity of 100 Tons and a monster machine, dominating of 5 Metres it worked the road on the southern massive iron and steel shafts, approach to the town (photo piston rods and other 2). Built by Schneider and for 54 years until its retirement Giant steam hammer at Le Creusot. Author standing at the base, provides scale. Co. in 1876, the machine was in 1930. M. M. Schneider &

522 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 OUT AND ABOUT

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Painting of a forging operation by Joseph-Fortuné Layraud (1834- 1912).

Co., designers of the Creusot glass furnaces at the opening hammer, joined an international of an imposing U-shaped family of pioneers in steam building that housed the hammer building, including workers. The glass works Nasmyth of England, Krupp was purchased in 1832 by the of Germany and Sellers of the companies Baccarat and Saint- . Steam hammers Louis and, based on the quality helped to increase industrial and quantity of its productions, capacity while decreasing the became the most important burden on industrial workers manufacturing centre in throughout the world’. France for crystal glass. Old glass furnace, converted into a theatre. The machine was erected In 1837, a year after his in its present position in arrival in Le Creusot, Eugène transformed into Schneider the Schneider Trophy races, 1969. A fabulous oil painting Schneider purchased the Electric. The Schneider to advance the design of in the museum at Le buildings from Baccarat and empire developed much of seaplanes. This series of Creusot perfectly captures converted the old factory the town itself, until it was races was held between the atmosphere of a large into a grand residence for much reduced in the second 1913 and 1931. The Trophy forging operation (photo 3). the masters. It became half of the twentieth century. was permanently awarded The painting, dated 1889, known known as Chateau de la Old pictures of the town in its to Great Britain in 1931 by Joseph-Fortuné Layraud Verrerie. The two large conical heyday show a landscape of following the winning fl ight (1834-1912) shows a forging glass furnaces were converted. factories spouting a forest by Lt. L. J. Boothman fl ying a procedure on a component One was rebuilt as a chapel of chimney stacks belching Supermarine S.6B. for a ship, at the steel and the other transformed smoke. The Scientifi c American The Chateau de la Verrerie of Saint-Chamond using a into an elegant private theatre article already mentioned is now the town museum marteau-pilon constructed (photo 4). During our visit to notes that ‘In no other place (Le Creusot, Ecomusée) under license from Schneider. the theatre we were shown in the world is steel handled and exhibits examples and There is a fascinating review the underground railway that in such masses’ and, on the displays of the glass making of a visit to the Creusot works circulated around the chateau. topic of steam hammers, ‘is industry, the history of the published in the Scientifi c It was used to transport the assembled an array of steam Schneider family and the steel American May 9, 1885 (ref. 1). family and guests, such as hammers not equaled in the industry. During our visit to The article notes that the heads of state from many world’. the museum an unexpected alone weighed 720 tons. countries, discreetly from the The Schneider family surprise was discovered. Here A steel industry developed at main house to the theatre. included Adolphe's grandson was a collection of delights Le Creusot in 1836, when iron The Schneider family of forge Jacques Schneider for a model engineer. There ore mines and forges around masters commenced with (1879–1928). He started are superb examples of steam Le Creusot were bought by Eugène 1st in 1837, and ended Adolphe Schneider and his with Charles in 1960. brother Eugène. Industry Under the Schneiders, the 5 had been in the area for a steel industry of Le Creusot long time, based on the local became a major centre of abundance of raw materials, steel production in Europe, especially coal. However, going from their fi rst steam prior to the Schneiders, glass locomotive in 1838, through manufacture had been the armaments and large ship local industry. In 1785 the components. In the modern crystal glass works of Queen era parts for nuclear reactors Marie-Antoinette (1755-1793) and the special alloys for was established in the area. TGV trains are manufactured The Fonderie Royale, la Verrerie in Le Creusot. Eventually comprised two large conical the Schneider industries Model of a steam shunting engine. >> www.model-engineer.co.uk 523 6 7

Display of model locomotives in museum. Stationary engine made by the Schneider apprentices of 1934-35.

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Model engineer’s workshop, donated to the museum. Partially completed model of a Beyer-Garrett 231-132, BT Double Pacific steam locomotive in 1/14 scale. locomotives and stationary have been directed to the A plan of the exhibit shows was finally assembled in engines, with examples shown construction of a model steam 38 workers on the floor at the early years of the 20th in photos 5, 6 and 7. Another driven workshop. My model is various tasks. These figures, century, having taken 25-30 surprise was a complete based on model machine tools in the region of 250mm in years to complete. The sons model engineer’s workshop that I have made. The driving height, are in lifelike poses and of Monsieur Beuchot note (photo 8), which had been power of my workshop is a fitted out in realistic working that he intended to exploit the donated to the museum. working model of a Ransome clothes appropriate to the model as a touring commercial The workshop contained a and May steam engine. A small time of construction (photos exhibit. The first post cards of partially completed model single cylinder steam engine 11 and 12). The models for the model circulated in June of a Beyer-Garrett 231-132 and generator make electricity the factory (l’usine miniature) 1910. In the years between BT Double Pacific steam for the lights. My workshop were constructed in the final 1919 and 1935 the model was locomotive in 1/14 scale with pleases me and attracts 20 years of the 19th century by exhibited at various locations a gauge of 104mm (photo 9). complementary remarks when Joseph Beuchot. around France. Eventually, in The model is 2,300mm long, displayed at local exhibitions There is a useful and 1983, the model was donated 220mm wide, 326mm high of models. interesting guide to the model to the Ecomusée at Le Creusot. and weighs 155kg. Lucien However, the workshop on sale in the museum. The Standing on the roadside Mothu started construction displayed in the museum is guide notes that the model outside the museum, we could of the model in 1972 and it in a much higher league. For remains as he left it in his a start, it occupies a large workshop. area - perhaps 2.5 metres wide 10 For me, the highlight of this and 4 metres long (photo 10). visit to the museum was a There are 52 workstations room where the sole exhibit including three steam engines, was a model of an engineering one of which is a large Corliss works. It would be hard to engine, lathes, forges, milling quantify for the reader my machines, and of course delight as I entered this room. a steam hammer. To my eye In my many years of visiting each of the machines and model engineering exhibitions steam engines was built to a I have never seen anything standard that would attract like this. In recent years, my a medal if entered in a model efforts in model engineering engineering exhibition. First view of the model factory.

524 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 OUT AND ABOUT

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One of the model lathes. Workers around a steam hammer.

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Terminus for the Chemin de Fer Touristique de Combes. A steam locomotive No.15526, manufactured in 1917 by Henschel & Sohn, Cassel, Germany. see the foundations of the informed me that the line be seen fi lling the rear-view old blast furnaces located at had originally operated as a mirror. On refl ection, this was a the base of a sheer drop from standard gauge line, engaged great experience of discovery, REFERENCE the road. The remnants of the in transporting residues all started with the making of a 1. https://www.lecreusot. rails used by trolleys to charge from the blast furnaces model steam hammer. com/site/decouvrir/histoire/ the furnaces from the top are and dumping them at some litterature/scientifi c_ visible. Whilst we were there, distance in the countryside. It ME american/sci_am_488.php a steam whistle and chuffi ng had been converted to 60cm noise reminiscent of a steam when changed to a tourist locomotive could be heard. line. Before we left home, I had Le Creusot continues as undertaken research on the a major centre in the steel things to look for at Le Creusot industry, with famous names 15 but had not seen anything such as Schneider Electric, about a steam railway. So, we Alstom and ArcelorMittal. followed our ears and walked Safran, a French multinational to the bottom of the town, defence and security company, where we found a working have a large factory at Le steam railway offering trips Creusot, manufacturing aircraft through the local countryside. engines, rocket engines and There is a terminus for the aerospace components. The Chemin de Fer Touristique de historical link with forging is Combes, with several platforms alive today with Creusot Forge, serving the 60cm gauge line a subsidiary of AREVA, making (photo 13). large forged components for We saw two locomotives; a the nuclear industry. There are steam locomotive No.15526, acres of clean factories with manufactured in 1917 by large smokeless chimneys and Henschel & Sohn of Cassel, industrial grime seems to be a in Germany (photo 14) and thing of the past. a diesel shunter (photo 15). Leaving Le Creusot by car, The crew of the steam engine the giant steam hammer could A Diesel shunting engine manufactured by Billard, Tours, France. www.model-engineer.co.uk 525 Oil Pumps Dear Diane, As part of a longer term project, I am still grappling Coventry Diehead with parts of my fi nal two Dear Diane, stroke engine design, more I was interested specifi cally a lubricating to read David oil pump. Earnshaw’s article Could I offer my on a holder for his sincere gratitude Coventry Diehead. to Graham Astbury It’s a project I’ve got and Chris (the anon) on the go as well, Northants. Both were taking the inspiration most helpful in forwarding from the same place some details of an article on as David - Alfred this subject by the late Edgar T Herbert’s Book of the Westbury, dated 1941. Coventry Diehead. I opted to go the casting route for the body, Following the initial ETW as I quite enjoy a little pattern making. I’m still in the fairly advice a modifi ed oil pump early stages but David’s article has certainly clarifi ed some design is beginning to evolve. of the details for me. I attach a photograph of my pattern For this I needed suitable and the part machined body casting. spur gear wheels and here I must commend HPC Gears in Regards, Richard Wilson Derbyshire. Not only was this company prepared to accept what must have been a small order but delivery was made Three Con Rods’, perhaps you Uncompleted Projects within two days. could ask Herr Tepper if his Dear Diane, Well done HPC Gears and next venture might be a model I’ve enjoyed Mitch Barnes’ the Post Offi ce. of another idea from his own article about uncompleted There still remains one country - fi ve pistons and two projects. Most of us must design problem though. ETW exhausts - used by DKW for the have one (or more) tucked recommended a pressure loudest motorcycle ever made. away in our workshops. I relief valve of some sort on the acquired the Stuart beam discharge side of the oil pump. Regards, Tim Stevens engine my brother started More modern design text around 1968 but true to form books don′t seem to mention Wolfgang Tepper responds: have not yet started on further this so does any reader have I had never heard about the work. My father’s frames for any thoughts on this aspect of Gobron-Brillié motor-cars but, LBSC’s Ivy Hall, started around lubricating oil pump design? according to the Wikipedia 1956, remain just that, frames. article (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ There are too many other Best Regards, James Wells Gobron-Brillié), the principle of things to do fi rst. their engines is quite similar to If it is any consolation the that used by Junkers. However, monks of the Middle Ages Write to us Opposed Pistons they appear to have coupled two would always leave something Views and opinions expressed in Dear Diane, cylinders with a yoke in order unfi nished or make a minor letters published in Postbag should not be assumed to be in accordance I wonder if Wolfgang Tepper to save the sliding slots for the error when preparing their with those of the Editor, other (M.E. 4582, p.421) has gudgeon pins. illuminated manuscripts on the contributors, or MyTimeMedia Ltd. Correspondence for Postbag should overlooked the successes of The Kindermann patent I grounds that only God could be sent to: the Gobron-Brillié motor-car mentioned in my article goes make anything perfectly. Diane Carney, The Editor, fi rm who used two pistons in right back to 1877 so it seems to Some readers of Model Model Engineer,MyTimeMedia Ltd, Suite 25S, Eden House, one cylinder (and four in two, be the basis of all that. Engineer may also be familiar Enterprise Way, Edenbridge, and three in six)? More usually My next venture will defi nitely with the works of Isaac Kent, TN8 6HF known in the UK as ‘gobbling not be a two-stroke DKW engine. Asimov. Though an atheist F. 01689 869 874 E. [email protected] billies’ (I can’t think why), they This is exactly the type of engine his book Second Foundation appeared on the market early - I meant when I talked about the (1953) includes the immortal Publication is at the discretion of the Editor. The content of about 1898 - and disappeared ‘stinking cars of the sixties’. I line ‘Finished products are for letters may be edited to suit the along with so many other know the DKW 3==6 models decadent minds. His was an magazine style and space available. unconventional ideas in 1930. very well (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ evolving mechanism.’. Correspondents should note that production schedules normally Wikipedia has an instructive DKW_3%3D6) as a friend of mine Clearly reassuring for those involve a minimum lead time of article on the cars and a owns one. It has three cylinders of us contemplating a return to six weeks for material submitted picture showing how the G-B (3==6 means that three two stoke that uncompleted work! for publication.In the interests of security, correspondents’ details gudgeon pins did not have to cylinders are as good as six four- are not published unless specifi c slide in slots in the bores. stroke cylinders, as the number instructions to do so are given. Responses to published letters Further to your intriguing of ignitions is the same!) but I am Yours sincerely, are forwarded as appropriate. headline ‘Two Pistons and not aware of a fi ve cylinder DKW. Roger Backhouse

526 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 a Wooden MINNIE Traction Engine 1 2

Mustang Shelby (restored). .

I am a semi-retired farmer to search the internet and look Mahogany, Emu Apple, Burdekin and grazier from central for another working model that Plum, Queensland Maple, Crows Earl Hansen Queensland and enjoy living I could make. Ash and Beef Wood were After some time, I found chosen for their matching describes on the land with wide open plans of a steam traction colours and strength. Crows the spaces. I also enjoy old construction engine called MINNIE, to a Ash has a very straight grain, cars and have just finished scale of 16:1 and measuring is stable, finishes off smoothly of a working restoring a 1968 Mustang 450mm L x 215mm W x and is very hard wearing. traction engine made Shelby convertible (photo 1). 300mm H. The plans were This wood is suitable and so exclusively from wood for a metal version but I was used for the the three grown in Queensland, thought it could also be made cross shafts, cylinder lining, Australia. n 2015 I made a working from wood with some minor piston, bushes and crank scale model beam engine adjustments in the thickness shaft. Beef Wood is a very I(photo 2) from wood that of some of the parts. It was a strong wood in all directions was featured in Model Engineer very detailed plan but it didn’t and was used on the crank no. 4523 (December 2015) give any instructions of how part of the crankshaft, the along with some Caterpillar to assemble the tractor or how , expansion scale models also made from to set the valve timing so this link and the control wood. One of the most exciting would all be trial and error. I rods. Some small dowel and moments in my life was when printed the plans and set about good quality tooth picks were I got the beam engine to run making the traction engine. used for locking pins and on compressed air. To create a brass escutchion pins were working model from a few small Materials used used as rivets. Some small pieces of wood and then watch All of the wood used in this brass screws and small brass it operate for the first time was tractor was grown in my home bolts were also used in the quite amazing. This inspired me state of Queensland. Rose construction.

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Crank shaft with connecting rods and expansion link. Cylinder, steam chest and . >> www.model-engineer.co.uk 527 5 6

Before assembly. Firebox.

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Right wheel and brake assembly. Smokebox.

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Compressed air inlet under tractor. Left side of engine. Tools used How the gears were made The main tools used were a 16 the pedestal drill press are The gears were made from thick veneer together at 90 inch band saw, a pedestal drill all fitted with a foot operated home made plywood as this degrees to each other to form press, a wood turning lathe, a switch; this allows me to have is very stable and most suited a ply-wood of 6.6 millimetres disc sander and a belt sander. both hands free to drill holes or for gears. It is made by glueing thick. After turning the pieces The disc and belt sanders and sand small pieces of wood. eleven pieces of millimetre round, and while still in the

528 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 ROAD STEAM

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Water pump and gears. Air-line connected to tractor.

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Top view of moving parts. Steering and ash pan. lathe, a small router bit in a for making some parts thicker • It has two forward gears and • It travels at 5 meters per fi xed to the cross for added strength; they two reverse gears. minute in high gear or 1 slide with an index head and a were then sanded and given • It travels at 3 meters per kilometer every 3.3 hours. sliding saddle was used to cut one coat of sanding sealer minute in low gear or 1 the gears. before being assembled. kilometer every 5.5 hours ME After assembly it was time Construction to try and get it to run on The wheels were constructed compressed air. It required 15 fi rst, all parts being cut out about 30psi of air pressure with the band saw. The outer and some adjustment to the rims and the inner hubs were valve timing to get it to run turned on a wood turning smoothly. lathe and then assembled The tractor was then on a jig that was previously completely dismantled, all turned on the lathe. A piece sanded again and given three of eight millimetre copper coats of gloss lacquer before pipe with a valve from a the fi nal assembly photo( 15). motor bike inner tube silver The number 3041 was given to soldered to one end was used this traction engine (photo 10) to get the compressed air as this is a shortened version from underneath the tractor of my birth date. up through the fi re box and into the boiler and then to the Operating engine (photo 9). • This tractor will run at 120 All of the parts were made revs per minute on 30psi of according to the plan, except air pressure. Completed traction engine. www.model-engineer.co.uk 529 e ‘wecently’ wended our way to Wentworth 1 WWool shop, whilst seated in a SEAT. Waiting in a quiet country lane, a Rolls-Royce Phantom drove past. It's true what they say - all I could hear was tyre noise on tarmac...! In the garden centre, a Tesla Model S, P85D. Performance modes are, ‘Normal’, ‘Insane’ and ‘Ludicrous’! In this issue: a Kof, a plethora of Gauge 1, a mill on the carpet, Mickey Mouse design, a Highland railway, dirty diesel, Tesla turbines and an artillery offi cer. An item in the 2½ inch Lady Sylvia is posed in front of Shuttleworth House, Old Warden Geoff gauge journal, Steam Chest (photo courtesy of Nick Bosworth). Theasby 155, regarding a 10 Amp Power reports Supply Unit for a blower fan for This particular loco is maybe WRSLS, Bob and the location on the steam raising purposes, warns mine... I say 'maybe' as very well as we used to live latest us to select adequately rated she exists in two identical in Leeds for 15 years, before news from the Clubs. components. The author uses versions in 5 inch and 7¼ (I do moving to Limburg - not the ex-MOD radar cooling fans, own the 5 inch loco). From the town Limburg in Germany but which are 24 volt rated but run picture it is hard to tell if it is the province of Limburg in the happily at 12 volts. Applying the smaller or larger sister. Netherlands, the little appendix 24 volts does seem to suck all ‘In the blue livery, it is the in the south... the fi re up the chimney though! version of the Mittel-Weserbahn ‘If you come next time to A 10 amp electronic speed (https://de.wikipedia.org/). The this area have a look at the controller was bought from Mittelweserbahn was founded tracks in Turnhout, Belgium China (£5). It works beautifully in 1998 by four members of (http://www.stoomgroep.be/) from zero revs up to full speed. the Deutsche Eisenbahn-Verein, or the Huserland (http://www. We are warned that the power a society that runs the fi rst huserland.de/)’ switch needs to be a hefty item and oldest museum railway On granting permission to as his original wasn’t and the in Germany at Bruchhausen- print the above, Johannes contacts welded together on Vilsen. Both models were built also said, ‘To have contacts fi rst testing. This was because by my friend Wolfgang Weißert, with other European model of ‘inrush current’ due to the one of the founding fathers of engineers or clubs you could large electrolytic capacitors the Club Dampfbahn Leverkusen maybe become a member used. On researching high- e.V. (DBL), who sadly died of the Forum https://www. current low voltage switches, recently. Wolfgang was also dampfbahner.eu/ where I am I found these interestingly- one of the founders of DBC-D also a moderator. The lingo is engraved examples on (Dampfbahnclub Deutschland). German but we all can read Amazon but there are several ‘Another leading member at articles in English. We have others: https://www.amazon. DBL is Thomas Adler, who members from all over Europe, co.uk/Alaman-ZOMBIE- is probably one of the fi nest from Portugal to Finland. TARGETING-SYSTEM-Toggle/ model engineers in Germany. ‘When you register, you should dp/B06X9Z3FWC/ref=sr ‘I am myself a member at DBL. read the articles RH&DR NEWS _1_40?ie= UTF8&qid I once made a swap deal with by Jonas Sommer, you will =1518274230&sr=8-40& Wolfgang: a partly fi nished P8, be amazed! There is a tight- keywords=12+volt+10+amp+s that turned out to be too heavy knit system of clubs and witches for me, against his cuddly Köf model engineers over here in In M.E. 4579 I asked for III. ‘I called the little Köf Kurt, Germany and the Netherlands. the photographer of Photo because my lovely wife can Before leaving the UK, I was 2 in order that I could only identify my locos by name: a member of WRSLS, West acknowledge copyright Frieda, Elisabeth, Otto, Kurt as Riding and Spenborough ownership. I got this reply well as Benjamin and Marlene Clubs. I used to work for the from Dr Johannes Grabsch: (both under construction). Shell Oil Company and my last ‘The loco is a DB-Baureihe Köf ‘Interesting, you report assignment was in the Stanlow III, see https://en.wikipedia. on the West Riding Small Refi nery in Cheshire (now sold org/wiki/ - it is a small Diesel Locomotive Society and Bob to an Indian Company...). My loco used for shunting work. Lumb. I do know the club wife is a medical doctor and a

530 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 CLUB NEWS

Professor of Pathology at the dealing with SMEE matters, Universities in Maastricht and 2 begins properly with Neil Leeds. Most of, perhaps all, of Read on ‘Getting a Grip’, in her patients are dead as her this case on thin sheet. A ‘thin speciality is deadly cancers of piece’ or ‘plate’ vice is needed the stomach or oesophagus. - they are not common. After ‘Why we left the UK, you discussing several types and probably can guess. We had a their defi ciencies, Neil made nice house in Leeds, near the his own, to be described next Roundhay Park.’ time. Interestingly, Work on the My LGB 2090 G-scale Kof Table, December included the model, currently lacking a Tubal Cain version of a plate motor, inspired me to think of vice. Another interesting idea those who wish to ride behind was a crane built from scrap the larger scale locomotives, materials, to be attached to “It’s not the Kof that carries you a banister and used to lift off, it’s the coffi n they carry you a basket of clean washing off in” (George Formby Snr). upstairs. The competition John Bauer writes with a Paul’s painting BCSME (photo courtesy of Paul Ohannesian). entries in December included question from an Artillery this wire eroder (photo 3). It is Technical Examination. ‘What newsletter, No 1 from 1979. circuit so a replacement has the fi rst amateur-made wire is the purpose of the De Bange SAC’s own engine Lady Sylvia been ordered. From England! eroder to be demonstrated obturator?’ Now, I knew what is introduced and pictured We still have ‘some’ industry... at any model engineering an obturator was, but not the in front of the Ha-ha of Old On 7th Jan, the sleepers (type exhibition in the UK and was utterly splendid name of its Warden, of Shuttleworth 2 – see above) in the club awarded the Arthur Smith inventor. Google it! * Collection fame (photo 1). A room were being disturbed Trophy. Mike Tilby’s series North London Society of technical challenge with a by the gentle percussion of on steam turbines has nearly Model Engineers’ News Sheet, difference is set, to make the panel beating in the workshop. fi nished and in this issue looks February, says they held a most elaborate meal possible, Later, some members at Tesla turbines. He concludes meeting in December, which given only a traction engine collected ex-Q6 boiler tubes that the number of ways in I will allow to be described and usual living van facilities. from Grosmont, NYMR, but which effi ciency can be lost as ‘Festive’, since it is after Justin Steam explains the didn’t say for what purpose. are more than many realise. December 1st, at which various types of road steam Didgeridoos? Home-made Without a supercomputer members were dismayed to locomotion. reinforced concrete? (Fencing, and other equipment, the only fi nd that, on being presented W. www.ntet.co.uk/sac it seems – Geoff.) John Heslop practical, miniature Tesla with a curry and rice by Port Bay Express, March, discovered a drawing of a turbine has been that of Werner ‘Chef/Patron’ Ian Johnston, from Portarlington Bayside monobloc, 3-cylinder casting Jeggli, which has a very low plates were conspicuous Miniature Railway, begins in an O S Nock book. He effi ciency. It is also diffi cult by their absence. Even the with Steve Malone writing on explained how he once made to work out how the various accumulated sheet metal model engineer Walt Disney. such a casting for his 5 inch factors change as nozzles, expertise of those present was (Yes, him! See Wikipedia.) gauge Earl Marischal, with the spacing, steam pressure etc. not up to this challenge and a Norman Houghton informs metal obtained from melting interact. Other attempts at trip to the local supermarket us that there were two types down old Mini cylinder heads. miniature, bladed turbines for paper plates saved the of sleepers in Quilpie station, W. www.rsme.org.uk have been similarly low in day. Mike Lee bought a mill, Queensland, in 1964: those The Journal, February, effi ciency and are well below which he dismantled as far as under the track and those from the Society of Model the effi ciency of a reciprocating possible before four members comatose in the ladies’ waiting & Experimental Engineers, engine like the Stuart Sirius. of the Heavy Gang moved rooms. Norman explains. after some preliminary pages Roger Backhouse reviews a it through the hall, lounge, W. www.miniature three doorways and into the railway.com.au workshop. All present then In M.E. 4581 I mentioned a 3 took tea, made by Mike’s wife painting by British Columbia Heather, who was declared Society of Model Engineers’ Hero of the Day for putting up Paul Ohannesian, editor of with all the disruption. their esteemed journal, The W. www.nlsme.co.uk Whistle. Here it is (photo 2)! NTET Steam Apprentice Ryedale Society of Model Club’s Raising Steam is a Engineers’ Monthly Newssheet, bumper issue of 80 pages. January, says that on the last After an explanation of the day of 2017 they had boiler aims of the SAC, several trouble. Not for locomotive notables are introduced steam but hot water in the (more than you might think) clubhouse. The boiler was followed by an item on Raising dismantled and found to be an Apprentice in Steam, one furred up. After descaling, Oliver, and a copy of the typed the element was found open SMEE wire eroder (photo courtesy of Mike Chrisp). >> www.model-engineer.co.uk 531 held as normal in the lathe outfit is just so good and 4 toolpost. Winding in the cross- understated (photo 4) and I slide achieves the depth of like this little tram engine too cut, the thread turns the wheel (photo 5). These were both whilst it cuts. Pressure from taken on Sheffield Society of the cross slide keeps the tap Model Experimental Engineers’ cutting. That’s it! To illustrate: Garden Railway at the New an M8 tap used with a 20mm Year steam up. diameter wheel gives a ratio of W. www.sheffieldmodel about 50:1. engineers.com York Model Engineer, January, *Answer: ‘To keep de bang in!’. from York City & District Model And finally, from On Track, Engineering Society, carries Richmond Hills Live Steamers: a detailed preview of the ‘Each Friday night I drove Doncaster show in May with my wife to the train station full details of what is required so she could go to visit her by the society, from models sister who was ill. Ten minutes Little John quarry train at Sheffield SMEE. to stewards. Dennis Lawson later, MY sister arrived by has died. He enjoyed divers train so that she could help Hermione Giffard book, ‘The Strawbridge programme, ‘The activities, including archery, with the house and kids over Development of Jet engines Biggest Little Railway in the fly fishing, ballroom dancing, the weekend while my wife in WWII’, covering Britain, World’, constructed a real snooker, bird watching, clock was away. On Sundays this Germany and USA. Germany 70 miles of track in 14 days making and wood carving. procedure worked in reverse produced many more engines through darkest Scotland, Dennis made his own fishing with my sister departing by but used slave labour in over which a ‘Roundhouse’ rods and reels and mixed his train ten minutes before my horrendous conditions and, model steam locomotive own oils for line-proofing. He wife arrived. One evening, lacking decent alloys, their life was encouraged to travel - a won medals for fly-casting after my sister left and while was only about 30 hours. The scale 1600 miles. One of at the amateur Olympics and I awaited my wife's arrival, a 3rd February lecture was on the enthusiasts involved was world amateur fly-casting porter sauntered over. "Mister," the history and technology of was a young member of champion for three years. he said, "you sure have some Gauge 1. Sounds interesting Leyland SMEE. A 50 question W. www.yorksme.org.uk system going! But one of since, for various reasons, all Christmas Quiz tested my A further lack of these days you're goin' to get my working model locomotives brain. (Answers were on a .pdf photographs which appealed caught!"’ have been for Gauge 1, 45mm file sent separately.) to me results in my inflicting track. The next talk was on a W. www.leedssmee.btck.co.uk upon readers more of my radio-controlled caterpillar- On Track, February, from own attempts at pinups to Contact: tracked tractor, using self- Richmond Hill Live Steamers, cut out and keep. This neat [email protected] contained hydraulics. It is a does not have much to report, Roundhouse Little John quarry freelance design, 1/8th scale, save for a good joke which taking 12 years so far, and is 15 appears later. Sybil has made inches long x 8½ inches wide. C$700 for the club from selling 5 W. www.sm-ee.co.uk books. Websites of interest Bradford Model Engineering includes https://www.youtube. Society, Monthly Bulletin, had com/watch?v=G3ix6fUNaL4 on Derek Round talking about Virginia Rail in the early 1950s. lithium-type batteries and In The Oily Rag, February, their hazards. Geoff Cowton from City of Sunderland discussed using litho printing Model Engineering Society, plates to produce full colour president Noel Mar asks if no- images. He modified an old one tested diesel fuel before mangle to make a press. These recommending its use in i/c plates are not related to the engines, since it produces previous item! NO2, Nitrogen Dioxide. Well, W. www.bradfordmes.co.uk yes, but any fuel burned in Leeds Lines, February, from air does that, even Hydrogen. Leeds Society of Model & H2 burned in PURE OXYGEN Experimental Engineers, opens produces only water. Nitrogen with a picture of the LED constitutes 80% of air. Editor lighting of the steaming bay at Peter Russell found a method the Bonfire Run. Photographer of cutting a worm and wheel, Mary Lee obtained the Marie on YouTube. ‘s easy! The Celeste appearance of no- ‘worm’ is just a thread on a one present by waiting for rod so a tap is gripped in the the pie’n’peas to be served... chuck. The wheel is mounted Chairman Jack Salter was free to revolve on a vertical pleased that the recent Dick post in the end of a tool blank Neat tram engine at SSMEE.

532 Model Engineer 30 March 2018 MARCH 1/2 Portsmouth MES. 6 Rochdale SMEE. ‘3D weather/participant 29 Cardiff MES. Talk: ‘Old Public running, Printing and Laser dependant, 2-5pm. Cardiff’ – David Green. Bransbury Park, Cutting’ – Bob Gledhill, Contact Roger Doyle: Contact Rob Matthews: weather/participant at Castleton Community [email protected] 02920 255000. dependant, 2-5pm. Centre, 7.30pm. 8 Plymouth Miniature 30 Lancaster & Morecambe Contact Roger Doyle: Contact Rod Hartley Steam. Members’ day MES. Public running [email protected] 07801 705193. – visitors welcome, Goodwin Park (PL6 at Cinderbarrow. 2 Northampton SME. 7 SMEE. ‘Silver Brazing’ 6RE), noon – 4pm. Contact David Wilson: Easter club run – Talk with equipment Contact Malcolm Preen: 07721 020489 or 10am - 4pm. Contact: and alloys for sale, 01752 778083. [email protected]. [email protected] 2.30pm. Booking / 07907 051388. essential (chairman@ 8 Sutton MEC. Sunday APRIL 2 Bracknell Railway sm-ee.co.uk). track day from noon. Contact Paul Harding 1 Plymouth Miniature Society. Public running 7 Tiverton & District 0208 2544749. Steam. Public running, 2-4.30pm. Contact Paul MES. Running day 8 Welling DMES. Public Goodwin Park (PL6 Archer: 07543 679256. at Rackenford track. running at Falconwood 6RE), 2 – 4.30pm. 2 Peterborough SME. Contact Bob Evenett: 2-5pm. Contact Contact Malcolm Preen: Bits & Pieces, 7.30pm. 01884 252691. Martin Thompson: 01752 778083. Contact Terry Midgley: 7/8 GL5MLA. Brent House 01689 851413. 1 Romney Marsh 01733 348385. GL5 event. Contact 8 Westland & Yeovil MES. Easter track 3 Romney Marsh Peter Layfield: MES. Easter track 01406 365472. DMES. Track running meeting, 1pm visitors/ day 11am – 4.30pm. spectators. meeting, 1pm visitors/ 7/8 North Wiltshire MES. spectators. Public running, Coate Contact Bob Perkins: Contact Adrian Parker: 07984 931 993. Contact Adrian Parker: Water Country Park, 01303 894187. 8 Worthing & District 01303 894187. Swindon, 11am-5pm. 1 Worthing & District SME. Public running 4 Bradford MES. Spring Contact Ken Parker: SME. Easter Sunday 2 – 5pm. Contact Geoff Auction (members 07710 515507. public running. Bashall: 01903 722973. only can bid). 7.30pm, 8 Bracknell Railway Contact Geoff Bashall: 10 Romney Marsh MES. Saltaire Methodist Society. Public running 01903 722973. Track meeting, 1pm. Church. Contact: Russ 2-4.30pm. Contact Paul 1/2 Cardiff MES. Open days. Contact Adrian Parker: Coppin, 07815 048999. Archer: 07543 679256. Contact Rob Matthews: 01303 894187. 4 Leeds SMEE. Meeting 8 Grimsby & Cleethorpes 02920 255000. 12 Cardiff MES. Talk: night – Trophy night MES. Public running, 1/2 Grimsby & Cleethorpes ‘My 49 Year Railway – One Off Trophy, Waltham Windmill, MES. Easter public Career’ – Dennis Flood. Wanless Trophy and noon-4pm. running, Waltham Contact Rob Matthews: President’s Cup. Contact Dave Smith: Windmill, noon-4pm. 02920 255000. Contact Geoff 01507 605901. Contact Dave Smith: 12 Worthing & District 01507 605901. Shackleton: 8 Lancaster & Morecambe SME. Club meeting 1/2 Lancaster & Morecambe 01977 798138. MES. Public running at 7.30pm. Contact Geoff MES. Public running at 5 Sutton MEC. Bits and Cinderbarrow. Bashall: 01903 722973. Cinderbarrow. Contact Pieces. Contact Paul Contact David Wilson: 15 Cardiff MES. Steam David Wilson: 07721 Harding 0208 2544749. 07721 020489 or up and family day. 020489 or secretary@ 6 North London SME. secretary@lmmes. Contact Rob Matthews: lmmes.co.uk. Talk: ‘Monorails in the co.uk. 02920 255000. 1/2 North Wiltshire MES. Twentieth Century’ – 8 Leeds SMEE. Public 15 Grimsby & Cleethorpes Public running, Coate Adrian Garner. running and awarding MES. Public running, Water Country Park, Contact Ian Johnston: of the Leeds Trophy, Waltham Windmill, Swindon, 11am-5pm. 0208 4490693. Eggborough track noon-4pm. Contact Ken Parker: 6 Portsmouth MES. from 10am. Contact Contact Dave Smith: 07710 515507. Club night, Eastney Geoff Shackleton: 01507 605901. 1/2 Oxford (City of) SME. Community Centre, 01977 798138. 15 Guildford MES. Public Running Day. 7.30pm. Contact 8 Portsmouth MES. Open Afternoon 2-5pm. Contact: secretary@ Roger Doyle: doyle. Public running, Contact Mike Sleigh: cosme.org.uk [email protected] Bransbury Park, [email protected] www.model-engineer.co.uk 533

The Best of BRITISH STEAM Beautifully Crafted Models Handmade to Order by John Hemmens My Mill Plants are individually made to the highest standard demanded by my customers around the world. They are recognised as wonderful collector’s pieces that over time will increase in value as have many of my other models I have made over the last 48 years. I can proudly state that my models are “Made in Yorkshire” the birthplace of many of the best Engineers in the world

The “Beverley” includes fi ne rivet detail around the top fl ange of the boiler and skirt, a working fi re door and a full set of fi ttings including a working whistle. The colour scheme of 2018 is Maroon which looks very attractive against the polished brass parts and stainless-steel boiler bands which hold the hardwood timber planks. The Mill Engine has ¾” diameter bore and a ¾” stroke. The Boiler is fi red by a ceramic gas burner to generate steam for the continuous running of the engine at 80psi if you wish. The burner is ignited via the fi re door. The Shaft driven water pump supplies water to the burner from the water tank via a three-way water valve. The Exhaust steam from the engine is passed via the steam oil separator with clean steam passing up the outside of the chimney. The generator is belt driven from the engine fl ywheel to provide power to the lamp. The price for this fi ne model delivered by UPS within the UK is £3950. Please contact us to discuss delivery, based upon your requirements. You can now place a reservation on payment of £250. The balance of the purchase to be paid upon notifi cation that the model is now ready for despatch. The model will have an engraved brass plaque stating the number of the model or a number of your choice together with a second plaque with your name and date confi rming the model was commissioned by you.

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